CLAT Practice Test- 40 - CLAT

Direction: Read the passage carefully, in order to answer the question.

Ask people about barbershop music and they'll generally conjure a familiar image : four old men in bow-striped vests and straw hats, swaying with canes, warbling standards in earnest. Hello my baby, hello my darling, hello my ragtime gal!

The image is not completely absurd. In the nascent days of the Barbershop Harmony Society - an organization founded in 19381938 that preserves and promotes barbershop music - these hallmarks were common. But in the eight decades since the organization was founded, bow-striped vests have given way to crisp suits; standards are still sung, but so are contemporary hits; and decorative canes have been banished to the unused props bin. There are men from all generations, including kids and teens and hipster 2020 -somethings, their moustaches fitting right in. And, yes, there are women.

I've known about the female barbershop organization, Sweet Adelines International, my entire life - my grandma has been a member for 5050 years and counting. But as a kid, barbershop was an abstraction to me, shaded in coolness. When my grandma talked about her barbershop singing, I envisioned women older than I ever imagined becoming, crooning listlessly in retirement homes. But then, when I was ten, my mom re-joined (she had been a member before I was born), and I attended my first regional contest to watch her compete with her quartet.

The competition stage looked like something out of Broadway : glaring spotlight, thick curtain, stage lights that shifted colour for each performer. Two giant jumbotron screens displayed the action to those who couldn't see, as if this were a sports game featuring the fearsome battle of flashy costumes and four-part harmony.

As I watched each quartet enter and exit the vast stage - all decked out in matching sequined gowns, singing in rigorously rehearsed synchronicity and displaying carefully planned choreography moves - I felt my stomach drop. I couldn't fathom my shy mother, who often broke out into an anxiety rash during social gatherings, being so openly expressive in front of hundreds of people. Would her voice quiver? Would her eyes open wide, like a deer in the spotlight? Would she choke?

From the moment she stepped on stage, I knew I didn't need to worry. She was not just comfortable, but confident: stride brisk, smile wide, voice perfectly controlled. As the quartet finished their ballad with a hushed "Smile my honey dear, while I kiss away each tear/or else I shall be melancholy too," the arena became pin-drop silent, then erupted into rapturous applause.

The experience was, in a word, thrilling - especially once the quartet ended up taking second place, turning my mom into, for all intents and purposes, a star.

Q. At the starting of passage author is talking about the

Direction: Read the passage carefully, in order to answer the question.

Ask people about barbershop music and they'll generally conjure a familiar image : four old men in bow-striped vests and straw hats, swaying with canes, warbling standards in earnest. Hello my baby, hello my darling, hello my ragtime gal!

The image is not completely absurd. In the nascent days of the Barbershop Harmony Society - an organization founded in 19381938 that preserves and promotes barbershop music - these hallmarks were common. But in the eight decades since the organization was founded, bow-striped vests have given way to crisp suits; standards are still sung, but so are contemporary hits; and decorative canes have been banished to the unused props bin. There are men from all generations, including kids and teens and hipster 2020 -somethings, their moustaches fitting right in. And, yes, there are women.

I've known about the female barbershop organization, Sweet Adelines International, my entire life - my grandma has been a member for 5050 years and counting. But as a kid, barbershop was an abstraction to me, shaded in coolness. When my grandma talked about her barbershop singing, I envisioned women older than I ever imagined becoming, crooning listlessly in retirement homes. But then, when I was ten, my mom re-joined (she had been a member before I was born), and I attended my first regional contest to watch her compete with her quartet.

The competition stage looked like something out of Broadway : glaring spotlight, thick curtain, stage lights that shifted colour for each performer. Two giant jumbotron screens displayed the action to those who couldn't see, as if this were a sports game featuring the fearsome battle of flashy costumes and four-part harmony.

As I watched each quartet enter and exit the vast stage - all decked out in matching sequined gowns, singing in rigorously rehearsed synchronicity and displaying carefully planned choreography moves - I felt my stomach drop. I couldn't fathom my shy mother, who often broke out into an anxiety rash during social gatherings, being so openly expressive in front of hundreds of people. Would her voice quiver? Would her eyes open wide, like a deer in the spotlight? Would she choke?

From the moment she stepped on stage, I knew I didn't need to worry. She was not just comfortable, but confident: stride brisk, smile wide, voice perfectly controlled. As the quartet finished their ballad with a hushed "Smile my honey dear, while I kiss away each tear/or else I shall be melancholy too," the arena became pin-drop silent, then erupted into rapturous applause.

The experience was, in a word, thrilling - especially once the quartet ended up taking second place, turning my mom into, for all intents and purposes, a star.

Q. In what context "Fatham" is used in the statement "I couldn't fathom my shy mother, who often broke out into an anxiety rash during social gatherings, being so openly expressive in front of hundreds of people" by the author?

Direction: Read the passage carefully, in order to answer the question.

About forty-five hundred years ago, not long after the completion of the Great Pyramid at Giza, a seed of Pinus longaeva, the Great Basin bristlecone pine, landed on a steep slope in what are now known as the White Mountains, in eastern California. The seed may have travelled there on a gust of wind, its flight aided by a wing like attachment to the nut or it could have been planted by a bird known as the Clark's nutcracker, which likes to hide pine seeds in caches; nutcrackers have phenomenal spatial memory and can recall thousands of such caches. This seed, however, lay undisturbed. On a moist day in fall, or in the wake of melting snows in spring, a seedling appeared above ground-a stubby one-inch stem with a tuft of bright-green shoots.

Most seedlings die within a year; the mortality rate is more than ninety-nine per cent. The survivors are sometimes seen growing in the shadow of a fallen tree. The landscape of the Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest, as this area of the White Mountains is called, is littered with fragments of dead trees-trunks, limbs, roots, and smaller chunks. Pinus longaeva grows exclusively in subalpine regions of the Great Basin, which stretches from the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada to the Wasatch Range, in Utah. Conditions are generally too arid for the dead wood to rot; instead, it erodes, sanded down like rock. The remnants may harbour nutrients and fungi that help new trees grow. Bristlecones rise from the bones of their ancestors-a city within a cemetery.

Coast redwoods and giant sequoias, California's gargantuan world-record-holding trees, can grow fifty feet or more in their first twenty years. Bristlecones rise agonizingly slowly. After four or five years, the seedling on the steep slope would have been just a few inches higher, sprouting needles in place of the embryonic shoots. The needles are a deep green, tough, resinous, and closely bunched, in groups of five. On a mature tree, they live for fifty years or more. Decades may have passed before the tree was human height, and decades more before it resembled a conventional pine. Bristlecone saplings grow straight up, with relatively sparse foliage, looking like undernourished Christmas trees. After a few hundred years-by which time the Old Kingdom of Egypt had fallen-it was probably forty or fifty feet in height.

Many tree species live for hundreds of years. A smaller but not inconsiderable number, including the sequoias and certain yews, oaks, cypresses, and junipers, survive for thousands. Once a bristlecone has established itself in the unforgiving conditions of the White Mountains, it can last almost indefinitely. The trees tend to grow some distance from one another, so fires almost never destroy an entire stand. Because only a few other plant species can handle the dry, cold climate, the bristlecones face little competition. Unlike most plants, they tolerate dolomite soil, which is composed of a chalky type of limestone that is heavily alkaline and low in nutrients. As for insect threats, bristlecone wood is so dense that mountain-pine beetles and other pests can rarely burrow their way into it.

Q. Pinus longaeva grows exclusively in which reason?

Direction: Read the passage carefully, in order to answer the question.

About forty-five hundred years ago, not long after the completion of the Great Pyramid at Giza, a seed of Pinus longaeva, the Great Basin bristlecone pine, landed on a steep slope in what are now known as the White Mountains, in eastern California. The seed may have travelled there on a gust of wind, its flight aided by a wing like attachment to the nut or it could have been planted by a bird known as the Clark's nutcracker, which likes to hide pine seeds in caches; nutcrackers have phenomenal spatial memory and can recall thousands of such caches. This seed, however, lay undisturbed. On a moist day in fall, or in the wake of melting snows in spring, a seedling appeared above ground-a stubby one-inch stem with a tuft of bright-green shoots.

Most seedlings die within a year; the mortality rate is more than ninety-nine per cent. The survivors are sometimes seen growing in the shadow of a fallen tree. The landscape of the Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest, as this area of the White Mountains is called, is littered with fragments of dead trees-trunks, limbs, roots, and smaller chunks. Pinus longaeva grows exclusively in subalpine regions of the Great Basin, which stretches from the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada to the Wasatch Range, in Utah. Conditions are generally too arid for the dead wood to rot; instead, it erodes, sanded down like rock. The remnants may harbour nutrients and fungi that help new trees grow. Bristlecones rise from the bones of their ancestors-a city within a cemetery.

Coast redwoods and giant sequoias, California's gargantuan world-record-holding trees, can grow fifty feet or more in their first twenty years. Bristlecones rise agonizingly slowly. After four or five years, the seedling on the steep slope would have been just a few inches higher, sprouting needles in place of the embryonic shoots. The needles are a deep green, tough, resinous, and closely bunched, in groups of five. On a mature tree, they live for fifty years or more. Decades may have passed before the tree was human height, and decades more before it resembled a conventional pine. Bristlecone saplings grow straight up, with relatively sparse foliage, looking like undernourished Christmas trees. After a few hundred years-by which time the Old Kingdom of Egypt had fallen-it was probably forty or fifty feet in height.

Many tree species live for hundreds of years. A smaller but not inconsiderable number, including the sequoias and certain yews, oaks, cypresses, and junipers, survive for thousands. Once a bristlecone has established itself in the unforgiving conditions of the White Mountains, it can last almost indefinitely. The trees tend to grow some distance from one another, so fires almost never destroy an entire stand. Because only a few other plant species can handle the dry, cold climate, the bristlecones face little competition. Unlike most plants, they tolerate dolomite soil, which is composed of a chalky type of limestone that is heavily alkaline and low in nutrients. As for insect threats, bristlecone wood is so dense that mountain-pine beetles and other pests can rarely burrow their way into it.

Q. Which of the following species of tree do not survive for thousands of years?

Direction: Read the passage carefully, in order to answer the question.

About forty-five hundred years ago, not long after the completion of the Great Pyramid at Giza, a seed of Pinus longaeva, the Great Basin bristlecone pine, landed on a steep slope in what are now known as the White Mountains, in eastern California. The seed may have travelled there on a gust of wind, its flight aided by a wing like attachment to the nut or it could have been planted by a bird known as the Clark's nutcracker, which likes to hide pine seeds in caches; nutcrackers have phenomenal spatial memory and can recall thousands of such caches. This seed, however, lay undisturbed. On a moist day in fall, or in the wake of melting snows in spring, a seedling appeared above ground-a stubby one-inch stem with a tuft of bright-green shoots.

Most seedlings die within a year; the mortality rate is more than ninety-nine per cent. The survivors are sometimes seen growing in the shadow of a fallen tree. The landscape of the Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest, as this area of the White Mountains is called, is littered with fragments of dead trees-trunks, limbs, roots, and smaller chunks. Pinus longaeva grows exclusively in subalpine regions of the Great Basin, which stretches from the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada to the Wasatch Range, in Utah. Conditions are generally too arid for the dead wood to rot; instead, it erodes, sanded down like rock. The remnants may harbour nutrients and fungi that help new trees grow. Bristlecones rise from the bones of their ancestors-a city within a cemetery.

Coast redwoods and giant sequoias, California's gargantuan world-record-holding trees, can grow fifty feet or more in their first twenty years. Bristlecones rise agonizingly slowly. After four or five years, the seedling on the steep slope would have been just a few inches higher, sprouting needles in place of the embryonic shoots. The needles are a deep green, tough, resinous, and closely bunched, in groups of five. On a mature tree, they live for fifty years or more. Decades may have passed before the tree was human height, and decades more before it resembled a conventional pine. Bristlecone saplings grow straight up, with relatively sparse foliage, looking like undernourished Christmas trees. After a few hundred years-by which time the Old Kingdom of Egypt had fallen-it was probably forty or fifty feet in height.

Many tree species live for hundreds of years. A smaller but not inconsiderable number, including the sequoias and certain yews, oaks, cypresses, and junipers, survive for thousands. Once a bristlecone has established itself in the unforgiving conditions of the White Mountains, it can last almost indefinitely. The trees tend to grow some distance from one another, so fires almost never destroy an entire stand. Because only a few other plant species can handle the dry, cold climate, the bristlecones face little competition. Unlike most plants, they tolerate dolomite soil, which is composed of a chalky type of limestone that is heavily alkaline and low in nutrients. As for insect threats, bristlecone wood is so dense that mountain-pine beetles and other pests can rarely burrow their way into it.

Q. According to author what is the mortality rate of seedlings?

Direction: Read the passage carefully, in order to answer the question.

About forty-five hundred years ago, not long after the completion of the Great Pyramid at Giza, a seed of Pinus longaeva, the Great Basin bristlecone pine, landed on a steep slope in what are now known as the White Mountains, in eastern California. The seed may have travelled there on a gust of wind, its flight aided by a wing like attachment to the nut or it could have been planted by a bird known as the Clark's nutcracker, which likes to hide pine seeds in caches; nutcrackers have phenomenal spatial memory and can recall thousands of such caches. This seed, however, lay undisturbed. On a moist day in fall, or in the wake of melting snows in spring, a seedling appeared above ground-a stubby one-inch stem with a tuft of bright-green shoots.

Most seedlings die within a year; the mortality rate is more than ninety-nine per cent. The survivors are sometimes seen growing in the shadow of a fallen tree. The landscape of the Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest, as this area of the White Mountains is called, is littered with fragments of dead trees-trunks, limbs, roots, and smaller chunks. Pinus longaeva grows exclusively in subalpine regions of the Great Basin, which stretches from the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada to the Wasatch Range, in Utah. Conditions are generally too arid for the dead wood to rot; instead, it erodes, sanded down like rock. The remnants may harbour nutrients and fungi that help new trees grow. Bristlecones rise from the bones of their ancestors-a city within a cemetery.

Coast redwoods and giant sequoias, California's gargantuan world-record-holding trees, can grow fifty feet or more in their first twenty years. Bristlecones rise agonizingly slowly. After four or five years, the seedling on the steep slope would have been just a few inches higher, sprouting needles in place of the embryonic shoots. The needles are a deep green, tough, resinous, and closely bunched, in groups of five. On a mature tree, they live for fifty years or more. Decades may have passed before the tree was human height, and decades more before it resembled a conventional pine. Bristlecone saplings grow straight up, with relatively sparse foliage, looking like undernourished Christmas trees. After a few hundred years-by which time the Old Kingdom of Egypt had fallen-it was probably forty or fifty feet in height.

Many tree species live for hundreds of years. A smaller but not inconsiderable number, including the sequoias and certain yews, oaks, cypresses, and junipers, survive for thousands. Once a bristlecone has established itself in the unforgiving conditions of the White Mountains, it can last almost indefinitely. The trees tend to grow some distance from one another, so fires almost never destroy an entire stand. Because only a few other plant species can handle the dry, cold climate, the bristlecones face little competition. Unlike most plants, they tolerate dolomite soil, which is composed of a chalky type of limestone that is heavily alkaline and low in nutrients. As for insect threats, bristlecone wood is so dense that mountain-pine beetles and other pests can rarely burrow their way into it.

Q. Coast redwoods and giant sequoias, California's gargantuan world-record-holding trees, can grow fifty feet or more in their first _________.

Direction: Read the passage carefully, in order to answer the question.

About forty-five hundred years ago, not long after the completion of the Great Pyramid at Giza, a seed of Pinus longaeva, the Great Basin bristlecone pine, landed on a steep slope in what are now known as the White Mountains, in eastern California. The seed may have travelled there on a gust of wind, its flight aided by a wing like attachment to the nut or it could have been planted by a bird known as the Clark's nutcracker, which likes to hide pine seeds in caches; nutcrackers have phenomenal spatial memory and can recall thousands of such caches. This seed, however, lay undisturbed. On a moist day in fall, or in the wake of melting snows in spring, a seedling appeared above ground-a stubby one-inch stem with a tuft of bright-green shoots.

Most seedlings die within a year; the mortality rate is more than ninety-nine per cent. The survivors are sometimes seen growing in the shadow of a fallen tree. The landscape of the Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest, as this area of the White Mountains is called, is littered with fragments of dead trees-trunks, limbs, roots, and smaller chunks. Pinus longaeva grows exclusively in subalpine regions of the Great Basin, which stretches from the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada to the Wasatch Range, in Utah. Conditions are generally too arid for the dead wood to rot; instead, it erodes, sanded down like rock. The remnants may harbour nutrients and fungi that help new trees grow. Bristlecones rise from the bones of their ancestors-a city within a cemetery.

Coast redwoods and giant sequoias, California's gargantuan world-record-holding trees, can grow fifty feet or more in their first twenty years. Bristlecones rise agonizingly slowly. After four or five years, the seedling on the steep slope would have been just a few inches higher, sprouting needles in place of the embryonic shoots. The needles are a deep green, tough, resinous, and closely bunched, in groups of five. On a mature tree, they live for fifty years or more. Decades may have passed before the tree was human height, and decades more before it resembled a conventional pine. Bristlecone saplings grow straight up, with relatively sparse foliage, looking like undernourished Christmas trees. After a few hundred years-by which time the Old Kingdom of Egypt had fallen-it was probably forty or fifty feet in height.

Many tree species live for hundreds of years. A smaller but not inconsiderable number, including the sequoias and certain yews, oaks, cypresses, and junipers, survive for thousands. Once a bristlecone has established itself in the unforgiving conditions of the White Mountains, it can last almost indefinitely. The trees tend to grow some distance from one another, so fires almost never destroy an entire stand. Because only a few other plant species can handle the dry, cold climate, the bristlecones face little competition. Unlike most plants, they tolerate dolomite soil, which is composed of a chalky type of limestone that is heavily alkaline and low in nutrients. As for insect threats, bristlecone wood is so dense that mountain-pine beetles and other pests can rarely burrow their way into it.

Q. What is the name of Great Basin bristlecone pine?

Direction: Read the passage carefully, in order to answer the question.

