CLAT Practice Test- 38 - CLAT

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

If you're a girl in Heaven, you don't get out much. When we leave, it's to go to the post office to fill out the deposit forms for our mothers' government-scheme bank accounts, or to the market where we've been sent for onions or tomatoes.

Makes it hard to remember that there is a world out there that is not the same as ours.

Joy goes out even less than the rest of us. When she leaves the muddy paths of Heaven, she leaves more than just tin roofs and hospital sludge. She leaves a fortress, a kingdom she built herself. Subject by subject, brick by brick.

Last year, when the health worker put Joy on the scale and told her she was underweight (just like the rest of us), Selvi Aunty took her to the hospital to get the iron pills the government is distributing to adolescent girls.

When the nurse asked for Joy's paperwork, Selvi Aunty handed over her birth certificate.

"Beti, I think you brought the wrong one," the nurse said. Purple lab coat over a red-checkered sari. North Indian convent-school voice coated with the congratulations she must get for helping backward women, starving girls.

"This looks like it's for your son. Do you have a child named Anand?"

"That's right," Selvi Aunty said. Joy sat straight backed and stone-faced, a granite statuette.

"This is Anand. He's Joy now."

"This is Anand?" the nurse asked.

"Yes," Selvi Aunty said. "We were reborn. As Christians. Anand has become Joy."

"Really, you people will stop at nothing for government hand-outs," the nurse said.

"What do you mean?" Selvi Aunty asked. Joy, though, pressed the balls of her feet into the ground, readying herself to leave.

"Like you don't know," the nurse said. "This scheme is for girls! The lengths you'll go to for some extra rations. Really. Get a job."

"I have a job," Selvi Aunty said. "Four jobs at four different houses. And Joy is a girl. But anyway, what does it matter? She's underweight. The health worker said so. What's that word? Malnourished."

"I can't help you," the nurse said, waving her off. "Take your son elsewhere. And put some proper clothes on him."

Joy stood up then. Regally declared, "Come on, Amma. Don't bother with this woman."

But Selvi Aunty wasn't done yet. She leaned across the table and stared into the nurse's eyes like a cobra hypnotizing its prey.

"Not my son," she said quietly. "My daughter. Who is ten times the woman you will ever be."

Q. What does the word 'backward' as used in the passage mean?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

If you're a girl in Heaven, you don't get out much. When we leave, it's to go to the post office to fill out the deposit forms for our mothers' government-scheme bank accounts, or to the market where we've been sent for onions or tomatoes.

Makes it hard to remember that there is a world out there that is not the same as ours.

Joy goes out even less than the rest of us. When she leaves the muddy paths of Heaven, she leaves more than just tin roofs and hospital sludge. She leaves a fortress, a kingdom she built herself. Subject by subject, brick by brick.

Last year, when the health worker put Joy on the scale and told her she was underweight (just like the rest of us), Selvi Aunty took her to the hospital to get the iron pills the government is distributing to adolescent girls.

When the nurse asked for Joy's paperwork, Selvi Aunty handed over her birth certificate.

"Beti, I think you brought the wrong one," the nurse said. Purple lab coat over a red-checkered sari. North Indian convent-school voice coated with the congratulations she must get for helping backward women, starving girls.

"This looks like it's for your son. Do you have a child named Anand?"

"That's right," Selvi Aunty said. Joy sat straight backed and stone-faced, a granite statuette.

"This is Anand. He's Joy now."

"This is Anand?" the nurse asked.

"Yes," Selvi Aunty said. "We were reborn. As Christians. Anand has become Joy."

"Really, you people will stop at nothing for government hand-outs," the nurse said.

"What do you mean?" Selvi Aunty asked. Joy, though, pressed the balls of her feet into the ground, readying herself to leave.

"Like you don't know," the nurse said. "This scheme is for girls! The lengths you'll go to for some extra rations. Really. Get a job."

"I have a job," Selvi Aunty said. "Four jobs at four different houses. And Joy is a girl. But anyway, what does it matter? She's underweight. The health worker said so. What's that word? Malnourished."

"I can't help you," the nurse said, waving her off. "Take your son elsewhere. And put some proper clothes on him."

Joy stood up then. Regally declared, "Come on, Amma. Don't bother with this woman."

But Selvi Aunty wasn't done yet. She leaned across the table and stared into the nurse's eyes like a cobra hypnotizing its prey.

"Not my son," she said quietly. "My daughter. Who is ten times the woman you will ever be."

Q. As mentioned in the passage, why does Aunty Selvi take Joy to the hospital?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

If you're a girl in Heaven, you don't get out much. When we leave, it's to go to the post office to fill out the deposit forms for our mothers' government-scheme bank accounts, or to the market where we've been sent for onions or tomatoes.

Makes it hard to remember that there is a world out there that is not the same as ours.

Joy goes out even less than the rest of us. When she leaves the muddy paths of Heaven, she leaves more than just tin roofs and hospital sludge. She leaves a fortress, a kingdom she built herself. Subject by subject, brick by brick.

Last year, when the health worker put Joy on the scale and told her she was underweight (just like the rest of us), Selvi Aunty took her to the hospital to get the iron pills the government is distributing to adolescent girls.

When the nurse asked for Joy's paperwork, Selvi Aunty handed over her birth certificate.

"Beti, I think you brought the wrong one," the nurse said. Purple lab coat over a red-checkered sari. North Indian convent-school voice coated with the congratulations she must get for helping backward women, starving girls.

"This looks like it's for your son. Do you have a child named Anand?"

"That's right," Selvi Aunty said. Joy sat straight backed and stone-faced, a granite statuette.

"This is Anand. He's Joy now."

"This is Anand?" the nurse asked.

"Yes," Selvi Aunty said. "We were reborn. As Christians. Anand has become Joy."

"Really, you people will stop at nothing for government hand-outs," the nurse said.

"What do you mean?" Selvi Aunty asked. Joy, though, pressed the balls of her feet into the ground, readying herself to leave.

"Like you don't know," the nurse said. "This scheme is for girls! The lengths you'll go to for some extra rations. Really. Get a job."

"I have a job," Selvi Aunty said. "Four jobs at four different houses. And Joy is a girl. But anyway, what does it matter? She's underweight. The health worker said so. What's that word? Malnourished."

"I can't help you," the nurse said, waving her off. "Take your son elsewhere. And put some proper clothes on him."

Joy stood up then. Regally declared, "Come on, Amma. Don't bother with this woman."

But Selvi Aunty wasn't done yet. She leaned across the table and stared into the nurse's eyes like a cobra hypnotizing its prey.

"Not my son," she said quietly. "My daughter. Who is ten times the woman you will ever be."

Q. Based on the information set out in the passage, which of the following is most accurate?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

If you're a girl in Heaven, you don't get out much. When we leave, it's to go to the post office to fill out the deposit forms for our mothers' government-scheme bank accounts, or to the market where we've been sent for onions or tomatoes.

Makes it hard to remember that there is a world out there that is not the same as ours.

Joy goes out even less than the rest of us. When she leaves the muddy paths of Heaven, she leaves more than just tin roofs and hospital sludge. She leaves a fortress, a kingdom she built herself. Subject by subject, brick by brick.

Last year, when the health worker put Joy on the scale and told her she was underweight (just like the rest of us), Selvi Aunty took her to the hospital to get the iron pills the government is distributing to adolescent girls.

When the nurse asked for Joy's paperwork, Selvi Aunty handed over her birth certificate.

"Beti, I think you brought the wrong one," the nurse said. Purple lab coat over a red-checkered sari. North Indian convent-school voice coated with the congratulations she must get for helping backward women, starving girls.

"This looks like it's for your son. Do you have a child named Anand?"

"That's right," Selvi Aunty said. Joy sat straight backed and stone-faced, a granite statuette.

"This is Anand. He's Joy now."

"This is Anand?" the nurse asked.

"Yes," Selvi Aunty said. "We were reborn. As Christians. Anand has become Joy."

"Really, you people will stop at nothing for government hand-outs," the nurse said.

"What do you mean?" Selvi Aunty asked. Joy, though, pressed the balls of her feet into the ground, readying herself to leave.

"Like you don't know," the nurse said. "This scheme is for girls! The lengths you'll go to for some extra rations. Really. Get a job."

"I have a job," Selvi Aunty said. "Four jobs at four different houses. And Joy is a girl. But anyway, what does it matter? She's underweight. The health worker said so. What's that word? Malnourished."

"I can't help you," the nurse said, waving her off. "Take your son elsewhere. And put some proper clothes on him."

Joy stood up then. Regally declared, "Come on, Amma. Don't bother with this woman."

But Selvi Aunty wasn't done yet. She leaned across the table and stared into the nurse's eyes like a cobra hypnotizing its prey.

"Not my son," she said quietly. "My daughter. Who is ten times the woman you will ever be."

Q. From the given passage, which of the following can we infer about Selvi Aunty?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

After one particular show, I went up to chat with Jai. He did not return my greeting. A bit awkwardly I asked him, "Enjoyed the show?"

"Sure," he said and then snickered, "We love the entertainment but if you think any of these chaps are actually going to actually change because of your programmes, you are wrong."

"Why do you say that?" I asked him, not quite sure if I really wanted an answer. Jai started telling me his story. He was the son of a wealthy businessman from a posh South Delhi colony. He spoke disparagingly of his family, especially his father, and how he cared for none of them except his little sister. I listened.

We had made it a point not to ask any of the inmates why they were there. But Jai wanted to tell me anyway. He was in jail because he had become a contract killer and had gotten caught. He introduced us to his "friends" in the ward, unsmiling sidekicks who had gotten caught with him.

You see, a hierarchy existed in the ward. Those who had committed the worst crimes were at the top and those who travelled ticketless, at the bottom. He was obviously on top and the others were afraid of him.

About two months into our programmes, Jai asked us, "Are you getting paid for coming here? Why do you keep coming back?" I burst out laughing. We most certainly were not getting paid for visiting Tihar and I told him so. "Then why the hell do you keep coming?"

"Because you matter." said my guitarist friend who was standing next to me, very quietly.

Jai stared at him, shaking his head. He muttered a profanity under his breath and started walking away.

"Just one thing," I said, as I suddenly remembered something I had read. He paused and turned around. "They say anger is like acid. It does more harm to the vessel in which it is stored than to the object on which it is poured."

Jai started walking back to me very, very slowly. I suddenly regretted having said anything... I actually thought he was going to hit me. He stopped a foot and a half away from me. I braced myself. Then his eyes went red and filled up. He sat down, put his face in his hands and sobbed.

We didn't say anything for a really long time. Neither did his cronies.

"Yeah." He finally said. "That's true. Thanks."

I don't remember what else we spoke about that day but what I do remember is walking out of the prison thinking how the hardest and most cynical hearts may not actually be so.

Q. What does the word 'disparagingly' as used in the passage mean?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

After one particular show, I went up to chat with Jai. He did not return my greeting. A bit awkwardly I asked him, "Enjoyed the show?"

"Sure," he said and then snickered, "We love the entertainment but if you think any of these chaps are actually going to actually change because of your programmes, you are wrong."

"Why do you say that?" I asked him, not quite sure if I really wanted an answer. Jai started telling me his story. He was the son of a wealthy businessman from a posh South Delhi colony. He spoke disparagingly of his family, especially his father, and how he cared for none of them except his little sister. I listened.

We had made it a point not to ask any of the inmates why they were there. But Jai wanted to tell me anyway. He was in jail because he had become a contract killer and had gotten caught. He introduced us to his "friends" in the ward, unsmiling sidekicks who had gotten caught with him.

You see, a hierarchy existed in the ward. Those who had committed the worst crimes were at the top and those who travelled ticketless, at the bottom. He was obviously on top and the others were afraid of him.

About two months into our programmes, Jai asked us, "Are you getting paid for coming here? Why do you keep coming back?" I burst out laughing. We most certainly were not getting paid for visiting Tihar and I told him so. "Then why the hell do you keep coming?"

"Because you matter." said my guitarist friend who was standing next to me, very quietly.

Jai stared at him, shaking his head. He muttered a profanity under his breath and started walking away.

"Just one thing," I said, as I suddenly remembered something I had read. He paused and turned around. "They say anger is like acid. It does more harm to the vessel in which it is stored than to the object on which it is poured."

Jai started walking back to me very, very slowly. I suddenly regretted having said anything... I actually thought he was going to hit me. He stopped a foot and a half away from me. I braced myself. Then his eyes went red and filled up. He sat down, put his face in his hands and sobbed.

We didn't say anything for a really long time. Neither did his cronies.

"Yeah." He finally said. "That's true. Thanks."

I don't remember what else we spoke about that day but what I do remember is walking out of the prison thinking how the hardest and most cynical hearts may not actually be so.

Q. As mentioned in the passage, why did the author's friend tell Jai that he mattered?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

After one particular show, I went up to chat with Jai. He did not return my greeting. A bit awkwardly I asked him, "Enjoyed the show?"

"Sure," he said and then snickered, "We love the entertainment but if you think any of these chaps are actually going to actually change because of your programmes, you are wrong."

"Why do you say that?" I asked him, not quite sure if I really wanted an answer. Jai started telling me his story. He was the son of a wealthy businessman from a posh South Delhi colony. He spoke disparagingly of his family, especially his father, and how he cared for none of them except his little sister. I listened.

We had made it a point not to ask any of the inmates why they were there. But Jai wanted to tell me anyway. He was in jail because he had become a contract killer and had gotten caught. He introduced us to his "friends" in the ward, unsmiling sidekicks who had gotten caught with him.

You see, a hierarchy existed in the ward. Those who had committed the worst crimes were at the top and those who travelled ticketless, at the bottom. He was obviously on top and the others were afraid of him.

About two months into our programmes, Jai asked us, "Are you getting paid for coming here? Why do you keep coming back?" I burst out laughing. We most certainly were not getting paid for visiting Tihar and I told him so. "Then why the hell do you keep coming?"

"Because you matter." said my guitarist friend who was standing next to me, very quietly.

Jai stared at him, shaking his head. He muttered a profanity under his breath and started walking away.

"Just one thing," I said, as I suddenly remembered something I had read. He paused and turned around. "They say anger is like acid. It does more harm to the vessel in which it is stored than to the object on which it is poured."

Jai started walking back to me very, very slowly. I suddenly regretted having said anything... I actually thought he was going to hit me. He stopped a foot and a half away from me. I braced myself. Then his eyes went red and filled up. He sat down, put his face in his hands and sobbed.

We didn't say anything for a really long time. Neither did his cronies.

"Yeah." He finally said. "That's true. Thanks."

I don't remember what else we spoke about that day but what I do remember is walking out of the prison thinking how the hardest and most cynical hearts may not actually be so.

Q. Which of the following is implied by the author when he describes people in jail who have 'travelled ticketless'?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

After one particular show, I went up to chat with Jai. He did not return my greeting. A bit awkwardly I asked him, "Enjoyed the show?"

"Sure," he said and then snickered, "We love the entertainment but if you think any of these chaps are actually going to actually change because of your programmes, you are wrong."

"Why do you say that?" I asked him, not quite sure if I really wanted an answer. Jai started telling me his story. He was the son of a wealthy businessman from a posh South Delhi colony. He spoke disparagingly of his family, especially his father, and how he cared for none of them except his little sister. I listened.

We had made it a point not to ask any of the inmates why they were there. But Jai wanted to tell me anyway. He was in jail because he had become a contract killer and had gotten caught. He introduced us to his "friends" in the ward, unsmiling sidekicks who had gotten caught with him.

You see, a hierarchy existed in the ward. Those who had committed the worst crimes were at the top and those who travelled ticketless, at the bottom. He was obviously on top and the others were afraid of him.

About two months into our programmes, Jai asked us, "Are you getting paid for coming here? Why do you keep coming back?" I burst out laughing. We most certainly were not getting paid for visiting Tihar and I told him so. "Then why the hell do you keep coming?"

"Because you matter." said my guitarist friend who was standing next to me, very quietly.

Jai stared at him, shaking his head. He muttered a profanity under his breath and started walking away.

"Just one thing," I said, as I suddenly remembered something I had read. He paused and turned around. "They say anger is like acid. It does more harm to the vessel in which it is stored than to the object on which it is poured."

Jai started walking back to me very, very slowly. I suddenly regretted having said anything... I actually thought he was going to hit me. He stopped a foot and a half away from me. I braced myself. Then his eyes went red and filled up. He sat down, put his face in his hands and sobbed.

We didn't say anything for a really long time. Neither did his cronies.

"Yeah." He finally said. "That's true. Thanks."

I don't remember what else we spoke about that day but what I do remember is walking out of the prison thinking how the hardest and most cynical hearts may not actually be so.

Q. From the given passage, which of the following can we infer about Jai?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

After one particular show, I went up to chat with Jai. He did not return my greeting. A bit awkwardly I asked him, "Enjoyed the show?"

"Sure," he said and then snickered, "We love the entertainment but if you think any of these chaps are actually going to actually change because of your programmes, you are wrong."

"Why do you say that?" I asked him, not quite sure if I really wanted an answer. Jai started telling me his story. He was the son of a wealthy businessman from a posh South Delhi colony. He spoke disparagingly of his family, especially his father, and how he cared for none of them except his little sister. I listened.

We had made it a point not to ask any of the inmates why they were there. But Jai wanted to tell me anyway. He was in jail because he had become a contract killer and had gotten caught. He introduced us to his "friends" in the ward, unsmiling sidekicks who had gotten caught with him.

You see, a hierarchy existed in the ward. Those who had committed the worst crimes were at the top and those who travelled ticketless, at the bottom. He was obviously on top and the others were afraid of him.

About two months into our programmes, Jai asked us, "Are you getting paid for coming here? Why do you keep coming back?" I burst out laughing. We most certainly were not getting paid for visiting Tihar and I told him so. "Then why the hell do you keep coming?"

"Because you matter." said my guitarist friend who was standing next to me, very quietly.

Jai stared at him, shaking his head. He muttered a profanity under his breath and started walking away.

"Just one thing," I said, as I suddenly remembered something I had read. He paused and turned around. "They say anger is like acid. It does more harm to the vessel in which it is stored than to the object on which it is poured."

Jai started walking back to me very, very slowly. I suddenly regretted having said anything... I actually thought he was going to hit me. He stopped a foot and a half away from me. I braced myself. Then his eyes went red and filled up. He sat down, put his face in his hands and sobbed.

We didn't say anything for a really long time. Neither did his cronies.

"Yeah." He finally said. "That's true. Thanks."

I don't remember what else we spoke about that day but what I do remember is walking out of the prison thinking how the hardest and most cynical hearts may not actually be so.

Q. Which of the following can be inferred from the given passage?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Institutions in India seem to be acquiring new responsibilities. The University Grants Commission, the regulator of academic standards and other matters relating to higher education, is acquiring the mantle of director. Its directive to all higher education institutions to offer 40 per cent of their courses online on a government-mandated platform and not refuse any student mobility for credits thus acquired, however, comes in the guise of a regulation. Twenty per cent of online courses were permitted earlier; the leap in proportion and the pressure to comply manifest the Centre's desire to make education online. Saying that blended education benefits students more glosses over the grave problems that students and teachers face when in-person classes are not possible. The government is not unaware of the problems students experienced during the pandemic, such as unstable internet connections and regular access to computers and smartphones. Numerous students have been losing out. Strangely enough, the UGC feels that these issues can be ignored.

What is puzzling is the regulator's loss of interest in academic standards. Forcing every institution to break up their courses into online and offline components, with the students allowed to choose the online component from other universities, which, in turn, would be free to arrange the topic in their own way, would destroy coherence. Each institution, meanwhile, would be compelled to match 60 per cent of its course to complement what has been taught online. This regulation rides roughshod over the integrity of the courses as well as the autonomy of educational institutions. There can be no common denominator of division — a physics course cannot be broken up like a course in literature, say, or archaeology. Who will decide on the offline and online components? The UGC obviously does not lay much store by the teachers' belief that meaningful learning happens in in-person classes; online classes can support, not replace, the communication that takes place in a classroom. So it has directed educational institutions to upgrade their digital infrastructure in readiness for online courses. The matter of economics here is a bit obscure. What is certain, however, is that posts, both sanctioned and ad hoc, will shrink and disappear with online courses.

Q. Based on the reading of the passage, what perplexed the author?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Institutions in India seem to be acquiring new responsibilities. The University Grants Commission, the regulator of academic standards and other matters relating to higher education, is acquiring the mantle of director. Its directive to all higher education institutions to offer 40 per cent of their courses online on a government-mandated platform and not refuse any student mobility for credits thus acquired, however, comes in the guise of a regulation. Twenty per cent of online courses were permitted earlier; the leap in proportion and the pressure to comply manifest the Centre's desire to make education online. Saying that blended education benefits students more glosses over the grave problems that students and teachers face when in-person classes are not possible. The government is not unaware of the problems students experienced during the pandemic, such as unstable internet connections and regular access to computers and smartphones. Numerous students have been losing out. Strangely enough, the UGC feels that these issues can be ignored.

What is puzzling is the regulator's loss of interest in academic standards. Forcing every institution to break up their courses into online and offline components, with the students allowed to choose the online component from other universities, which, in turn, would be free to arrange the topic in their own way, would destroy coherence. Each institution, meanwhile, would be compelled to match 60 per cent of its course to complement what has been taught online. This regulation rides roughshod over the integrity of the courses as well as the autonomy of educational institutions. There can be no common denominator of division — a physics course cannot be broken up like a course in literature, say, or archaeology. Who will decide on the offline and online components? The UGC obviously does not lay much store by the teachers' belief that meaningful learning happens in in-person classes; online classes can support, not replace, the communication that takes place in a classroom. So it has directed educational institutions to upgrade their digital infrastructure in readiness for online courses. The matter of economics here is a bit obscure. What is certain, however, is that posts, both sanctioned and ad hoc, will shrink and disappear with online courses.