Every year, a handful of people are honoured and elevated to a reputed title, the 'Nobel Laureate', which distinguishes them from others. Celebrated as one of the most coveted awards, the Nobel Prize is widely regarded as the crowning achievement of mankind that marks its scientific, economic, literary, and political excellence. No other award can match them in prestige. And while most people are aware of its existence, relatively few people know about Alfred Nobel, the genius who laid the foundation of these annually distributed awards. There is an often-repeated story regarding his creation, an interesting tale that highlights the underlying reason that persuaded him to devote his fortune to charity. Alfred Bernhard Nobel, an engineer and inventor, was born on October 21st, 1833 in Stockholm, Sweden. Right since his initial days, he was intensely curious being with a natural affinity for problem-solving. He was deeply interested in studying chemistry and was fascinated with Nitroglycerine due to its unpredictable and highly explosive nature. Despite the scientific community's aversion to Nitroglycerine, the young man's mind was determined to tame the explosive and turn it into a commercially usable blasting agent. In the 1860s, the chemist experimented with controlled explosions looking for a stable combination. However, in 1864, just when he had a feeling that he was on the cusp of an invention that would change the world, a tragedy struck his company. A vat of nitroglycerin overheated and resulted in an explosion killing five people, including his younger brother, Emil. Alfred himself suffered minor injuries in the disaster. Rather than being put off working with nitroglycerin, Alfred threw himself into trying to find a safe way to detonate the chemical. To give up now would be, in his view, to allow his brother to have died in vain. He continued his work and produced 'Dynamite', a safer to handle explosive. He was soon granted patents for his invention in Europe and the US. Dynamite, the first safely manageable explosive became Nobel's big business. It turned out to be an immediate success, with engineering companies from all over the world clamouring to get their hands on it. Afterall, controlled explosions found numerous uses, including mining, canal cutting, tunnel blasting, and more. Business boomed and numerous factories and plants were set up across the USA and Europe. Soon money started rolling in and virtually overnight, Alfred amassed fortune beyond anyone's extreme imagination. He kept refining dynamite continually and later created even stronger and safer explosives. Nobel spent most of his time tinkering with chemicals and held 355355 patents in explosives and synthetic materials.

Apart from mechanical workshops, he now set up armament factories producing cannon shells and other fearinspiring weapons of war. The explosives created by Nobel spread rapidly around the world and brought great benefits to engineering and mining. But inevitably, they were also used intensively for war. He often quoted, "As soon as nations will find that in one instant, whole armies can be utterly destroyed, they surely will abide in golden peace." Alfred considered himself to be a pacifist and strongly believed that his weapons would create deterrence, ultimately proving to be a boon to mankind. This, however, was a gross miscalculation. Wars continued, and nations didn't recoil. His inventions failed to change the course of the world. His faith in mankind was sadly misplaced.

Q. As per the passage, why did Alfred considered him a pacifist?

Direction: Read the passage carefully, in order to answer the question.

Every year, a handful of people are honoured and elevated to a reputed title, the 'Nobel Laureate', which distinguishes them from others. Celebrated as one of the most coveted awards, the Nobel Prize is widely regarded as the crowning achievement of mankind that marks its scientific, economic, literary, and political excellence. No other award can match them in prestige. And while most people are aware of its existence, relatively few people know about Alfred Nobel, the genius who laid the foundation of these annually distributed awards. There is an often-repeated story regarding his creation, an interesting tale that highlights the underlying reason that persuaded him to devote his fortune to charity. Alfred Bernhard Nobel, an engineer and inventor, was born on October 21st, 1833 in Stockholm, Sweden. Right since his initial days, he was intensely curious being with a natural affinity for problem-solving. He was deeply interested in studying chemistry and was fascinated with Nitroglycerine due to its unpredictable and highly explosive nature. Despite the scientific community's aversion to Nitroglycerine, the young man's mind was determined to tame the explosive and turn it into a commercially usable blasting agent. In the 1860s, the chemist experimented with controlled explosions looking for a stable combination. However, in 1864, just when he had a feeling that he was on the cusp of an invention that would change the world, a tragedy struck his company. A vat of nitroglycerin overheated and resulted in an explosion killing five people, including his younger brother, Emil. Alfred himself suffered minor injuries in the disaster. Rather than being put off working with nitroglycerin, Alfred threw himself into trying to find a safe way to detonate the chemical. To give up now would be, in his view, to allow his brother to have died in vain. He continued his work and produced 'Dynamite', a safer to handle explosive. He was soon granted patents for his invention in Europe and the US. Dynamite, the first safely manageable explosive became Nobel's big business. It turned out to be an immediate success, with engineering companies from all over the world clamouring to get their hands on it. Afterall, controlled explosions found numerous uses, including mining, canal cutting, tunnel blasting, and more. Business boomed and numerous factories and plants were set up across the USA and Europe. Soon money started rolling in and virtually overnight, Alfred amassed fortune beyond anyone's extreme imagination. He kept refining dynamite continually and later created even stronger and safer explosives. Nobel spent most of his time tinkering with chemicals and held 355355 patents in explosives and synthetic materials.

Apart from mechanical workshops, he now set up armament factories producing cannon shells and other fearinspiring weapons of war. The explosives created by Nobel spread rapidly around the world and brought great benefits to engineering and mining. But inevitably, they were also used intensively for war. He often quoted, "As soon as nations will find that in one instant, whole armies can be utterly destroyed, they surely will abide in golden peace." Alfred considered himself to be a pacifist and strongly believed that his weapons would create deterrence, ultimately proving to be a boon to mankind. This, however, was a gross miscalculation. Wars continued, and nations didn't recoil. His inventions failed to change the course of the world. His faith in mankind was sadly misplaced.

Q. As per the passage, what did Alfred Nobel expect from various countries after they knew about his inventions?

Direction: Read the passage carefully, in order to answer the question.

Every year, a handful of people are honoured and elevated to a reputed title, the 'Nobel Laureate', which distinguishes them from others. Celebrated as one of the most coveted awards, the Nobel Prize is widely regarded as the crowning achievement of mankind that marks its scientific, economic, literary, and political excellence. No other award can match them in prestige. And while most people are aware of its existence, relatively few people know about Alfred Nobel, the genius who laid the foundation of these annually distributed awards. There is an often-repeated story regarding his creation, an interesting tale that highlights the underlying reason that persuaded him to devote his fortune to charity. Alfred Bernhard Nobel, an engineer and inventor, was born on October 21st, 1833 in Stockholm, Sweden. Right since his initial days, he was intensely curious being with a natural affinity for problem-solving. He was deeply interested in studying chemistry and was fascinated with Nitroglycerine due to its unpredictable and highly explosive nature. Despite the scientific community's aversion to Nitroglycerine, the young man's mind was determined to tame the explosive and turn it into a commercially usable blasting agent. In the 1860s, the chemist experimented with controlled explosions looking for a stable combination. However, in 1864, just when he had a feeling that he was on the cusp of an invention that would change the world, a tragedy struck his company. A vat of nitroglycerin overheated and resulted in an explosion killing five people, including his younger brother, Emil. Alfred himself suffered minor injuries in the disaster. Rather than being put off working with nitroglycerin, Alfred threw himself into trying to find a safe way to detonate the chemical. To give up now would be, in his view, to allow his brother to have died in vain. He continued his work and produced 'Dynamite', a safer to handle explosive. He was soon granted patents for his invention in Europe and the US. Dynamite, the first safely manageable explosive became Nobel's big business. It turned out to be an immediate success, with engineering companies from all over the world clamouring to get their hands on it. Afterall, controlled explosions found numerous uses, including mining, canal cutting, tunnel blasting, and more. Business boomed and numerous factories and plants were set up across the USA and Europe. Soon money started rolling in and virtually overnight, Alfred amassed fortune beyond anyone's extreme imagination. He kept refining dynamite continually and later created even stronger and safer explosives. Nobel spent most of his time tinkering with chemicals and held 355355 patents in explosives and synthetic materials.

Apart from mechanical workshops, he now set up armament factories producing cannon shells and other fearinspiring weapons of war. The explosives created by Nobel spread rapidly around the world and brought great benefits to engineering and mining. But inevitably, they were also used intensively for war. He often quoted, "As soon as nations will find that in one instant, whole armies can be utterly destroyed, they surely will abide in golden peace." Alfred considered himself to be a pacifist and strongly believed that his weapons would create deterrence, ultimately proving to be a boon to mankind. This, however, was a gross miscalculation. Wars continued, and nations didn't recoil. His inventions failed to change the course of the world. His faith in mankind was sadly misplaced.

Q. According to the passage, how did Alfred lose Emil?

Direction: Read the passage carefully, in order to answer the question.

Every year, a handful of people are honoured and elevated to a reputed title, the 'Nobel Laureate', which distinguishes them from others. Celebrated as one of the most coveted awards, the Nobel Prize is widely regarded as the crowning achievement of mankind that marks its scientific, economic, literary, and political excellence. No other award can match them in prestige. And while most people are aware of its existence, relatively few people know about Alfred Nobel, the genius who laid the foundation of these annually distributed awards. There is an often-repeated story regarding his creation, an interesting tale that highlights the underlying reason that persuaded him to devote his fortune to charity. Alfred Bernhard Nobel, an engineer and inventor, was born on October 21st, 1833 in Stockholm, Sweden. Right since his initial days, he was intensely curious being with a natural affinity for problem-solving. He was deeply interested in studying chemistry and was fascinated with Nitroglycerine due to its unpredictable and highly explosive nature. Despite the scientific community's aversion to Nitroglycerine, the young man's mind was determined to tame the explosive and turn it into a commercially usable blasting agent. In the 1860s, the chemist experimented with controlled explosions looking for a stable combination. However, in 1864, just when he had a feeling that he was on the cusp of an invention that would change the world, a tragedy struck his company. A vat of nitroglycerin overheated and resulted in an explosion killing five people, including his younger brother, Emil. Alfred himself suffered minor injuries in the disaster. Rather than being put off working with nitroglycerin, Alfred threw himself into trying to find a safe way to detonate the chemical. To give up now would be, in his view, to allow his brother to have died in vain. He continued his work and produced 'Dynamite', a safer to handle explosive. He was soon granted patents for his invention in Europe and the US. Dynamite, the first safely manageable explosive became Nobel's big business. It turned out to be an immediate success, with engineering companies from all over the world clamouring to get their hands on it. Afterall, controlled explosions found numerous uses, including mining, canal cutting, tunnel blasting, and more. Business boomed and numerous factories and plants were set up across the USA and Europe. Soon money started rolling in and virtually overnight, Alfred amassed fortune beyond anyone's extreme imagination. He kept refining dynamite continually and later created even stronger and safer explosives. Nobel spent most of his time tinkering with chemicals and held 355355 patents in explosives and synthetic materials.

Apart from mechanical workshops, he now set up armament factories producing cannon shells and other fearinspiring weapons of war. The explosives created by Nobel spread rapidly around the world and brought great benefits to engineering and mining. But inevitably, they were also used intensively for war. He often quoted, "As soon as nations will find that in one instant, whole armies can be utterly destroyed, they surely will abide in golden peace." Alfred considered himself to be a pacifist and strongly believed that his weapons would create deterrence, ultimately proving to be a boon to mankind. This, however, was a gross miscalculation. Wars continued, and nations didn't recoil. His inventions failed to change the course of the world. His faith in mankind was sadly misplaced.

Q. As per the question, why did Alfred's faith in mankind reduced ?

Direction: Read the passage carefully, in order to answer the question.

Every year, a handful of people are honoured and elevated to a reputed title, the 'Nobel Laureate', which distinguishes them from others. Celebrated as one of the most coveted awards, the Nobel Prize is widely regarded as the crowning achievement of mankind that marks its scientific, economic, literary, and political excellence. No other award can match them in prestige. And while most people are aware of its existence, relatively few people know about Alfred Nobel, the genius who laid the foundation of these annually distributed awards. There is an often-repeated story regarding his creation, an interesting tale that highlights the underlying reason that persuaded him to devote his fortune to charity. Alfred Bernhard Nobel, an engineer and inventor, was born on October 21st, 1833 in Stockholm, Sweden. Right since his initial days, he was intensely curious being with a natural affinity for problem-solving. He was deeply interested in studying chemistry and was fascinated with Nitroglycerine due to its unpredictable and highly explosive nature. Despite the scientific community's aversion to Nitroglycerine, the young man's mind was determined to tame the explosive and turn it into a commercially usable blasting agent. In the 1860s, the chemist experimented with controlled explosions looking for a stable combination. However, in 1864, just when he had a feeling that he was on the cusp of an invention that would change the world, a tragedy struck his company. A vat of nitroglycerin overheated and resulted in an explosion killing five people, including his younger brother, Emil. Alfred himself suffered minor injuries in the disaster. Rather than being put off working with nitroglycerin, Alfred threw himself into trying to find a safe way to detonate the chemical. To give up now would be, in his view, to allow his brother to have died in vain. He continued his work and produced 'Dynamite', a safer to handle explosive. He was soon granted patents for his invention in Europe and the US. Dynamite, the first safely manageable explosive became Nobel's big business. It turned out to be an immediate success, with engineering companies from all over the world clamouring to get their hands on it. Afterall, controlled explosions found numerous uses, including mining, canal cutting, tunnel blasting, and more. Business boomed and numerous factories and plants were set up across the USA and Europe. Soon money started rolling in and virtually overnight, Alfred amassed fortune beyond anyone's extreme imagination. He kept refining dynamite continually and later created even stronger and safer explosives. Nobel spent most of his time tinkering with chemicals and held 355355 patents in explosives and synthetic materials.

Apart from mechanical workshops, he now set up armament factories producing cannon shells and other fearinspiring weapons of war. The explosives created by Nobel spread rapidly around the world and brought great benefits to engineering and mining. But inevitably, they were also used intensively for war. He often quoted, "As soon as nations will find that in one instant, whole armies can be utterly destroyed, they surely will abide in golden peace." Alfred considered himself to be a pacifist and strongly believed that his weapons would create deterrence, ultimately proving to be a boon to mankind. This, however, was a gross miscalculation. Wars continued, and nations didn't recoil. His inventions failed to change the course of the world. His faith in mankind was sadly misplaced.

Q. According to the passage, who started the process of the prestigious Nobel Prizes?

Direction: Read the passage carefully in order to answer the questions.

Novelist and Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award-winner KR Meera makes no bones about the fact that writing comes from repression and women experience it 10 times more than men. She considers women the true repository of stories and her critically acclaimed works reclaim that space. Her advice to budding women writers is to be fully vigilant about how masculinity insinuates itself into their world but also reassures them that for all their attempts at subjugation and slighting, the utmost men can do is envy women writers! She reminds us that every Women's Day is a day to dream of a world when every day is a women's day. "In that world, people won't desire to become more masculine but to become more humane," she says.

A few months ago, I met a man who tried to teach me how to write and what to write. He justified his right to do so saying, "you know, the one who eats the omelette is the right person to comment on the egg, not the hen". And I replied, 'but the hen alone can describe the pain and labour in conceiving and laying it, not the omelette eater. The moment the hen starts talking about her life, the concept of omelette might change altogether.'

Taking a cue from him, I think we can categorize the world's literature into two - omelette eaters' literature and hens' literature. I wish there is a cock's literature too, but I am afraid that it would be the same story which has been repeated over and again.

And why is it happening? May be the omelette eaters are truly uncomfortable listening to true stories of the conceived egg and the pain and labour of laying it. Maybe they are scared of losing their omelettes.

But whether they accept it or not, all the literature in this world is either of or about women only. Women have been the custodians of stories in all societies from time immemorial. Just think about the first story we have listened to. I bet it was told by a woman and not a man. But the first story you read in print had been invariably that of a man's. That explains it.

The number of women who write are far less than men writers because the women have been kept away from reading and writing all through history. Even today many are not allowed to read or write. Many have no access to publishing. That is why the Women's Day celebration is justified year after year. We need to remind us at least for a day that our due share of the world, its resources, its freedom, and its happiness is being denied. It is good that we have this day to remind the other half that whatever they enjoy is our rightful share.

Q. What is the meaning of the word 'insinuation' according to the passage?

Direction: Read the passage carefully in order to answer the questions.

Novelist and Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award-winner KR Meera makes no bones about the fact that writing comes from repression and women experience it 10 times more than men. She considers women the true repository of stories and her critically acclaimed works reclaim that space. Her advice to budding women writers is to be fully vigilant about how masculinity insinuates itself into their world but also reassures them that for all their attempts at subjugation and slighting, the utmost men can do is envy women writers! She reminds us that every Women's Day is a day to dream of a world when every day is a women's day. "In that world, people won't desire to become more masculine but to become more humane," she says.

A few months ago, I met a man who tried to teach me how to write and what to write. He justified his right to do so saying, "you know, the one who eats the omelette is the right person to comment on the egg, not the hen". And I replied, 'but the hen alone can describe the pain and labour in conceiving and laying it, not the omelette eater. The moment the hen starts talking about her life, the concept of omelette might change altogether.'

Taking a cue from him, I think we can categorize the world's literature into two - omelette eaters' literature and hens' literature. I wish there is a cock's literature too, but I am afraid that it would be the same story which has been repeated over and again.

And why is it happening? May be the omelette eaters are truly uncomfortable listening to true stories of the conceived egg and the pain and labour of laying it. Maybe they are scared of losing their omelettes.

But whether they accept it or not, all the literature in this world is either of or about women only. Women have been the custodians of stories in all societies from time immemorial. Just think about the first story we have listened to. I bet it was told by a woman and not a man. But the first story you read in print had been invariably that of a man's. That explains it.

The number of women who write are far less than men writers because the women have been kept away from reading and writing all through history. Even today many are not allowed to read or write. Many have no access to publishing. That is why the Women's Day celebration is justified year after year. We need to remind us at least for a day that our due share of the world, its resources, its freedom, and its happiness is being denied. It is good that we have this day to remind the other half that whatever they enjoy is our rightful share.

Q. From the passage, why are there fewer women writers as compared to men?

Direction: Read the passage carefully in order to answer the questions.

Novelist and Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award-winner KR Meera makes no bones about the fact that writing comes from repression and women experience it 10 times more than men. She considers women the true repository of stories and her critically acclaimed works reclaim that space. Her advice to budding women writers is to be fully vigilant about how masculinity insinuates itself into their world but also reassures them that for all their attempts at subjugation and slighting, the utmost men can do is envy women writers! She reminds us that every Women's Day is a day to dream of a world when every day is a women's day. "In that world, people won't desire to become more masculine but to become more humane," she says.

A few months ago, I met a man who tried to teach me how to write and what to write. He justified his right to do so saying, "you know, the one who eats the omelette is the right person to comment on the egg, not the hen". And I replied, 'but the hen alone can describe the pain and labour in conceiving and laying it, not the omelette eater. The moment the hen starts talking about her life, the concept of omelette might change altogether.'

Taking a cue from him, I think we can categorize the world's literature into two - omelette eaters' literature and hens' literature. I wish there is a cock's literature too, but I am afraid that it would be the same story which has been repeated over and again.

And why is it happening? May be the omelette eaters are truly uncomfortable listening to true stories of the conceived egg and the pain and labour of laying it. Maybe they are scared of losing their omelettes.

But whether they accept it or not, all the literature in this world is either of or about women only. Women have been the custodians of stories in all societies from time immemorial. Just think about the first story we have listened to. I bet it was told by a woman and not a man. But the first story you read in print had been invariably that of a man's. That explains it.

The number of women who write are far less than men writers because the women have been kept away from reading and writing all through history. Even today many are not allowed to read or write. Many have no access to publishing. That is why the Women's Day celebration is justified year after year. We need to remind us at least for a day that our due share of the world, its resources, its freedom, and its happiness is being denied. It is good that we have this day to remind the other half that whatever they enjoy is our rightful share.

Q. Why women are the custodians of stories in all societies as given in the passage?

Direction: Read the passage carefully in order to answer the questions.

Novelist and Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award-winner KR Meera makes no bones about the fact that writing comes from repression and women experience it 10 times more than men. She considers women the true repository of stories and her critically acclaimed works reclaim that space. Her advice to budding women writers is to be fully vigilant about how masculinity insinuates itself into their world but also reassures them that for all their attempts at subjugation and slighting, the utmost men can do is envy women writers! She reminds us that every Women's Day is a day to dream of a world when every day is a women's day. "In that world, people won't desire to become more masculine but to become more humane," she says.

A few months ago, I met a man who tried to teach me how to write and what to write. He justified his right to do so saying, "you know, the one who eats the omelette is the right person to comment on the egg, not the hen". And I replied, 'but the hen alone can describe the pain and labour in conceiving and laying it, not the omelette eater. The moment the hen starts talking about her life, the concept of omelette might change altogether.'

Taking a cue from him, I think we can categorize the world's literature into two - omelette eaters' literature and hens' literature. I wish there is a cock's literature too, but I am afraid that it would be the same story which has been repeated over and again.

And why is it happening? May be the omelette eaters are truly uncomfortable listening to true stories of the conceived egg and the pain and labour of laying it. Maybe they are scared of losing their omelettes.

But whether they accept it or not, all the literature in this world is either of or about women only. Women have been the custodians of stories in all societies from time immemorial. Just think about the first story we have listened to. I bet it was told by a woman and not a man. But the first story you read in print had been invariably that of a man's. That explains it.

The number of women who write are far less than men writers because the women have been kept away from reading and writing all through history. Even today many are not allowed to read or write. Many have no access to publishing. That is why the Women's Day celebration is justified year after year. We need to remind us at least for a day that our due share of the world, its resources, its freedom, and its happiness is being denied. It is good that we have this day to remind the other half that whatever they enjoy is our rightful share.

Q. According to the passage, how did Meera categorize the world's literature in a real sense?

Direction: Read the passage carefully in order to answer the questions.

Novelist and Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award-winner KR Meera makes no bones about the fact that writing comes from repression and women experience it 10 times more than men. She considers women the true repository of stories and her critically acclaimed works reclaim that space. Her advice to budding women writers is to be fully vigilant about how masculinity insinuates itself into their world but also reassures them that for all their attempts at subjugation and slighting, the utmost men can do is envy women writers! She reminds us that every Women's Day is a day to dream of a world when every day is a women's day. "In that world, people won't desire to become more masculine but to become more humane," she says.

A few months ago, I met a man who tried to teach me how to write and what to write. He justified his right to do so saying, "you know, the one who eats the omelette is the right person to comment on the egg, not the hen". And I replied, 'but the hen alone can describe the pain and labour in conceiving and laying it, not the omelette eater. The moment the hen starts talking about her life, the concept of omelette might change altogether.'

Taking a cue from him, I think we can categorize the world's literature into two - omelette eaters' literature and hens' literature. I wish there is a cock's literature too, but I am afraid that it would be the same story which has been repeated over and again.

And why is it happening? May be the omelette eaters are truly uncomfortable listening to true stories of the conceived egg and the pain and labour of laying it. Maybe they are scared of losing their omelettes.

But whether they accept it or not, all the literature in this world is either of or about women only. Women have been the custodians of stories in all societies from time immemorial. Just think about the first story we have listened to. I bet it was told by a woman and not a man. But the first story you read in print had been invariably that of a man's. That explains it.

The number of women who write are far less than men writers because the women have been kept away from reading and writing all through history. Even today many are not allowed to read or write. Many have no access to publishing. That is why the Women's Day celebration is justified year after year. We need to remind us at least for a day that our due share of the world, its resources, its freedom, and its happiness is being denied. It is good that we have this day to remind the other half that whatever they enjoy is our rightful share.

Q. According to the passage, what does KR Meera wants people to act on Women's day?

Direction: Read the passage carefully, in order to answer the question.

An old saying goes as 'the trees with the sweetest fruits get the most hit by stones thrown at them'. A simple sentence with quite a deep meaning. Usually the same happens with the most humble, down-to-earth people in our society. They are present in abundance around us. Just that sometimes they are visible to naked eyes whereas sometimes you have to peep behind the mask they carry all the time. This hard mask becomes a necessity to protect themselves to be hit in the face by those stones that I earlier talked of. Carrying this mask just means that they might be pretending to be strong-headed and practical on the outside but actually, they have a soft, emotional, delicate inside instinct. In almost everything that happens with them, they are the givers without expecting much in return. They are caring and adore the most living beings around them, regardless of their size or significance. But often it is really disheartening to see that they are the ones to be the most criticized and blamed at. Even being the most deserving of all the happiness they desire, they are the most suffering ones. Gradually, some of these slip into a dark web and struggle hard to come out. Then is that the magic of acceptance comes in the scene.

Now two things may happen. Either they will accept themselves as well as their adversities for whole life, or their patience and perseverance bring out their sweetest fruit which does all the miracle. In the former case, even if they are not very happy with life, they are content because of acceptance. This is much like getting out of that dark web and settle peacefully at the edge, even if not completely away from it. In the latter case, they completely bounce out and transform. An individual or a team walks into their lives, who perform the acceptance act and the magic happens. First of all, they feel the light emerging from within, which eventually spreads out and may even reflect over the whole world, shining like the brightest huge star above our head that we fondly call as 'Sun'.

Either kind of acceptance is really crucial and much-needed in today's world. We are living in a time where it's a fast life and everyone seems to be racing like blind. Some of us even don't mind running over others if need be. Also, that's why the speedy increase in cases of depression, etc. Obviously, many gems go overlooked in the mad rush.

Today, put an effort to give a check whether you have one such sweet-fruits-tree around you and if you have accepted it gracefully yet. If not yet, then when? If you are the one yourself, have you found your magician(s) yet?

Q. What is the message the author is trying to convey?

Direction: Read the passage carefully, in order to answer the question.

An old saying goes as 'the trees with the sweetest fruits get the most hit by stones thrown at them'. A simple sentence with quite a deep meaning. Usually the same happens with the most humble, down-to-earth people in our society. They are present in abundance around us. Just that sometimes they are visible to naked eyes whereas sometimes you have to peep behind the mask they carry all the time. This hard mask becomes a necessity to protect themselves to be hit in the face by those stones that I earlier talked of. Carrying this mask just means that they might be pretending to be strong-headed and practical on the outside but actually, they have a soft, emotional, delicate inside instinct. In almost everything that happens with them, they are the givers without expecting much in return. They are caring and adore the most living beings around them, regardless of their size or significance. But often it is really disheartening to see that they are the ones to be the most criticized and blamed at. Even being the most deserving of all the happiness they desire, they are the most suffering ones. Gradually, some of these slip into a dark web and struggle hard to come out. Then is that the magic of acceptance comes in the scene.

Now two things may happen. Either they will accept themselves as well as their adversities for whole life, or their patience and perseverance bring out their sweetest fruit which does all the miracle. In the former case, even if they are not very happy with life, they are content because of acceptance. This is much like getting out of that dark web and settle peacefully at the edge, even if not completely away from it. In the latter case, they completely bounce out and transform. An individual or a team walks into their lives, who perform the acceptance act and the magic happens. First of all, they feel the light emerging from within, which eventually spreads out and may even reflect over the whole world, shining like the brightest huge star above our head that we fondly call as 'Sun'.

Either kind of acceptance is really crucial and much-needed in today's world. We are living in a time where it's a fast life and everyone seems to be racing like blind. Some of us even don't mind running over others if need be. Also, that's why the speedy increase in cases of depression, etc. Obviously, many gems go overlooked in the mad rush.

Today, put an effort to give a check whether you have one such sweet-fruits-tree around you and if you have accepted it gracefully yet. If not yet, then when? If you are the one yourself, have you found your magician(s) yet?

Q. Which of the following word is not a synonym of instinct?

Direction: Read the passage carefully, in order to answer the question.

An old saying goes as 'the trees with the sweetest fruits get the most hit by stones thrown at them'. A simple sentence with quite a deep meaning. Usually the same happens with the most humble, down-to-earth people in our society. They are present in abundance around us. Just that sometimes they are visible to naked eyes whereas sometimes you have to peep behind the mask they carry all the time. This hard mask becomes a necessity to protect themselves to be hit in the face by those stones that I earlier talked of. Carrying this mask just means that they might be pretending to be strong-headed and practical on the outside but actually, they have a soft, emotional, delicate inside instinct. In almost everything that happens with them, they are the givers without expecting much in return. They are caring and adore the most living beings around them, regardless of their size or significance. But often it is really disheartening to see that they are the ones to be the most criticized and blamed at. Even being the most deserving of all the happiness they desire, they are the most suffering ones. Gradually, some of these slip into a dark web and struggle hard to come out. Then is that the magic of acceptance comes in the scene.

Now two things may happen. Either they will accept themselves as well as their adversities for whole life, or their patience and perseverance bring out their sweetest fruit which does all the miracle. In the former case, even if they are not very happy with life, they are content because of acceptance. This is much like getting out of that dark web and settle peacefully at the edge, even if not completely away from it. In the latter case, they completely bounce out and transform. An individual or a team walks into their lives, who perform the acceptance act and the magic happens. First of all, they feel the light emerging from within, which eventually spreads out and may even reflect over the whole world, shining like the brightest huge star above our head that we fondly call as 'Sun'.

Either kind of acceptance is really crucial and much-needed in today's world. We are living in a time where it's a fast life and everyone seems to be racing like blind. Some of us even don't mind running over others if need be. Also, that's why the speedy increase in cases of depression, etc. Obviously, many gems go overlooked in the mad rush.

Today, put an effort to give a check whether you have one such sweet-fruits-tree around you and if you have accepted it gracefully yet. If not yet, then when? If you are the one yourself, have you found your magician(s) yet?

Q. Which of the following word is similar to abundance?

Direction: Read the passage carefully, in order to answer the question.

An old saying goes as 'the trees with the sweetest fruits get the most hit by stones thrown at them'. A simple sentence with quite a deep meaning. Usually the same happens with the most humble, down-to-earth people in our society. They are present in abundance around us. Just that sometimes they are visible to naked eyes whereas sometimes you have to peep behind the mask they carry all the time. This hard mask becomes a necessity to protect themselves to be hit in the face by those stones that I earlier talked of. Carrying this mask just means that they might be pretending to be strong-headed and practical on the outside but actually, they have a soft, emotional, delicate inside instinct. In almost everything that happens with them, they are the givers without expecting much in return. They are caring and adore the most living beings around them, regardless of their size or significance. But often it is really disheartening to see that they are the ones to be the most criticized and blamed at. Even being the most deserving of all the happiness they desire, they are the most suffering ones. Gradually, some of these slip into a dark web and struggle hard to come out. Then is that the magic of acceptance comes in the scene.

Now two things may happen. Either they will accept themselves as well as their adversities for whole life, or their patience and perseverance bring out their sweetest fruit which does all the miracle. In the former case, even if they are not very happy with life, they are content because of acceptance. This is much like getting out of that dark web and settle peacefully at the edge, even if not completely away from it. In the latter case, they completely bounce out and transform. An individual or a team walks into their lives, who perform the acceptance act and the magic happens. First of all, they feel the light emerging from within, which eventually spreads out and may even reflect over the whole world, shining like the brightest huge star above our head that we fondly call as 'Sun'.

Either kind of acceptance is really crucial and much-needed in today's world. We are living in a time where it's a fast life and everyone seems to be racing like blind. Some of us even don't mind running over others if need be. Also, that's why the speedy increase in cases of depression, etc. Obviously, many gems go overlooked in the mad rush.

Today, put an effort to give a check whether you have one such sweet-fruits-tree around you and if you have accepted it gracefully yet. If not yet, then when? If you are the one yourself, have you found your magician(s) yet?

Q. How do these humble people transform and hit back?

Direction: Read the passage carefully, in order to answer the question.

An old saying goes as 'the trees with the sweetest fruits get the most hit by stones thrown at them'. A simple sentence with quite a deep meaning. Usually the same happens with the most humble, down-to-earth people in our society. They are present in abundance around us. Just that sometimes they are visible to naked eyes whereas sometimes you have to peep behind the mask they carry all the time. This hard mask becomes a necessity to protect themselves to be hit in the face by those stones that I earlier talked of. Carrying this mask just means that they might be pretending to be strong-headed and practical on the outside but actually, they have a soft, emotional, delicate inside instinct. In almost everything that happens with them, they are the givers without expecting much in return. They are caring and adore the most living beings around them, regardless of their size or significance. But often it is really disheartening to see that they are the ones to be the most criticized and blamed at. Even being the most deserving of all the happiness they desire, they are the most suffering ones. Gradually, some of these slip into a dark web and struggle hard to come out. Then is that the magic of acceptance comes in the scene.

Now two things may happen. Either they will accept themselves as well as their adversities for whole life, or their patience and perseverance bring out their sweetest fruit which does all the miracle. In the former case, even if they are not very happy with life, they are content because of acceptance. This is much like getting out of that dark web and settle peacefully at the edge, even if not completely away from it. In the latter case, they completely bounce out and transform. An individual or a team walks into their lives, who perform the acceptance act and the magic happens. First of all, they feel the light emerging from within, which eventually spreads out and may even reflect over the whole world, shining like the brightest huge star above our head that we fondly call as 'Sun'.

Either kind of acceptance is really crucial and much-needed in today's world. We are living in a time where it's a fast life and everyone seems to be racing like blind. Some of us even don't mind running over others if need be. Also, that's why the speedy increase in cases of depression, etc. Obviously, many gems go overlooked in the mad rush.

Today, put an effort to give a check whether you have one such sweet-fruits-tree around you and if you have accepted it gracefully yet. If not yet, then when? If you are the one yourself, have you found your magician(s) yet?

Q. What does the magic of acceptance do?

Direction: Read the passage carefully, in order to answer the question.

Every Sunday morning I take a light jog around a park near my home. There's a lake located in one corner of the park. Each time I jog by this lake, I see the same elderly woman sitting at the water's edge with a small metal cage sitting beside her.

This past Sunday my curiosity got the best of me, so I stopped jogging and walked over to her. As I got closer, I realized that the metal cage was, in fact, a small trap. There were three turtles, unharmed, slowly walking around the base of the trap. She had a fourth turtle in her lap that she was carefully scrubbing with a sponge brush.

"Hello," I said. "I see you here every Sunday morning. If you don't mind my nosiness, I'd love to know what you're doing with these turtles."

She smiled. "I'm cleaning off their shells," she replied. "Anything on a turtle's shell, like algae or scum, reduces the turtle's ability to absorb heat and impedes its ability to swim. It can also corrode and weaken the shell over time."

"Wow! That's really nice of you!" I exclaimed.

She went on "I spend a couple of hours each Sunday morning, relaxing by this lake and helping these little guys out. It's my strange way of making a difference."

"But don't most freshwater turtles live their whole lives with algae and scum hanging from their shells?" I asked. "Yep, sadly, they do," she replied.

I scratched my head. "Well then, don't you think your time could be better spent? I mean, I think your efforts are kind and all, but freshwater turtles are living in lakes all around the world. And 99% of these turtles don't have kind people like you to help them clean off their shells. So, no offense... but how exactly are your localized efforts here truly making a difference?"

The woman giggled aloud. She then looked down at the turtle in her lap, scrubbed off the last piece of algae from its shell, and said, "Sweetie, if this little guy could talk, he'd tell you I just made all the difference in the world."

Q. Which of the following word is closest to giggling?

Direction: Read the passage carefully, in order to answer the question.

Every Sunday morning I take a light jog around a park near my home. There's a lake located in one corner of the park. Each time I jog by this lake, I see the same elderly woman sitting at the water's edge with a small metal cage sitting beside her.

This past Sunday my curiosity got the best of me, so I stopped jogging and walked over to her. As I got closer, I realized that the metal cage was, in fact, a small trap. There were three turtles, unharmed, slowly walking around the base of the trap. She had a fourth turtle in her lap that she was carefully scrubbing with a sponge brush.

"Hello," I said. "I see you here every Sunday morning. If you don't mind my nosiness, I'd love to know what you're doing with these turtles."

She smiled. "I'm cleaning off their shells," she replied. "Anything on a turtle's shell, like algae or scum, reduces the turtle's ability to absorb heat and impedes its ability to swim. It can also corrode and weaken the shell over time."

"Wow! That's really nice of you!" I exclaimed.

She went on "I spend a couple of hours each Sunday morning, relaxing by this lake and helping these little guys out. It's my strange way of making a difference."

"But don't most freshwater turtles live their whole lives with algae and scum hanging from their shells?" I asked. "Yep, sadly, they do," she replied.

I scratched my head. "Well then, don't you think your time could be better spent? I mean, I think your efforts are kind and all, but freshwater turtles are living in lakes all around the world. And 99% of these turtles don't have kind people like you to help them clean off their shells. So, no offense... but how exactly are your localized efforts here truly making a difference?"

The woman giggled aloud. She then looked down at the turtle in her lap, scrubbed off the last piece of algae from its shell, and said, "Sweetie, if this little guy could talk, he'd tell you I just made all the difference in the world."

Q. What did the author think of the old lady's acts?

Direction: Read the passage carefully, in order to answer the question.