Q. Which of the following questions is the author most likely to raise through the passage?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Institutions in India seem to be acquiring new responsibilities. The University Grants Commission, the regulator of academic standards and other matters relating to higher education, is acquiring the mantle of director. Its directive to all higher education institutions to offer 40 per cent of their courses online on a government-mandated platform and not refuse any student mobility for credits thus acquired, however, comes in the guise of a regulation. Twenty per cent of online courses were permitted earlier; the leap in proportion and the pressure to comply manifest the Centre's desire to make education online. Saying that blended education benefits students more glosses over the grave problems that students and teachers face when in-person classes are not possible. The government is not unaware of the problems students experienced during the pandemic, such as unstable internet connections and regular access to computers and smartphones. Numerous students have been losing out. Strangely enough, the UGC feels that these issues can be ignored.

What is puzzling is the regulator's loss of interest in academic standards. Forcing every institution to break up their courses into online and offline components, with the students allowed to choose the online component from other universities, which, in turn, would be free to arrange the topic in their own way, would destroy coherence. Each institution, meanwhile, would be compelled to match 60 per cent of its course to complement what has been taught online. This regulation rides roughshod over the integrity of the courses as well as the autonomy of educational institutions. There can be no common denominator of division — a physics course cannot be broken up like a course in literature, say, or archaeology. Who will decide on the offline and online components? The UGC obviously does not lay much store by the teachers' belief that meaningful learning happens in in-person classes; online classes can support, not replace, the communication that takes place in a classroom. So it has directed educational institutions to upgrade their digital infrastructure in readiness for online courses. The matter of economics here is a bit obscure. What is certain, however, is that posts, both sanctioned and ad hoc, will shrink and disappear with online courses.

Q. 'Blended education' mentioned in the passage refers to:

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Institutions in India seem to be acquiring new responsibilities. The University Grants Commission, the regulator of academic standards and other matters relating to higher education, is acquiring the mantle of director. Its directive to all higher education institutions to offer 40 per cent of their courses online on a government-mandated platform and not refuse any student mobility for credits thus acquired, however, comes in the guise of a regulation. Twenty per cent of online courses were permitted earlier; the leap in proportion and the pressure to comply manifest the Centre's desire to make education online. Saying that blended education benefits students more glosses over the grave problems that students and teachers face when in-person classes are not possible. The government is not unaware of the problems students experienced during the pandemic, such as unstable internet connections and regular access to computers and smartphones. Numerous students have been losing out. Strangely enough, the UGC feels that these issues can be ignored.

What is puzzling is the regulator's loss of interest in academic standards. Forcing every institution to break up their courses into online and offline components, with the students allowed to choose the online component from other universities, which, in turn, would be free to arrange the topic in their own way, would destroy coherence. Each institution, meanwhile, would be compelled to match 60 per cent of its course to complement what has been taught online. This regulation rides roughshod over the integrity of the courses as well as the autonomy of educational institutions. There can be no common denominator of division — a physics course cannot be broken up like a course in literature, say, or archaeology. Who will decide on the offline and online components? The UGC obviously does not lay much store by the teachers' belief that meaningful learning happens in in-person classes; online classes can support, not replace, the communication that takes place in a classroom. So it has directed educational institutions to upgrade their digital infrastructure in readiness for online courses. The matter of economics here is a bit obscure. What is certain, however, is that posts, both sanctioned and ad hoc, will shrink and disappear with online courses.

Q. What is the central idea of the passage?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Institutions in India seem to be acquiring new responsibilities. The University Grants Commission, the regulator of academic standards and other matters relating to higher education, is acquiring the mantle of director. Its directive to all higher education institutions to offer 40 per cent of their courses online on a government-mandated platform and not refuse any student mobility for credits thus acquired, however, comes in the guise of a regulation. Twenty per cent of online courses were permitted earlier; the leap in proportion and the pressure to comply manifest the Centre's desire to make education online. Saying that blended education benefits students more glosses over the grave problems that students and teachers face when in-person classes are not possible. The government is not unaware of the problems students experienced during the pandemic, such as unstable internet connections and regular access to computers and smartphones. Numerous students have been losing out. Strangely enough, the UGC feels that these issues can be ignored.

What is puzzling is the regulator's loss of interest in academic standards. Forcing every institution to break up their courses into online and offline components, with the students allowed to choose the online component from other universities, which, in turn, would be free to arrange the topic in their own way, would destroy coherence. Each institution, meanwhile, would be compelled to match 60 per cent of its course to complement what has been taught online. This regulation rides roughshod over the integrity of the courses as well as the autonomy of educational institutions. There can be no common denominator of division — a physics course cannot be broken up like a course in literature, say, or archaeology. Who will decide on the offline and online components? The UGC obviously does not lay much store by the teachers' belief that meaningful learning happens in in-person classes; online classes can support, not replace, the communication that takes place in a classroom. So it has directed educational institutions to upgrade their digital infrastructure in readiness for online courses. The matter of economics here is a bit obscure. What is certain, however, is that posts, both sanctioned and ad hoc, will shrink and disappear with online courses.

Q. What is the meaning of the phrase 'rides roughshod over' used in the passage?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The Centre has decided that awards, prizes and fellowships by various ministries and departments need a wholesale relook. The Ministry of Home Affairs, which is executing this directive, has moved much beyond its usual remit of awards for police officers and gallantry medals and irrupted into the world of scientific and medical research. India's scientific ministries recently made presentations to the Union Home Secretary, Ajay Bhalla, on awards given to scientists at different stages of their career. They also had to list out which were 'National Awards' and which were funded out of private endowments. Though a final call is yet to be taken, the quorum — and this consisted of the Secretaries, or the heads of each of these ministries — was of the opinion that most awards ought to be done away with and ministries could either retain only some of the National Awards or institute one or two 'high status' awards. The rationale for pruning, Mr. Bhalla has said, follows from a "vision" of Prime Minister Narendra Modi regarding "Transformation of the Awards Ecosystem". In 2018, Mr. Modi had said that his government had modified the system of the Padma awards and ensured it recognised ordinary people doing selfless work rather than well-known personalities who repeatedly bag them. The awards, Mr. Bhalla has said, ought to be restricted, and have a transparent selection process.

Awards and prizes recognise achievement, but in science and medical research, they are also meant to spur younger scientists towards loftier, imaginative goals. Unlike in sport — or even gallantry awards — where it is relatively easier to define a set of benchmarks and confer medals on achievers, scientific research is open ended, circuitous and — as the history of science reveals — punctuated by lucky breaks. It is possible to train talented youth to be Olympians or international cricketers but impossible to create an Einstein or a Chandrasekhar. Almost every Nobel laureate in the modern era has won various secondary prizes and recognition in their early career and every year; there is as much debate on who was omitted as on the person who won. Recognising early career potential will remain fraught with subjectivity and, with fewer awards on offer, could provoke increased discontent. Contrary to the Prime Minister's vision, fewer awards may actually miss many more promising talents and amplify epaulettes to the already decorated. Awards cost ministries money but the meeting did not discuss whether cutting costs was a factor in the rationalisation. As it is unclear what existing problem the new scheme solves, the Centre should reconsider the merits of its proposal.

Q. It can be said that the author

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The Centre has decided that awards, prizes and fellowships by various ministries and departments need a wholesale relook. The Ministry of Home Affairs, which is executing this directive, has moved much beyond its usual remit of awards for police officers and gallantry medals and irrupted into the world of scientific and medical research. India's scientific ministries recently made presentations to the Union Home Secretary, Ajay Bhalla, on awards given to scientists at different stages of their career. They also had to list out which were 'National Awards' and which were funded out of private endowments. Though a final call is yet to be taken, the quorum — and this consisted of the Secretaries, or the heads of each of these ministries — was of the opinion that most awards ought to be done away with and ministries could either retain only some of the National Awards or institute one or two 'high status' awards. The rationale for pruning, Mr. Bhalla has said, follows from a "vision" of Prime Minister Narendra Modi regarding "Transformation of the Awards Ecosystem". In 2018, Mr. Modi had said that his government had modified the system of the Padma awards and ensured it recognised ordinary people doing selfless work rather than well-known personalities who repeatedly bag them. The awards, Mr. Bhalla has said, ought to be restricted, and have a transparent selection process.

Awards and prizes recognise achievement, but in science and medical research, they are also meant to spur younger scientists towards loftier, imaginative goals. Unlike in sport — or even gallantry awards — where it is relatively easier to define a set of benchmarks and confer medals on achievers, scientific research is open ended, circuitous and — as the history of science reveals — punctuated by lucky breaks. It is possible to train talented youth to be Olympians or international cricketers but impossible to create an Einstein or a Chandrasekhar. Almost every Nobel laureate in the modern era has won various secondary prizes and recognition in their early career and every year; there is as much debate on who was omitted as on the person who won. Recognising early career potential will remain fraught with subjectivity and, with fewer awards on offer, could provoke increased discontent. Contrary to the Prime Minister's vision, fewer awards may actually miss many more promising talents and amplify epaulettes to the already decorated. Awards cost ministries money but the meeting did not discuss whether cutting costs was a factor in the rationalisation. As it is unclear what existing problem the new scheme solves, the Centre should reconsider the merits of its proposal.

Q. Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The Centre has decided that awards, prizes and fellowships by various ministries and departments need a wholesale relook. The Ministry of Home Affairs, which is executing this directive, has moved much beyond its usual remit of awards for police officers and gallantry medals and irrupted into the world of scientific and medical research. India's scientific ministries recently made presentations to the Union Home Secretary, Ajay Bhalla, on awards given to scientists at different stages of their career. They also had to list out which were 'National Awards' and which were funded out of private endowments. Though a final call is yet to be taken, the quorum — and this consisted of the Secretaries, or the heads of each of these ministries — was of the opinion that most awards ought to be done away with and ministries could either retain only some of the National Awards or institute one or two 'high status' awards. The rationale for pruning, Mr. Bhalla has said, follows from a "vision" of Prime Minister Narendra Modi regarding "Transformation of the Awards Ecosystem". In 2018, Mr. Modi had said that his government had modified the system of the Padma awards and ensured it recognised ordinary people doing selfless work rather than well-known personalities who repeatedly bag them. The awards, Mr. Bhalla has said, ought to be restricted, and have a transparent selection process.

Awards and prizes recognise achievement, but in science and medical research, they are also meant to spur younger scientists towards loftier, imaginative goals. Unlike in sport — or even gallantry awards — where it is relatively easier to define a set of benchmarks and confer medals on achievers, scientific research is open ended, circuitous and — as the history of science reveals — punctuated by lucky breaks. It is possible to train talented youth to be Olympians or international cricketers but impossible to create an Einstein or a Chandrasekhar. Almost every Nobel laureate in the modern era has won various secondary prizes and recognition in their early career and every year; there is as much debate on who was omitted as on the person who won. Recognising early career potential will remain fraught with subjectivity and, with fewer awards on offer, could provoke increased discontent. Contrary to the Prime Minister's vision, fewer awards may actually miss many more promising talents and amplify epaulettes to the already decorated. Awards cost ministries money but the meeting did not discuss whether cutting costs was a factor in the rationalisation. As it is unclear what existing problem the new scheme solves, the Centre should reconsider the merits of its proposal.

Q. The government wants to increase the _________ of the award recipients by ________ the number of awards.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The Centre has decided that awards, prizes and fellowships by various ministries and departments need a wholesale relook. The Ministry of Home Affairs, which is executing this directive, has moved much beyond its usual remit of awards for police officers and gallantry medals and irrupted into the world of scientific and medical research. India's scientific ministries recently made presentations to the Union Home Secretary, Ajay Bhalla, on awards given to scientists at different stages of their career. They also had to list out which were 'National Awards' and which were funded out of private endowments. Though a final call is yet to be taken, the quorum — and this consisted of the Secretaries, or the heads of each of these ministries — was of the opinion that most awards ought to be done away with and ministries could either retain only some of the National Awards or institute one or two 'high status' awards. The rationale for pruning, Mr. Bhalla has said, follows from a "vision" of Prime Minister Narendra Modi regarding "Transformation of the Awards Ecosystem". In 2018, Mr. Modi had said that his government had modified the system of the Padma awards and ensured it recognised ordinary people doing selfless work rather than well-known personalities who repeatedly bag them. The awards, Mr. Bhalla has said, ought to be restricted, and have a transparent selection process.

Awards and prizes recognise achievement, but in science and medical research, they are also meant to spur younger scientists towards loftier, imaginative goals. Unlike in sport — or even gallantry awards — where it is relatively easier to define a set of benchmarks and confer medals on achievers, scientific research is open ended, circuitous and — as the history of science reveals — punctuated by lucky breaks. It is possible to train talented youth to be Olympians or international cricketers but impossible to create an Einstein or a Chandrasekhar. Almost every Nobel laureate in the modern era has won various secondary prizes and recognition in their early career and every year; there is as much debate on who was omitted as on the person who won. Recognising early career potential will remain fraught with subjectivity and, with fewer awards on offer, could provoke increased discontent. Contrary to the Prime Minister's vision, fewer awards may actually miss many more promising talents and amplify epaulettes to the already decorated. Awards cost ministries money but the meeting did not discuss whether cutting costs was a factor in the rationalisation. As it is unclear what existing problem the new scheme solves, the Centre should reconsider the merits of its proposal.

Q. Which of the following words means the same as 'circuitous'?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The Centre has decided that awards, prizes and fellowships by various ministries and departments need a wholesale relook. The Ministry of Home Affairs, which is executing this directive, has moved much beyond its usual remit of awards for police officers and gallantry medals and irrupted into the world of scientific and medical research. India's scientific ministries recently made presentations to the Union Home Secretary, Ajay Bhalla, on awards given to scientists at different stages of their career. They also had to list out which were 'National Awards' and which were funded out of private endowments. Though a final call is yet to be taken, the quorum — and this consisted of the Secretaries, or the heads of each of these ministries — was of the opinion that most awards ought to be done away with and ministries could either retain only some of the National Awards or institute one or two 'high status' awards. The rationale for pruning, Mr. Bhalla has said, follows from a "vision" of Prime Minister Narendra Modi regarding "Transformation of the Awards Ecosystem". In 2018, Mr. Modi had said that his government had modified the system of the Padma awards and ensured it recognised ordinary people doing selfless work rather than well-known personalities who repeatedly bag them. The awards, Mr. Bhalla has said, ought to be restricted, and have a transparent selection process.

Awards and prizes recognise achievement, but in science and medical research, they are also meant to spur younger scientists towards loftier, imaginative goals. Unlike in sport — or even gallantry awards — where it is relatively easier to define a set of benchmarks and confer medals on achievers, scientific research is open ended, circuitous and — as the history of science reveals — punctuated by lucky breaks. It is possible to train talented youth to be Olympians or international cricketers but impossible to create an Einstein or a Chandrasekhar. Almost every Nobel laureate in the modern era has won various secondary prizes and recognition in their early career and every year; there is as much debate on who was omitted as on the person who won. Recognising early career potential will remain fraught with subjectivity and, with fewer awards on offer, could provoke increased discontent. Contrary to the Prime Minister's vision, fewer awards may actually miss many more promising talents and amplify epaulettes to the already decorated. Awards cost ministries money but the meeting did not discuss whether cutting costs was a factor in the rationalisation. As it is unclear what existing problem the new scheme solves, the Centre should reconsider the merits of its proposal.

Q. Which of the following serves as the conclusion of the passage?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Social justice and gender equality are not just nice terms. They have to be taught, imbibed and lived as early as possible. Translation holds hands with science, philosophy, medicine, sociology, religion, and gender and caste studies and militates against homogenisation and promotion of any single ideology, value system or agenda. Languages are intimately linked with the culture and history of the region of their origin and are the most private and yet most public of things. Luminous thoughts that inspire people to a better life are expressed through this medium as are malign campaigns that can bring whole civilisations to the brink. Convoluted rules that can remote control and shackle for life, or words that can empower and sustain a movement for generations — both are facilitated by language. How can we harness this force and build a better India over the next quarter century?

Increased globalisation and immigration have made people aware of cultural differences, which, a century ago did not matter much because we did not have to engage with them as much as we need to today. Since we all live in translational cultures, when words like "global citizen" are used in almost every context, isn't the understanding of what it really means to be equipped for global dialogue missing? Everywhere in the world moral monism is working against cultural pluralism with a steep rise in intolerance and an addiction to indignation pervading the metaspace.

We urgently need a programme of education for national understanding because local ignorance about ourselves and our country is astounding. Even most educated people have no idea of the most urgent social issues facing the nation because they have never been trained to look beyond their personal needs or comfort zones. Worse, they have been raised to feel that this is the way things are meant to be. So, we have a dangerous combination of indifference to people different from ourselves, and a conviction that in order to win someone else has to lose. This can and should be altered by training teachers committed to the promotion of peace and equality to hold value education classes through translated works.

There is next to nothing in our educational system that emphasises looking inward to look beyond the self. The pattern of schooling focuses fiercely on the material world and neglects the intangible aspects of our socio-culture, something which has to change if we don't want to unwittingly sell our souls to the supermarket or fall into amnesia about our past. For those who are concerned about India's stability 25 years from today, I suggest we invest in two things for which we have rich resources: Translation into and out of Indian languages and ethics education in schools and colleges. India at 100 can be a reality if we focus on soft powers: The language of peace, and our multilinguality.

Q. In the last paragraph, the author considers the current education to be

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Social justice and gender equality are not just nice terms. They have to be taught, imbibed and lived as early as possible. Translation holds hands with science, philosophy, medicine, sociology, religion, and gender and caste studies and militates against homogenisation and promotion of any single ideology, value system or agenda. Languages are intimately linked with the culture and history of the region of their origin and are the most private and yet most public of things. Luminous thoughts that inspire people to a better life are expressed through this medium as are malign campaigns that can bring whole civilisations to the brink. Convoluted rules that can remote control and shackle for life, or words that can empower and sustain a movement for generations — both are facilitated by language. How can we harness this force and build a better India over the next quarter century?

Increased globalisation and immigration have made people aware of cultural differences, which, a century ago did not matter much because we did not have to engage with them as much as we need to today. Since we all live in translational cultures, when words like "global citizen" are used in almost every context, isn't the understanding of what it really means to be equipped for global dialogue missing? Everywhere in the world moral monism is working against cultural pluralism with a steep rise in intolerance and an addiction to indignation pervading the metaspace.

We urgently need a programme of education for national understanding because local ignorance about ourselves and our country is astounding. Even most educated people have no idea of the most urgent social issues facing the nation because they have never been trained to look beyond their personal needs or comfort zones. Worse, they have been raised to feel that this is the way things are meant to be. So, we have a dangerous combination of indifference to people different from ourselves, and a conviction that in order to win someone else has to lose. This can and should be altered by training teachers committed to the promotion of peace and equality to hold value education classes through translated works.

There is next to nothing in our educational system that emphasises looking inward to look beyond the self. The pattern of schooling focuses fiercely on the material world and neglects the intangible aspects of our socio-culture, something which has to change if we don't want to unwittingly sell our souls to the supermarket or fall into amnesia about our past. For those who are concerned about India's stability 25 years from today, I suggest we invest in two things for which we have rich resources: Translation into and out of Indian languages and ethics education in schools and colleges. India at 100 can be a reality if we focus on soft powers: The language of peace, and our multilinguality.

Q. Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Social justice and gender equality are not just nice terms. They have to be taught, imbibed and lived as early as possible. Translation holds hands with science, philosophy, medicine, sociology, religion, and gender and caste studies and militates against homogenisation and promotion of any single ideology, value system or agenda. Languages are intimately linked with the culture and history of the region of their origin and are the most private and yet most public of things. Luminous thoughts that inspire people to a better life are expressed through this medium as are malign campaigns that can bring whole civilisations to the brink. Convoluted rules that can remote control and shackle for life, or words that can empower and sustain a movement for generations — both are facilitated by language. How can we harness this force and build a better India over the next quarter century?

Increased globalisation and immigration have made people aware of cultural differences, which, a century ago did not matter much because we did not have to engage with them as much as we need to today. Since we all live in translational cultures, when words like "global citizen" are used in almost every context, isn't the understanding of what it really means to be equipped for global dialogue missing? Everywhere in the world moral monism is working against cultural pluralism with a steep rise in intolerance and an addiction to indignation pervading the metaspace.

We urgently need a programme of education for national understanding because local ignorance about ourselves and our country is astounding. Even most educated people have no idea of the most urgent social issues facing the nation because they have never been trained to look beyond their personal needs or comfort zones. Worse, they have been raised to feel that this is the way things are meant to be. So, we have a dangerous combination of indifference to people different from ourselves, and a conviction that in order to win someone else has to lose. This can and should be altered by training teachers committed to the promotion of peace and equality to hold value education classes through translated works.

There is next to nothing in our educational system that emphasises looking inward to look beyond the self. The pattern of schooling focuses fiercely on the material world and neglects the intangible aspects of our socio-culture, something which has to change if we don't want to unwittingly sell our souls to the supermarket or fall into amnesia about our past. For those who are concerned about India's stability 25 years from today, I suggest we invest in two things for which we have rich resources: Translation into and out of Indian languages and ethics education in schools and colleges. India at 100 can be a reality if we focus on soft powers: The language of peace, and our multilinguality.

Q. From 'Luminous thoughts that inspire . . . bring whole civilisations to the brink', which of the following can be concluded?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Social justice and gender equality are not just nice terms. They have to be taught, imbibed and lived as early as possible. Translation holds hands with science, philosophy, medicine, sociology, religion, and gender and caste studies and militates against homogenisation and promotion of any single ideology, value system or agenda. Languages are intimately linked with the culture and history of the region of their origin and are the most private and yet most public of things. Luminous thoughts that inspire people to a better life are expressed through this medium as are malign campaigns that can bring whole civilisations to the brink. Convoluted rules that can remote control and shackle for life, or words that can empower and sustain a movement for generations — both are facilitated by language. How can we harness this force and build a better India over the next quarter century?