Every Sunday morning I take a light jog around a park near my home. There's a lake located in one corner of the park. Each time I jog by this lake, I see the same elderly woman sitting at the water's edge with a small metal cage sitting beside her.

This past Sunday my curiosity got the best of me, so I stopped jogging and walked over to her. As I got closer, I realized that the metal cage was, in fact, a small trap. There were three turtles, unharmed, slowly walking around the base of the trap. She had a fourth turtle in her lap that she was carefully scrubbing with a sponge brush.

"Hello," I said. "I see you here every Sunday morning. If you don't mind my nosiness, I'd love to know what you're doing with these turtles."

She smiled. "I'm cleaning off their shells," she replied. "Anything on a turtle's shell, like algae or scum, reduces the turtle's ability to absorb heat and impedes its ability to swim. It can also corrode and weaken the shell over time."

"Wow! That's really nice of you!" I exclaimed.

She went on "I spend a couple of hours each Sunday morning, relaxing by this lake and helping these little guys out. It's my strange way of making a difference."

"But don't most freshwater turtles live their whole lives with algae and scum hanging from their shells?" I asked. "Yep, sadly, they do," she replied.

I scratched my head. "Well then, don't you think your time could be better spent? I mean, I think your efforts are kind and all, but freshwater turtles are living in lakes all around the world. And 99% of these turtles don't have kind people like you to help them clean off their shells. So, no offense... but how exactly are your localized efforts here truly making a difference?"

The woman giggled aloud. She then looked down at the turtle in her lap, scrubbed off the last piece of algae from its shell, and said, "Sweetie, if this little guy could talk, he'd tell you I just made all the difference in the world."

Q. What do you understand by nosiness?

Direction: Read the passage carefully, in order to answer the question.

Every Sunday morning I take a light jog around a park near my home. There's a lake located in one corner of the park. Each time I jog by this lake, I see the same elderly woman sitting at the water's edge with a small metal cage sitting beside her.

This past Sunday my curiosity got the best of me, so I stopped jogging and walked over to her. As I got closer, I realized that the metal cage was, in fact, a small trap. There were three turtles, unharmed, slowly walking around the base of the trap. She had a fourth turtle in her lap that she was carefully scrubbing with a sponge brush.

"Hello," I said. "I see you here every Sunday morning. If you don't mind my nosiness, I'd love to know what you're doing with these turtles."

She smiled. "I'm cleaning off their shells," she replied. "Anything on a turtle's shell, like algae or scum, reduces the turtle's ability to absorb heat and impedes its ability to swim. It can also corrode and weaken the shell over time."

"Wow! That's really nice of you!" I exclaimed.

She went on "I spend a couple of hours each Sunday morning, relaxing by this lake and helping these little guys out. It's my strange way of making a difference."

"But don't most freshwater turtles live their whole lives with algae and scum hanging from their shells?" I asked. "Yep, sadly, they do," she replied.

I scratched my head. "Well then, don't you think your time could be better spent? I mean, I think your efforts are kind and all, but freshwater turtles are living in lakes all around the world. And 99% of these turtles don't have kind people like you to help them clean off their shells. So, no offense... but how exactly are your localized efforts here truly making a difference?"

The woman giggled aloud. She then looked down at the turtle in her lap, scrubbed off the last piece of algae from its shell, and said, "Sweetie, if this little guy could talk, he'd tell you I just made all the difference in the world."

Q. How does the algae hurt the turtles?

Direction: Read the passage carefully, in order to answer the question.

Every Sunday morning I take a light jog around a park near my home. There's a lake located in one corner of the park. Each time I jog by this lake, I see the same elderly woman sitting at the water's edge with a small metal cage sitting beside her.

This past Sunday my curiosity got the best of me, so I stopped jogging and walked over to her. As I got closer, I realized that the metal cage was, in fact, a small trap. There were three turtles, unharmed, slowly walking around the base of the trap. She had a fourth turtle in her lap that she was carefully scrubbing with a sponge brush.

"Hello," I said. "I see you here every Sunday morning. If you don't mind my nosiness, I'd love to know what you're doing with these turtles."

She smiled. "I'm cleaning off their shells," she replied. "Anything on a turtle's shell, like algae or scum, reduces the turtle's ability to absorb heat and impedes its ability to swim. It can also corrode and weaken the shell over time."

"Wow! That's really nice of you!" I exclaimed.

She went on "I spend a couple of hours each Sunday morning, relaxing by this lake and helping these little guys out. It's my strange way of making a difference."

"But don't most freshwater turtles live their whole lives with algae and scum hanging from their shells?" I asked. "Yep, sadly, they do," she replied.

I scratched my head. "Well then, don't you think your time could be better spent? I mean, I think your efforts are kind and all, but freshwater turtles are living in lakes all around the world. And 99% of these turtles don't have kind people like you to help them clean off their shells. So, no offense... but how exactly are your localized efforts here truly making a difference?"

The woman giggled aloud. She then looked down at the turtle in her lap, scrubbed off the last piece of algae from its shell, and said, "Sweetie, if this little guy could talk, he'd tell you I just made all the difference in the world."

Q. Why did the old woman clean turtles?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

Russia's invasion of Ukraine and the resulting economic fallout have thrown four million children into poverty across Eastern Europe and Central Asia, according to a United Nations body report. Children are bearing the heaviest burden of the economic crisis caused by the Ukraine war, United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) said in a statement. Children from Russia and Ukraine have suffered the hardest since Moscow's war on its neighbour in February. The report, The impact of the war in Ukraine and subsequent economic downturn on child poverty in Eastern Europe, highlighted that children make up 25 per cent of the population but account for nearly 40 per cent of the additional 10.4 million people experiencing poverty this year. UNICEF obtained its conclusions from an analysis of 22 countries in the region. Russia has experienced the most significant increase in the number of children living in poverty, with an additional 2.8 million children now living in households below the poverty line. This accounts for nearly three-quarters of the total increase across the region, according to the children's body. Ukraine is home to half a million additional children living in poverty, the second largest share.

Q. The Kerch bridge, which was destroyed by a huge explosion in 2022, connects Russia with:

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

Russia's invasion of Ukraine and the resulting economic fallout have thrown four million children into poverty across Eastern Europe and Central Asia, according to a United Nations body report. Children are bearing the heaviest burden of the economic crisis caused by the Ukraine war, United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) said in a statement. Children from Russia and Ukraine have suffered the hardest since Moscow's war on its neighbour in February. The report, The impact of the war in Ukraine and subsequent economic downturn on child poverty in Eastern Europe, highlighted that children make up 25 per cent of the population but account for nearly 40 per cent of the additional 10.4 million people experiencing poverty this year. UNICEF obtained its conclusions from an analysis of 22 countries in the region. Russia has experienced the most significant increase in the number of children living in poverty, with an additional 2.8 million children now living in households below the poverty line. This accounts for nearly three-quarters of the total increase across the region, according to the children's body. Ukraine is home to half a million additional children living in poverty, the second largest share.

Q. Poshan Abhiyaan, implemented by the Ministry of Women and Child Development, is India's flagship scheme to improve the nutritional outcomes of adolescents, children, pregnant women and lactating mothers. Who heads the Ministry of Women and Child Development?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

Russia's invasion of Ukraine and the resulting economic fallout have thrown four million children into poverty across Eastern Europe and Central Asia, according to a United Nations body report. Children are bearing the heaviest burden of the economic crisis caused by the Ukraine war, United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) said in a statement. Children from Russia and Ukraine have suffered the hardest since Moscow's war on its neighbour in February. The report, The impact of the war in Ukraine and subsequent economic downturn on child poverty in Eastern Europe, highlighted that children make up 25 per cent of the population but account for nearly 40 per cent of the additional 10.4 million people experiencing poverty this year. UNICEF obtained its conclusions from an analysis of 22 countries in the region. Russia has experienced the most significant increase in the number of children living in poverty, with an additional 2.8 million children now living in households below the poverty line. This accounts for nearly three-quarters of the total increase across the region, according to the children's body. Ukraine is home to half a million additional children living in poverty, the second largest share.

Q. Ukraine was a part of Russia from 1922 to:

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

Russia's invasion of Ukraine and the resulting economic fallout have thrown four million children into poverty across Eastern Europe and Central Asia, according to a United Nations body report. Children are bearing the heaviest burden of the economic crisis caused by the Ukraine war, United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) said in a statement. Children from Russia and Ukraine have suffered the hardest since Moscow's war on its neighbour in February. The report, The impact of the war in Ukraine and subsequent economic downturn on child poverty in Eastern Europe, highlighted that children make up 25 per cent of the population but account for nearly 40 per cent of the additional 10.4 million people experiencing poverty this year. UNICEF obtained its conclusions from an analysis of 22 countries in the region. Russia has experienced the most significant increase in the number of children living in poverty, with an additional 2.8 million children now living in households below the poverty line. This accounts for nearly three-quarters of the total increase across the region, according to the children's body. Ukraine is home to half a million additional children living in poverty, the second largest share.

Q. Social polls have ranked Volodymyr Zelenskyy among Ukraine's greatest presidents. He has been serving as the _______ president of Ukraine since 2019.

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

Russia's invasion of Ukraine and the resulting economic fallout have thrown four million children into poverty across Eastern Europe and Central Asia, according to a United Nations body report. Children are bearing the heaviest burden of the economic crisis caused by the Ukraine war, United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) said in a statement. Children from Russia and Ukraine have suffered the hardest since Moscow's war on its neighbour in February. The report, The impact of the war in Ukraine and subsequent economic downturn on child poverty in Eastern Europe, highlighted that children make up 25 per cent of the population but account for nearly 40 per cent of the additional 10.4 million people experiencing poverty this year. UNICEF obtained its conclusions from an analysis of 22 countries in the region. Russia has experienced the most significant increase in the number of children living in poverty, with an additional 2.8 million children now living in households below the poverty line. This accounts for nearly three-quarters of the total increase across the region, according to the children's body. Ukraine is home to half a million additional children living in poverty, the second largest share.

Q. Consider the following statements and mark the correct option.

Statement I: United Nations Children's Fund was originally called United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund.

Statement II: United Nations Children's Fund is entirely funded by private donors.

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

Indian and the US militaries conducted Tiger Triumph humanitarian assistance exercise on Thursday at India's Eastern Naval Command. The Tiger Triumph tabletop simulation was a comprehensive effort in which the Indian and the US military and diplomatic representatives coordinated a joint response to provide disaster relief services to a notional third country that experienced a super-cyclone, according to official release from US. India is an indispensable partner and leader in advancing stability and security throughout South Asia and the greater Indian Ocean Region. I am encouraged by the team's work on increasing interoperability and exercising bilateral agreements to develop and validate a multinational command and control model for humanitarian assistance in this region, said Major General McPhillips, Director of Strategic Planning and Policy at the US Indo-Pacific Command. This week's Tiger Triumph exercise was the second collaboration between the Indian and the US militaries to coordinate disaster relief in the region. The first exercise - took place over the course of nine days in November 2019 and featured more than 500 US Marines and sailors and approximately 1,200 Indian sailors, soldiers, and airmen.

Q. 'DefExpo 2022' is India's flagship exhibition on Land, Naval and Homeland Security systems. Where was the 12th edition of the biennial DefExpo held in 2022?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

Indian and the US militaries conducted Tiger Triumph humanitarian assistance exercise on Thursday at India's Eastern Naval Command. The Tiger Triumph tabletop simulation was a comprehensive effort in which the Indian and the US military and diplomatic representatives coordinated a joint response to provide disaster relief services to a notional third country that experienced a super-cyclone, according to official release from US. India is an indispensable partner and leader in advancing stability and security throughout South Asia and the greater Indian Ocean Region. I am encouraged by the team's work on increasing interoperability and exercising bilateral agreements to develop and validate a multinational command and control model for humanitarian assistance in this region, said Major General McPhillips, Director of Strategic Planning and Policy at the US Indo-Pacific Command. This week's Tiger Triumph exercise was the second collaboration between the Indian and the US militaries to coordinate disaster relief in the region. The first exercise - took place over the course of nine days in November 2019 and featured more than 500 US Marines and sailors and approximately 1,200 Indian sailors, soldiers, and airmen.

Q. Who is Chief of the Naval Staff as of 2022?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

Indian and the US militaries conducted Tiger Triumph humanitarian assistance exercise on Thursday at India's Eastern Naval Command. The Tiger Triumph tabletop simulation was a comprehensive effort in which the Indian and the US military and diplomatic representatives coordinated a joint response to provide disaster relief services to a notional third country that experienced a super-cyclone, according to official release from US. India is an indispensable partner and leader in advancing stability and security throughout South Asia and the greater Indian Ocean Region. I am encouraged by the team's work on increasing interoperability and exercising bilateral agreements to develop and validate a multinational command and control model for humanitarian assistance in this region, said Major General McPhillips, Director of Strategic Planning and Policy at the US Indo-Pacific Command. This week's Tiger Triumph exercise was the second collaboration between the Indian and the US militaries to coordinate disaster relief in the region. The first exercise - took place over the course of nine days in November 2019 and featured more than 500 US Marines and sailors and approximately 1,200 Indian sailors, soldiers, and airmen.

Q. Ports are an essential part of the maritime environment and are like hubs that link sea-routes with trade-routes on land. How many major ports does India have?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

Indian and the US militaries conducted Tiger Triumph humanitarian assistance exercise on Thursday at India's Eastern Naval Command. The Tiger Triumph tabletop simulation was a comprehensive effort in which the Indian and the US military and diplomatic representatives coordinated a joint response to provide disaster relief services to a notional third country that experienced a super-cyclone, according to official release from US. India is an indispensable partner and leader in advancing stability and security throughout South Asia and the greater Indian Ocean Region. I am encouraged by the team's work on increasing interoperability and exercising bilateral agreements to develop and validate a multinational command and control model for humanitarian assistance in this region, said Major General McPhillips, Director of Strategic Planning and Policy at the US Indo-Pacific Command. This week's Tiger Triumph exercise was the second collaboration between the Indian and the US militaries to coordinate disaster relief in the region. The first exercise - took place over the course of nine days in November 2019 and featured more than 500 US Marines and sailors and approximately 1,200 Indian sailors, soldiers, and airmen.

Q. Which of the following are not the joint military exercises between India and the US?

(a) Vajra Prahar

(b) Yudh Abhyas

(c) Shakti Exercise

(d) Maitree Exercise

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

Indian and the US militaries conducted Tiger Triumph humanitarian assistance exercise on Thursday at India's Eastern Naval Command. The Tiger Triumph tabletop simulation was a comprehensive effort in which the Indian and the US military and diplomatic representatives coordinated a joint response to provide disaster relief services to a notional third country that experienced a super-cyclone, according to official release from US. India is an indispensable partner and leader in advancing stability and security throughout South Asia and the greater Indian Ocean Region. I am encouraged by the team's work on increasing interoperability and exercising bilateral agreements to develop and validate a multinational command and control model for humanitarian assistance in this region, said Major General McPhillips, Director of Strategic Planning and Policy at the US Indo-Pacific Command. This week's Tiger Triumph exercise was the second collaboration between the Indian and the US militaries to coordinate disaster relief in the region. The first exercise - took place over the course of nine days in November 2019 and featured more than 500 US Marines and sailors and approximately 1,200 Indian sailors, soldiers, and airmen.

Q. Where was the Tiger Triumph exercise held in 2022?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

Nihonshu is an alcoholic beverage also known as Japanese sake. The Embassy of Japan in New Delhi is seeking a Geographical Indication (GI) tag for nihonshu. It is also the first time a product from Japan has filed for a GI tag at the Geographical Indication Registry. In Japan, nihonshu is regarded as a valuable beverage. It is made from fermenting rice. For making nihonshu three main raw materials - rice, koji-kin (a type of fungal spore) and water - are required. The production of nihonshu follows an alcoholic fermentation method called parallel multiple fermentation and involves raw material treatment, koji making, starter culture making, mash making, pressing, heat sterilisation and bottling. The rice and koji used should originate in Japan. The Embassy of Japan, in the filing, also mentioned that in the past, the economy of Japan was based around rice, which was used as a sort of quasi-money before the establishment of a monetary economy in the Meiji period (1869-1912). As a result, nihonshu production was thoroughly under the government's control.

Q. Who is the Prime Minister of Japan as in 2022?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

Nihonshu is an alcoholic beverage also known as Japanese sake. The Embassy of Japan in New Delhi is seeking a Geographical Indication (GI) tag for nihonshu. It is also the first time a product from Japan has filed for a GI tag at the Geographical Indication Registry. In Japan, nihonshu is regarded as a valuable beverage. It is made from fermenting rice. For making nihonshu three main raw materials - rice, koji-kin (a type of fungal spore) and water - are required. The production of nihonshu follows an alcoholic fermentation method called parallel multiple fermentation and involves raw material treatment, koji making, starter culture making, mash making, pressing, heat sterilisation and bottling. The rice and koji used should originate in Japan. The Embassy of Japan, in the filing, also mentioned that in the past, the economy of Japan was based around rice, which was used as a sort of quasi-money before the establishment of a monetary economy in the Meiji period (1869-1912). As a result, nihonshu production was thoroughly under the government's control.

Q. Consider the following statements and mark the correct option.

Statement I: India, as a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), enacted the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999.

Statement II: GIs have been defined under Article 22 (1) of the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement.

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

Nihonshu is an alcoholic beverage also known as Japanese sake. The Embassy of Japan in New Delhi is seeking a Geographical Indication (GI) tag for nihonshu. It is also the first time a product from Japan has filed for a GI tag at the Geographical Indication Registry. In Japan, nihonshu is regarded as a valuable beverage. It is made from fermenting rice. For making nihonshu three main raw materials - rice, koji-kin (a type of fungal spore) and water - are required. The production of nihonshu follows an alcoholic fermentation method called parallel multiple fermentation and involves raw material treatment, koji making, starter culture making, mash making, pressing, heat sterilisation and bottling. The rice and koji used should originate in Japan. The Embassy of Japan, in the filing, also mentioned that in the past, the economy of Japan was based around rice, which was used as a sort of quasi-money before the establishment of a monetary economy in the Meiji period (1869-1912). As a result, nihonshu production was thoroughly under the government's control.