Increased globalisation and immigration have made people aware of cultural differences, which, a century ago did not matter much because we did not have to engage with them as much as we need to today. Since we all live in translational cultures, when words like "global citizen" are used in almost every context, isn't the understanding of what it really means to be equipped for global dialogue missing? Everywhere in the world moral monism is working against cultural pluralism with a steep rise in intolerance and an addiction to indignation pervading the metaspace.

We urgently need a programme of education for national understanding because local ignorance about ourselves and our country is astounding. Even most educated people have no idea of the most urgent social issues facing the nation because they have never been trained to look beyond their personal needs or comfort zones. Worse, they have been raised to feel that this is the way things are meant to be. So, we have a dangerous combination of indifference to people different from ourselves, and a conviction that in order to win someone else has to lose. This can and should be altered by training teachers committed to the promotion of peace and equality to hold value education classes through translated works.

There is next to nothing in our educational system that emphasises looking inward to look beyond the self. The pattern of schooling focuses fiercely on the material world and neglects the intangible aspects of our socio-culture, something which has to change if we don't want to unwittingly sell our souls to the supermarket or fall into amnesia about our past. For those who are concerned about India's stability 25 years from today, I suggest we invest in two things for which we have rich resources: Translation into and out of Indian languages and ethics education in schools and colleges. India at 100 can be a reality if we focus on soft powers: The language of peace, and our multilinguality.

Q. The tone of the last paragraph is:

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Social justice and gender equality are not just nice terms. They have to be taught, imbibed and lived as early as possible. Translation holds hands with science, philosophy, medicine, sociology, religion, and gender and caste studies and militates against homogenisation and promotion of any single ideology, value system or agenda. Languages are intimately linked with the culture and history of the region of their origin and are the most private and yet most public of things. Luminous thoughts that inspire people to a better life are expressed through this medium as are malign campaigns that can bring whole civilisations to the brink. Convoluted rules that can remote control and shackle for life, or words that can empower and sustain a movement for generations — both are facilitated by language. How can we harness this force and build a better India over the next quarter century?

Increased globalisation and immigration have made people aware of cultural differences, which, a century ago did not matter much because we did not have to engage with them as much as we need to today. Since we all live in translational cultures, when words like "global citizen" are used in almost every context, isn't the understanding of what it really means to be equipped for global dialogue missing? Everywhere in the world moral monism is working against cultural pluralism with a steep rise in intolerance and an addiction to indignation pervading the metaspace.

We urgently need a programme of education for national understanding because local ignorance about ourselves and our country is astounding. Even most educated people have no idea of the most urgent social issues facing the nation because they have never been trained to look beyond their personal needs or comfort zones. Worse, they have been raised to feel that this is the way things are meant to be. So, we have a dangerous combination of indifference to people different from ourselves, and a conviction that in order to win someone else has to lose. This can and should be altered by training teachers committed to the promotion of peace and equality to hold value education classes through translated works.

There is next to nothing in our educational system that emphasises looking inward to look beyond the self. The pattern of schooling focuses fiercely on the material world and neglects the intangible aspects of our socio-culture, something which has to change if we don't want to unwittingly sell our souls to the supermarket or fall into amnesia about our past. For those who are concerned about India's stability 25 years from today, I suggest we invest in two things for which we have rich resources: Translation into and out of Indian languages and ethics education in schools and colleges. India at 100 can be a reality if we focus on soft powers: The language of peace, and our multilinguality.

Q. Which of the following words is farthest in meaning to the word given below?

Indignation

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

There has been a tendency for long to tag the word "mythical" with the Saraswati river. The constant tagging has its purpose. Whenever a reader now reads the word Saraswati, his/her mind automatically adds the word mythical, even if the word is actually missing in print. This brings us to the question: Was Saraswati really a mythical river that existed only in the imagination of the writers and sages who composed the Vedas? Saraswati is among the most discussed rivers in the context of Indian history, the waters of which once flowed from the Himalayas to the Arabian Sea, separate from the other historically famous Indus river. Besides the river being mentioned repeatedly in the Vedas, Puranas, and the epics, in the first half of the 19th century, James Tod, an officer with the British East India company while documenting his extensive travels and explorations of Rajasthan, called it the "lost river of the desert", and detailing its route said the river originated somewhere in the Siwalik Himalayas. It was a few years later in 1855 that French geographer Louis Vivien de Saint-Martin first pointed out specifically that Ghaggar river was the remnant of the Rig Vedic Saraswati river. He made his derivations after studying various reports on the wide dry river bed lying between the Sutlej and the Yamuna rivers which were made by British topographers. That area was also exactly the location where Rig Veda mentioned the Saraswati river to be.

Later, in 1874 (Oldham, CF), after more extensive studies, concluded that the course of the 'lost river of the desert' or Saraswati was indeed the present route of the Ghaggar-Hakra river that lies between Akalgarh-Tohana (Punjab in India), and Khangarh in Pakistan. Oldham made his conclusions based on extensive studies of the now mostly dry river beds and surrounding landscapes, from both on ground explorations and reading survey maps.

Archaeologists, such as Cunningham, M. A. Stein, Mortimer Wheeler, A. Ghosh, etc. have all agreed with the Ghaggar river being the Saraswati river. Post-Independence excavations in the 1950s headed by Amalananda Ghosh in Saraswati (Ghaggar) and Drishadvati (Chautang) led to the discovery of hundreds of Harappan era sites in the Ghaggar river basin. In 1974, on the Pakistani side, archaeologist Mohammad Rafique Mughal found 171 sites of the mature Harappan phase in the Cholistan desert, thus documenting the fact that Sarasvati basin (Ghaggar–Hakra) totalled more than 360 sites of the mature phase, which then accounted for nearly one-third (32 percent) of the 1,200 known such sites in the entire Harappan region. In Gujarat, S. R. Rao discovered a few more sites including the famous Lothal port town. When all the numbers are added, it gives a whopping figure of 2,378 Harappan sites. Looking at the figures, it is evident why the change of name from the Indus Valley civilisation to the Saraswati Indus/Sindhu civilisation for India's ancient most culture is an appropriate one.

Q. In the context of the passage, which of the following is least likely to be used to tag Saraswati?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

There has been a tendency for long to tag the word "mythical" with the Saraswati river. The constant tagging has its purpose. Whenever a reader now reads the word Saraswati, his/her mind automatically adds the word mythical, even if the word is actually missing in print. This brings us to the question: Was Saraswati really a mythical river that existed only in the imagination of the writers and sages who composed the Vedas? Saraswati is among the most discussed rivers in the context of Indian history, the waters of which once flowed from the Himalayas to the Arabian Sea, separate from the other historically famous Indus river. Besides the river being mentioned repeatedly in the Vedas, Puranas, and the epics, in the first half of the 19th century, James Tod, an officer with the British East India company while documenting his extensive travels and explorations of Rajasthan, called it the "lost river of the desert", and detailing its route said the river originated somewhere in the Siwalik Himalayas. It was a few years later in 1855 that French geographer Louis Vivien de Saint-Martin first pointed out specifically that Ghaggar river was the remnant of the Rig Vedic Saraswati river. He made his derivations after studying various reports on the wide dry river bed lying between the Sutlej and the Yamuna rivers which were made by British topographers. That area was also exactly the location where Rig Veda mentioned the Saraswati river to be.

Later, in 1874 (Oldham, CF), after more extensive studies, concluded that the course of the 'lost river of the desert' or Saraswati was indeed the present route of the Ghaggar-Hakra river that lies between Akalgarh-Tohana (Punjab in India), and Khangarh in Pakistan. Oldham made his conclusions based on extensive studies of the now mostly dry river beds and surrounding landscapes, from both on ground explorations and reading survey maps.

Archaeologists, such as Cunningham, M. A. Stein, Mortimer Wheeler, A. Ghosh, etc. have all agreed with the Ghaggar river being the Saraswati river. Post-Independence excavations in the 1950s headed by Amalananda Ghosh in Saraswati (Ghaggar) and Drishadvati (Chautang) led to the discovery of hundreds of Harappan era sites in the Ghaggar river basin. In 1974, on the Pakistani side, archaeologist Mohammad Rafique Mughal found 171 sites of the mature Harappan phase in the Cholistan desert, thus documenting the fact that Sarasvati basin (Ghaggar–Hakra) totalled more than 360 sites of the mature phase, which then accounted for nearly one-third (32 percent) of the 1,200 known such sites in the entire Harappan region. In Gujarat, S. R. Rao discovered a few more sites including the famous Lothal port town. When all the numbers are added, it gives a whopping figure of 2,378 Harappan sites. Looking at the figures, it is evident why the change of name from the Indus Valley civilisation to the Saraswati Indus/Sindhu civilisation for India's ancient most culture is an appropriate one.

Q. The author is trying to ________ the change in the name of Indus valley civilisation by ______ the discovery of hundreds of Harappan sites.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

There has been a tendency for long to tag the word "mythical" with the Saraswati river. The constant tagging has its purpose. Whenever a reader now reads the word Saraswati, his/her mind automatically adds the word mythical, even if the word is actually missing in print. This brings us to the question: Was Saraswati really a mythical river that existed only in the imagination of the writers and sages who composed the Vedas? Saraswati is among the most discussed rivers in the context of Indian history, the waters of which once flowed from the Himalayas to the Arabian Sea, separate from the other historically famous Indus river. Besides the river being mentioned repeatedly in the Vedas, Puranas, and the epics, in the first half of the 19th century, James Tod, an officer with the British East India company while documenting his extensive travels and explorations of Rajasthan, called it the "lost river of the desert", and detailing its route said the river originated somewhere in the Siwalik Himalayas. It was a few years later in 1855 that French geographer Louis Vivien de Saint-Martin first pointed out specifically that Ghaggar river was the remnant of the Rig Vedic Saraswati river. He made his derivations after studying various reports on the wide dry river bed lying between the Sutlej and the Yamuna rivers which were made by British topographers. That area was also exactly the location where Rig Veda mentioned the Saraswati river to be.

Later, in 1874 (Oldham, CF), after more extensive studies, concluded that the course of the 'lost river of the desert' or Saraswati was indeed the present route of the Ghaggar-Hakra river that lies between Akalgarh-Tohana (Punjab in India), and Khangarh in Pakistan. Oldham made his conclusions based on extensive studies of the now mostly dry river beds and surrounding landscapes, from both on ground explorations and reading survey maps.

Archaeologists, such as Cunningham, M. A. Stein, Mortimer Wheeler, A. Ghosh, etc. have all agreed with the Ghaggar river being the Saraswati river. Post-Independence excavations in the 1950s headed by Amalananda Ghosh in Saraswati (Ghaggar) and Drishadvati (Chautang) led to the discovery of hundreds of Harappan era sites in the Ghaggar river basin. In 1974, on the Pakistani side, archaeologist Mohammad Rafique Mughal found 171 sites of the mature Harappan phase in the Cholistan desert, thus documenting the fact that Sarasvati basin (Ghaggar–Hakra) totalled more than 360 sites of the mature phase, which then accounted for nearly one-third (32 percent) of the 1,200 known such sites in the entire Harappan region. In Gujarat, S. R. Rao discovered a few more sites including the famous Lothal port town. When all the numbers are added, it gives a whopping figure of 2,378 Harappan sites. Looking at the figures, it is evident why the change of name from the Indus Valley civilisation to the Saraswati Indus/Sindhu civilisation for India's ancient most culture is an appropriate one.

Q. Which of the following is the conclusion of the passage?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

There has been a tendency for long to tag the word "mythical" with the Saraswati river. The constant tagging has its purpose. Whenever a reader now reads the word Saraswati, his/her mind automatically adds the word mythical, even if the word is actually missing in print. This brings us to the question: Was Saraswati really a mythical river that existed only in the imagination of the writers and sages who composed the Vedas? Saraswati is among the most discussed rivers in the context of Indian history, the waters of which once flowed from the Himalayas to the Arabian Sea, separate from the other historically famous Indus river. Besides the river being mentioned repeatedly in the Vedas, Puranas, and the epics, in the first half of the 19th century, James Tod, an officer with the British East India company while documenting his extensive travels and explorations of Rajasthan, called it the "lost river of the desert", and detailing its route said the river originated somewhere in the Siwalik Himalayas. It was a few years later in 1855 that French geographer Louis Vivien de Saint-Martin first pointed out specifically that Ghaggar river was the remnant of the Rig Vedic Saraswati river. He made his derivations after studying various reports on the wide dry river bed lying between the Sutlej and the Yamuna rivers which were made by British topographers. That area was also exactly the location where Rig Veda mentioned the Saraswati river to be.

Later, in 1874 (Oldham, CF), after more extensive studies, concluded that the course of the 'lost river of the desert' or Saraswati was indeed the present route of the Ghaggar-Hakra river that lies between Akalgarh-Tohana (Punjab in India), and Khangarh in Pakistan. Oldham made his conclusions based on extensive studies of the now mostly dry river beds and surrounding landscapes, from both on ground explorations and reading survey maps.

Archaeologists, such as Cunningham, M. A. Stein, Mortimer Wheeler, A. Ghosh, etc. have all agreed with the Ghaggar river being the Saraswati river. Post-Independence excavations in the 1950s headed by Amalananda Ghosh in Saraswati (Ghaggar) and Drishadvati (Chautang) led to the discovery of hundreds of Harappan era sites in the Ghaggar river basin. In 1974, on the Pakistani side, archaeologist Mohammad Rafique Mughal found 171 sites of the mature Harappan phase in the Cholistan desert, thus documenting the fact that Sarasvati basin (Ghaggar–Hakra) totalled more than 360 sites of the mature phase, which then accounted for nearly one-third (32 percent) of the 1,200 known such sites in the entire Harappan region. In Gujarat, S. R. Rao discovered a few more sites including the famous Lothal port town. When all the numbers are added, it gives a whopping figure of 2,378 Harappan sites. Looking at the figures, it is evident why the change of name from the Indus Valley civilisation to the Saraswati Indus/Sindhu civilisation for India's ancient most culture is an appropriate one.

Q. From the passage it is evident that the change of name from the Indus Valley civilisation to the Saraswati Indus civilisation is appropriate:

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

There has been a tendency for long to tag the word "mythical" with the Saraswati river. The constant tagging has its purpose. Whenever a reader now reads the word Saraswati, his/her mind automatically adds the word mythical, even if the word is actually missing in print. This brings us to the question: Was Saraswati really a mythical river that existed only in the imagination of the writers and sages who composed the Vedas? Saraswati is among the most discussed rivers in the context of Indian history, the waters of which once flowed from the Himalayas to the Arabian Sea, separate from the other historically famous Indus river. Besides the river being mentioned repeatedly in the Vedas, Puranas, and the epics, in the first half of the 19th century, James Tod, an officer with the British East India company while documenting his extensive travels and explorations of Rajasthan, called it the "lost river of the desert", and detailing its route said the river originated somewhere in the Siwalik Himalayas. It was a few years later in 1855 that French geographer Louis Vivien de Saint-Martin first pointed out specifically that Ghaggar river was the remnant of the Rig Vedic Saraswati river. He made his derivations after studying various reports on the wide dry river bed lying between the Sutlej and the Yamuna rivers which were made by British topographers. That area was also exactly the location where Rig Veda mentioned the Saraswati river to be.

Later, in 1874 (Oldham, CF), after more extensive studies, concluded that the course of the 'lost river of the desert' or Saraswati was indeed the present route of the Ghaggar-Hakra river that lies between Akalgarh-Tohana (Punjab in India), and Khangarh in Pakistan. Oldham made his conclusions based on extensive studies of the now mostly dry river beds and surrounding landscapes, from both on ground explorations and reading survey maps.

Archaeologists, such as Cunningham, M. A. Stein, Mortimer Wheeler, A. Ghosh, etc. have all agreed with the Ghaggar river being the Saraswati river. Post-Independence excavations in the 1950s headed by Amalananda Ghosh in Saraswati (Ghaggar) and Drishadvati (Chautang) led to the discovery of hundreds of Harappan era sites in the Ghaggar river basin. In 1974, on the Pakistani side, archaeologist Mohammad Rafique Mughal found 171 sites of the mature Harappan phase in the Cholistan desert, thus documenting the fact that Sarasvati basin (Ghaggar–Hakra) totalled more than 360 sites of the mature phase, which then accounted for nearly one-third (32 percent) of the 1,200 known such sites in the entire Harappan region. In Gujarat, S. R. Rao discovered a few more sites including the famous Lothal port town. When all the numbers are added, it gives a whopping figure of 2,378 Harappan sites. Looking at the figures, it is evident why the change of name from the Indus Valley civilisation to the Saraswati Indus/Sindhu civilisation for India's ancient most culture is an appropriate one.

Q. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Eminent rocket scientist S. Somanath has been appointed the new chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) as well as the Space Secretary. His appointment as the Space Secretary and the Space Commission Chairman is for a combined tenure of three years from the date of joining of the post. The post of the ISRO chairman, the Space Secretary and the Space Commission chief is usually held by one person only.

Mr. Somanath is the 10th chairman of ISRO. He was Director of Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC). Mr. Somanath took charge as the VSSC's head on January 22, 2018, after a two and a half years stint as the Director of Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC), Valiamala, Thiruvananathapuram. Previously, he served as the Associate Director (Projects) of Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre and also as the Project Director of GSLV Mk-III launch vehicle. Mr. Somanath is an expert in the area of system engineering of launch vehicles.

Somanath did his B Tech in Mechanical Engineering from TKM college of engineering, Kollam, and Masters in Aerospace Engineering from Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, with specialisation in structures, dynamics and control. He was a gold medalist.

Q. Where is ISRO headquartered?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Eminent rocket scientist S. Somanath has been appointed the new chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) as well as the Space Secretary. His appointment as the Space Secretary and the Space Commission Chairman is for a combined tenure of three years from the date of joining of the post. The post of the ISRO chairman, the Space Secretary and the Space Commission chief is usually held by one person only.

Mr. Somanath is the 10th chairman of ISRO. He was Director of Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC). Mr. Somanath took charge as the VSSC's head on January 22, 2018, after a two and a half years stint as the Director of Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC), Valiamala, Thiruvananathapuram. Previously, he served as the Associate Director (Projects) of Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre and also as the Project Director of GSLV Mk-III launch vehicle. Mr. Somanath is an expert in the area of system engineering of launch vehicles.

Somanath did his B Tech in Mechanical Engineering from TKM college of engineering, Kollam, and Masters in Aerospace Engineering from Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, with specialisation in structures, dynamics and control. He was a gold medalist.

Q. Consider the following statements about Gaganyaan mission of ISRO and mark the correct statement.

Statement I: Gaganyaan space mission was first announced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2018.

Statement II: ISRO's heavy-lift launcher GSLV Mk III has been identified for the mission.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Eminent rocket scientist S. Somanath has been appointed the new chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) as well as the Space Secretary. His appointment as the Space Secretary and the Space Commission Chairman is for a combined tenure of three years from the date of joining of the post. The post of the ISRO chairman, the Space Secretary and the Space Commission chief is usually held by one person only.

Mr. Somanath is the 10th chairman of ISRO. He was Director of Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC). Mr. Somanath took charge as the VSSC's head on January 22, 2018, after a two and a half years stint as the Director of Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC), Valiamala, Thiruvananathapuram. Previously, he served as the Associate Director (Projects) of Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre and also as the Project Director of GSLV Mk-III launch vehicle. Mr. Somanath is an expert in the area of system engineering of launch vehicles.

Somanath did his B Tech in Mechanical Engineering from TKM college of engineering, Kollam, and Masters in Aerospace Engineering from Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, with specialisation in structures, dynamics and control. He was a gold medalist.

Q. Whom did S. Somanath succeed as the Chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation in 2022?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Eminent rocket scientist S. Somanath has been appointed the new chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) as well as the Space Secretary. His appointment as the Space Secretary and the Space Commission Chairman is for a combined tenure of three years from the date of joining of the post. The post of the ISRO chairman, the Space Secretary and the Space Commission chief is usually held by one person only.

Mr. Somanath is the 10th chairman of ISRO. He was Director of Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC). Mr. Somanath took charge as the VSSC's head on January 22, 2018, after a two and a half years stint as the Director of Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC), Valiamala, Thiruvananathapuram. Previously, he served as the Associate Director (Projects) of Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre and also as the Project Director of GSLV Mk-III launch vehicle. Mr. Somanath is an expert in the area of system engineering of launch vehicles.

Somanath did his B Tech in Mechanical Engineering from TKM college of engineering, Kollam, and Masters in Aerospace Engineering from Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, with specialisation in structures, dynamics and control. He was a gold medalist.

Q. Which among the following is incorrect about ISRO?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Eminent rocket scientist S. Somanath has been appointed the new chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) as well as the Space Secretary. His appointment as the Space Secretary and the Space Commission Chairman is for a combined tenure of three years from the date of joining of the post. The post of the ISRO chairman, the Space Secretary and the Space Commission chief is usually held by one person only.

Mr. Somanath is the 10th chairman of ISRO. He was Director of Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC). Mr. Somanath took charge as the VSSC's head on January 22, 2018, after a two and a half years stint as the Director of Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC), Valiamala, Thiruvananathapuram. Previously, he served as the Associate Director (Projects) of Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre and also as the Project Director of GSLV Mk-III launch vehicle. Mr. Somanath is an expert in the area of system engineering of launch vehicles.

Somanath did his B Tech in Mechanical Engineering from TKM college of engineering, Kollam, and Masters in Aerospace Engineering from Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, with specialisation in structures, dynamics and control. He was a gold medalist.

Q.Who among the following has served the longest term, of 12 years, as Chairman of ISRO?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi inaugurated 'Chauri Chaura' centenary celebrations at Chauri Chaura, Uttar Pradesh through video conference. The day marks 100 years of the 'Chauri Chaura' incident, a landmark event in the country's fight for independence. The Prime Minister also released a postal stamp dedicated to the Chauri Chaura centenary event. Governor of Uttar Pradesh and Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh were also present on the occasion.

Saluting the brave martyrs, the Prime Minister said the sacrifice made at Chauri Chaura gave a new direction to the country's freedom struggle. He said the incident which happened hundred years ago in Chauri Chaura was not just an arson incident but the message of Chauri Chaura was far wider. Under what circumstances arson happened, what were the reasons are equally important. He said due importance is now being given to the historical struggle of Chauri Chaura in our country's history. He said starting today, along with Chauri Chaura, every village will remember the heroic sacrifices in the events going to be held throughout the year. He said having such a celebration at a time, when the country is entering its 75th year of independence will make it even more relevant. He lamented at the lack of discussion about the martyrs of Chauri Chaura. He said the martyrs may not have figured prominently in the pages of history, but their blood shed for freedom is definitely in the country's soil.

The Prime Minister urged the people to remember the efforts of Baba Raghavdas and Mahamana Madan Mohan Malaviya due to which around 150 freedom fighters were saved from hanging on this special day. He expressed happiness that students were also involved in this campaign which would increase their awareness about many untold aspects of freedom struggle. He said the Ministry of Education has invited young writers on the completion of 75 years of independence to write a book on freedom fighters to showcase unsung heroes of freedom struggle. He lauded the efforts of the Uttar Pradesh government for the programmes organised to connect to the local arts and culture as a tribute to our freedom fighters.

Q. The Chauri Chaura incident led to the subsequent withdrawal of which of the following movements?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi inaugurated 'Chauri Chaura' centenary celebrations at Chauri Chaura, Uttar Pradesh through video conference. The day marks 100 years of the 'Chauri Chaura' incident, a landmark event in the country's fight for independence. The Prime Minister also released a postal stamp dedicated to the Chauri Chaura centenary event. Governor of Uttar Pradesh and Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh were also present on the occasion.

Saluting the brave martyrs, the Prime Minister said the sacrifice made at Chauri Chaura gave a new direction to the country's freedom struggle. He said the incident which happened hundred years ago in Chauri Chaura was not just an arson incident but the message of Chauri Chaura was far wider. Under what circumstances arson happened, what were the reasons are equally important. He said due importance is now being given to the historical struggle of Chauri Chaura in our country's history. He said starting today, along with Chauri Chaura, every village will remember the heroic sacrifices in the events going to be held throughout the year. He said having such a celebration at a time, when the country is entering its 75th year of independence will make it even more relevant. He lamented at the lack of discussion about the martyrs of Chauri Chaura. He said the martyrs may not have figured prominently in the pages of history, but their blood shed for freedom is definitely in the country's soil.

The Prime Minister urged the people to remember the efforts of Baba Raghavdas and Mahamana Madan Mohan Malaviya due to which around 150 freedom fighters were saved from hanging on this special day. He expressed happiness that students were also involved in this campaign which would increase their awareness about many untold aspects of freedom struggle. He said the Ministry of Education has invited young writers on the completion of 75 years of independence to write a book on freedom fighters to showcase unsung heroes of freedom struggle. He lauded the efforts of the Uttar Pradesh government for the programmes organised to connect to the local arts and culture as a tribute to our freedom fighters.

Q. In the Chauri Chaura incident, people were protesting against

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi inaugurated 'Chauri Chaura' centenary celebrations at Chauri Chaura, Uttar Pradesh through video conference. The day marks 100 years of the 'Chauri Chaura' incident, a landmark event in the country's fight for independence. The Prime Minister also released a postal stamp dedicated to the Chauri Chaura centenary event. Governor of Uttar Pradesh and Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh were also present on the occasion.

Saluting the brave martyrs, the Prime Minister said the sacrifice made at Chauri Chaura gave a new direction to the country's freedom struggle. He said the incident which happened hundred years ago in Chauri Chaura was not just an arson incident but the message of Chauri Chaura was far wider. Under what circumstances arson happened, what were the reasons are equally important. He said due importance is now being given to the historical struggle of Chauri Chaura in our country's history. He said starting today, along with Chauri Chaura, every village will remember the heroic sacrifices in the events going to be held throughout the year. He said having such a celebration at a time, when the country is entering its 75th year of independence will make it even more relevant. He lamented at the lack of discussion about the martyrs of Chauri Chaura. He said the martyrs may not have figured prominently in the pages of history, but their blood shed for freedom is definitely in the country's soil.

The Prime Minister urged the people to remember the efforts of Baba Raghavdas and Mahamana Madan Mohan Malaviya due to which around 150 freedom fighters were saved from hanging on this special day. He expressed happiness that students were also involved in this campaign which would increase their awareness about many untold aspects of freedom struggle. He said the Ministry of Education has invited young writers on the completion of 75 years of independence to write a book on freedom fighters to showcase unsung heroes of freedom struggle. He lauded the efforts of the Uttar Pradesh government for the programmes organised to connect to the local arts and culture as a tribute to our freedom fighters.

Q. Governor of Uttar Pradesh, as in 2022, is:

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi inaugurated 'Chauri Chaura' centenary celebrations at Chauri Chaura, Uttar Pradesh through video conference. The day marks 100 years of the 'Chauri Chaura' incident, a landmark event in the country's fight for independence. The Prime Minister also released a postal stamp dedicated to the Chauri Chaura centenary event. Governor of Uttar Pradesh and Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh were also present on the occasion.

Saluting the brave martyrs, the Prime Minister said the sacrifice made at Chauri Chaura gave a new direction to the country's freedom struggle. He said the incident which happened hundred years ago in Chauri Chaura was not just an arson incident but the message of Chauri Chaura was far wider. Under what circumstances arson happened, what were the reasons are equally important. He said due importance is now being given to the historical struggle of Chauri Chaura in our country's history. He said starting today, along with Chauri Chaura, every village will remember the heroic sacrifices in the events going to be held throughout the year. He said having such a celebration at a time, when the country is entering its 75th year of independence will make it even more relevant. He lamented at the lack of discussion about the martyrs of Chauri Chaura. He said the martyrs may not have figured prominently in the pages of history, but their blood shed for freedom is definitely in the country's soil.

The Prime Minister urged the people to remember the efforts of Baba Raghavdas and Mahamana Madan Mohan Malaviya due to which around 150 freedom fighters were saved from hanging on this special day. He expressed happiness that students were also involved in this campaign which would increase their awareness about many untold aspects of freedom struggle. He said the Ministry of Education has invited young writers on the completion of 75 years of independence to write a book on freedom fighters to showcase unsung heroes of freedom struggle. He lauded the efforts of the Uttar Pradesh government for the programmes organised to connect to the local arts and culture as a tribute to our freedom fighters.

Q. Which of the following statements is/are not true?

i) Due to the Chauri Chaura incident, British authorities declared Charter Act in and around Chauri Chaura.

(ii) The Chauri Chaura incident led to the death of three civilians and 22 policemen

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi inaugurated 'Chauri Chaura' centenary celebrations at Chauri Chaura, Uttar Pradesh through video conference. The day marks 100 years of the 'Chauri Chaura' incident, a landmark event in the country's fight for independence. The Prime Minister also released a postal stamp dedicated to the Chauri Chaura centenary event. Governor of Uttar Pradesh and Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh were also present on the occasion.

Saluting the brave martyrs, the Prime Minister said the sacrifice made at Chauri Chaura gave a new direction to the country's freedom struggle. He said the incident which happened hundred years ago in Chauri Chaura was not just an arson incident but the message of Chauri Chaura was far wider. Under what circumstances arson happened, what were the reasons are equally important. He said due importance is now being given to the historical struggle of Chauri Chaura in our country's history. He said starting today, along with Chauri Chaura, every village will remember the heroic sacrifices in the events going to be held throughout the year. He said having such a celebration at a time, when the country is entering its 75th year of independence will make it even more relevant. He lamented at the lack of discussion about the martyrs of Chauri Chaura. He said the martyrs may not have figured prominently in the pages of history, but their blood shed for freedom is definitely in the country's soil.

The Prime Minister urged the people to remember the efforts of Baba Raghavdas and Mahamana Madan Mohan Malaviya due to which around 150 freedom fighters were saved from hanging on this special day. He expressed happiness that students were also involved in this campaign which would increase their awareness about many untold aspects of freedom struggle. He said the Ministry of Education has invited young writers on the completion of 75 years of independence to write a book on freedom fighters to showcase unsung heroes of freedom struggle. He lauded the efforts of the Uttar Pradesh government for the programmes organised to connect to the local arts and culture as a tribute to our freedom fighters.

Q. The Chauri Chaura incident took place in British India at Chauri Chaura in 1922. Chauri Chaura is a place in ______district of the modern Uttar Pradesh.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

This year's Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine - awarded to the researchers David Julius from the University of California, San Francisco and Ardem Patapoutian from Scripps Research in La Jolla, California, respectively - recognises their seminal work.

The Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2021 is awarded for an efficient, precise, cheap, fast and environmentally friendly way to develop new molecules using a simple yet novel concept of catalysis - asymmetric organocatalysis.

Added to this, two journalists won the Nobel Peace Prize for defending freedom of expression. It was awarded to journalists Maria Ressa and Dmitry Muratov.

Q. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2021 for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis to

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

This year's Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine - awarded to the researchers David Julius from the University of California, San Francisco and Ardem Patapoutian from Scripps Research in La Jolla, California, respectively - recognises their seminal work.

The Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2021 is awarded for an efficient, precise, cheap, fast and environmentally friendly way to develop new molecules using a simple yet novel concept of catalysis - asymmetric organocatalysis.

Added to this, two journalists won the Nobel Peace Prize for defending freedom of expression. It was awarded to journalists Maria Ressa and Dmitry Muratov.

Q. Who won the Nobel Prize in Physics for 2021?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

This year's Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine - awarded to the researchers David Julius from the University of California, San Francisco and Ardem Patapoutian from Scripps Research in La Jolla, California, respectively - recognises their seminal work.

The Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2021 is awarded for an efficient, precise, cheap, fast and environmentally friendly way to develop new molecules using a simple yet novel concept of catalysis - asymmetric organocatalysis.

Added to this, two journalists won the Nobel Peace Prize for defending freedom of expression. It was awarded to journalists Maria Ressa and Dmitry Muratov.

Q. The 2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded for:

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

This year's Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine - awarded to the researchers David Julius from the University of California, San Francisco and Ardem Patapoutian from Scripps Research in La Jolla, California, respectively - recognises their seminal work.

The Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2021 is awarded for an efficient, precise, cheap, fast and environmentally friendly way to develop new molecules using a simple yet novel concept of catalysis - asymmetric organocatalysis.

Added to this, two journalists won the Nobel Peace Prize for defending freedom of expression. It was awarded to journalists Maria Ressa and Dmitry Muratov.

Q. Maria Ressa was awarded the 2021 Nobel Peace Prize jointly with Dmitry Muratov to safeguard freedom of expression, which is a precondition for democracy and lasting peace. To which country did she belong?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

This year's Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine - awarded to the researchers David Julius from the University of California, San Francisco and Ardem Patapoutian from Scripps Research in La Jolla, California, respectively - recognises their seminal work.

The Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2021 is awarded for an efficient, precise, cheap, fast and environmentally friendly way to develop new molecules using a simple yet novel concept of catalysis - asymmetric organocatalysis.

Added to this, two journalists won the Nobel Peace Prize for defending freedom of expression. It was awarded to journalists Maria Ressa and Dmitry Muratov.

Q. Who won the Nobel Prize in Literature for 2021?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Tightening the anti money-laundering law, the government stated that a property will be considered as tainted if it relates to any offence on the basis of which a Prevention of Money Laundering Act case has been slapped.

The definitions were brought in the form of amendments to the Finance Bill, 2019 in the Lok Sabha, which was later approved by the House by a voice vote.

According to the amendments brought by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman, "a person shall be guilty of offence of Money Laundering if such person is found to have directly or indirectly attempted to indulge or knowingly assisted or knowingly is a party or is actually involved" in "concealment, or possession, or acquisition, or use, or projecting as untainted property or claiming as untainted property."

The Prevention of Money Laundering Act would not only include property obtained from the PMLA offence but also any property which may "directly or indirectly" be obtained as a result of any criminal activity related to the scheduled offence on the basis of which a money laundering case is filed.

Further, entities would be accused of Money Laundering when they conceal, possess, acquire, use, and project or claim a property as untainted.

The government brought eight amendments to the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), of which six are explanations to the existing clauses. The minister said explanations are being brought to certain existing clauses to remove the "confusion, grey area or ambiguity which might exist" in the vintage Act.

Speaking in the Lok Sabha, Finanace Minister said that out of eight amendments, one relates to deletion of a proviso. "A new proviso is being added to only make sure that where a case exists in one court and the hearings are going on there, and proceedings are happening in another court also, these two cannot be clubbed together and treated as one".

Q. Against which minister was breach of privilege motion passed in 2021, in response to 2-minute silence in the light of the death of farmers who lost their life in the ongoing protest by farmers against the firm laws?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Tightening the anti money-laundering law, the government stated that a property will be considered as tainted if it relates to any offence on the basis of which a Prevention of Money Laundering Act case has been slapped.

The definitions were brought in the form of amendments to the Finance Bill, 2019 in the Lok Sabha, which was later approved by the House by a voice vote.

According to the amendments brought by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman, "a person shall be guilty of offence of Money Laundering if such person is found to have directly or indirectly attempted to indulge or knowingly assisted or knowingly is a party or is actually involved" in "concealment, or possession, or acquisition, or use, or projecting as untainted property or claiming as untainted property."

The Prevention of Money Laundering Act would not only include property obtained from the PMLA offence but also any property which may "directly or indirectly" be obtained as a result of any criminal activity related to the scheduled offence on the basis of which a money laundering case is filed.

Further, entities would be accused of Money Laundering when they conceal, possess, acquire, use, and project or claim a property as untainted.

The government brought eight amendments to the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), of which six are explanations to the existing clauses. The minister said explanations are being brought to certain existing clauses to remove the "confusion, grey area or ambiguity which might exist" in the vintage Act.

Speaking in the Lok Sabha, Finanace Minister said that out of eight amendments, one relates to deletion of a proviso. "A new proviso is being added to only make sure that where a case exists in one court and the hearings are going on there, and proceedings are happening in another court also, these two cannot be clubbed together and treated as one".

Q. Who was the first Finance Minister of India?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Tightening the anti money-laundering law, the government stated that a property will be considered as tainted if it relates to any offence on the basis of which a Prevention of Money Laundering Act case has been slapped.

The definitions were brought in the form of amendments to the Finance Bill, 2019 in the Lok Sabha, which was later approved by the House by a voice vote.

According to the amendments brought by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman, "a person shall be guilty of offence of Money Laundering if such person is found to have directly or indirectly attempted to indulge or knowingly assisted or knowingly is a party or is actually involved" in "concealment, or possession, or acquisition, or use, or projecting as untainted property or claiming as untainted property."

The Prevention of Money Laundering Act would not only include property obtained from the PMLA offence but also any property which may "directly or indirectly" be obtained as a result of any criminal activity related to the scheduled offence on the basis of which a money laundering case is filed.

Further, entities would be accused of Money Laundering when they conceal, possess, acquire, use, and project or claim a property as untainted.

The government brought eight amendments to the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), of which six are explanations to the existing clauses. The minister said explanations are being brought to certain existing clauses to remove the "confusion, grey area or ambiguity which might exist" in the vintage Act.

Speaking in the Lok Sabha, Finanace Minister said that out of eight amendments, one relates to deletion of a proviso. "A new proviso is being added to only make sure that where a case exists in one court and the hearings are going on there, and proceedings are happening in another court also, these two cannot be clubbed together and treated as one".

Q. Which of the following has been defined under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Tightening the anti money-laundering law, the government stated that a property will be considered as tainted if it relates to any offence on the basis of which a Prevention of Money Laundering Act case has been slapped.

The definitions were brought in the form of amendments to the Finance Bill, 2019 in the Lok Sabha, which was later approved by the House by a voice vote.

According to the amendments brought by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman, "a person shall be guilty of offence of Money Laundering if such person is found to have directly or indirectly attempted to indulge or knowingly assisted or knowingly is a party or is actually involved" in "concealment, or possession, or acquisition, or use, or projecting as untainted property or claiming as untainted property."

The Prevention of Money Laundering Act would not only include property obtained from the PMLA offence but also any property which may "directly or indirectly" be obtained as a result of any criminal activity related to the scheduled offence on the basis of which a money laundering case is filed.

Further, entities would be accused of Money Laundering when they conceal, possess, acquire, use, and project or claim a property as untainted.

The government brought eight amendments to the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), of which six are explanations to the existing clauses. The minister said explanations are being brought to certain existing clauses to remove the "confusion, grey area or ambiguity which might exist" in the vintage Act.

Speaking in the Lok Sabha, Finanace Minister said that out of eight amendments, one relates to deletion of a proviso. "A new proviso is being added to only make sure that where a case exists in one court and the hearings are going on there, and proceedings are happening in another court also, these two cannot be clubbed together and treated as one".

Q. Consider the following statements and mark the correct option.

Assertion (A): Lok Sabha passed the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill, 2021.

Reason (R): Government is working in direction of making India a big hub for domestic and international arbitration.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Tightening the anti money-laundering law, the government stated that a property will be considered as tainted if it relates to any offence on the basis of which a Prevention of Money Laundering Act case has been slapped.

The definitions were brought in the form of amendments to the Finance Bill, 2019 in the Lok Sabha, which was later approved by the House by a voice vote.

According to the amendments brought by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman, "a person shall be guilty of offence of Money Laundering if such person is found to have directly or indirectly attempted to indulge or knowingly assisted or knowingly is a party or is actually involved" in "concealment, or possession, or acquisition, or use, or projecting as untainted property or claiming as untainted property."

The Prevention of Money Laundering Act would not only include property obtained from the PMLA offence but also any property which may "directly or indirectly" be obtained as a result of any criminal activity related to the scheduled offence on the basis of which a money laundering case is filed.

Further, entities would be accused of Money Laundering when they conceal, possess, acquire, use, and project or claim a property as untainted.

The government brought eight amendments to the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), of which six are explanations to the existing clauses. The minister said explanations are being brought to certain existing clauses to remove the "confusion, grey area or ambiguity which might exist" in the vintage Act.

Speaking in the Lok Sabha, Finanace Minister said that out of eight amendments, one relates to deletion of a proviso. "A new proviso is being added to only make sure that where a case exists in one court and the hearings are going on there, and proceedings are happening in another court also, these two cannot be clubbed together and treated as one".

Q. Name the money laundering case in which former Finance Minister P. Chidambaram was arrested by Enforcement Directorate.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

As the Taliban's campaign to reconquer Afghanistan was gathering pace in June, hundreds of people were dying in the fighting, and tens of thousands were fleeing. Danish Siddiqui, a 38-year-old star photojournalist for Reuters based in New Delhi, decided he wanted to help cover the story, telling a boss: "If we don't go, who will?"

On Sunday, July 11, Siddiqui arrived at a base of the Afghan Special Forces in the southern city of Kandahar.

On Tuesday, July 13, Siddiqui joined a successful mission to rescue a policeman who was surrounded by insurgents. His convoy was returning when it came under fire from rocket-propelled grenades.

The Humvee he was travelling in was hit by one of the RPGs. Siddiqui captured on video the flash and jolt as a grenade struck the side of his vehicle and the commandos up front drove through the barrage. His images and report of the mission went on the Reuters wire, and he later shared the action on Twitter.

Three days later, Siddiqui and two Afghan commandos were killed in a Taliban attack while on another mission, a failed attempt to retake the key border town of Spin Boldak.

Q. As per a report by the international non-profit organisation 'Reporters Without Borders' (RSF), which country had the most number of journalists in captivity in 2021?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

As the Taliban's campaign to reconquer Afghanistan was gathering pace in June, hundreds of people were dying in the fighting, and tens of thousands were fleeing. Danish Siddiqui, a 38-year-old star photojournalist for Reuters based in New Delhi, decided he wanted to help cover the story, telling a boss: "If we don't go, who will?"

On Sunday, July 11, Siddiqui arrived at a base of the Afghan Special Forces in the southern city of Kandahar.

On Tuesday, July 13, Siddiqui joined a successful mission to rescue a policeman who was surrounded by insurgents. His convoy was returning when it came under fire from rocket-propelled grenades.

The Humvee he was travelling in was hit by one of the RPGs. Siddiqui captured on video the flash and jolt as a grenade struck the side of his vehicle and the commandos up front drove through the barrage. His images and report of the mission went on the Reuters wire, and he later shared the action on Twitter.

Three days later, Siddiqui and two Afghan commandos were killed in a Taliban attack while on another mission, a failed attempt to retake the key border town of Spin Boldak.

Q. Which of the following is/are true for the War in Afghanistan, a conflict that ended in 2021?

A. After the Taliban government refused to hand over terrorist leader Osama bin Laden, the United States invaded Afghanistan in 2002.

B. It was the longest war in United States history, surpassing the Vietnam War (1955–1975) by approximately five months.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

As the Taliban's campaign to reconquer Afghanistan was gathering pace in June, hundreds of people were dying in the fighting, and tens of thousands were fleeing. Danish Siddiqui, a 38-year-old star photojournalist for Reuters based in New Delhi, decided he wanted to help cover the story, telling a boss: "If we don't go, who will?"