Q. Which among the following became the first GI tagged product in India?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

Nihonshu is an alcoholic beverage also known as Japanese sake. The Embassy of Japan in New Delhi is seeking a Geographical Indication (GI) tag for nihonshu. It is also the first time a product from Japan has filed for a GI tag at the Geographical Indication Registry. In Japan, nihonshu is regarded as a valuable beverage. It is made from fermenting rice. For making nihonshu three main raw materials - rice, koji-kin (a type of fungal spore) and water - are required. The production of nihonshu follows an alcoholic fermentation method called parallel multiple fermentation and involves raw material treatment, koji making, starter culture making, mash making, pressing, heat sterilisation and bottling. The rice and koji used should originate in Japan. The Embassy of Japan, in the filing, also mentioned that in the past, the economy of Japan was based around rice, which was used as a sort of quasi-money before the establishment of a monetary economy in the Meiji period (1869-1912). As a result, nihonshu production was thoroughly under the government's control.

Q. Which of the following has won the 'Most Popular GI' award in 2022?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

Nihonshu is an alcoholic beverage also known as Japanese sake. The Embassy of Japan in New Delhi is seeking a Geographical Indication (GI) tag for nihonshu. It is also the first time a product from Japan has filed for a GI tag at the Geographical Indication Registry. In Japan, nihonshu is regarded as a valuable beverage. It is made from fermenting rice. For making nihonshu three main raw materials - rice, koji-kin (a type of fungal spore) and water - are required. The production of nihonshu follows an alcoholic fermentation method called parallel multiple fermentation and involves raw material treatment, koji making, starter culture making, mash making, pressing, heat sterilisation and bottling. The rice and koji used should originate in Japan. The Embassy of Japan, in the filing, also mentioned that in the past, the economy of Japan was based around rice, which was used as a sort of quasi-money before the establishment of a monetary economy in the Meiji period (1869-1912). As a result, nihonshu production was thoroughly under the government's control.

Q. GI tags are issued by the Geographical Indication Registry that comes under the:

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

The robust recovery of India's economy from the profound shock of the covid pandemic has expectedly triggered debates about the nature of this recovery. While our economic recovery, as reflected in various supply and demand indicators, is acknowledged by many unbiased observers, an examination of its inclusivity is necessary. As an immediate response to the pandemic, the government put in place a bouquet of safety nets to cushion the impact on vulnerable sections of society and the business sector, including micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs). Support measures for MSMEs, such as the ECLGS and revision in the definition of MSMEs under the ambit of Atmanirbhar Bharat, helped the vulnerable ones sail through the crisis shock. The ECLGS, in particular, has in the last two years been of benefit to 11.3 million MSMEs, which have availed collateral-free loans amounting to Rs. 2.32 trillion. A recent CIBIL report (ECLGS Insights, August 2022) showed that the scheme has successfully supported MSMEs in facing the covid shock, with 83% of the borrowers that availed of the ECLGS being micro-enterprises.

Q. National Small Industries Corporation Limited (NSIC) is a nodal office for several schemes of the Ministry of MSME. It is a:

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

The robust recovery of India's economy from the profound shock of the covid pandemic has expectedly triggered debates about the nature of this recovery. While our economic recovery, as reflected in various supply and demand indicators, is acknowledged by many unbiased observers, an examination of its inclusivity is necessary. As an immediate response to the pandemic, the government put in place a bouquet of safety nets to cushion the impact on vulnerable sections of society and the business sector, including micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs). Support measures for MSMEs, such as the ECLGS and revision in the definition of MSMEs under the ambit of Atmanirbhar Bharat, helped the vulnerable ones sail through the crisis shock. The ECLGS, in particular, has in the last two years been of benefit to 11.3 million MSMEs, which have availed collateral-free loans amounting to Rs. 2.32 trillion. A recent CIBIL report (ECLGS Insights, August 2022) showed that the scheme has successfully supported MSMEs in facing the covid shock, with 83% of the borrowers that availed of the ECLGS being micro-enterprises.

Q. Which bank provides assistance for Raising and Accelerating MSME Performance (RAMP) scheme to strengthen the MSME sector in India?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

The robust recovery of India's economy from the profound shock of the covid pandemic has expectedly triggered debates about the nature of this recovery. While our economic recovery, as reflected in various supply and demand indicators, is acknowledged by many unbiased observers, an examination of its inclusivity is necessary. As an immediate response to the pandemic, the government put in place a bouquet of safety nets to cushion the impact on vulnerable sections of society and the business sector, including micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs). Support measures for MSMEs, such as the ECLGS and revision in the definition of MSMEs under the ambit of Atmanirbhar Bharat, helped the vulnerable ones sail through the crisis shock. The ECLGS, in particular, has in the last two years been of benefit to 11.3 million MSMEs, which have availed collateral-free loans amounting to Rs. 2.32 trillion. A recent CIBIL report (ECLGS Insights, August 2022) showed that the scheme has successfully supported MSMEs in facing the covid shock, with 83% of the borrowers that availed of the ECLGS being micro-enterprises.

Q. Mark the incorrect statement about ECLGS.

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

The robust recovery of India's economy from the profound shock of the covid pandemic has expectedly triggered debates about the nature of this recovery. While our economic recovery, as reflected in various supply and demand indicators, is acknowledged by many unbiased observers, an examination of its inclusivity is necessary. As an immediate response to the pandemic, the government put in place a bouquet of safety nets to cushion the impact on vulnerable sections of society and the business sector, including micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs). Support measures for MSMEs, such as the ECLGS and revision in the definition of MSMEs under the ambit of Atmanirbhar Bharat, helped the vulnerable ones sail through the crisis shock. The ECLGS, in particular, has in the last two years been of benefit to 11.3 million MSMEs, which have availed collateral-free loans amounting to Rs. 2.32 trillion. A recent CIBIL report (ECLGS Insights, August 2022) showed that the scheme has successfully supported MSMEs in facing the covid shock, with 83% of the borrowers that availed of the ECLGS being micro-enterprises.

Q. SIDBI is the apex regulatory body for overall licensing and regulation of MSME finance companies. Where is SIDBI headquartered?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

The robust recovery of India's economy from the profound shock of the covid pandemic has expectedly triggered debates about the nature of this recovery. While our economic recovery, as reflected in various supply and demand indicators, is acknowledged by many unbiased observers, an examination of its inclusivity is necessary. As an immediate response to the pandemic, the government put in place a bouquet of safety nets to cushion the impact on vulnerable sections of society and the business sector, including micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs). Support measures for MSMEs, such as the ECLGS and revision in the definition of MSMEs under the ambit of Atmanirbhar Bharat, helped the vulnerable ones sail through the crisis shock. The ECLGS, in particular, has in the last two years been of benefit to 11.3 million MSMEs, which have availed collateral-free loans amounting to Rs. 2.32 trillion. A recent CIBIL report (ECLGS Insights, August 2022) showed that the scheme has successfully supported MSMEs in facing the covid shock, with 83% of the borrowers that availed of the ECLGS being micro-enterprises.

Q. Consider the following statements and mark the correct option.

Statement I: In September 2000, the Ministry of Small Scale Industries and Agro and Rural Industries was split into the Ministry of Small Scale Industries and the Ministry of Agro and Rural Industries.

Statement II: The Minister of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, as of 2022, is Narayan Rane.

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

November 1 is celebrated as the Chhattisgarh Foundation Day - or Chhattisgarh Rajyotsava - since 2000 when the Union government declared it an independent state. This year is the 23rd edition of the state's foundation day. Every year, the state government organises a five-day festival in the capital city Raipur, starting November 1. The festival showcases the culture and traditions of the state. This time, the chief minister's office announced that Raipur would host the 3rd National Tribal Dance Festival from November 1-3. On behalf of the chief minister, state representatives were visiting other states to personally invite the chief ministers, ministers and public representatives to the event. Tribal dance groups from all the states and union territories of India and some countries including Mozambique, Mongolia, Tongo, Russia, Indonesia and Maldives would be taking part in the National Tribal Dance Festival in Raipur. About 1,500 tribal artists will take part in the event of which 1,400 will be from India and the remaining 100 from the above countries. The festival will have competitions in two categories and prizes worth ₹20 lakh will be distributed to the winners. Cash prizes of ₹5 lakh, ₹3 lakh and ₹2 lakh will be awarded to the first, second and third positions respectively.

Q. Which is the largest state in India in terms of area?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

November 1 is celebrated as the Chhattisgarh Foundation Day - or Chhattisgarh Rajyotsava - since 2000 when the Union government declared it an independent state. This year is the 23rd edition of the state's foundation day. Every year, the state government organises a five-day festival in the capital city Raipur, starting November 1. The festival showcases the culture and traditions of the state. This time, the chief minister's office announced that Raipur would host the 3rd National Tribal Dance Festival from November 1-3. On behalf of the chief minister, state representatives were visiting other states to personally invite the chief ministers, ministers and public representatives to the event. Tribal dance groups from all the states and union territories of India and some countries including Mozambique, Mongolia, Tongo, Russia, Indonesia and Maldives would be taking part in the National Tribal Dance Festival in Raipur. About 1,500 tribal artists will take part in the event of which 1,400 will be from India and the remaining 100 from the above countries. The festival will have competitions in two categories and prizes worth ₹20 lakh will be distributed to the winners. Cash prizes of ₹5 lakh, ₹3 lakh and ₹2 lakh will be awarded to the first, second and third positions respectively.

Q. Which of the following states does not share border with Chhattisgarh?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

November 1 is celebrated as the Chhattisgarh Foundation Day - or Chhattisgarh Rajyotsava - since 2000 when the Union government declared it an independent state. This year is the 23rd edition of the state's foundation day. Every year, the state government organises a five-day festival in the capital city Raipur, starting November 1. The festival showcases the culture and traditions of the state. This time, the chief minister's office announced that Raipur would host the 3rd National Tribal Dance Festival from November 1-3. On behalf of the chief minister, state representatives were visiting other states to personally invite the chief ministers, ministers and public representatives to the event. Tribal dance groups from all the states and union territories of India and some countries including Mozambique, Mongolia, Tongo, Russia, Indonesia and Maldives would be taking part in the National Tribal Dance Festival in Raipur. About 1,500 tribal artists will take part in the event of which 1,400 will be from India and the remaining 100 from the above countries. The festival will have competitions in two categories and prizes worth ₹20 lakh will be distributed to the winners. Cash prizes of ₹5 lakh, ₹3 lakh and ₹2 lakh will be awarded to the first, second and third positions respectively.

Q. Consider the following statements and mark the correct option.

Statement I: In November 2000, three more Indian states were carved out, apart from Chhattisgarh.

Statement II: Area-wise, Chhattisgarh is the sixteenth largest state of India.

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

November 1 is celebrated as the Chhattisgarh Foundation Day - or Chhattisgarh Rajyotsava - since 2000 when the Union government declared it an independent state. This year is the 23rd edition of the state's foundation day. Every year, the state government organises a five-day festival in the capital city Raipur, starting November 1. The festival showcases the culture and traditions of the state. This time, the chief minister's office announced that Raipur would host the 3rd National Tribal Dance Festival from November 1-3. On behalf of the chief minister, state representatives were visiting other states to personally invite the chief ministers, ministers and public representatives to the event. Tribal dance groups from all the states and union territories of India and some countries including Mozambique, Mongolia, Tongo, Russia, Indonesia and Maldives would be taking part in the National Tribal Dance Festival in Raipur. About 1,500 tribal artists will take part in the event of which 1,400 will be from India and the remaining 100 from the above countries. The festival will have competitions in two categories and prizes worth ₹20 lakh will be distributed to the winners. Cash prizes of ₹5 lakh, ₹3 lakh and ₹2 lakh will be awarded to the first, second and third positions respectively.

Q. Who is the Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh as of 2022?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

November 1 is celebrated as the Chhattisgarh Foundation Day - or Chhattisgarh Rajyotsava - since 2000 when the Union government declared it an independent state. This year is the 23rd edition of the state's foundation day. Every year, the state government organises a five-day festival in the capital city Raipur, starting November 1. The festival showcases the culture and traditions of the state. This time, the chief minister's office announced that Raipur would host the 3rd National Tribal Dance Festival from November 1-3. On behalf of the chief minister, state representatives were visiting other states to personally invite the chief ministers, ministers and public representatives to the event. Tribal dance groups from all the states and union territories of India and some countries including Mozambique, Mongolia, Tongo, Russia, Indonesia and Maldives would be taking part in the National Tribal Dance Festival in Raipur. About 1,500 tribal artists will take part in the event of which 1,400 will be from India and the remaining 100 from the above countries. The festival will have competitions in two categories and prizes worth ₹20 lakh will be distributed to the winners. Cash prizes of ₹5 lakh, ₹3 lakh and ₹2 lakh will be awarded to the first, second and third positions respectively.

Q. Prior to being carved out as a separate state, Chhattisgarh was a part of:

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

World Wetlands Day is observed every year to raise global awareness about the importance of wetlands, not only for people but the planet Earth as well.

The UN defines wetlands as ecosystems where water is the primary factor controlling the environment and the associated plant and animal life.

Though they cover only around 6 per cent of the Earth's land surface, 40 per cent of all plant and animal species live or breed in wetlands.

These wetlands, despite being critical for human survival, are disappearing three times faster than forests and are Earth's most threatened ecosystem.

According to the UN, 35 per cent of the world's wetlands have been lost in the last 50 years.

Human activities such as drainage, pollution, overfishing and overexploitation of resources pose a major danger to wetlands.

India has 46 Wetlands of International Importance. These cover 7.7 lakh hectares - or 4.6 per cent of India's geographical area - the highest in South Asia, according to a report of NGO Wetlands International.

Q. Match the following 'Wetlands of International Importance' with their location:

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

World Wetlands Day is observed every year to raise global awareness about the importance of wetlands, not only for people but the planet Earth as well.

The UN defines wetlands as ecosystems where water is the primary factor controlling the environment and the associated plant and animal life.

Though they cover only around 6 per cent of the Earth's land surface, 40 per cent of all plant and animal species live or breed in wetlands.

These wetlands, despite being critical for human survival, are disappearing three times faster than forests and are Earth's most threatened ecosystem.

According to the UN, 35 per cent of the world's wetlands have been lost in the last 50 years.

Human activities such as drainage, pollution, overfishing and overexploitation of resources pose a major danger to wetlands.

India has 46 Wetlands of International Importance. These cover 7.7 lakh hectares - or 4.6 per cent of India's geographical area - the highest in South Asia, according to a report of NGO Wetlands International.

Q. Which of the following statements is false about the Convention on Wetlands?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

World Wetlands Day is observed every year to raise global awareness about the importance of wetlands, not only for people but the planet Earth as well.

The UN defines wetlands as ecosystems where water is the primary factor controlling the environment and the associated plant and animal life.

Though they cover only around 6 per cent of the Earth's land surface, 40 per cent of all plant and animal species live or breed in wetlands.

These wetlands, despite being critical for human survival, are disappearing three times faster than forests and are Earth's most threatened ecosystem.

According to the UN, 35 per cent of the world's wetlands have been lost in the last 50 years.

Human activities such as drainage, pollution, overfishing and overexploitation of resources pose a major danger to wetlands.

India has 46 Wetlands of International Importance. These cover 7.7 lakh hectares - or 4.6 per cent of India's geographical area - the highest in South Asia, according to a report of NGO Wetlands International.

Q. What was the theme for World Wetlands Day 2022?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

World Wetlands Day is observed every year to raise global awareness about the importance of wetlands, not only for people but the planet Earth as well.

The UN defines wetlands as ecosystems where water is the primary factor controlling the environment and the associated plant and animal life.

Though they cover only around 6 per cent of the Earth's land surface, 40 per cent of all plant and animal species live or breed in wetlands.

These wetlands, despite being critical for human survival, are disappearing three times faster than forests and are Earth's most threatened ecosystem.

According to the UN, 35 per cent of the world's wetlands have been lost in the last 50 years.

Human activities such as drainage, pollution, overfishing and overexploitation of resources pose a major danger to wetlands.

India has 46 Wetlands of International Importance. These cover 7.7 lakh hectares - or 4.6 per cent of India's geographical area - the highest in South Asia, according to a report of NGO Wetlands International.

Q. Which of the following is not a benefit of wetlands?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

World Wetlands Day is observed every year to raise global awareness about the importance of wetlands, not only for people but the planet Earth as well.

The UN defines wetlands as ecosystems where water is the primary factor controlling the environment and the associated plant and animal life.

Though they cover only around 6 per cent of the Earth's land surface, 40 per cent of all plant and animal species live or breed in wetlands.

These wetlands, despite being critical for human survival, are disappearing three times faster than forests and are Earth's most threatened ecosystem.

According to the UN, 35 per cent of the world's wetlands have been lost in the last 50 years.

Human activities such as drainage, pollution, overfishing and overexploitation of resources pose a major danger to wetlands.

India has 46 Wetlands of International Importance. These cover 7.7 lakh hectares - or 4.6 per cent of India's geographical area - the highest in South Asia, according to a report of NGO Wetlands International.

Q. Which of the following statements is false about the World Wetlands Day (WWD)?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

'Vyommitra', the humanoid designed and developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) to fly aboard unmanned test missions ahead of the Gaganyaan human space-flight mission, is undergoing pre-flight ground tests at the ISRO Inertial Systems Unit (IISU). Over the past few months, IISU has successfully integrated it with a computer 'brain' which enables it to 'read' control panels aboard the unmanned test flights and communicate with the ISRO ground stations, IISU director Sam Dayala Dev told. ISRO and IISU were in the news when they unveiled Vyommitra - the 'female' robot astronaut. Vyommitra is a half-humanoid lacking lower limbs. IISU was responsible for the design, development, and integration of the robot, while sister ISRO centre Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) at Thumba developed its fingers. The AI-enabled robot is designed to fly aboard a rocket, withstanding vibrations and shock during the flight, the IISU director said. It has been designed to resemble a human with facial expressions and speech and sight capabilities, he said.

Q. Which of the following statements is incorrect?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

'Vyommitra', the humanoid designed and developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) to fly aboard unmanned test missions ahead of the Gaganyaan human space-flight mission, is undergoing pre-flight ground tests at the ISRO Inertial Systems Unit (IISU). Over the past few months, IISU has successfully integrated it with a computer 'brain' which enables it to 'read' control panels aboard the unmanned test flights and communicate with the ISRO ground stations, IISU director Sam Dayala Dev told. ISRO and IISU were in the news when they unveiled Vyommitra - the 'female' robot astronaut. Vyommitra is a half-humanoid lacking lower limbs. IISU was responsible for the design, development, and integration of the robot, while sister ISRO centre Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) at Thumba developed its fingers. The AI-enabled robot is designed to fly aboard a rocket, withstanding vibrations and shock during the flight, the IISU director said. It has been designed to resemble a human with facial expressions and speech and sight capabilities, he said.