On Sunday, July 11, Siddiqui arrived at a base of the Afghan Special Forces in the southern city of Kandahar.

On Tuesday, July 13, Siddiqui joined a successful mission to rescue a policeman who was surrounded by insurgents. His convoy was returning when it came under fire from rocket-propelled grenades.

The Humvee he was travelling in was hit by one of the RPGs. Siddiqui captured on video the flash and jolt as a grenade struck the side of his vehicle and the commandos up front drove through the barrage. His images and report of the mission went on the Reuters wire, and he later shared the action on Twitter.

Three days later, Siddiqui and two Afghan commandos were killed in a Taliban attack while on another mission, a failed attempt to retake the key border town of Spin Boldak.

Q. Danish Siddiqui started his career as a correspondent for which Newspaper?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

As the Taliban's campaign to reconquer Afghanistan was gathering pace in June, hundreds of people were dying in the fighting, and tens of thousands were fleeing. Danish Siddiqui, a 38-year-old star photojournalist for Reuters based in New Delhi, decided he wanted to help cover the story, telling a boss: "If we don't go, who will?"

On Sunday, July 11, Siddiqui arrived at a base of the Afghan Special Forces in the southern city of Kandahar.

On Tuesday, July 13, Siddiqui joined a successful mission to rescue a policeman who was surrounded by insurgents. His convoy was returning when it came under fire from rocket-propelled grenades.

The Humvee he was travelling in was hit by one of the RPGs. Siddiqui captured on video the flash and jolt as a grenade struck the side of his vehicle and the commandos up front drove through the barrage. His images and report of the mission went on the Reuters wire, and he later shared the action on Twitter.

Three days later, Siddiqui and two Afghan commandos were killed in a Taliban attack while on another mission, a failed attempt to retake the key border town of Spin Boldak.

Q. Danish Siddiqui, in 2018, received the Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography, as part of the Reuters team, for documenting the Rohingya refugee crisis. Which of the following is false for the Pulitzer Prize?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

As the Taliban's campaign to reconquer Afghanistan was gathering pace in June, hundreds of people were dying in the fighting, and tens of thousands were fleeing. Danish Siddiqui, a 38-year-old star photojournalist for Reuters based in New Delhi, decided he wanted to help cover the story, telling a boss: "If we don't go, who will?"

On Sunday, July 11, Siddiqui arrived at a base of the Afghan Special Forces in the southern city of Kandahar.

On Tuesday, July 13, Siddiqui joined a successful mission to rescue a policeman who was surrounded by insurgents. His convoy was returning when it came under fire from rocket-propelled grenades.

The Humvee he was travelling in was hit by one of the RPGs. Siddiqui captured on video the flash and jolt as a grenade struck the side of his vehicle and the commandos up front drove through the barrage. His images and report of the mission went on the Reuters wire, and he later shared the action on Twitter.

Three days later, Siddiqui and two Afghan commandos were killed in a Taliban attack while on another mission, a failed attempt to retake the key border town of Spin Boldak.

Q. Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country bordered by:

Choose the incorrect statement.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

As a part of Prime Minister Street Vendor's AtmaNirbhar Nidhi (PM SVANidhi) Scheme, the MoHUA entered into an MoU with Zomato, one of the largest online platforms for ordering and delivery of food in India, to onboard street food vendors on its food-tech platform. This will give street food vendors online access to thousands of consumers and help these vendors grow their businesses. Further, the MoHUA launched the mobile application "PM SVANidhi se Samriddhi" for socio-economic profiling of PM SVANidhi beneficiaries and their families to link them to various central government schemes.

The MoU with Zomato was exchanged between Shri Sanjay Kumar, Joint Secretary, MoHUA and Shri Mohit Sardana, Chief Operating Officer, Zomato, in the presence of Shri Durga Shanker Mishra, Secretary, MoHUA, and officials of Zomato and the Ministry. State Mission Directors of DAY-NULM from Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Punjab participated in the ceremony through video conferencing facility. Covid-19 pandemic has restricted consumers from stepping out and forced them to follow physical distancing norms. In the given scenario, it is important to connect street food vendors with technology enabled platforms to help them grow their business, thus helping them gain financially.

In a first of its kind initiative, the MoHUA entered into an MoU with Swiggy on October 5, 2020 and it is now joining hands with Zomato to empower street food vendors with digital technology and facilitate greater income earning opportunities by being present on a popular food-tech platforms.

Q. Which of the following statements is not correct regarding the memorandum signed between the MoHUA and Swiggy?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

As a part of Prime Minister Street Vendor's AtmaNirbhar Nidhi (PM SVANidhi) Scheme, the MoHUA entered into an MoU with Zomato, one of the largest online platforms for ordering and delivery of food in India, to onboard street food vendors on its food-tech platform. This will give street food vendors online access to thousands of consumers and help these vendors grow their businesses. Further, the MoHUA launched the mobile application "PM SVANidhi se Samriddhi" for socio-economic profiling of PM SVANidhi beneficiaries and their families to link them to various central government schemes.

The MoU with Zomato was exchanged between Shri Sanjay Kumar, Joint Secretary, MoHUA and Shri Mohit Sardana, Chief Operating Officer, Zomato, in the presence of Shri Durga Shanker Mishra, Secretary, MoHUA, and officials of Zomato and the Ministry. State Mission Directors of DAY-NULM from Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Punjab participated in the ceremony through video conferencing facility. Covid-19 pandemic has restricted consumers from stepping out and forced them to follow physical distancing norms. In the given scenario, it is important to connect street food vendors with technology enabled platforms to help them grow their business, thus helping them gain financially.

In a first of its kind initiative, the MoHUA entered into an MoU with Swiggy on October 5, 2020 and it is now joining hands with Zomato to empower street food vendors with digital technology and facilitate greater income earning opportunities by being present on a popular food-tech platforms.

Q. As per the MoU, street vendors were empowered with the PAN and ______ registration.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

As a part of Prime Minister Street Vendor's AtmaNirbhar Nidhi (PM SVANidhi) Scheme, the MoHUA entered into an MoU with Zomato, one of the largest online platforms for ordering and delivery of food in India, to onboard street food vendors on its food-tech platform. This will give street food vendors online access to thousands of consumers and help these vendors grow their businesses. Further, the MoHUA launched the mobile application "PM SVANidhi se Samriddhi" for socio-economic profiling of PM SVANidhi beneficiaries and their families to link them to various central government schemes.

The MoU with Zomato was exchanged between Shri Sanjay Kumar, Joint Secretary, MoHUA and Shri Mohit Sardana, Chief Operating Officer, Zomato, in the presence of Shri Durga Shanker Mishra, Secretary, MoHUA, and officials of Zomato and the Ministry. State Mission Directors of DAY-NULM from Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Punjab participated in the ceremony through video conferencing facility. Covid-19 pandemic has restricted consumers from stepping out and forced them to follow physical distancing norms. In the given scenario, it is important to connect street food vendors with technology enabled platforms to help them grow their business, thus helping them gain financially.

In a first of its kind initiative, the MoHUA entered into an MoU with Swiggy on October 5, 2020 and it is now joining hands with Zomato to empower street food vendors with digital technology and facilitate greater income earning opportunities by being present on a popular food-tech platforms.

Q. Who is the CEO of Zomato?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

As a part of Prime Minister Street Vendor's AtmaNirbhar Nidhi (PM SVANidhi) Scheme, the MoHUA entered into an MoU with Zomato, one of the largest online platforms for ordering and delivery of food in India, to onboard street food vendors on its food-tech platform. This will give street food vendors online access to thousands of consumers and help these vendors grow their businesses. Further, the MoHUA launched the mobile application "PM SVANidhi se Samriddhi" for socio-economic profiling of PM SVANidhi beneficiaries and their families to link them to various central government schemes.

The MoU with Zomato was exchanged between Shri Sanjay Kumar, Joint Secretary, MoHUA and Shri Mohit Sardana, Chief Operating Officer, Zomato, in the presence of Shri Durga Shanker Mishra, Secretary, MoHUA, and officials of Zomato and the Ministry. State Mission Directors of DAY-NULM from Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Punjab participated in the ceremony through video conferencing facility. Covid-19 pandemic has restricted consumers from stepping out and forced them to follow physical distancing norms. In the given scenario, it is important to connect street food vendors with technology enabled platforms to help them grow their business, thus helping them gain financially.

In a first of its kind initiative, the MoHUA entered into an MoU with Swiggy on October 5, 2020 and it is now joining hands with Zomato to empower street food vendors with digital technology and facilitate greater income earning opportunities by being present on a popular food-tech platforms.

Q. Which of the following statements does not explain the benefit of the PM SVANidhi Scheme for street food vendors?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

As a part of Prime Minister Street Vendor's AtmaNirbhar Nidhi (PM SVANidhi) Scheme, the MoHUA entered into an MoU with Zomato, one of the largest online platforms for ordering and delivery of food in India, to onboard street food vendors on its food-tech platform. This will give street food vendors online access to thousands of consumers and help these vendors grow their businesses. Further, the MoHUA launched the mobile application "PM SVANidhi se Samriddhi" for socio-economic profiling of PM SVANidhi beneficiaries and their families to link them to various central government schemes.

The MoU with Zomato was exchanged between Shri Sanjay Kumar, Joint Secretary, MoHUA and Shri Mohit Sardana, Chief Operating Officer, Zomato, in the presence of Shri Durga Shanker Mishra, Secretary, MoHUA, and officials of Zomato and the Ministry. State Mission Directors of DAY-NULM from Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Punjab participated in the ceremony through video conferencing facility. Covid-19 pandemic has restricted consumers from stepping out and forced them to follow physical distancing norms. In the given scenario, it is important to connect street food vendors with technology enabled platforms to help them grow their business, thus helping them gain financially.

In a first of its kind initiative, the MoHUA entered into an MoU with Swiggy on October 5, 2020 and it is now joining hands with Zomato to empower street food vendors with digital technology and facilitate greater income earning opportunities by being present on a popular food-tech platforms.

Q. Which of the following states secured the top ranking in all categories of the PM SVANidhi Scheme?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

National Stock Exchange of India (NSE) in collaboration with Bengaluru-based startup has launched NSE-Shine, a blockchain platform for gold bullion. The platform will provide a data framework for bullion bar integrity for settlement of Gold derivatives contracts. The India Gold Policy Centre (IGPC) at the Indian Institute of Management - Ahmedabad (IIM-A) and the Indian Bullion and Jewellers' Association (IBJA) have worked closely with the NSE to develop this blockchain-based platform.

The features on the platform would help create a bullion repository for all bullion bars produced by NSE-approved refiners as per the NSE Refiner Standards (NRS).

Q. In case of 22 Karat gold, what is the actual content of gold in it?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

National Stock Exchange of India (NSE) in collaboration with Bengaluru-based startup has launched NSE-Shine, a blockchain platform for gold bullion. The platform will provide a data framework for bullion bar integrity for settlement of Gold derivatives contracts. The India Gold Policy Centre (IGPC) at the Indian Institute of Management - Ahmedabad (IIM-A) and the Indian Bullion and Jewellers' Association (IBJA) have worked closely with the NSE to develop this blockchain-based platform.

The features on the platform would help create a bullion repository for all bullion bars produced by NSE-approved refiners as per the NSE Refiner Standards (NRS).

Q. What is the interest rate in a Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

National Stock Exchange of India (NSE) in collaboration with Bengaluru-based startup has launched NSE-Shine, a blockchain platform for gold bullion. The platform will provide a data framework for bullion bar integrity for settlement of Gold derivatives contracts. The India Gold Policy Centre (IGPC) at the Indian Institute of Management - Ahmedabad (IIM-A) and the Indian Bullion and Jewellers' Association (IBJA) have worked closely with the NSE to develop this blockchain-based platform.

The features on the platform would help create a bullion repository for all bullion bars produced by NSE-approved refiners as per the NSE Refiner Standards (NRS).

Q. What is the name of Bengaluru-based startup which has launched NSE-Shine?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

National Stock Exchange of India (NSE) in collaboration with Bengaluru-based startup has launched NSE-Shine, a blockchain platform for gold bullion. The platform will provide a data framework for bullion bar integrity for settlement of Gold derivatives contracts. The India Gold Policy Centre (IGPC) at the Indian Institute of Management - Ahmedabad (IIM-A) and the Indian Bullion and Jewellers' Association (IBJA) have worked closely with the NSE to develop this blockchain-based platform.

The features on the platform would help create a bullion repository for all bullion bars produced by NSE-approved refiners as per the NSE Refiner Standards (NRS).

Q. Under Sovereign Gold Bond (SGB) scheme, what is the Bond's tenor?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

National Stock Exchange of India (NSE) in collaboration with Bengaluru-based startup has launched NSE-Shine, a blockchain platform for gold bullion. The platform will provide a data framework for bullion bar integrity for settlement of Gold derivatives contracts. The India Gold Policy Centre (IGPC) at the Indian Institute of Management - Ahmedabad (IIM-A) and the Indian Bullion and Jewellers' Association (IBJA) have worked closely with the NSE to develop this blockchain-based platform.

The features on the platform would help create a bullion repository for all bullion bars produced by NSE-approved refiners as per the NSE Refiner Standards (NRS).

Q. Blockchain technology is impacting a variety of sectors and has application in many areas. Identify the area(s) from the options given below.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The Centre announced that the Citizenship (Amendment) Act will come into force from January 10, 2020.10, In a gazette notification, the Union home ministry said the act under which non-Muslim refugees from Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan will be given Indian citizenship, will come into force from January 10.

"In exercise of the powers conferred by subsection (2) of the section 11 of the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 (47 of 2019 ), the Central government hereby appoints the 10th day of January 2020, as the date on which the provisions of the said Act shall come into force," the government notification said. It amended the Citizenship Act of 1955 by providing a path to Indian citizenship for members of Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi, and Christian religious minorities, who had fled persecution from Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan before December 2014.The Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2019 was passed by Parliament on Wednesday December 11, 2019, with the Rajya Sabha voting 125−99 in favour of the Bill.

CAA won't apply to areas under the sixth schedule of the Constitution - which deals with autonomous tribal dominated regions in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram. The bill will also not apply to states that have the inner-line permit regime (Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland and Mizoram). The passage came amidst large scale protests in Assam, where the military had to be called in to control protesting crowds, despite assurances from the Centre that special measures will be taken under clause 6 of the 1985 Assam Accord to address Assamese concerns.

The Lok Sabha had approved the Bill by a significant majority on December 2, 2019. The legislation applies to those who were "forced or compelled to seek shelter in India due to persecution on the ground of religion". It aims to protect such people from proceedings of illegal migration. The cut-off date for citizenship was December 31, 2014 which means the applicant should have entered India on or before that date. Indian citizenship, under previous law, was given either to those born in India or if they have resided in the country for a minimum of 11 years.

Q. The Citizenship (Amendment) Act is for religious minority groups persecuted in Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh does not include ______.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The Centre announced that the Citizenship (Amendment) Act will come into force from January 10, 2020.10, 2020. In a gazette notification, the Union home ministry said the act under which non-Muslim refugees from Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan will be given Indian citizenship, will come into force from January 10.

"In exercise of the powers conferred by subsection (2) of the section 11 of the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 (47 of 2019 ), the Central government hereby appoints the 10th day of January 2020, as the date on which the provisions of the said Act shall come into force," the government notification said. It amended the Citizenship Act of 1955 by providing a path to Indian citizenship for members of Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi, and Christian religious minorities, who had fled persecution from Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan before December 2014.The Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2019 was passed by Parliament on Wednesday December 11, 2019, with the Rajya Sabha voting 125−99 in favour of the Bill.

CAA won't apply to areas under the sixth schedule of the Constitution - which deals with autonomous tribal dominated regions in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram. The bill will also not apply to states that have the inner-line permit regime (Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland and Mizoram). The passage came amidst large scale protests in Assam, where the military had to be called in to control protesting crowds, despite assurances from the Centre that special measures will be taken under clause 6 of the 1985 Assam Accord to address Assamese concerns.

The Lok Sabha had approved the Bill by a significant majority on December 2, 2019. The legislation applies to those who were "forced or compelled to seek shelter in India due to persecution on the ground of religion". It aims to protect such people from proceedings of illegal migration. The cut-off date for citizenship was December 31, 2014 which means the applicant should have entered India on or before that date. Indian citizenship, under previous law, was given either to those born in India or if they have resided in the country for a minimum of 11 years.

Q. What was the time to reside in India for eligibility of citizenship by naturalization under the Citizenship Act of 1955 ?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The Centre announced that the Citizenship (Amendment) Act will come into force from January 10, 2020.10, 2020. In a gazette notification, the Union home ministry said the act under which non-Muslim refugees from Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan will be given Indian citizenship, will come into force from January 10.

"In exercise of the powers conferred by subsection (2) of the section 11 of the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 (47 of 2019 ), the Central government hereby appoints the 10th day of January 2020, as the date on which the provisions of the said Act shall come into force," the government notification said. It amended the Citizenship Act of 1955 by providing a path to Indian citizenship for members of Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi, and Christian religious minorities, who had fled persecution from Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan before December 2014.The Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2019 was passed by Parliament on Wednesday December 11, 2019, with the Rajya Sabha voting 125−99 in favour of the Bill.

CAA won't apply to areas under the sixth schedule of the Constitution - which deals with autonomous tribal dominated regions in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram. The bill will also not apply to states that have the inner-line permit regime (Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland and Mizoram). The passage came amidst large scale protests in Assam, where the military had to be called in to control protesting crowds, despite assurances from the Centre that special measures will be taken under clause 6 of the 1985 Assam Accord to address Assamese concerns.

The Lok Sabha had approved the Bill by a significant majority on December 2, 2019. The legislation applies to those who were "forced or compelled to seek shelter in India due to persecution on the ground of religion". It aims to protect such people from proceedings of illegal migration. The cut-off date for citizenship was December 31, 2014 which means the applicant should have entered India on or before that date. Indian citizenship, under previous law, was given either to those born in India or if they have resided in the country for a minimum of 11 years.

Q.On which date the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill was passed.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The Centre announced that the Citizenship (Amendment) Act will come into force from January 10, 2020.10, 2020. In a gazette notification, the Union home ministry said the act under which non-Muslim refugees from Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan will be given Indian citizenship, will come into force from January 10.

"In exercise of the powers conferred by subsection (2) of the section 11 of the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 (47 of 2019 ), the Central government hereby appoints the 10th day of January 2020, as the date on which the provisions of the said Act shall come into force," the government notification said. It amended the Citizenship Act of 1955 by providing a path to Indian citizenship for members of Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi, and Christian religious minorities, who had fled persecution from Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan before December 2014.The Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2019 was passed by Parliament on Wednesday December 11, 2019, with the Rajya Sabha voting 125−99 in favour of the Bill.

CAA won't apply to areas under the sixth schedule of the Constitution - which deals with autonomous tribal dominated regions in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram. The bill will also not apply to states that have the inner-line permit regime (Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland and Mizoram). The passage came amidst large scale protests in Assam, where the military had to be called in to control protesting crowds, despite assurances from the Centre that special measures will be taken under clause 6 of the 1985 Assam Accord to address Assamese concerns.

The Lok Sabha had approved the Bill by a significant majority on December 2, 2019. The legislation applies to those who were "forced or compelled to seek shelter in India due to persecution on the ground of religion". It aims to protect such people from proceedings of illegal migration. The cut-off date for citizenship was December 31, 2014 which means the applicant should have entered India on or before that date. Indian citizenship, under previous law, was given either to those born in India or if they have resided in the country for a minimum of 11 years.

Q. What do you understand by the Cut-off date for citizenship ?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The Madras High Court has dismissed a case filed by a person challenging two consecutive orders passed by courts directing him to pay maintenance of Rs.5000 a month to his aged mother under Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Order for maintenance of wives, children and parents).

Justice PN. Prakash said he did not find any manifest illegality in the order passed by a judicial magistrate court in Salem in 2012 and confirmed by a sessions court in 2014 while dismissing a revision petition preferred by the man under Section 397 of the CrPC (calling for records to exercise powers of revision). The judge pointed out that an order by a judicial or metropolitan magistrate for payment of monthly maintenance to parents, wife or children could be challenged by way of a criminal revision petition either before a High Court or a sessions court. After the petitioner moves a revision application before the High Court or the sessions court, no further application by the same person could be entertained by either of the courts.There was a specific bar on it under Section 397(3) of CrPC.

In an attempt to overcome such a bar, the present petitioner preferred an application before the High Court under Section 482 of the CrPC (inherent power of the High Court to prevent abuse of process of any court or to secure the ends of justice). Holding the course adopted by the petitioner as not maintainable, Justice Prakash said petitions under Section 482 could be entertained by the High Court only if there was a manifest illegality in the orders passed by the courts below. "In the present case, this court does not find any such illegality.The mother-son relationship is not disputed.Only the quantum of maintenance is challenged. This is a question of fact, which has been gone into by the two courts below," the judge said, and dismissed the case.

Q. Under which writ can the High Court call records from the lower courts for review ?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The Madras High Court has dismissed a case filed by a person challenging two consecutive orders passed by courts directing him to pay maintenance of Rs.5000 a month to his aged mother under Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Order for maintenance of wives, children and parents).

Justice PN. Prakash said he did not find any manifest illegality in the order passed by a judicial magistrate court in Salem in 2012 and confirmed by a sessions court in 2014 while dismissing a revision petition preferred by the man under Section 397 of the CrPC (calling for records to exercise powers of revision). The judge pointed out that an order by a judicial or metropolitan magistrate for payment of monthly maintenance to parents, wife or children could be challenged by way of a criminal revision petition either before a High Court or a sessions court. After the petitioner moves a revision application before the High Court or the sessions court, no further application by the same person could be entertained by either of the courts.There was a specific bar on it under Section 397(3) of CrPC.

In an attempt to overcome such a bar, the present petitioner preferred an application before the High Court under Section 482 of the CrPC (inherent power of the High Court to prevent abuse of process of any court or to secure the ends of justice). Holding the course adopted by the petitioner as not maintainable, Justice Prakash said petitions under Section 482 could be entertained by the High Court only if there was a manifest illegality in the orders passed by the courts below. "In the present case, this court does not find any such illegality.The mother-son relationship is not disputed.Only the quantum of maintenance is challenged. This is a question of fact, which has been gone into by the two courts below," the judge said, and dismissed the case.

Q. "Revisional powers belong to supervisory jurisdiction of a superior court." What can a High Court do in case of revision ?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The Madras High Court has dismissed a case filed by a person challenging two consecutive orders passed by courts directing him to pay maintenance of Rs.5000 a month to his aged mother under Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Order for maintenance of wives, children and parents).

Justice PN. Prakash said he did not find any manifest illegality in the order passed by a judicial magistrate court in Salem in 2012 and confirmed by a sessions court in 2014 while dismissing a revision petition preferred by the man under Section 397 of the CrPC (calling for records to exercise powers of revision). The judge pointed out that an order by a judicial or metropolitan magistrate for payment of monthly maintenance to parents, wife or children could be challenged by way of a criminal revision petition either before a High Court or a sessions court. After the petitioner moves a revision application before the High Court or the sessions court, no further application by the same person could be entertained by either of the courts.There was a specific bar on it under Section 397(3) of CrPC.

In an attempt to overcome such a bar, the present petitioner preferred an application before the High Court under Section 482 of the CrPC (inherent power of the High Court to prevent abuse of process of any court or to secure the ends of justice). Holding the course adopted by the petitioner as not maintainable, Justice Prakash said petitions under Section 482 could be entertained by the High Court only if there was a manifest illegality in the orders passed by the courts below. "In the present case, this court does not find any such illegality.The mother-son relationship is not disputed.Only the quantum of maintenance is challenged. This is a question of fact, which has been gone into by the two courts below," the judge said, and dismissed the case.

Q. Vikash instituted a criminal proceeding which manifests his malafide motive with an ulterior motive for wreaking vengeance on Rajesh, the accused and with a view to spite him due to personal grudge. The trial court passed an order in favour of Vikash and awarded Rajesh a penalty of 22 years of jail term. Rajesh filed a petition in High Court under section 482482 CrPC. What will happen now.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The Madras High Court has dismissed a case filed by a person challenging two consecutive orders passed by courts directing him to pay maintenance of Rs.5000 a month to his aged mother under Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Order for maintenance of wives, children and parents).

Justice PN. Prakash said he did not find any manifest illegality in the order passed by a judicial magistrate court in Salem in 2012 and confirmed by a sessions court in 2014 while dismissing a revision petition preferred by the man under Section 397 of the CrPC (calling for records to exercise powers of revision). The judge pointed out that an order by a judicial or metropolitan magistrate for payment of monthly maintenance to parents, wife or children could be challenged by way of a criminal revision petition either before a High Court or a sessions court. After the petitioner moves a revision application before the High Court or the sessions court, no further application by the same person could be entertained by either of the courts.There was a specific bar on it under Section 397(3) of CrPC.

In an attempt to overcome such a bar, the present petitioner preferred an application before the High Court under Section 482 of the CrPC (inherent power of the High Court to prevent abuse of process of any court or to secure the ends of justice). Holding the course adopted by the petitioner as not maintainable, Justice Prakash said petitions under Section 482 could be entertained by the High Court only if there was a manifest illegality in the orders passed by the courts below. "In the present case, this court does not find any such illegality.The mother-son relationship is not disputed.Only the quantum of maintenance is challenged. This is a question of fact, which has been gone into by the two courts below," the judge said, and dismissed the case.

Q. Sumanta is married to Sunita and has 3 children- Rajdeep,Rajrupa and Rajendrani. Also Gitarani, mother of Sumanta, is also alive with no means to sustain herself. In the year 2019 Sumanta left his wife Sunita who is dependent on him. Now to whom does Sumanta have to pay maintenance ?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The Madras High Court has dismissed a case filed by a person challenging two consecutive orders passed by courts directing him to pay maintenance of Rs.5000 a month to his aged mother under Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Order for maintenance of wives, children and parents).

Justice PN. Prakash said he did not find any manifest illegality in the order passed by a judicial magistrate court in Salem in 2012 and confirmed by a sessions court in 2014 while dismissing a revision petition preferred by the man under Section 397 of the CrPC (calling for records to exercise powers of revision). The judge pointed out that an order by a judicial or metropolitan magistrate for payment of monthly maintenance to parents, wife or children could be challenged by way of a criminal revision petition either before a High Court or a sessions court. After the petitioner moves a revision application before the High Court or the sessions court, no further application by the same person could be entertained by either of the courts.There was a specific bar on it under Section 397(3) of CrPC.

In an attempt to overcome such a bar, the present petitioner preferred an application before the High Court under Section 482 of the CrPC (inherent power of the High Court to prevent abuse of process of any court or to secure the ends of justice). Holding the course adopted by the petitioner as not maintainable, Justice Prakash said petitions under Section 482 could be entertained by the High Court only if there was a manifest illegality in the orders passed by the courts below. "In the present case, this court does not find any such illegality.The mother-son relationship is not disputed.Only the quantum of maintenance is challenged. This is a question of fact, which has been gone into by the two courts below," the judge said, and dismissed the case.

Q. As per section 482482 CrPC the decision given by High court is:

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

To deal with sexual assaults and exploitation over children, the government has established special law, POCSO Act,2012.The said Act sanctions every recognised offences of sexual abuse against children by prescribing stringent punishment keeping in mind the gravity of the offence.

The POCSO Amendment Act,2019 was enacted to enhance the punishment up to the death penalty and to curb child pornography. However, the amendment seems to be arbitrary and vague.

Section 4(2) of the POCSO Act, which was inserted by the POCSO Amendment Act of 2019 provides for a classification that is unreasonable and is in violation of Article 14 of the Constitution. Article 14 provides for the "equal protection of laws". It prohibits class legislation but permits reasonable classification of persons or things. The classic nexus test as outlined in the Anwar Ali Sarkar case is;

"To pass the test of permissible classification two conditions must be fulfilled viz.

(I) That the classification must be founded on an intelligible differentia which distinguishes those that are grouped together from others left out of the group, and

(II) That the differentia must have a rational relation to the objects sought to be achieved by the Act. The differentia which is the basis of the classification and the object of the Act are distinct and what is necessary is that there must be nexus between them."

Before the POCSO Act was passed in 2019 the punishment for committing penetrative sexual assault as per POCSO Act 2012 was from seven years imprisonment till life and also fine. The Act of 2019 increased the minimum term of punishment from 'seven' to 'ten' years.

Now, the new amendment provides punishment for the offenders who commit penetrative sexual assault on a child below sixteen years of age. By inserting this, the legislature makes a classification between a child who is below sixteen years of age and a child who is above the age of sixteen, but below eighteen. However, the legislature has defined a "child" as 'any person below the age of eighteen years', for this Act. Thus, the above classification should be a reasonable classification since it has been made within the same group, i.e., 'children'.

There can be no intelligible differentia in this classification. The differentia in this classification is vague, since there is an uncertainty in determining the age of maturity factor. It is to be noted that the differentia must have a rational relation to the objects sought to be achieved by the Act.

This classification gives way for the thought that raping a child below sixteen years is a graver offence, whereas on the other hand raping a child of sixteen or seventeen years of age, who may have the same maturity as some children belonging to the other class is not considered to be a graver offence. This classification thus, is unreasonable and hence violative of Article 14.

Section 11 and 12 of the POCSO Act provides for the provisions regarding sexual harassment and punishment therefore. Section 11 states as "A person is said to commit sexual harassment of a child when such person with sexual intent..." Also, it has been provided that any question which involves "sexual intent" shall be a question of fact. It is an ascertained fact that the question involving intention is very difficult to prove before the Court of law. Also, there arises a question whether an offender performs the acts listed in Section 11 without sexual intention, will it not amount to sexual harassment? Even Section 354 A of the Indian Penal Code, which describes Sexual Harassment does not use the term "sexual intent", since it is not a mandatory requirement for committing sexual harassment. Thus, the term sexual intent creates a loophole in Section 11 of the Act, which will favour the offenders.

Q. What is the view author is trying to attribute in this paragraph ?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

To deal with sexual assaults and exploitation over children, the government has established special law, POCSO Act,2012.The said Act sanctions every recognised offences of sexual abuse against children by prescribing stringent punishment keeping in mind the gravity of the offence.

The POCSO Amendment Act,2019 was enacted to enhance the punishment up to the death penalty and to curb child pornography. However, the amendment seems to be arbitrary and vague.

Section 4(2) of the POCSO Act, which was inserted by the POCSO Amendment Act of 2019 provides for a classification that is unreasonable and is in violation of Article 14 of the Constitution. Article 14 provides for the "equal protection of laws". It prohibits class legislation but permits reasonable classification of persons or things. The classic nexus test as outlined in the Anwar Ali Sarkar case is;

"To pass the test of permissible classification two conditions must be fulfilled viz.

(I) That the classification must be founded on an intelligible differentia which distinguishes those that are grouped together from others left out of the group, and

(II) That the differentia must have a rational relation to the objects sought to be achieved by the Act. The differentia which is the basis of the classification and the object of the Act are distinct and what is necessary is that there must be nexus between them."

Before the POCSO Act was passed in 2019 the punishment for committing penetrative sexual assault as per POCSO Act 2012 was from seven years imprisonment till life and also fine. The Act of 2019 increased the minimum term of punishment from 'seven' to 'ten' years.

Now, the new amendment provides punishment for the offenders who commit penetrative sexual assault on a child below sixteen years of age. By inserting this, the legislature makes a classification between a child who is below sixteen years of age and a child who is above the age of sixteen, but below eighteen. However, the legislature has defined a "child" as 'any person below the age of eighteen years', for this Act. Thus, the above classification should be a reasonable classification since it has been made within the same group, i.e., 'children'.

There can be no intelligible differentia in this classification. The differentia in this classification is vague, since there is an uncertainty in determining the age of maturity factor. It is to be noted that the differentia must have a rational relation to the objects sought to be achieved by the Act.

This classification gives way for the thought that raping a child below sixteen years is a graver offence, whereas on the other hand raping a child of sixteen or seventeen years of age, who may have the same maturity as some children belonging to the other class is not considered to be a graver offence. This classification thus, is unreasonable and hence violative of Article 14.

Section 11 and 12 of the POCSO Act provides for the provisions regarding sexual harassment and punishment therefore. Section 11 states as "A person is said to commit sexual harassment of a child when such person with sexual intent..." Also, it has been provided that any question which involves "sexual intent" shall be a question of fact. It is an ascertained fact that the question involving intention is very difficult to prove before the Court of law. Also, there arises a question whether an offender performs the acts listed in Section 11 without sexual intention, will it not amount to sexual harassment? Even Section 354 A of the Indian Penal Code, which describes Sexual Harassment does not use the term "sexual intent", since it is not a mandatory requirement for committing sexual harassment. Thus, the term sexual intent creates a loophole in Section 11 of the Act, which will favour the offenders.

Q. Mr. X,X, the uncle of a girl 'A''A' of aged 99 years, is charged under the POCSO Act 20192019 of sexually assaulting A at his home in the absence of his parents. A gives a statement to the police that his uncle touched him inappropriately during many occasions and on the concerned day, he offered him a chocolate if A agrees to kiss him on his cheek. Mr. XX claimed that the said act was completely out of love and affection as his uncle and he had no intention to sexually harass A.A. According to the new amendment, the question of intention is

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

To deal with sexual assaults and exploitation over children, the government has established special law, POCSO Act,2012.The said Act sanctions every recognised offences of sexual abuse against children by prescribing stringent punishment keeping in mind the gravity of the offence.

The POCSO Amendment Act,2019 was enacted to enhance the punishment up to the death penalty and to curb child pornography. However, the amendment seems to be arbitrary and vague.

Section 4(2) of the POCSO Act, which was inserted by the POCSO Amendment Act of 2019 provides for a classification that is unreasonable and is in violation of Article 14 of the Constitution. Article 14 provides for the "equal protection of laws". It prohibits class legislation but permits reasonable classification of persons or things. The classic nexus test as outlined in the Anwar Ali Sarkar case is;

"To pass the test of permissible classification two conditions must be fulfilled viz.

(I) That the classification must be founded on an intelligible differentia which distinguishes those that are grouped together from others left out of the group, and

(II) That the differentia must have a rational relation to the objects sought to be achieved by the Act. The differentia which is the basis of the classification and the object of the Act are distinct and what is necessary is that there must be nexus between them."

Before the POCSO Act was passed in 2019 the punishment for committing penetrative sexual assault as per POCSO Act 2012 was from seven years imprisonment till life and also fine. The Act of 2019 increased the minimum term of punishment from 'seven' to 'ten' years.

Now, the new amendment provides punishment for the offenders who commit penetrative sexual assault on a child below sixteen years of age. By inserting this, the legislature makes a classification between a child who is below sixteen years of age and a child who is above the age of sixteen, but below eighteen. However, the legislature has defined a "child" as 'any person below the age of eighteen years', for this Act. Thus, the above classification should be a reasonable classification since it has been made within the same group, i.e., 'children'.

There can be no intelligible differentia in this classification. The differentia in this classification is vague, since there is an uncertainty in determining the age of maturity factor. It is to be noted that the differentia must have a rational relation to the objects sought to be achieved by the Act.

This classification gives way for the thought that raping a child below sixteen years is a graver offence, whereas on the other hand raping a child of sixteen or seventeen years of age, who may have the same maturity as some children belonging to the other class is not considered to be a graver offence. This classification thus, is unreasonable and hence violative of Article 14.

Section 11 and 12 of the POCSO Act provides for the provisions regarding sexual harassment and punishment therefore. Section 11 states as "A person is said to commit sexual harassment of a child when such person with sexual intent..." Also, it has been provided that any question which involves "sexual intent" shall be a question of fact. It is an ascertained fact that the question involving intention is very difficult to prove before the Court of law. Also, there arises a question whether an offender performs the acts listed in Section 11 without sexual intention, will it not amount to sexual harassment? Even Section 354 A of the Indian Penal Code, which describes Sexual Harassment does not use the term "sexual intent", since it is not a mandatory requirement for committing sexual harassment. Thus, the term sexual intent creates a loophole in Section 11 of the Act, which will favour the offenders.

Q. Why does the author calls the differentia vague ?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

To deal with sexual assaults and exploitation over children, the government has established special law, POCSO Act,2012.The said Act sanctions every recognised offences of sexual abuse against children by prescribing stringent punishment keeping in mind the gravity of the offence.

The POCSO Amendment Act,2019 was enacted to enhance the punishment up to the death penalty and to curb child pornography. However, the amendment seems to be arbitrary and vague.

Section 4(2) of the POCSO Act, which was inserted by the POCSO Amendment Act of 2019 provides for a classification that is unreasonable and is in violation of Article 14 of the Constitution. Article 14 provides for the "equal protection of laws". It prohibits class legislation but permits reasonable classification of persons or things. The classic nexus test as outlined in the Anwar Ali Sarkar case is;

"To pass the test of permissible classification two conditions must be fulfilled viz.

(I) That the classification must be founded on an intelligible differentia which distinguishes those that are grouped together from others left out of the group, and

(II) That the differentia must have a rational relation to the objects sought to be achieved by the Act. The differentia which is the basis of the classification and the object of the Act are distinct and what is necessary is that there must be nexus between them."

Before the POCSO Act was passed in 2019 the punishment for committing penetrative sexual assault as per POCSO Act 2012 was from seven years imprisonment till life and also fine. The Act of 2019 increased the minimum term of punishment from 'seven' to 'ten' years.

Now, the new amendment provides punishment for the offenders who commit penetrative sexual assault on a child below sixteen years of age. By inserting this, the legislature makes a classification between a child who is below sixteen years of age and a child who is above the age of sixteen, but below eighteen. However, the legislature has defined a "child" as 'any person below the age of eighteen years', for this Act. Thus, the above classification should be a reasonable classification since it has been made within the same group, i.e., 'children'.

There can be no intelligible differentia in this classification. The differentia in this classification is vague, since there is an uncertainty in determining the age of maturity factor. It is to be noted that the differentia must have a rational relation to the objects sought to be achieved by the Act.

This classification gives way for the thought that raping a child below sixteen years is a graver offence, whereas on the other hand raping a child of sixteen or seventeen years of age, who may have the same maturity as some children belonging to the other class is not considered to be a graver offence. This classification thus, is unreasonable and hence violative of Article 14.

Section 11 and 12 of the POCSO Act provides for the provisions regarding sexual harassment and punishment therefore. Section 11 states as "A person is said to commit sexual harassment of a child when such person with sexual intent..." Also, it has been provided that any question which involves "sexual intent" shall be a question of fact. It is an ascertained fact that the question involving intention is very difficult to prove before the Court of law. Also, there arises a question whether an offender performs the acts listed in Section 11 without sexual intention, will it not amount to sexual harassment? Even Section 354 A of the Indian Penal Code, which describes Sexual Harassment does not use the term "sexual intent", since it is not a mandatory requirement for committing sexual harassment. Thus, the term sexual intent creates a loophole in Section 11 of the Act, which will favour the offenders.

Q. If the age of AA is 1919 years, what will be the relevancy of the question of intention of Mr. X ?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

To deal with sexual assaults and exploitation over children, the government has established special law, POCSO Act,2012.The said Act sanctions every recognised offences of sexual abuse against children by prescribing stringent punishment keeping in mind the gravity of the offence.

The POCSO Amendment Act,2019 was enacted to enhance the punishment up to the death penalty and to curb child pornography. However, the amendment seems to be arbitrary and vague.

Section 4(2) of the POCSO Act, which was inserted by the POCSO Amendment Act of 2019 provides for a classification that is unreasonable and is in violation of Article 14 of the Constitution. Article 14 provides for the "equal protection of laws". It prohibits class legislation but permits reasonable classification of persons or things. The classic nexus test as outlined in the Anwar Ali Sarkar case is;

"To pass the test of permissible classification two conditions must be fulfilled viz.

(I) That the classification must be founded on an intelligible differentia which distinguishes those that are grouped together from others left out of the group, and

(II) That the differentia must have a rational relation to the objects sought to be achieved by the Act. The differentia which is the basis of the classification and the object of the Act are distinct and what is necessary is that there must be nexus between them."

Before the POCSO Act was passed in 2019 the punishment for committing penetrative sexual assault as per POCSO Act 2012 was from seven years imprisonment till life and also fine. The Act of 2019 increased the minimum term of punishment from 'seven' to 'ten' years.

Now, the new amendment provides punishment for the offenders who commit penetrative sexual assault on a child below sixteen years of age. By inserting this, the legislature makes a classification between a child who is below sixteen years of age and a child who is above the age of sixteen, but below eighteen. However, the legislature has defined a "child" as 'any person below the age of eighteen years', for this Act. Thus, the above classification should be a reasonable classification since it has been made within the same group, i.e., 'children'.

There can be no intelligible differentia in this classification. The differentia in this classification is vague, since there is an uncertainty in determining the age of maturity factor. It is to be noted that the differentia must have a rational relation to the objects sought to be achieved by the Act.

This classification gives way for the thought that raping a child below sixteen years is a graver offence, whereas on the other hand raping a child of sixteen or seventeen years of age, who may have the same maturity as some children belonging to the other class is not considered to be a graver offence. This classification thus, is unreasonable and hence violative of Article 14.

Section 11 and 12 of the POCSO Act provides for the provisions regarding sexual harassment and punishment therefore. Section 11 states as "A person is said to commit sexual harassment of a child when such person with sexual intent..." Also, it has been provided that any question which involves "sexual intent" shall be a question of fact. It is an ascertained fact that the question involving intention is very difficult to prove before the Court of law. Also, there arises a question whether an offender performs the acts listed in Section 11 without sexual intention, will it not amount to sexual harassment? Even Section 354 A of the Indian Penal Code, which describes Sexual Harassment does not use the term "sexual intent", since it is not a mandatory requirement for committing sexual harassment. Thus, the term sexual intent creates a loophole in Section 11 of the Act, which will favour the offenders.

Q. The new amendment provides punishment for the offenders who commit penetrative sexual assault on a child

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The Indian contract act came into force on 11 September 1872.1872. It was enacted mainly with a view to ensure reasonable fulfilment of expectations created by the promises of the parties and also enforcement of obligations prescribed by an agreement between the parties.

A contract is an agreement having a lawful object entered into voluntarily by two or more parties, each of whom intends to create one or more legal obligations between them. The elements of a contract are "offer" and 'acceptance' by "competent persons" having legal capacity who exchanges "consideration" to create "mutuality" of obligation.

Every person who is competent to contract and who attained the age of majority, according to the law and who is of sound mind and the person who is not disqualified by any of the law.

Section 1111 tells that a minor is not competent to a contract. Following cases will tell you more about the evolution of contracts entered by minors :

Mohiri Bibi Vs. Dharmodas Ghose :

The plaintiff was a minor who mortgaged his property in favour of the defendant, who was a moneylender to secure a loan of Rs.20,000.The moneylender knew that the plaintiff is a minor. The plaintiff brought an action against the defendant stating that he was a minor when the mortgage was executed by him and, therefore, the mortgage was void and inoperative and the same should be cancelled.

Judgement :

The Privy Council held that the minors' contract is void. The combined effect of sections 10 and 11 renders the minor contract completely void. According to the Privy Council, only a person who is of the age of the majority is competent to contract. Moreover, the minor didn't misrepresent his age or acted in bad intention. Minor, therefore, cannot be forced to repay the loan amount, and also the property mortgaged should be returned to the minor.