Q. Consider the following statements about Gaganyaan mission and mark the correct option.

Statement I: Gaganyaan is ISRO's first human space flight programme.

Statement II: Gaganyaan is being designed to carry seven people to space for a period of seven days.

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

'Vyommitra', the humanoid designed and developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) to fly aboard unmanned test missions ahead of the Gaganyaan human space-flight mission, is undergoing pre-flight ground tests at the ISRO Inertial Systems Unit (IISU). Over the past few months, IISU has successfully integrated it with a computer 'brain' which enables it to 'read' control panels aboard the unmanned test flights and communicate with the ISRO ground stations, IISU director Sam Dayala Dev told. ISRO and IISU were in the news when they unveiled Vyommitra - the 'female' robot astronaut. Vyommitra is a half-humanoid lacking lower limbs. IISU was responsible for the design, development, and integration of the robot, while sister ISRO centre Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) at Thumba developed its fingers. The AI-enabled robot is designed to fly aboard a rocket, withstanding vibrations and shock during the flight, the IISU director said. It has been designed to resemble a human with facial expressions and speech and sight capabilities, he said.

Q. Name India's first 3D humanoid robot that was developed by the A-SET Training and Research Institute in Delhi.

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

'Vyommitra', the humanoid designed and developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) to fly aboard unmanned test missions ahead of the Gaganyaan human space-flight mission, is undergoing pre-flight ground tests at the ISRO Inertial Systems Unit (IISU). Over the past few months, IISU has successfully integrated it with a computer 'brain' which enables it to 'read' control panels aboard the unmanned test flights and communicate with the ISRO ground stations, IISU director Sam Dayala Dev told. ISRO and IISU were in the news when they unveiled Vyommitra - the 'female' robot astronaut. Vyommitra is a half-humanoid lacking lower limbs. IISU was responsible for the design, development, and integration of the robot, while sister ISRO centre Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) at Thumba developed its fingers. The AI-enabled robot is designed to fly aboard a rocket, withstanding vibrations and shock during the flight, the IISU director said. It has been designed to resemble a human with facial expressions and speech and sight capabilities, he said.

Q. Who is the ISRO Chief as in 2022?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

'Vyommitra', the humanoid designed and developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) to fly aboard unmanned test missions ahead of the Gaganyaan human space-flight mission, is undergoing pre-flight ground tests at the ISRO Inertial Systems Unit (IISU). Over the past few months, IISU has successfully integrated it with a computer 'brain' which enables it to 'read' control panels aboard the unmanned test flights and communicate with the ISRO ground stations, IISU director Sam Dayala Dev told. ISRO and IISU were in the news when they unveiled Vyommitra - the 'female' robot astronaut. Vyommitra is a half-humanoid lacking lower limbs. IISU was responsible for the design, development, and integration of the robot, while sister ISRO centre Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) at Thumba developed its fingers. The AI-enabled robot is designed to fly aboard a rocket, withstanding vibrations and shock during the flight, the IISU director said. It has been designed to resemble a human with facial expressions and speech and sight capabilities, he said.

Q. In which year was Vyommitra first unveiled?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

In everyday usage, the word 'negligence' denotes mere carelessness. In legal sense it signifies failure to exercise standard of care which the doer as a reasonable man should have exercised in the circumstances. In general, there is a legal duty to take care when it was reasonably foreseeable that failure to do so was likely to cause injury. Negligence is a mode in which many kinds of harms may be caused by not taking such adequate precautions. One of the essential conditions of liability for negligence is that the defendant owed a legal duty towards the plaintiff. It must also be established that the defendant owed a duty of care towards the plaintiff. And that the plaintiff must prove that the defendant committed a breach of duty to take care or he failed to perform that duty. The damage caused to the plaintiff was the result of the breach of the duty. The harm may fall into following classes physical harm i.e. harm to body, harm to reputation, harm to property, i.e. land and buildings and rights and interests pertaining thereto, and his goods, economic loss and mental harm or nervous shock.

In an action for negligence following defences are available:

1. Contributory Negligence: It was the Common law rule that anyone who by his own negligence contributed to the injury of which he complains cannot maintain an action against another in respect of it. Because he will be considered in law to be an author of his wrong.

2. Act of God or Vis Major: It is such a direct, violent, sudden and irresistible act of nature as could not, by any amount of human foresight have been foreseen or if foreseen, could not by any amount of human care and skill, have been resisted. Such as storm, extraordinary fall of rain, extraordinary high tide, earthquake etc.

3. Inevitable Accident: Inevitable accident also works as a defence of negligence. An inevitable accident is that which could not possibly, be prevented by the exercise of ordinary care, caution and skill. It means accident physically unavoidable.

Q. G and H are neighbours having adjacent houses. Both of them have a pet dog and they can't stand each other. One day the dogs escaped through the gates and started to fight. Hearing loud barking's both G and H came out of their houses to see what was happening. While HH was trying to separate them, he accidentally hit G in his eye who was standing nearby. G sued H.

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

In everyday usage, the word 'negligence' denotes mere carelessness. In legal sense it signifies failure to exercise standard of care which the doer as a reasonable man should have exercised in the circumstances. In general, there is a legal duty to take care when it was reasonably foreseeable that failure to do so was likely to cause injury. Negligence is a mode in which many kinds of harms may be caused by not taking such adequate precautions. One of the essential conditions of liability for negligence is that the defendant owed a legal duty towards the plaintiff. It must also be established that the defendant owed a duty of care towards the plaintiff. And that the plaintiff must prove that the defendant committed a breach of duty to take care or he failed to perform that duty. The damage caused to the plaintiff was the result of the breach of the duty. The harm may fall into following classes physical harm i.e. harm to body, harm to reputation, harm to property, i.e. land and buildings and rights and interests pertaining thereto, and his goods, economic loss and mental harm or nervous shock.

In an action for negligence following defences are available:

1. Contributory Negligence: It was the Common law rule that anyone who by his own negligence contributed to the injury of which he complains cannot maintain an action against another in respect of it. Because he will be considered in law to be an author of his wrong.

2. Act of God or Vis Major: It is such a direct, violent, sudden and irresistible act of nature as could not, by any amount of human foresight have been foreseen or if foreseen, could not by any amount of human care and skill, have been resisted. Such as storm, extraordinary fall of rain, extraordinary high tide, earthquake etc.

3. Inevitable Accident: Inevitable accident also works as a defence of negligence. An inevitable accident is that which could not possibly, be prevented by the exercise of ordinary care, caution and skill. It means accident physically unavoidable.

Q. Alia was a pregnant lady and was walking on the pavement. Suddenly a motor-cyclist after passing past her collided with a lorry at the distance of 15 yards from her and died instantly. Alia could see neither the deceased nor the accident but heard the loud bang noise. When she was passing the place she saw blood left on the road. Consequently, she suffered a nervous shock and gave birth to a still-born child of 8 months. She sued the representatives of the deceased motor-cyclist.

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

In everyday usage, the word 'negligence' denotes mere carelessness. In legal sense it signifies failure to exercise standard of care which the doer as a reasonable man should have exercised in the circumstances. In general, there is a legal duty to take care when it was reasonably foreseeable that failure to do so was likely to cause injury. Negligence is a mode in which many kinds of harms may be caused by not taking such adequate precautions. One of the essential conditions of liability for negligence is that the defendant owed a legal duty towards the plaintiff. It must also be established that the defendant owed a duty of care towards the plaintiff. And that the plaintiff must prove that the defendant committed a breach of duty to take care or he failed to perform that duty. The damage caused to the plaintiff was the result of the breach of the duty. The harm may fall into following classes physical harm i.e. harm to body, harm to reputation, harm to property, i.e. land and buildings and rights and interests pertaining thereto, and his goods, economic loss and mental harm or nervous shock.

In an action for negligence following defences are available:

1. Contributory Negligence: It was the Common law rule that anyone who by his own negligence contributed to the injury of which he complains cannot maintain an action against another in respect of it. Because he will be considered in law to be an author of his wrong.

2. Act of God or Vis Major: It is such a direct, violent, sudden and irresistible act of nature as could not, by any amount of human foresight have been foreseen or if foreseen, could not by any amount of human care and skill, have been resisted. Such as storm, extraordinary fall of rain, extraordinary high tide, earthquake etc.

3. Inevitable Accident: Inevitable accident also works as a defence of negligence. An inevitable accident is that which could not possibly, be prevented by the exercise of ordinary care, caution and skill. It means accident physically unavoidable.

Q. Alan was driving in the highway after drinking. Octavia was driving with the headlights turned off. They collided resulting in an injury on Octavia's head. Alan could avoid the collision, but because he was highly intoxicated, he was unable to do so. Octavia sued Alan for negligence. Will she succeed?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

In everyday usage, the word 'negligence' denotes mere carelessness. In legal sense it signifies failure to exercise standard of care which the doer as a reasonable man should have exercised in the circumstances. In general, there is a legal duty to take care when it was reasonably foreseeable that failure to do so was likely to cause injury. Negligence is a mode in which many kinds of harms may be caused by not taking such adequate precautions. One of the essential conditions of liability for negligence is that the defendant owed a legal duty towards the plaintiff. It must also be established that the defendant owed a duty of care towards the plaintiff. And that the plaintiff must prove that the defendant committed a breach of duty to take care or he failed to perform that duty. The damage caused to the plaintiff was the result of the breach of the duty. The harm may fall into following classes physical harm i.e. harm to body, harm to reputation, harm to property, i.e. land and buildings and rights and interests pertaining thereto, and his goods, economic loss and mental harm or nervous shock.

In an action for negligence following defences are available:

1. Contributory Negligence: It was the Common law rule that anyone who by his own negligence contributed to the injury of which he complains cannot maintain an action against another in respect of it. Because he will be considered in law to be an author of his wrong.

2. Act of God or Vis Major: It is such a direct, violent, sudden and irresistible act of nature as could not, by any amount of human foresight have been foreseen or if foreseen, could not by any amount of human care and skill, have been resisted. Such as storm, extraordinary fall of rain, extraordinary high tide, earthquake etc.

3. Inevitable Accident: Inevitable accident also works as a defence of negligence. An inevitable accident is that which could not possibly, be prevented by the exercise of ordinary care, caution and skill. It means accident physically unavoidable.

Q. J had a series of artificial reservoirs on his land which was constructed following accepted procedures and infrastructures and is maintained properly. In the lakes J used to carry on pisciculture and earned huge profit from it.Owing to an exceptional heavy rains, some of the reservoirs bursted and huge amount of water overflowed to nearby housings.

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

In everyday usage, the word 'negligence' denotes mere carelessness. In legal sense it signifies failure to exercise standard of care which the doer as a reasonable man should have exercised in the circumstances. In general, there is a legal duty to take care when it was reasonably foreseeable that failure to do so was likely to cause injury. Negligence is a mode in which many kinds of harms may be caused by not taking such adequate precautions. One of the essential conditions of liability for negligence is that the defendant owed a legal duty towards the plaintiff. It must also be established that the defendant owed a duty of care towards the plaintiff. And that the plaintiff must prove that the defendant committed a breach of duty to take care or he failed to perform that duty. The damage caused to the plaintiff was the result of the breach of the duty. The harm may fall into following classes physical harm i.e. harm to body, harm to reputation, harm to property, i.e. land and buildings and rights and interests pertaining thereto, and his goods, economic loss and mental harm or nervous shock.

In an action for negligence following defences are available:

1. Contributory Negligence: It was the Common law rule that anyone who by his own negligence contributed to the injury of which he complains cannot maintain an action against another in respect of it. Because he will be considered in law to be an author of his wrong.

2. Act of God or Vis Major: It is such a direct, violent, sudden and irresistible act of nature as could not, by any amount of human foresight have been foreseen or if foreseen, could not by any amount of human care and skill, have been resisted. Such as storm, extraordinary fall of rain, extraordinary high tide, earthquake etc.

3. Inevitable Accident: Inevitable accident also works as a defence of negligence. An inevitable accident is that which could not possibly, be prevented by the exercise of ordinary care, caution and skill. It means accident physically unavoidable.

Q. Act of God or Vis major is considered to be :

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

Vicarious liability deals with situations in which an individual has committed a tortious act whilst acting on behalf of another. The primary situation in which the concept will arise is one in which someone is acting on behalf of an employer. An explanation for this phenomenon can be seen in Dubai Aluminium Co Ltd v Salaam [2002] 3 WLR 1913 per Lord Nicholls:

"The underlying legal policy is based on the recognition that carrying on a business enterprise necessarily involves risk to others. It involves the risk that others will be harmed by wrongful acts committed by the agents through whom the business is carried on. When those risks ripen into loss, it is just that the business should be responsible for compensating the person who has been wronged."

Vicarious liability is a way in which any of the other torts can be attributed to a particular defendant, even if that defendant was not directly involved in the tort.

Establishing vicarious liability requires three primary criteria to be met. There must be a relationship of control, a tortious act, and that act must be in the course of employment. The courts will first look for a sufficiently close relationship between tortfeasor and third party before it allows vicarious liability to be imparted. The most commonly encountered relationship is employer-employee and a number of tests to distinguish between employees and contractors-

The first is the 'control test' involving who, exactly, is in control of the individual's work. The 'organisation' or 'integration test' distinguishes between people who sign 'contracts of service' and those who 'contract to provide services'. The 'economic reality test' is sometimes referred to as the 'multiple test' or the 'pragmatic test'. It involves examining the characteristics of the subject's work arrangements against a checklist of signs of conventional employment.

Once a sufficiently close relationship has been established, it must be shown that the individual has committed a tortious act. This is because no secondary liability can be imposed on a third party before someone acting on their behalf has attracted primary liability. This means that whether vicarious liability is possible depends on whether liability exists for the relevant tort.

An employer is not responsible for all of the acts one of their employees carries out. Instead, for vicarious liability to be possible, the tortious act must occur in the course of employment. If the relevant relationship is not employer employee, then the same principle applies but in a modified form. There are several categories of employment scenarios which can arise with regard to this element of vicarious liability.

Q. How do courts determine whether a person is an employee?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

Vicarious liability deals with situations in which an individual has committed a tortious act whilst acting on behalf of another. The primary situation in which the concept will arise is one in which someone is acting on behalf of an employer. An explanation for this phenomenon can be seen in Dubai Aluminium Co Ltd v Salaam [2002] 3 WLR 1913 per Lord Nicholls:

"The underlying legal policy is based on the recognition that carrying on a business enterprise necessarily involves risk to others. It involves the risk that others will be harmed by wrongful acts committed by the agents through whom the business is carried on. When those risks ripen into loss, it is just that the business should be responsible for compensating the person who has been wronged."

Vicarious liability is a way in which any of the other torts can be attributed to a particular defendant, even if that defendant was not directly involved in the tort.

Establishing vicarious liability requires three primary criteria to be met. There must be a relationship of control, a tortious act, and that act must be in the course of employment. The courts will first look for a sufficiently close relationship between tortfeasor and third party before it allows vicarious liability to be imparted. The most commonly encountered relationship is employer-employee and a number of tests to distinguish between employees and contractors-

The first is the 'control test' involving who, exactly, is in control of the individual's work. The 'organisation' or 'integration test' distinguishes between people who sign 'contracts of service' and those who 'contract to provide services'. The 'economic reality test' is sometimes referred to as the 'multiple test' or the 'pragmatic test'. It involves examining the characteristics of the subject's work arrangements against a checklist of signs of conventional employment.

Once a sufficiently close relationship has been established, it must be shown that the individual has committed a tortious act. This is because no secondary liability can be imposed on a third party before someone acting on their behalf has attracted primary liability. This means that whether vicarious liability is possible depends on whether liability exists for the relevant tort.

An employer is not responsible for all of the acts one of their employees carries out. Instead, for vicarious liability to be possible, the tortious act must occur in the course of employment. If the relevant relationship is not employer employee, then the same principle applies but in a modified form. There are several categories of employment scenarios which can arise with regard to this element of vicarious liability.

Q. A, an employee of GHC Company worked for a garage, which had petrol pumps outside and had a duty to assist in the movement of vehicles around the garage and also the drivers as they undertook tricky man oeuvres and while doing it negligently backed over B in a lorry. B sued the employer of A.

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

Vicarious liability deals with situations in which an individual has committed a tortious act whilst acting on behalf of another. The primary situation in which the concept will arise is one in which someone is acting on behalf of an employer. An explanation for this phenomenon can be seen in Dubai Aluminium Co Ltd v Salaam [2002] 3 WLR 1913 per Lord Nicholls:

"The underlying legal policy is based on the recognition that carrying on a business enterprise necessarily involves risk to others. It involves the risk that others will be harmed by wrongful acts committed by the agents through whom the business is carried on. When those risks ripen into loss, it is just that the business should be responsible for compensating the person who has been wronged."

Vicarious liability is a way in which any of the other torts can be attributed to a particular defendant, even if that defendant was not directly involved in the tort.

Establishing vicarious liability requires three primary criteria to be met. There must be a relationship of control, a tortious act, and that act must be in the course of employment. The courts will first look for a sufficiently close relationship between tortfeasor and third party before it allows vicarious liability to be imparted.The most commonly encountered relationship is employer-employee and a number of tests to distinguish between employees and contractors-

The first is the 'control test' involving who, exactly, is in control of the individual's work. The 'organisation' or 'integration test' distinguishes between people who sign 'contracts of service' and those who 'contract to provide services'. The 'economic reality test' is sometimes referred to as the 'multiple test' or the 'pragmatic test'. It involves examining the characteristics of the subject's work arrangements against a checklist of signs of conventional employment.

Once a sufficiently close relationship has been established, it must be shown that the individual has committed a tortious act. This is because no secondary liability can be imposed on a third party before someone acting on their behalf has attracted primary liability. This means that whether vicarious liability is possible depends on whether liability exists for the relevant tort.

An employer is not responsible for all of the acts one of their employees carries out. Instead, for vicarious liability to be possible, the tortious act must occur in the course of employment. If the relevant relationship is not employer employee, then the same principle applies but in a modified form. There are several categories of employment scenarios which can arise with regard to this element of vicarious liability.