Doctrine of Restitution:

The minor is forced to restore the property of goods which he gets by misrepresenting his age provided that it is traceable in the possession of the minor. If it is not traced or it has been sold or converted to his own use by the minor, then he cannot be held liable to repay the value of it because it would amount to the enforcement of a void agreement. Leslie Ltd Vs.Sheil :

A minor fraudulently represented that he was a major and the plaintiff lent him Rs.200. The action to recover the money was failed. The court of the appeal held that the defendant was under no equitable liability to pay the plaintiff. The plaintiff relied upon the doctrine of restitution that the defendant was bound by that doctrine to restore the ill-gotten gains. It was held that the defendant cannot be forced to restore Rs.400 as the contract was void and the doctrine of restitution was not applicable. The doctrine of restitution will not apply where the money given cannot be traced back to minors.

Q. A minor, Ms. Anamika misrepresented herself as a major and bought a guitar on loan. The guitar was duly delivered at her home by the shopkeeper. Later, Ms. Anamika refused to pay the price and claimed the defence of minority and she can neither be forced to pay the price of the guitar nor to return the guitar to the shopkeeper. After reading the above passage, what is the correct decision ?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The Indian contract act came into force on 11 September 1872.1872. It was enacted mainly with a view to ensure reasonable fulfilment of expectations created by the promises of the parties and also enforcement of obligations prescribed by an agreement between the parties.

A contract is an agreement having a lawful object entered into voluntarily by two or more parties, each of whom intends to create one or more legal obligations between them. The elements of a contract are "offer" and 'acceptance' by "competent persons" having legal capacity who exchanges "consideration" to create "mutuality" of obligation.

Every person who is competent to contract and who attained the age of majority, according to the law and who is of sound mind and the person who is not disqualified by any of the law.

Section 1111 tells that a minor is not competent to a contract. Following cases will tell you more about the evolution of contracts entered by minors :

Mohiri Bibi Vs. Dharmodas Ghose :

The plaintiff was a minor who mortgaged his property in favour of the defendant, who was a moneylender to secure a loan of Rs.20,000.The moneylender knew that the plaintiff is a minor. The plaintiff brought an action against the defendant stating that he was a minor when the mortgage was executed by him and, therefore, the mortgage was void and inoperative and the same should be cancelled.

Judgement :

The Privy Council held that the minors' contract is void. The combined effect of sections 10 and 11 renders the minor contract completely void. According to the Privy Council, only a person who is of the age of the majority is competent to contract. Moreover, the minor didn't misrepresent his age or acted in bad intention. Minor, therefore, cannot be forced to repay the loan amount, and also the property mortgaged should be returned to the minor.

Doctrine of Restitution:

The minor is forced to restore the property of goods which he gets by misrepresenting his age provided that it is traceable in the possession of the minor. If it is not traced or it has been sold or converted to his own use by the minor, then he cannot be held liable to repay the value of it because it would amount to the enforcement of a void agreement. Leslie Ltd Vs.Sheil :

A minor fraudulently represented that he was a major and the plaintiff lent him Rs.200. The action to recover the money was failed. The court of the appeal held that the defendant was under no equitable liability to pay the plaintiff. The plaintiff relied upon the doctrine of restitution that the defendant was bound by that doctrine to restore the ill-gotten gains. It was held that the defendant cannot be forced to restore Rs.400 as the contract was void and the doctrine of restitution was not applicable. The doctrine of restitution will not apply where the money given cannot be traced back to minors.

Q. Who among the following is a competent person to enter into a contract ?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The Indian contract act came into force on 11 September 1872.1872. It was enacted mainly with a view to ensure reasonable fulfilment of expectations created by the promises of the parties and also enforcement of obligations prescribed by an agreement between the parties.

A contract is an agreement having a lawful object entered into voluntarily by two or more parties, each of whom intends to create one or more legal obligations between them. The elements of a contract are "offer" and 'acceptance' by "competent persons" having legal capacity who exchanges "consideration" to create "mutuality" of obligation.

Every person who is competent to contract and who attained the age of majority, according to the law and who is of sound mind and the person who is not disqualified by any of the law.

Section 1111 tells that a minor is not competent to a contract. Following cases will tell you more about the evolution of contracts entered by minors :

Mohiri Bibi Vs. Dharmodas Ghose :

The plaintiff was a minor who mortgaged his property in favour of the defendant, who was a moneylender to secure a loan of Rs.20,000.The moneylender knew that the plaintiff is a minor. The plaintiff brought an action against the defendant stating that he was a minor when the mortgage was executed by him and, therefore, the mortgage was void and inoperative and the same should be cancelled.

Judgement :

The Privy Council held that the minors' contract is void. The combined effect of sections 10 and 11 renders the minor contract completely void. According to the Privy Council, only a person who is of the age of the majority is competent to contract. Moreover, the minor didn't misrepresent his age or acted in bad intention. Minor, therefore, cannot be forced to repay the loan amount, and also the property mortgaged should be returned to the minor.

Doctrine of Restitution:

The minor is forced to restore the property of goods which he gets by misrepresenting his age provided that it is traceable in the possession of the minor. If it is not traced or it has been sold or converted to his own use by the minor, then he cannot be held liable to repay the value of it because it would amount to the enforcement of a void agreement. Leslie Ltd Vs.Sheil :

A minor fraudulently represented that he was a major and the plaintiff lent him Rs.200. The action to recover the money was failed. The court of the appeal held that the defendant was under no equitable liability to pay the plaintiff. The plaintiff relied upon the doctrine of restitution that the defendant was bound by that doctrine to restore the ill-gotten gains. It was held that the defendant cannot be forced to restore Rs.400 as the contract was void and the doctrine of restitution was not applicable. The doctrine of restitution will not apply where the money given cannot be traced back to minors.

Q. Which one of the following is not an important element of a legal contract ?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The Indian contract act came into force on 11 September 1872.1872. It was enacted mainly with a view to ensure reasonable fulfilment of expectations created by the promises of the parties and also enforcement of obligations prescribed by an agreement between the parties.

A contract is an agreement having a lawful object entered into voluntarily by two or more parties, each of whom intends to create one or more legal obligations between them. The elements of a contract are "offer" and 'acceptance' by "competent persons" having legal capacity who exchanges "consideration" to create "mutuality" of obligation.

Every person who is competent to contract and who attained the age of majority, according to the law and who is of sound mind and the person who is not disqualified by any of the law.

Section 1111 tells that a minor is not competent to a contract. Following cases will tell you more about the evolution of contracts entered by minors :

Mohiri Bibi Vs. Dharmodas Ghose :

The plaintiff was a minor who mortgaged his property in favour of the defendant, who was a moneylender to secure a loan of Rs.20,000.The moneylender knew that the plaintiff is a minor. The plaintiff brought an action against the defendant stating that he was a minor when the mortgage was executed by him and, therefore, the mortgage was void and inoperative and the same should be cancelled.

Judgement :

The Privy Council held that the minors' contract is void. The combined effect of sections 10 and 11 renders the minor contract completely void. According to the Privy Council, only a person who is of the age of the majority is competent to contract. Moreover, the minor didn't misrepresent his age or acted in bad intention. Minor, therefore, cannot be forced to repay the loan amount, and also the property mortgaged should be returned to the minor.

Doctrine of Restitution:

The minor is forced to restore the property of goods which he gets by misrepresenting his age provided that it is traceable in the possession of the minor. If it is not traced or it has been sold or converted to his own use by the minor, then he cannot be held liable to repay the value of it because it would amount to the enforcement of a void agreement. Leslie Ltd Vs.Sheil :

A minor fraudulently represented that he was a major and the plaintiff lent him Rs.200. The action to recover the money was failed. The court of the appeal held that the defendant was under no equitable liability to pay the plaintiff. The plaintiff relied upon the doctrine of restitution that the defendant was bound by that doctrine to restore the ill-gotten gains. It was held that the defendant cannot be forced to restore Rs.400 as the contract was void and the doctrine of restitution was not applicable. The doctrine of restitution will not apply where the money given cannot be traced back to minors.

Q. In the case of Leslie Ltd. Vs. Sheil, why was the defendant not held liable to return the money ?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The Indian contract act came into force on 11 September 1872.1872. It was enacted mainly with a view to ensure reasonable fulfilment of expectations created by the promises of the parties and also enforcement of obligations prescribed by an agreement between the parties.

A contract is an agreement having a lawful object entered into voluntarily by two or more parties, each of whom intends to create one or more legal obligations between them. The elements of a contract are "offer" and 'acceptance' by "competent persons" having legal capacity who exchanges "consideration" to create "mutuality" of obligation.

Every person who is competent to contract and who attained the age of majority, according to the law and who is of sound mind and the person who is not disqualified by any of the law.

Section 1111 tells that a minor is not competent to a contract. Following cases will tell you more about the evolution of contracts entered by minors :

Mohiri Bibi Vs. Dharmodas Ghose :

The plaintiff was a minor who mortgaged his property in favour of the defendant, who was a moneylender to secure a loan of Rs.20,000.The moneylender knew that the plaintiff is a minor. The plaintiff brought an action against the defendant stating that he was a minor when the mortgage was executed by him and, therefore, the mortgage was void and inoperative and the same should be cancelled.

Judgement :

The Privy Council held that the minors' contract is void. The combined effect of sections 10 and 11 renders the minor contract completely void. According to the Privy Council, only a person who is of the age of the majority is competent to contract. Moreover, the minor didn't misrepresent his age or acted in bad intention. Minor, therefore, cannot be forced to repay the loan amount, and also the property mortgaged should be returned to the minor.

Doctrine of Restitution:

The minor is forced to restore the property of goods which he gets by misrepresenting his age provided that it is traceable in the possession of the minor. If it is not traced or it has been sold or converted to his own use by the minor, then he cannot be held liable to repay the value of it because it would amount to the enforcement of a void agreement. Leslie Ltd Vs.Sheil :

A minor fraudulently represented that he was a major and the plaintiff lent him Rs.200. The action to recover the money was failed. The court of the appeal held that the defendant was under no equitable liability to pay the plaintiff. The plaintiff relied upon the doctrine of restitution that the defendant was bound by that doctrine to restore the ill-gotten gains. It was held that the defendant cannot be forced to restore Rs.400 as the contract was void and the doctrine of restitution was not applicable. The doctrine of restitution will not apply where the money given cannot be traced back to minors.

Q. Which of the following is not true in light of the above passage ?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The COVID-1919 pandemic damage is taking the bottom out of commercial contracts. It is becoming commercially impracticable to perform such contracts. Is the pandemic an 'act of god' ? Does it amount to a force majeure event ? Has it made performance impossible ? Is a party to a contract relieved from its obligation to perform, as the COVID-1919 instigated lockdown amounts to a material adverse event ? What will be the economic consequences if we default on our obligations and commit a breach ?

To perform such contracts, on the other hand, is to invite financial disaster. Like Hamlet, to perform or not to perform is the question agitating the minds of CEO's, CFO's and general counsel of India's corporates. Long term commitments to purchase goods or render services have suddenly become commercially unveil. The coveted acquisition that seemed so lucrative has turned into a nightmare. A single breach may trigger several such breaches through multiple, interlinked contracts. Corporate reputations and carefully cultivated long-term business relationships are at stake.

Request for extending time and forbearance in performance will soon turn into nasty correspondence and, subsequently, legal notices being exchanged. Most of these contracts contain an arbitration clause, with reference to a three-member arbitral tribunal. If the counterparty to the dispute is not interested in expeditious disposal, the constitution of such tribunal itself can be a long drawn-out affair. Meanwhile, if interim orders are required to be obtained, the parties will be compelled to approach a court of law. This translates into multiple legal proceedings before different fora, and mounting cost of litigation.

Cash flows are the biggest victims of this crisis. At the same time, when commercial stakes are so high, most corporates would like to avail of the best possible professional assistance. Success fees are not legally permissible in India. At the same time, law firms can't be expected to provide credit to clients for work done as also third-party liability like payment of fees to senior counsel.

To compound matters, the jurisprudence on the subject in India is hardly enlightening. If there is no express provision in the contract for force majeure, Indian law ordinarily does not imply such a clause. The same goes for material adverse change (MAC) clauses in a contract. The doctrine of commercial impracticability to perform a contract, developed under New York law, has not found much favour with the Indian Supreme Court. The legal outcome of such disputes is, therefore, anybody's guess.

Needless to add, the time taken in arriving at a final determination of such a dispute can be horrendously long. Even if an arbitral tribunal publishes its award fairly quickly, challenges to such an award before the high court and the Supreme Court are inevitable.

The privy council has caustically observed that the trouble of a litigant in India begins when he gets hold of a decree. To implement or execute such a judgment is another long-drawn-out process. In this Kafkaesque scenario, the litigants could well become sick or insolvent. In these circumstances, is there a practical commercial solution before a corporate embarks upon a highly unproductive litigation? Courts highly encourage mediation.

Unlike arbitration, mediation is not legally binding. However, in the current scenario, formal mediation may not work so effectively. Disputing parties to a contract may, instead, explore obtaining a dispassionate view of the dispute from a seasoned person having commercial experience and knowledge, not necessarily a lawyer. What is required is a creative commercial solution to the dispute. Courts do not rewrite contracts for the parties.

However, such an informal mediator can rewrite and redesign the contract that causes minimal damage or disruption to both disputing parties. Of course, if such a mediation effort fails, the contracting parties are at liberty to litigate. Such an exercise is bound to narrow differences and result in a solution that may have escaped both the contracting parties.

Q. Why is the time taken in arriving at a final determination of such kind of disputes can be horrendously long ?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The COVID-1919 pandemic damage is taking the bottom out of commercial contracts. It is becoming commercially impracticable to perform such contracts. Is the pandemic an 'act of god' ? Does it amount to a force majeure event ? Has it made performance impossible ? Is a party to a contract relieved from its obligation to perform, as the COVID-1919 instigated lockdown amounts to a material adverse event ? What will be the economic consequences if we default on our obligations and commit a breach ?

To perform such contracts, on the other hand, is to invite financial disaster. Like Hamlet, to perform or not to perform is the question agitating the minds of CEO's, CFO's and general counsel of India's corporates. Long term commitments to purchase goods or render services have suddenly become commercially unveil. The coveted acquisition that seemed so lucrative has turned into a nightmare. A single breach may trigger several such breaches through multiple, interlinked contracts. Corporate reputations and carefully cultivated long-term business relationships are at stake.

Request for extending time and forbearance in performance will soon turn into nasty correspondence and, subsequently, legal notices being exchanged. Most of these contracts contain an arbitration clause, with reference to a three-member arbitral tribunal. If the counterparty to the dispute is not interested in expeditious disposal, the constitution of such tribunal itself can be a long drawn-out affair. Meanwhile, if interim orders are required to be obtained, the parties will be compelled to approach a court of law. This translates into multiple legal proceedings before different fora, and mounting cost of litigation.

Cash flows are the biggest victims of this crisis. At the same time, when commercial stakes are so high, most corporates would like to avail of the best possible professional assistance. Success fees are not legally permissible in India. At the same time, law firms can't be expected to provide credit to clients for work done as also third-party liability like payment of fees to senior counsel.

To compound matters, the jurisprudence on the subject in India is hardly enlightening. If there is no express provision in the contract for force majeure, Indian law ordinarily does not imply such a clause. The same goes for material adverse change (MAC) clauses in a contract. The doctrine of commercial impracticability to perform a contract, developed under New York law, has not found much favour with the Indian Supreme Court. The legal outcome of such disputes is, therefore, anybody's guess.

Needless to add, the time taken in arriving at a final determination of such a dispute can be horrendously long. Even if an arbitral tribunal publishes its award fairly quickly, challenges to such an award before the high court and the Supreme Court are inevitable.

The privy council has caustically observed that the trouble of a litigant in India begins when he gets hold of a decree. To implement or execute such a judgment is another long-drawn-out process. In this Kafkaesque scenario, the litigants could well become sick or insolvent. In these circumstances, is there a practical commercial solution before a corporate embarks upon a highly unproductive litigation? Courts highly encourage mediation.

Unlike arbitration, mediation is not legally binding. However, in the current scenario, formal mediation may not work so effectively. Disputing parties to a contract may, instead, explore obtaining a dispassionate view of the dispute from a seasoned person having commercial experience and knowledge, not necessarily a lawyer. What is required is a creative commercial solution to the dispute. Courts do not rewrite contracts for the parties.

However, such an informal mediator can rewrite and redesign the contract that causes minimal damage or disruption to both disputing parties. Of course, if such a mediation effort fails, the contracting parties are at liberty to litigate. Such an exercise is bound to narrow differences and result in a solution that may have escaped both the contracting parties.

Q. Which of the following provisions have not found much importance in Indian Contract Law ?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The COVID-1919 pandemic damage is taking the bottom out of commercial contracts. It is becoming commercially impracticable to perform such contracts. Is the pandemic an 'act of god' ? Does it amount to a force majeure event ? Has it made performance impossible ? Is a party to a contract relieved from its obligation to perform, as the COVID-1919 instigated lockdown amounts to a material adverse event ? What will be the economic consequences if we default on our obligations and commit a breach ?

To perform such contracts, on the other hand, is to invite financial disaster. Like Hamlet, to perform or not to perform is the question agitating the minds of CEO's, CFO's and general counsel of India's corporates. Long term commitments to purchase goods or render services have suddenly become commercially unveil. The coveted acquisition that seemed so lucrative has turned into a nightmare. A single breach may trigger several such breaches through multiple, interlinked contracts. Corporate reputations and carefully cultivated long-term business relationships are at stake.

Request for extending time and forbearance in performance will soon turn into nasty correspondence and, subsequently, legal notices being exchanged. Most of these contracts contain an arbitration clause, with reference to a three-member arbitral tribunal. If the counterparty to the dispute is not interested in expeditious disposal, the constitution of such tribunal itself can be a long drawn-out affair. Meanwhile, if interim orders are required to be obtained, the parties will be compelled to approach a court of law. This translates into multiple legal proceedings before different fora, and mounting cost of litigation.

Cash flows are the biggest victims of this crisis. At the same time, when commercial stakes are so high, most corporates would like to avail of the best possible professional assistance. Success fees are not legally permissible in India. At the same time, law firms can't be expected to provide credit to clients for work done as also third-party liability like payment of fees to senior counsel.

To compound matters, the jurisprudence on the subject in India is hardly enlightening. If there is no express provision in the contract for force majeure, Indian law ordinarily does not imply such a clause. The same goes for material adverse change (MAC) clauses in a contract. The doctrine of commercial impracticability to perform a contract, developed under New York law, has not found much favour with the Indian Supreme Court. The legal outcome of such disputes is, therefore, anybody's guess.

Needless to add, the time taken in arriving at a final determination of such a dispute can be horrendously long. Even if an arbitral tribunal publishes its award fairly quickly, challenges to such an award before the high court and the Supreme Court are inevitable.

The privy council has caustically observed that the trouble of a litigant in India begins when he gets hold of a decree. To implement or execute such a judgment is another long-drawn-out process. In this Kafkaesque scenario, the litigants could well become sick or insolvent. In these circumstances, is there a practical commercial solution before a corporate embarks upon a highly unproductive litigation? Courts highly encourage mediation.

Unlike arbitration, mediation is not legally binding. However, in the current scenario, formal mediation may not work so effectively. Disputing parties to a contract may, instead, explore obtaining a dispassionate view of the dispute from a seasoned person having commercial experience and knowledge, not necessarily a lawyer. What is required is a creative commercial solution to the dispute. Courts do not rewrite contracts for the parties.

However, such an informal mediator can rewrite and redesign the contract that causes minimal damage or disruption to both disputing parties. Of course, if such a mediation effort fails, the contracting parties are at liberty to litigate. Such an exercise is bound to narrow differences and result in a solution that may have escaped both the contracting parties.

Q. What is the main issue discussed in this passage ?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The COVID-1919 pandemic damage is taking the bottom out of commercial contracts. It is becoming commercially impracticable to perform such contracts. Is the pandemic an 'act of god' ? Does it amount to a force majeure event ? Has it made performance impossible ? Is a party to a contract relieved from its obligation to perform, as the COVID-1919 instigated lockdown amounts to a material adverse event ? What will be the economic consequences if we default on our obligations and commit a breach ?

To perform such contracts, on the other hand, is to invite financial disaster. Like Hamlet, to perform or not to perform is the question agitating the minds of CEO's, CFO's and general counsel of India's corporates. Long term commitments to purchase goods or render services have suddenly become commercially unveil. The coveted acquisition that seemed so lucrative has turned into a nightmare. A single breach may trigger several such breaches through multiple, interlinked contracts. Corporate reputations and carefully cultivated long-term business relationships are at stake.

Request for extending time and forbearance in performance will soon turn into nasty correspondence and, subsequently, legal notices being exchanged. Most of these contracts contain an arbitration clause, with reference to a three-member arbitral tribunal. If the counterparty to the dispute is not interested in expeditious disposal, the constitution of such tribunal itself can be a long drawn-out affair. Meanwhile, if interim orders are required to be obtained, the parties will be compelled to approach a court of law. This translates into multiple legal proceedings before different fora, and mounting cost of litigation.

Cash flows are the biggest victims of this crisis. At the same time, when commercial stakes are so high, most corporates would like to avail of the best possible professional assistance. Success fees are not legally permissible in India. At the same time, law firms can't be expected to provide credit to clients for work done as also third-party liability like payment of fees to senior counsel.

To compound matters, the jurisprudence on the subject in India is hardly enlightening. If there is no express provision in the contract for force majeure, Indian law ordinarily does not imply such a clause. The same goes for material adverse change (MAC) clauses in a contract. The doctrine of commercial impracticability to perform a contract, developed under New York law, has not found much favour with the Indian Supreme Court. The legal outcome of such disputes is, therefore, anybody's guess.