Q. Dick, a wine merchant, sent his carriage driver, George to deliver some wine. After he had finished the deliveries, George went to visit his brother-in law. During this journey he knocked down X and injured him. X sues Dick in court

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

Vicarious liability deals with situations in which an individual has committed a tortious act whilst acting on behalf of another. The primary situation in which the concept will arise is one in which someone is acting on behalf of an employer. An explanation for this phenomenon can be seen in Dubai Aluminium Co Ltd v Salaam [2002] 3 WLR 1913 per Lord Nicholls:

"The underlying legal policy is based on the recognition that carrying on a business enterprise necessarily involves risk to others. It involves the risk that others will be harmed by wrongful acts committed by the agents through whom the business is carried on. When those risks ripen into loss, it is just that the business should be responsible for compensating the person who has been wronged."

Vicarious liability is a way in which any of the other torts can be attributed to a particular defendant, even if that defendant was not directly involved in the tort.

Establishing vicarious liability requires three primary criteria to be met. There must be a relationship of control, a tortious act, and that act must be in the course of employment. The courts will first look for a sufficiently close relationship between tortfeasor and third party before it allows vicarious liability to be imparted.The most commonly encountered relationship is employer-employee and a number of tests to distinguish between employees and contractors-

The first is the 'control test' involving who, exactly, is in control of the individual's work. The 'organisation' or 'integration test' distinguishes between people who sign 'contracts of service' and those who 'contract to provide services'. The 'economic reality test' is sometimes referred to as the 'multiple test' or the 'pragmatic test'. It involves examining the characteristics of the subject's work arrangements against a checklist of signs of conventional employment.

Once a sufficiently close relationship has been established, it must be shown that the individual has committed a tortious act. This is because no secondary liability can be imposed on a third party before someone acting on their behalf has attracted primary liability. This means that whether vicarious liability is possible depends on whether liability exists for the relevant tort.

An employer is not responsible for all of the acts one of their employees carries out. Instead, for vicarious liability to be possible, the tortious act must occur in the course of employment. If the relevant relationship is not employer employee, then the same principle applies but in a modified form. There are several categories of employment scenarios which can arise with regard to this element of vicarious liability.

Q. Andrew was asked by Collin, his employer to deliver a truck full of logs to Hanskinton. Collin gave direction to take road X which is the long cut. In order to finish work early Andrew took the road Z which was shortcut but bumpy. While driving, one of the logs slipped the rope tying and hurt Zingo who was riding just behind Andrew's truck. Is Colin liable?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

Vicarious liability deals with situations in which an individual has committed a tortious act whilst acting on behalf of another. The primary situation in which the concept will arise is one in which someone is acting on behalf of an employer. An explanation for this phenomenon can be seen in Dubai Aluminium Co Ltd v Salaam [2002] 3 WLR 1913 per Lord Nicholls:

"The underlying legal policy is based on the recognition that carrying on a business enterprise necessarily involves risk to others. It involves the risk that others will be harmed by wrongful acts committed by the agents through whom the business is carried on. When those risks ripen into loss, it is just that the business should be responsible for compensating the person who has been wronged."

Vicarious liability is a way in which any of the other torts can be attributed to a particular defendant, even if that defendant was not directly involved in the tort.

Establishing vicarious liability requires three primary criteria to be met. There must be a relationship of control, a tortious act, and that act must be in the course of employment. The courts will first look for a sufficiently close relationship between tortfeasor and third party before it allows vicarious liability to be imparted.The most commonly encountered relationship is employer-employee and a number of tests to distinguish between employees and contractors-

The first is the 'control test' involving who, exactly, is in control of the individual's work. The 'organisation' or 'integration test' distinguishes between people who sign 'contracts of service' and those who 'contract to provide services'. The 'economic reality test' is sometimes referred to as the 'multiple test' or the 'pragmatic test'. It involves examining the characteristics of the subject's work arrangements against a checklist of signs of conventional employment.

Once a sufficiently close relationship has been established, it must be shown that the individual has committed a tortious act. This is because no secondary liability can be imposed on a third party before someone acting on their behalf has attracted primary liability. This means that whether vicarious liability is possible depends on whether liability exists for the relevant tort.

An employer is not responsible for all of the acts one of their employees carries out. Instead, for vicarious liability to be possible, the tortious act must occur in the course of employment. If the relevant relationship is not employer employee, then the same principle applies but in a modified form. There are several categories of employment scenarios which can arise with regard to this element of vicarious liability.

Q. What are criteria's, which must be met before employee status, can be granted to a person?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

Both Houses of Parliament have passed a Bill making instant triple talaq a criminal offence, amidst persistent doubts whether it ought to be treated as a crime or just a civil case. It is true that the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Bill, 2019, is a diluted version of the Bill as it was originally conceived. Earlier, it did not specify who, could set the law in motion. Now the offence is cognizable only if the affected wife, or one related to her by blood or marriage, files a police complaint. A man arrested under this law may get bail, after the Magistrate grants a hearing to the wife. Thirdly, the offence is compoundable, that is, the parties may arrive at a compromise. The government says its main objective is to give effect to the Supreme Court's 2017 verdict declaring instant triple talaq illegal. It claims that despite the court ruling, several instances have been reported. Making it an offence, the government says, will deter further resort to triple talaq, and provide redress for women in the form of a subsistence allowance and custody of children, besides getting the erring husband arrested. However, the core question regarding the necessity to criminalise the practice of talaq-e-biddat has not been convincingly answered.

In the light of the Supreme Court ruling on its validity, there is really no need to declare instant triple talaq a) criminal offence. The practice has no approval in Islamic tenets, and is indeed considered abhorrent. Secondly, once it has been declared illegal, pronouncing talaq obviously does not have the effect of "instantaneous and irrevocable divorce" as this Bill claims in its definition of 'talaq'. The provisions that allow a woman to claim a subsistence allowance from the man and seek custody of her children can be implemented in the event of the husband abandoning her, even without the man's arrest. If triple talaq, in any form, is void, how the questions of children's custody and subsistence allowance arise while the marriage subsists, is not clear. And then, there is the practical question of how a man can provide a subsistence allowance while he is imprisoned. It has been argued by the Bill's proponents that dowry harassment and cruelty towards wives are treated as criminal offences even while the marriage subsists. It is a patently wrong comparison, as those acts involve violence and cruelty and are rightly treated as criminal offences. The same cannot be said of a man invoking a prohibited form of divorce. The BJP projects the passage of the Bill as a historic milestone in the quest for gender justice. Such a claim will be valid only if there is a non-sectarian law that addresses abandonment and desertion of spouses as a common problem instead of focusing on a practice, which is no more legally valid, among Muslims.

Q. What do you understand by the term 'Compoundable Offences'?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

Both Houses of Parliament have passed a Bill making instant triple talaq a criminal offence, amidst persistent doubts whether it ought to be treated as a crime or just a civil case. It is true that the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Bill, 2019, is a diluted version of the Bill as it was originally conceived. Earlier, it did not specify who, could set the law in motion. Now the offence is cognizable only if the affected wife, or one related to her by blood or marriage, files a police complaint. A man arrested under this law may get bail, after the Magistrate grants a hearing to the wife. Thirdly, the offence is compoundable, that is, the parties may arrive at a compromise. The government says its main objective is to give effect to the Supreme Court's 2017 verdict declaring instant triple talaq illegal. It claims that despite the court ruling, several instances have been reported. Making it an offence, the government says, will deter further resort to triple talaq, and provide redress for women in the form of a subsistence allowance and custody of children, besides getting the erring husband arrested. However, the core question regarding the necessity to criminalise the practice of talaq-e-biddat has not been convincingly answered.

In the light of the Supreme Court ruling on its validity, there is really no need to declare instant triple talaq a) criminal offence. The practice has no approval in Islamic tenets, and is indeed considered abhorrent. Secondly, once it has been declared illegal, pronouncing talaq obviously does not have the effect of "instantaneous and irrevocable divorce" as this Bill claims in its definition of 'talaq'. The provisions that allow a woman to claim a subsistence allowance from the man and seek custody of her children can be implemented in the event of the husband abandoning her, even without the man's arrest. If triple talaq, in any form, is void, how the questions of children's custody and subsistence allowance arise while the marriage subsists, is not clear. And then, there is the practical question of how a man can provide a subsistence allowance while he is imprisoned. It has been argued by the Bill's proponents that dowry harassment and cruelty towards wives are treated as criminal offences even while the marriage subsists. It is a patently wrong comparison, as those acts involve violence and cruelty and are rightly treated as criminal offences. The same cannot be said of a man invoking a prohibited form of divorce. The BJP projects the passage of the Bill as a historic milestone in the quest for gender justice. Such a claim will be valid only if there is a non-sectarian law that addresses abandonment and desertion of spouses as a common problem instead of focusing on a practice, which is no more legally valid, among Muslims.

Q. Which of the following statements is not true in the light of the above passage?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

Both Houses of Parliament have passed a Bill making instant triple talaq a criminal offence, amidst persistent doubts whether it ought to be treated as a crime or just a civil case. It is true that the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Bill, 2019, is a diluted version of the Bill as it was originally conceived. Earlier, it did not specify who, could set the law in motion. Now the offence is cognizable only if the affected wife, or one related to her by blood or marriage, files a police complaint. A man arrested under this law may get bail, after the Magistrate grants a hearing to the wife. Thirdly, the offence is compoundable, that is, the parties may arrive at a compromise. The government says its main objective is to give effect to the Supreme Court's 2017 verdict declaring instant triple talaq illegal. It claims that despite the court ruling, several instances have been reported. Making it an offence, the government says, will deter further resort to triple talaq, and provide redress for women in the form of a subsistence allowance and custody of children, besides getting the erring husband arrested. However, the core question regarding the necessity to criminalise the practice of talaq-e-biddat has not been convincingly answered.

In the light of the Supreme Court ruling on its validity, there is really no need to declare instant triple talaq a) criminal offence. The practice has no approval in Islamic tenets, and is indeed considered abhorrent. Secondly, once it has been declared illegal, pronouncing talaq obviously does not have the effect of "instantaneous and irrevocable divorce" as this Bill claims in its definition of 'talaq'. The provisions that allow a woman to claim a subsistence allowance from the man and seek custody of her children can be implemented in the event of the husband abandoning her, even without the man's arrest. If triple talaq, in any form, is void, how the questions of children's custody and subsistence allowance arise while the marriage subsists, is not clear. And then, there is the practical question of how a man can provide a subsistence allowance while he is imprisoned. It has been argued by the Bill's proponents that dowry harassment and cruelty towards wives are treated as criminal offences even while the marriage subsists. It is a patently wrong comparison, as those acts involve violence and cruelty and are rightly treated as criminal offences. The same cannot be said of a man invoking a prohibited form of divorce. The BJP projects the passage of the Bill as a historic milestone in the quest for gender justice. Such a claim will be valid only if there is a non-sectarian law that addresses abandonment and desertion of spouses as a common problem instead of focusing on a practice, which is no more legally valid, among Muslims.

Q. Suppose, in the mentioned case, complaint is filed by Salma herself. Then what would be the answer?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

Both Houses of Parliament have passed a Bill making instant triple talaq a criminal offence, amidst persistent doubts whether it ought to be treated as a crime or just a civil case. It is true that the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Bill, 2019, is a diluted version of the Bill as it was originally conceived. Earlier, it did not specify who, could set the law in motion. Now the offence is cognizable only if the affected wife, or one related to her by blood or marriage, files a police complaint. A man arrested under this law may get bail, after the Magistrate grants a hearing to the wife. Thirdly, the offence is compoundable, that is, the parties may arrive at a compromise. The government says its main objective is to give effect to the Supreme Court's 2017 verdict declaring instant triple talaq illegal. It claims that despite the court ruling, several instances have been reported. Making it an offence, the government says, will deter further resort to triple talaq, and provide redress for women in the form of a subsistence allowance and custody of children, besides getting the erring husband arrested. However, the core question regarding the necessity to criminalise the practice of talaq-e-biddat has not been convincingly answered.

In the light of the Supreme Court ruling on its validity, there is really no need to declare instant triple talaq a) criminal offence. The practice has no approval in Islamic tenets, and is indeed considered abhorrent. Secondly, once it has been declared illegal, pronouncing talaq obviously does not have the effect of "instantaneous and irrevocable divorce" as this Bill claims in its definition of 'talaq'. The provisions that allow a woman to claim a subsistence allowance from the man and seek custody of her children can be implemented in the event of the husband abandoning her, even without the man's arrest. If triple talaq, in any form, is void, how the questions of children's custody and subsistence allowance arise while the marriage subsists, is not clear. And then, there is the practical question of how a man can provide a subsistence allowance while he is imprisoned. It has been argued by the Bill's proponents that dowry harassment and cruelty towards wives are treated as criminal offences even while the marriage subsists. It is a patently wrong comparison, as those acts involve violence and cruelty and are rightly treated as criminal offences. The same cannot be said of a man invoking a prohibited form of divorce. The BJP projects the passage of the Bill as a historic milestone in the quest for gender justice. Such a claim will be valid only if there is a non-sectarian law that addresses abandonment and desertion of spouses as a common problem instead of focusing on a practice, which is no more legally valid, among Muslims.

Q. One woman Salma, is wife of Salim. Salim pronounced instant Triple Talaq on Salma. One NGO, Nari Shakti organisation filed a police complaint against Salim and demanded his instant arrest since the offence is cognizable offence i.e.,arrest can be made without a judicial warrant. Can police arrest Salim instantly?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

Both Houses of Parliament have passed a Bill making instant triple talaq a criminal offence, amidst persistent doubts whether it ought to be treated as a crime or just a civil case. It is true that the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Bill, 2019, is a diluted version of the Bill as it was originally conceived. Earlier, it did not specify who, could set the law in motion. Now the offence is cognizable only if the affected wife, or one related to her by blood or marriage, files a police complaint. A man arrested under this law may get bail, after the Magistrate grants a hearing to the wife. Thirdly, the offence is compoundable, that is, the parties may arrive at a compromise. The government says its main objective is to give effect to the Supreme Court's 2017 verdict declaring instant triple talaq illegal. It claims that despite the court ruling, several instances have been reported. Making it an offence, the government says, will deter further resort to triple talaq, and provide redress for women in the form of a subsistence allowance and custody of children, besides getting the erring husband arrested. However, the core question regarding the necessity to criminalise the practice of talaq-e-biddat has not been convincingly answered.

In the light of the Supreme Court ruling on its validity, there is really no need to declare instant triple talaq a) criminal offence. The practice has no approval in Islamic tenets, and is indeed considered abhorrent. Secondly, once it has been declared illegal, pronouncing talaq obviously does not have the effect of "instantaneous and irrevocable divorce" as this Bill claims in its definition of 'talaq'. The provisions that allow a woman to claim a subsistence allowance from the man and seek custody of her children can be implemented in the event of the husband abandoning her, even without the man's arrest. If triple talaq, in any form, is void, how the questions of children's custody and subsistence allowance arise while the marriage subsists, is not clear. And then, there is the practical question of how a man can provide a subsistence allowance while he is imprisoned. It has been argued by the Bill's proponents that dowry harassment and cruelty towards wives are treated as criminal offences even while the marriage subsists. It is a patently wrong comparison, as those acts involve violence and cruelty and are rightly treated as criminal offences. The same cannot be said of a man invoking a prohibited form of divorce. The BJP projects the passage of the Bill as a historic milestone in the quest for gender justice. Such a claim will be valid only if there is a non-sectarian law that addresses abandonment and desertion of spouses as a common problem instead of focusing on a practice, which is no more legally valid, among Muslims.

Q. What is author trying to emphasize in the above passage?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

Trespass can be defined as an unjustifiable physical interference of land in possession of one party by another. Under English common law where these principles of torts emanate, trespass does not form a criminal act but in the Indian Penal Code it has been given recognition i.e. under section 441 But it defines trespass as unjustifiable physical interference with the possession of property of the claimant with requisite intention of doing so. The Intention part is present due to it being under a criminal code where in 'mens rea' is a part.

Under English Common Law the maxim that is used for trespass is 'trespass quare clausam fregit' which means "because he (the defendant) broke or entered into the close". The tort of trespass requires essentially only the possession of land by the plaintiff and encroachment by some way by the defendant. There requires no force, unlawful intention or damage nor the breaking of an enclosure. One of the most important ingredients of a tort of trespass is the fact that the land in question which has been encroached upon essentially needs to be in the direct possession of the plaintiff and not just mere physical presence on it. Another essential provision of the tort of trespass includes in the directness of the act. If the act is direct i.e. arising out of the natural consequences of the act of the defendant then it is valid. But trespass is encroachment upon property whereas nuisance is interference upon another's right to enjoy his property.

Also if a person enters upon another's land and stays on it, the act is connoted as continuing trespass. Furthermore, the owner of a land is entitled to the airspace above him but he is aerial trespass has a very important ingredient which is that the object that enters his land aerially should be at such height that it violates his right to enjoy his property and moreover violate his right of ordinary use of his land.

The subject matter for an action is a notable point. Merely walking on a land possessed by the plaintiff forms a tort as it involves encroaching upon the legal right to own property. The general principle of subject matter was prescribed in the many cases. It was held that anything associated with the soil and which is capable of being possessed individually forms the subject matter in the tort. Therefore if there is any damage incurred upon any object which is associated with the land of the plaintiff an action in trespass may be instituted.

Q. The Greater Mumbai Municipal Corporation is constructing a road and to support such infrastructure had erected buttresses on the land of Timir Sharma and had not removed them. Timir filed a suit against the authorities in the court after 6 months of the completion of the construction work.

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

Trespass can be defined as an unjustifiable physical interference of land in possession of one party by another. Under English common law where these principles of torts emanate, trespass does not form a criminal act but in the Indian Penal Code it has been given recognition i.e. under section 441 But it defines trespass as unjustifiable physical interference with the possession of property of the claimant with requisite intention of doing so. The Intention part is present due to it being under a criminal code where in 'mens rea' is a part.

Under English Common Law the maxim that is used for trespass is 'trespass quare clausam fregit' which means "because he (the defendant) broke or entered into the close". The tort of trespass requires essentially only the possession of land by the plaintiff and encroachment by some way by the defendant. There requires no force, unlawful intention or damage nor the breaking of an enclosure. One of the most important ingredients of a tort of trespass is the fact that the land in question which has been encroached upon essentially needs to be in the direct possession of the plaintiff and not just mere physical presence on it. Another essential provision of the tort of trespass includes in the directness of the act. If the act is direct i.e. arising out of the natural consequences of the act of the defendant then it is valid. But trespass is encroachment upon property whereas nuisance is interference upon another's right to enjoy his property.