Needless to add, the time taken in arriving at a final determination of such a dispute can be horrendously long. Even if an arbitral tribunal publishes its award fairly quickly, challenges to such an award before the high court and the Supreme Court are inevitable.

The privy council has caustically observed that the trouble of a litigant in India begins when he gets hold of a decree. To implement or execute such a judgment is another long-drawn-out process. In this Kafkaesque scenario, the litigants could well become sick or insolvent. In these circumstances, is there a practical commercial solution before a corporate embarks upon a highly unproductive litigation? Courts highly encourage mediation.

Unlike arbitration, mediation is not legally binding. However, in the current scenario, formal mediation may not work so effectively. Disputing parties to a contract may, instead, explore obtaining a dispassionate view of the dispute from a seasoned person having commercial experience and knowledge, not necessarily a lawyer. What is required is a creative commercial solution to the dispute. Courts do not rewrite contracts for the parties.

However, such an informal mediator can rewrite and redesign the contract that causes minimal damage or disruption to both disputing parties. Of course, if such a mediation effort fails, the contracting parties are at liberty to litigate. Such an exercise is bound to narrow differences and result in a solution that may have escaped both the contracting parties.

Q. Which of the following creative commercial solution is provided by the writer to the parties ?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The COVID-1919 pandemic damage is taking the bottom out of commercial contracts. It is becoming commercially impracticable to perform such contracts. Is the pandemic an 'act of god' ? Does it amount to a force majeure event ? Has it made performance impossible ? Is a party to a contract relieved from its obligation to perform, as the COVID-1919 instigated lockdown amounts to a material adverse event ? What will be the economic consequences if we default on our obligations and commit a breach ?

To perform such contracts, on the other hand, is to invite financial disaster. Like Hamlet, to perform or not to perform is the question agitating the minds of CEO's, CFO's and general counsel of India's corporates. Long term commitments to purchase goods or render services have suddenly become commercially unveil. The coveted acquisition that seemed so lucrative has turned into a nightmare. A single breach may trigger several such breaches through multiple, interlinked contracts. Corporate reputations and carefully cultivated long-term business relationships are at stake.

Request for extending time and forbearance in performance will soon turn into nasty correspondence and, subsequently, legal notices being exchanged. Most of these contracts contain an arbitration clause, with reference to a three-member arbitral tribunal. If the counterparty to the dispute is not interested in expeditious disposal, the constitution of such tribunal itself can be a long drawn-out affair. Meanwhile, if interim orders are required to be obtained, the parties will be compelled to approach a court of law. This translates into multiple legal proceedings before different fora, and mounting cost of litigation.

Cash flows are the biggest victims of this crisis. At the same time, when commercial stakes are so high, most corporates would like to avail of the best possible professional assistance. Success fees are not legally permissible in India. At the same time, law firms can't be expected to provide credit to clients for work done as also third-party liability like payment of fees to senior counsel.

To compound matters, the jurisprudence on the subject in India is hardly enlightening. If there is no express provision in the contract for force majeure, Indian law ordinarily does not imply such a clause. The same goes for material adverse change (MAC) clauses in a contract. The doctrine of commercial impracticability to perform a contract, developed under New York law, has not found much favour with the Indian Supreme Court. The legal outcome of such disputes is, therefore, anybody's guess.

Needless to add, the time taken in arriving at a final determination of such a dispute can be horrendously long. Even if an arbitral tribunal publishes its award fairly quickly, challenges to such an award before the high court and the Supreme Court are inevitable.

The privy council has caustically observed that the trouble of a litigant in India begins when he gets hold of a decree. To implement or execute such a judgment is another long-drawn-out process. In this Kafkaesque scenario, the litigants could well become sick or insolvent. In these circumstances, is there a practical commercial solution before a corporate embarks upon a highly unproductive litigation? Courts highly encourage mediation.

Unlike arbitration, mediation is not legally binding. However, in the current scenario, formal mediation may not work so effectively. Disputing parties to a contract may, instead, explore obtaining a dispassionate view of the dispute from a seasoned person having commercial experience and knowledge, not necessarily a lawyer. What is required is a creative commercial solution to the dispute. Courts do not rewrite contracts for the parties.

However, such an informal mediator can rewrite and redesign the contract that causes minimal damage or disruption to both disputing parties. Of course, if such a mediation effort fails, the contracting parties are at liberty to litigate. Such an exercise is bound to narrow differences and result in a solution that may have escaped both the contracting parties.

Q. Why is it so that the trouble of a litigant in India begins when he gets hold of a decree ?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Apart from offences relating to humans, state, marriage and public tranquillity, the Indian Penal Code contains. offences against properties also. Chapter 1717 of the Code contains these provisions. Such offences include crimes like theft, extortion, robbery, dacoity and other aggravated forms of these crimes. Theft under IPC is generally the most basic and common offence against properties.

Section 378378 of the IPC defines theft as, "Whoever, intending to take dishonestly any movable property out of the possession of any person without that person's consent, moves that property to such taking, is said to commit theft".

Shweta Tiwari is an excellent artist and is married to one named Deepak Tiwari who owns a factory. They have a son Anshuman and is taken care of by a nanny, Puja because Shweta has to travel a lot for her art work. Anshuman has grown up to be a fine gentleman with a degree in data analysis and works in a MNC. After Mr, Deepak passed away Shweta moved in with her son, her daughter-in-law, Sagnika and granddaughter Suparna. Shweta soon became ill and therefore bedridden for several months but continued her paintings. In those months, she never liked any person to meet her and mostly remained alone except for her help Sumitra. After she died Anshuman told Sumitra to clean up her room and throw away any rubbish that may be there. Sumitra found out some old clothes and jewelleries which she gave back to him and also found out her paintings- the good ones were hung up on the wall and the faded ones were discarded on the orders of Anshuman. So Sumitra took all the garbage to the municipality rubbish dump. Before finally dumping Sumitra decided to finally check all the bags to make sure that no valuables are thrown away and while doing so she found two beautiful paintings in between two sheets of paper in the stack of newspapers. She thought that Anshuman probably wouldn't want this old painting back, especially because it was torn in several places and the colour was fading. Sumitra liked the paintings very much and as a sign of her master she took the painting home, mounted it on a wooden frame and hung it on the wall of her drawing room. She was completely unaware of the fact that the painting was an old 'masterpiece, and worth twenty thousand rupees. Before mounting the painting, Sumitra made some modifications do it does not get torn from the sides. By doing so, she made its professional 'restoration very difficult and thereby reduced its value by half. Malti, a jealous neighbour of Sumitra, came to know that the painting belonged to Anshuman. With the motive of returning the painting to him, Malti climbed through an open window into to barge into Sumitra's room when she was away one afternoon and removed the painting from her house.

Q. Is Sumitra guilty of criminal offence?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Apart from offences relating to humans, state, marriage and public tranquillity, the Indian Penal Code contains. offences against properties also. Chapter 1717 of the Code contains these provisions. Such offences include crimes like theft, extortion, robbery, dacoity and other aggravated forms of these crimes. Theft under IPC is generally the most basic and common offence against properties.

Section 378378 of the IPC defines theft as, "Whoever, intending to take dishonestly any movable property out of the possession of any person without that person's consent, moves that property to such taking, is said to commit theft".

Shweta Tiwari is an excellent artist and is married to one named Deepak Tiwari who owns a factory. They have a son Anshuman and is taken care of by a nanny, Puja because Shweta has to travel a lot for her art work. Anshuman has grown up to be a fine gentleman with a degree in data analysis and works in a MNC. After Mr, Deepak passed away Shweta moved in with her son, her daughter-in-law, Sagnika and granddaughter Suparna. Shweta soon became ill and therefore bedridden for several months but continued her paintings. In those months, she never liked any person to meet her and mostly remained alone except for her help Sumitra. After she died Anshuman told Sumitra to clean up her room and throw away any rubbish that may be there. Sumitra found out some old clothes and jewelleries which she gave back to him and also found out her paintings- the good ones were hung up on the wall and the faded ones were discarded on the orders of Anshuman. So Sumitra took all the garbage to the municipality rubbish dump. Before finally dumping Sumitra decided to finally check all the bags to make sure that no valuables are thrown away and while doing so she found two beautiful paintings in between two sheets of paper in the stack of newspapers. She thought that Anshuman probably wouldn't want this old painting back, especially because it was torn in several places and the colour was fading. Sumitra liked the paintings very much and as a sign of her master she took the painting home, mounted it on a wooden frame and hung it on the wall of her drawing room. She was completely unaware of the fact that the painting was an old 'masterpiece, and worth twenty thousand rupees. Before mounting the painting, Sumitra made some modifications do it does not get torn from the sides. By doing so, she made its professional 'restoration very difficult and thereby reduced its value by half. Malti, a jealous neighbour of Sumitra, came to know that the painting belonged to Anshuman. With the motive of returning the painting to him, Malti climbed through an open window into to barge into Sumitra's room when she was away one afternoon and removed the painting from her house.

Q. Is Malti guilty of theft?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Apart from offences relating to humans, state, marriage and public tranquillity, the Indian Penal Code contains. offences against properties also. Chapter 1717 of the Code contains these provisions. Such offences include crimes like theft, extortion, robbery, dacoity and other aggravated forms of these crimes. Theft under IPC is generally the most basic and common offence against properties.

Section 378378 of the IPC defines theft as, "Whoever, intending to take dishonestly any movable property out of the possession of any person without that person's consent, moves that property to such taking, is said to commit theft".

Shweta Tiwari is an excellent artist and is married to one named Deepak Tiwari who owns a factory. They have a son Anshuman and is taken care of by a nanny, Puja because Shweta has to travel a lot for her art work. Anshuman has grown up to be a fine gentleman with a degree in data analysis and works in a MNC. After Mr, Deepak passed away Shweta moved in with her son, her daughter-in-law, Sagnika and granddaughter Suparna. Shweta soon became ill and therefore bedridden for several months but continued her paintings. In those months, she never liked any person to meet her and mostly remained alone except for her help Sumitra. After she died Anshuman told Sumitra to clean up her room and throw away any rubbish that may be there. Sumitra found out some old clothes and jewelleries which she gave back to him and also found out her paintings- the good ones were hung up on the wall and the faded ones were discarded on the orders of Anshuman. So Sumitra took all the garbage to the municipality rubbish dump. Before finally dumping Sumitra decided to finally check all the bags to make sure that no valuables are thrown away and while doing so she found two beautiful paintings in between two sheets of paper in the stack of newspapers. She thought that Anshuman probably wouldn't want this old painting back, especially because it was torn in several places and the colour was fading. Sumitra liked the paintings very much and as a sign of her master she took the painting home, mounted it on a wooden frame and hung it on the wall of her drawing room. She was completely unaware of the fact that the painting was an old 'masterpiece, and worth twenty thousand rupees. Before mounting the painting, Sumitra made some modifications do it does not get torn from the sides. By doing so, she made its professional 'restoration very difficult and thereby reduced its value by half. Malti, a jealous neighbour of Sumitra, came to know that the painting belonged to Anshuman. With the motive of returning the painting to him, Malti climbed through an open window into to barge into Sumitra's room when she was away one afternoon and removed the painting from her house.

Q. Has Sumitra committed theft?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Apart from offences relating to humans, state, marriage and public tranquillity, the Indian Penal Code contains. offences against properties also. Chapter 1717 of the Code contains these provisions. Such offences include crimes like theft, extortion, robbery, dacoity and other aggravated forms of these crimes. Theft under IPC is generally the most basic and common offence against properties.

Section 378378 of the IPC defines theft as, "Whoever, intending to take dishonestly any movable property out of the possession of any person without that person's consent, moves that property to such taking, is said to commit theft".

Shweta Tiwari is an excellent artist and is married to one named Deepak Tiwari who owns a factory. They have a son Anshuman and is taken care of by a nanny, Puja because Shweta has to travel a lot for her art work. Anshuman has grown up to be a fine gentleman with a degree in data analysis and works in a MNC. After Mr, Deepak passed away Shweta moved in with her son, her daughter-in-law, Sagnika and granddaughter Suparna. Shweta soon became ill and therefore bedridden for several months but continued her paintings. In those months, she never liked any person to meet her and mostly remained alone except for her help Sumitra. After she died Anshuman told Sumitra to clean up her room and throw away any rubbish that may be there. Sumitra found out some old clothes and jewelleries which she gave back to him and also found out her paintings- the good ones were hung up on the wall and the faded ones were discarded on the orders of Anshuman. So Sumitra took all the garbage to the municipality rubbish dump. Before finally dumping Sumitra decided to finally check all the bags to make sure that no valuables are thrown away and while doing so she found two beautiful paintings in between two sheets of paper in the stack of newspapers. She thought that Anshuman probably wouldn't want this old painting back, especially because it was torn in several places and the colour was fading. Sumitra liked the paintings very much and as a sign of her master she took the painting home, mounted it on a wooden frame and hung it on the wall of her drawing room. She was completely unaware of the fact that the painting was an old 'masterpiece, and worth twenty thousand rupees. Before mounting the painting, Sumitra made some modifications do it does not get torn from the sides. By doing so, she made its professional 'restoration very difficult and thereby reduced its value by half. Malti, a jealous neighbour of Sumitra, came to know that the painting belonged to Anshuman. With the motive of returning the painting to him, Malti climbed through an open window into to barge into Sumitra's room when she was away one afternoon and removed the painting from her house.

Q. If Sumitra had discovered the painting before leaving house of Anshuman rather than at the rubbish dump, would she have been guilty of theft in this case?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Apart from offences relating to humans, state, marriage and public tranquillity, the Indian Penal Code contains. offences against properties also. Chapter 1717 of the Code contains these provisions. Such offences include crimes like theft, extortion, robbery, dacoity and other aggravated forms of these crimes. Theft under IPC is generally the most basic and common offence against properties.

Section 378378 of the IPC defines theft as, "Whoever, intending to take dishonestly any movable property out of the possession of any person without that person's consent, moves that property to such taking, is said to commit theft".

Shweta Tiwari is an excellent artist and is married to one named Deepak Tiwari who owns a factory. They have a son Anshuman and is taken care of by a nanny, Puja because Shweta has to travel a lot for her art work. Anshuman has grown up to be a fine gentleman with a degree in data analysis and works in a MNC. After Mr, Deepak passed away Shweta moved in with her son, her daughter-in-law, Sagnika and granddaughter Suparna. Shweta soon became ill and therefore bedridden for several months but continued her paintings. In those months, she never liked any person to meet her and mostly remained alone except for her help Sumitra. After she died Anshuman told Sumitra to clean up her room and throw away any rubbish that may be there. Sumitra found out some old clothes and jewelleries which she gave back to him and also found out her paintings- the good ones were hung up on the wall and the faded ones were discarded on the orders of Anshuman. So Sumitra took all the garbage to the municipality rubbish dump. Before finally dumping Sumitra decided to finally check all the bags to make sure that no valuables are thrown away and while doing so she found two beautiful paintings in between two sheets of paper in the stack of newspapers. She thought that Anshuman probably wouldn't want this old painting back, especially because it was torn in several places and the colour was fading. Sumitra liked the paintings very much and as a sign of her master she took the painting home, mounted it on a wooden frame and hung it on the wall of her drawing room. She was completely unaware of the fact that the painting was an old 'masterpiece, and worth twenty thousand rupees. Before mounting the painting, Sumitra made some modifications do it does not get torn from the sides. By doing so, she made its professional 'restoration very difficult and thereby reduced its value by half. Malti, a jealous neighbour of Sumitra, came to know that the painting belonged to Anshuman. With the motive of returning the painting to him, Malti climbed through an open window into to barge into Sumitra's room when she was away one afternoon and removed the painting from her house.

Q. Which of the following propositions could be inferred from the facts and the rules specified

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

In a significant move, the Supreme Court has observed that provisions of Section 498 A.498 A. of the Indian Penal Code or the anti-dowry law were being increasingly misused by plaintiffs. Taking cognizance of the fact that the law was being used as a weapon rather than a protective shield, the apex court directed state governments to instruct police not to automatically carry out arrests on the mere lodging of a complaint.

There's no denying that Section 498 A498 A was enacted with the commendable aim of cracking down on dowry deaths and cruelty against women in their matrimonial homes. However, by making provisions of the law too stringent, the pendulum has swung too far in the other direction whereby the innocent can be victimized. Several women's rights groups have also acknowledged the draconian nature of the stipulation that allows for automatic arrests, including of women, without bail. In many cases the accused include the plaintiff's women in-laws who are ailing or residing outside the country. Such charges are brought with the malafide intention of harassing the spouse's family. Add to this loose wording that takes cognizance even of mental abuse, and it is easy to see why Section 498 A498 A is susceptible to misuse.

Against this backdrop, it is welcome that the Supreme Court has directed the police to first satisfy themselves of the necessity for arrest under Section 4141 of the Criminal Procedure Code before making arrests in anti-dowry cases. Further, the magistrate too would have to record its satisfaction before authorizing detention of the accused. In this regard, there is an urgent need to review our approach towards gender crime laws in general.

Hitherto the dominant thinking has been to ramp up the quantum of punishment or stringency of prosecution or even to reverse the basic assumption of Indian jurisprudence that one is innocent until proven guilty, in order. to serve as a deterrent against gender crimes. This approach does little to protect genuine victims but allows those with means to manipulate the law. The law should make a strict distinction, for example, between rape and voluntary sex between consenting adults. Nuanced laws that recognize the degree of offence and recommend commensurate, punishment - along with their consistent enforcement - are the only way to boost genuine reporting of gender crimes and ensure justice.

Q. What does the section 498 A498 A of Indian Penal Code provides for

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

In a significant move, the Supreme Court has observed that provisions of Section 498 A.498 A. of the Indian Penal Code or the anti-dowry law were being increasingly misused by plaintiffs. Taking cognizance of the fact that the law was being used as a weapon rather than a protective shield, the apex court directed state governments to instruct police not to automatically carry out arrests on the mere lodging of a complaint.

There's no denying that Section 498 A498 A was enacted with the commendable aim of cracking down on dowry deaths and cruelty against women in their matrimonial homes. However, by making provisions of the law too stringent, the pendulum has swung too far in the other direction whereby the innocent can be victimized. Several women's rights groups have also acknowledged the draconian nature of the stipulation that allows for automatic arrests, including of women, without bail. In many cases the accused include the plaintiff's women in-laws who are ailing or residing outside the country. Such charges are brought with the malafide intention of harassing the spouse's family. Add to this loose wording that takes cognizance even of mental abuse, and it is easy to see why Section 498 A498 A is susceptible to misuse.

Against this backdrop, it is welcome that the Supreme Court has directed the police to first satisfy themselves of the necessity for arrest under Section 4141 of the Criminal Procedure Code before making arrests in anti-dowry cases. Further, the magistrate too would have to record its satisfaction before authorizing detention of the accused. In this regard, there is an urgent need to review our approach towards gender crime laws in general.

Hitherto the dominant thinking has been to ramp up the quantum of punishment or stringency of prosecution or even to reverse the basic assumption of Indian jurisprudence that one is innocent until proven guilty, in order. to serve as a deterrent against gender crimes. This approach does little to protect genuine victims but allows those with means to manipulate the law. The law should make a strict distinction, for example, between rape and voluntary sex between consenting adults. Nuanced laws that recognize the degree of offence and recommend commensurate, punishment - along with their consistent enforcement - are the only way to boost genuine reporting of gender crimes and ensure justice.

Q. For making any arrests under section 498 A498 A of the Indian Penal Code, who among the following have to be satisfied that there exists a necessity for arrest ?

Explanation

According to question, this option is the appropriate answer,

Since any crime against women is under section 498 A498 A which is used a lot nowadays.

Police and Magistrate needs to be satisfied before making any arrest on basis of this FIR so that no party can misuse the provisions of this section.

Hence, the correct answer is Both (a) and (b).

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

In a significant move, the Supreme Court has observed that provisions of Section 498 A.498 A. of the Indian Penal Code or the anti-dowry law were being increasingly misused by plaintiffs. Taking cognizance of the fact that the law was being used as a weapon rather than a protective shield, the apex court directed state governments to instruct police not to automatically carry out arrests on the mere lodging of a complaint.

There's no denying that Section 498 A498 A was enacted with the commendable aim of cracking down on dowry deaths and cruelty against women in their matrimonial homes. However, by making provisions of the law too stringent, the pendulum has swung too far in the other direction whereby the innocent can be victimized. Several women's rights groups have also acknowledged the draconian nature of the stipulation that allows for automatic arrests, including of women, without bail. In many cases the accused include the plaintiff's women in-laws who are ailing or residing outside the country. Such charges are brought with the malafide intention of harassing the spouse's family. Add to this loose wording that takes cognizance even of mental abuse, and it is easy to see why Section 498 A498 A is susceptible to misuse.

Against this backdrop, it is welcome that the Supreme Court has directed the police to first satisfy themselves of the necessity for arrest under Section 4141 of the Criminal Procedure Code before making arrests in anti-dowry cases. Further, the magistrate too would have to record its satisfaction before authorizing detention of the accused. In this regard, there is an urgent need to review our approach towards gender crime laws in general.

Hitherto the dominant thinking has been to ramp up the quantum of punishment or stringency of prosecution or even to reverse the basic assumption of Indian jurisprudence that one is innocent until proven guilty, in order. to serve as a deterrent against gender crimes. This approach does little to protect genuine victims but allows those with means to manipulate the law. The law should make a strict distinction, for example, between rape and voluntary sex between consenting adults. Nuanced laws that recognize the degree of offence and recommend commensurate, punishment - along with their consistent enforcement - are the only way to boost genuine reporting of gender crimes and ensure justice.

Q. What is the basic assumption in the jurisprudence of Indian criminal law ?