Also if a person enters upon another's land and stays on it, the act is connoted as continuing trespass. Furthermore the owner of a land is entitled to the airspace above him but he is aerial trespass has a very important ingredient which is that the object that enters his land aerially should be at such height that it violates his right to enjoy his property and moreover violate his right of ordinary use of his land.

The subject matter for an action is a notable point. Merely walking on a land possessed by the plaintiff forms a tort as it involves encroaching upon the legal right to own property. The general principle of subject matter was prescribed in the many cases. It was held that anything associated with the soil and which is capable of being possessed individually forms the subject matter in the tort. Therefore if there is any damage incurred upon any object which is associated with the land of the plaintiff an action in trespass may be instituted.

Q. P has a pet dog Zambo. It has a tendency to go to Q's land which is adjacent to P′sP's. Despite knowing this P never chained Zambo and it always was let free. One day Zambo entered into the land of Q and attacked his pet kitten which died eventually. Q sued P.

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

Trespass can be defined as an unjustifiable physical interference of land in possession of one party by another. Under English common law where these principles of torts emanate, trespass does not form a criminal act but in the Indian Penal Code it has been given recognition i.e. under section 441 But it defines trespass as unjustifiable physical interference with the possession of property of the claimant with requisite intention of doing so. The Intention part is present due to it being under a criminal code where in 'mens rea' is a part.

Under English Common Law the maxim that is used for trespass is 'trespass quare clausam fregit' which means "because he (the defendant) broke or entered into the close". The tort of trespass requires essentially only the possession of land by the plaintiff and encroachment by some way by the defendant. There requires no force, unlawful intention or damage nor the breaking of an enclosure. One of the most important ingredients of a tort of trespass is the fact that the land in question which has been encroached upon essentially needs to be in the direct possession of the plaintiff and not just mere physical presence on it. Another essential provision of the tort of trespass includes in the directness of the act. If the act is direct i.e. arising out of the natural consequences of the act of the defendant then it is valid. But trespass is encroachment upon property whereas nuisance is interference upon another's right to enjoy his property.

Also if a person enters upon another's land and stays on it, the act is connoted as continuing trespass. Furthermore the owner of a land is entitled to the airspace above him but he is aerial trespass has a very important ingredient which is that the object that enters his land aerially should be at such height that it violates his right to enjoy his property and moreover violate his right of ordinary use of his land.

The subject matter for an action is a notable point. Merely walking on a land possessed by the plaintiff forms a tort as it involves encroaching upon the legal right to own property. The general principle of subject matter was prescribed in the many cases. It was held that anything associated with the soil and which is capable of being possessed individually forms the subject matter in the tort. Therefore if there is any damage incurred upon any object which is associated with the land of the plaintiff an action in trespass may be instituted.

Q. Zandu and Kandu has adjacent lands separated by a brick wall. Zandu erects up a tree which leads to growing of branches and boughs and roots onto the land of Kandu. Kandu has repeatedly told Zandu to chop off the tree as it was causing disturbance to him. Atlast Kandu filed a suit in court.

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

Trespass can be defined as an unjustifiable physical interference of land in possession of one party by another. Under English common law where these principles of torts emanate, trespass does not form a criminal act but in the Indian Penal Code it has been given recognition i.e. under section 441 But it defines trespass as unjustifiable physical interference with the possession of property of the claimant with requisite intention of doing so. The Intention part is present due to it being under a criminal code where in 'mens rea' is a part.

Under English Common Law the maxim that is used for trespass is 'trespass quare clausam fregit' which means "because he (the defendant) broke or entered into the close". The tort of trespass requires essentially only the possession of land by the plaintiff and encroachment by some way by the defendant. There requires no force, unlawful intention or damage nor the breaking of an enclosure. One of the most important ingredients of a tort of trespass is the fact that the land in question which has been encroached upon essentially needs to be in the direct possession of the plaintiff and not just mere physical presence on it. Another essential provision of the tort of trespass includes in the directness of the act. If the act is direct i.e. arising out of the natural consequences of the act of the defendant then it is valid. But trespass is encroachment upon property whereas nuisance is interference upon another's right to enjoy his property.

Also if a person enters upon another's land and stays on it, the act is connoted as continuing trespass. Furthermore the owner of a land is entitled to the airspace above him but he is aerial trespass has a very important ingredient which is that the object that enters his land aerially should be at such height that it violates his right to enjoy his property and moreover violate his right of ordinary use of his land.

The subject matter for an action is a notable point. Merely walking on a land possessed by the plaintiff forms a tort as it involves encroaching upon the legal right to own property. The general principle of subject matter was prescribed in the many cases. It was held that anything associated with the soil and which is capable of being possessed individually forms the subject matter in the tort. Therefore if there is any damage incurred upon any object which is associated with the land of the plaintiff an action in trespass may be instituted.

Q. J leased out a property to S and the lease agreement contained clauses that in case the lessor enters the land and disturbs S to enjoy the property during the tenure,he will be liable for damages.Son of J continually entered into the land because he was in love with daughter of S and disturbed her continuously. S filed a suit in court.

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

Trespass can be defined as an unjustifiable physical interference of land in possession of one party by another. Under English common law where these principles of torts emanate, trespass does not form a criminal act but in the Indian Penal Code it has been given recognition i.e. under section 441 But it defines trespass as unjustifiable physical interference with the possession of property of the claimant with requisite intention of doing so. The Intention part is present due to it being under a criminal code where in 'mens rea' is a part.

Under English Common Law the maxim that is used for trespass is 'trespass quare clausam fregit' which means "because he (the defendant) broke or entered into the close". The tort of trespass requires essentially only the possession of land by the plaintiff and encroachment by some way by the defendant. There requires no force, unlawful intention or damage nor the breaking of an enclosure. One of the most important ingredients of a tort of trespass is the fact that the land in question which has been encroached upon essentially needs to be in the direct possession of the plaintiff and not just mere physical presence on it. Another essential provision of the tort of trespass includes in the directness of the act. If the act is direct i.e. arising out of the natural consequences of the act of the defendant then it is valid. But trespass is encroachment upon property whereas nuisance is interference upon another's right to enjoy his property.

Also if a person enters upon another's land and stays on it, the act is connoted as continuing trespass. Furthermore the owner of a land is entitled to the airspace above him but he is aerial trespass has a very important ingredient which is that the object that enters his land aerially should be at such height that it violates his right to enjoy his property and moreover violate his right of ordinary use of his land.

The subject matter for an action is a notable point. Merely walking on a land possessed by the plaintiff forms a tort as it involves encroaching upon the legal right to own property. The general principle of subject matter was prescribed in the many cases. It was held that anything associated with the soil and which is capable of being possessed individually forms the subject matter in the tort. Therefore if there is any damage incurred upon any object which is associated with the land of the plaintiff an action in trespass may be instituted.

Q. The occupier of a premise owes a duty of care to all his invitees and visitors.

Raghu was running a poultry farm in his house. A part of his farm was used by the people as a shortcut to get into the nearby railways station. Raghu never liked it and put a board that "All trespassers will be prosecuted" But he tolerated other, because quite a few of there patronized his business. One day, a person, who was crossing the farms to get to railway station, was attacked y a bull belonging to the farm. The injured person filed a suit against Raghu.

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

Theft is defined as the physical removal of an object that is capable of being stolen without the consent of the owner and with the intention of depriving the owner of it permanently. The thief need not intend to keep the property himself; an intention to destroy it, sell it, or abandon it in circumstances where it will not be found is sufficient. Automobile theft, for example, frequently involves selling the stolen car or its parts. In some instances, an intention to deprive the owner of the property temporarily also is sufficient, as in the case of stealing a car for a "joyride" and then abandoning it in such a way that the owner is able to reclaim it. The term extortion has been defined explicitly and how it is constituted. Section 383383 of the Indian penal code states that if a person intentionally puts another person in a position of fear or of threat to cause him injury, or deceitfully persuade him so that he may deliver the property or any other valuable goods to another person or any document which has been signed and can be turned into a valuable security.

Larceny is the trespassory taking and carrying away of personal goods from the possession of another with the intention to steal. For larceny to occur, three conditions must be met: (1)(1) the goods must be removed from the possession of another without the owner's consent; (2)(2) the goods must not only be taken but also "carried away," a requirement) that is highly formalistic and is satisfied by any movement of the entire object, however slight; and (3)(3) there must be an intention to steal, which is ordinarily defined as an intention to deprive the owner permanently of his property. The unauthorized borrowing of another's property is not larceny if there is an intent to return the property, nor is larceny committed by someone who takes goods in the mistaken belief that they are his own property.

Robbery is the commission of theft in circumstances of violence and involves the application or the threat of force in order to commit the theft or to secure escape. Robbery takes many forms, from muggings to bank robberies. The penalty for robbery is usually more severe than that for larceny. Many criminologists consider statistics on the robbery to be among the better indicators of the overall crime rate because, in comparison to larceny or burglary, victims are more likely to report it to the police and the police are more likely to record it in their official statistics.

Burglary is defined as the breaking and entering of the premises of another with an intent to commit a felony within. In English common law, burglary consisted of breaking into a dwelling at night to commit a felony, and a separate offence of housebreaking covered daytime entries. In the 20th century, however, the term burglary generally became applied to break-ins committed at any hour of the day and at any fixed structure, vehicle, or vessel. Although the motivation of most burglars is theft, the intention to commit various other offences converts a trespass into a burglary. For example, it is possible to commit burglary with the intention to rape.

Legal systems based on common law traditionally distinguished between theft (taking without consent) and fraud (obtaining with consent through deception), a distinction still preserved in many jurisdictions. The two crimes are now rarely regarded as mutually exclusive, however, and it is generally accepted that a crime may involve both theft and fraud (e.g., the theft and subsequent sale of an automobile). Theft is also usually distinguished from embezzlement, in which the offender carries away goods the possession of which had been legally entrusted to him. As with fraud, theft is a separate crime from embezzlement, but the two offences are not mutually exclusive.

Q. Riyaz threatens Raj that he will make his indecent photos public if he does not give him his new ring. Raj finally subdues and decides to give away his ring to Riyaz. When, he reaches the decided place to give the ring he thought of informing the police and does the same. Riyaz in the end pleads of his innocence but the police arrests him. Decide the guilt of Riyaz.

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

Theft is defined as the physical removal of an object that is capable of being stolen without the consent of the owner and with the intention of depriving the owner of it permanently. The thief need not intend to keep the property himself; an intention to destroy it, sell it, or abandon it in circumstances where it will not be found is sufficient. Automobile theft, for example, frequently involves selling the stolen car or its parts. In some instances, an intention to deprive the owner of the property temporarily also is sufficient, as in the case of stealing a car for a "joyride" and then abandoning it in such a way that the owner is able to reclaim it. The term extortion has been defined explicitly and how it is constituted. Section 383383 of the Indian penal code states that if a person intentionally puts another person in a position of fear or of threat to cause him injury, or deceitfully persuade him so that he may deliver the property or any other valuable goods to another person or any document which has been signed and can be turned into a valuable security.

Larceny is the trespassory taking and carrying away of personal goods from the possession of another with the intention to steal. For larceny to occur, three conditions must be met: (1)(1) the goods must be removed from the possession of another without the owner's consent; (2)(2) the goods must not only be taken but also "carried away," a requirement) that is highly formalistic and is satisfied by any movement of the entire object, however slight; and (3)(3) there must be an intention to steal, which is ordinarily defined as an intention to deprive the owner permanently of his property. The unauthorized borrowing of another's property is not larceny if there is an intent to return the property, nor is larceny committed by someone who takes goods in the mistaken belief that they are his own property.

Robbery is the commission of theft in circumstances of violence and involves the application or the threat of force in order to commit the theft or to secure escape. Robbery takes many forms, from muggings to bank robberies. The penalty for robbery is usually more severe than that for larceny. Many criminologists consider statistics on the robbery to be among the better indicators of the overall crime rate because, in comparison to larceny or burglary, victims are more likely to report it to the police and the police are more likely to record it in their official statistics.

Burglary is defined as the breaking and entering of the premises of another with an intent to commit a felony within. In English common law, burglary consisted of breaking into a dwelling at night to commit a felony, and a separate offence of housebreaking covered daytime entries. In the 20th century, however, the term burglary generally became applied to break-ins committed at any hour of the day and at any fixed structure, vehicle, or vessel. Although the motivation of most burglars is theft, the intention to commit various other offences converts a trespass into a burglary. For example, it is possible to commit burglary with the intention to rape.

Legal systems based on common law traditionally distinguished between theft (taking without consent) and fraud (obtaining with consent through deception), a distinction still preserved in many jurisdictions. The two crimes are now rarely regarded as mutually exclusive, however, and it is generally accepted that a crime may involve both theft and fraud (e.g., the theft and subsequent sale of an automobile). Theft is also usually distinguished from embezzlement, in which the offender carries away goods the possession of which had been legally entrusted to him. As with fraud, theft is a separate crime from embezzlement, but the two offences are not mutually exclusive.

Q. Amar and a gang of 4 people broke into house of Mr. Mishra. They carried loaded guns and tied Mrs. Mishra. They threatened Mr. Mishra to take out all the cash and jewellery keep the guns pointed out to his head.

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

Theft is defined as the physical removal of an object that is capable of being stolen without the consent of the owner and with the intention of depriving the owner of it permanently. The thief need not intend to keep the property himself; an intention to destroy it, sell it, or abandon it in circumstances where it will not be found is sufficient. Automobile theft, for example, frequently involves selling the stolen car or its parts. In some instances, an intention to deprive the owner of the property temporarily also is sufficient, as in the case of stealing a car for a "joyride" and then abandoning it in such a way that the owner is able to reclaim it. The term extortion has been defined explicitly and how it is constituted. Section 383383 of the Indian penal code states that if a person intentionally puts another person in a position of fear or of threat to cause him injury, or deceitfully persuade him so that he may deliver the property or any other valuable goods to another person or any document which has been signed and can be turned into a valuable security.

Larceny is the trespassory taking and carrying away of personal goods from the possession of another with the intention to steal. For larceny to occur, three conditions must be met: (1)(1) the goods must be removed from the possession of another without the owner's consent; (2)(2) the goods must not only be taken but also "carried away," a requirement) that is highly formalistic and is satisfied by any movement of the entire object, however slight; and (3)(3) there must be an intention to steal, which is ordinarily defined as an intention to deprive the owner permanently of his property. The unauthorized borrowing of another's property is not larceny if there is an intent to return the property, nor is larceny committed by someone who takes goods in the mistaken belief that they are his own property.

Robbery is the commission of theft in circumstances of violence and involves the application or the threat of force in order to commit the theft or to secure escape. Robbery takes many forms, from muggings to bank robberies. The penalty for robbery is usually more severe than that for larceny. Many criminologists consider statistics on the robbery to be among the better indicators of the overall crime rate because, in comparison to larceny or burglary, victims are more likely to report it to the police and the police are more likely to record it in their official statistics.

Burglary is defined as the breaking and entering of the premises of another with an intent to commit a felony within. In English common law, burglary consisted of breaking into a dwelling at night to commit a felony, and a separate offence of housebreaking covered daytime entries. In the 20th century, however, the term burglary generally became applied to break-ins committed at any hour of the day and at any fixed structure, vehicle, or vessel. Although the motivation of most burglars is theft, the intention to commit various other offences converts a trespass into a burglary. For example, it is possible to commit burglary with the intention to rape.

Legal systems based on common law traditionally distinguished between theft (taking without consent) and fraud (obtaining with consent through deception), a distinction still preserved in many jurisdictions. The two crimes are now rarely regarded as mutually exclusive, however, and it is generally accepted that a crime may involve both theft and fraud (e.g., the theft and subsequent sale of an automobile). Theft is also usually distinguished from embezzlement, in which the offender carries away goods the possession of which had been legally entrusted to him. As with fraud, theft is a separate crime from embezzlement, but the two offences are not mutually exclusive.

Q. A government employee took a file from the government office and presented it to someone else, and brought it back to the office after two days of taking it away. Does it amount to theft?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

Theft is defined as the physical removal of an object that is capable of being stolen without the consent of the owner and with the intention of depriving the owner of it permanently. The thief need not intend to keep the property himself; an intention to destroy it, sell it, or abandon it in circumstances where it will not be found is sufficient. Automobile theft, for example, frequently involves selling the stolen car or its parts. In some instances, an intention to deprive the owner of the property temporarily also is sufficient, as in the case of stealing a car for a "joyride" and then abandoning it in such a way that the owner is able to reclaim it. The term extortion has been defined explicitly and how it is constituted. Section 383383 of the Indian penal code states that if a person intentionally puts another person in a position of fear or of threat to cause him injury, or deceitfully persuade him so that he may deliver the property or any other valuable goods to another person or any document which has been signed and can be turned into a valuable security.

Larceny is the trespassory taking and carrying away of personal goods from the possession of another with the intention to steal. For larceny to occur, three conditions must be met: (1)(1) the goods must be removed from the possession of another without the owner's consent; (2)(2) the goods must not only be taken but also "carried away," a requirement) that is highly formalistic and is satisfied by any movement of the entire object, however slight; and (3)(3) there must be an intention to steal, which is ordinarily defined as an intention to deprive the owner permanently of his property. The unauthorized borrowing of another's property is not larceny if there is an intent to return the property, nor is larceny committed by someone who takes goods in the mistaken belief that they are his own property.

Robbery is the commission of theft in circumstances of violence and involves the application or the threat of force in order to commit the theft or to secure escape. Robbery takes many forms, from muggings to bank robberies. The penalty for robbery is usually more severe than that for larceny. Many criminologists consider statistics on the robbery to be among the better indicators of the overall crime rate because, in comparison to larceny or burglary, victims are more likely to report it to the police and the police are more likely to record it in their official statistics.

Burglary is defined as the breaking and entering of the premises of another with an intent to commit a felony within. In English common law, burglary consisted of breaking into a dwelling at night to commit a felony, and a separate offence of housebreaking covered daytime entries. In the 20th century, however, the term burglary generally became applied to break-ins committed at any hour of the day and at any fixed structure, vehicle, or vessel. Although the motivation of most burglars is theft, the intention to commit various other offences converts a trespass into a burglary. For example, it is possible to commit burglary with the intention to rape.

Legal systems based on common law traditionally distinguished between theft (taking without consent) and fraud (obtaining with consent through deception), a distinction still preserved in many jurisdictions. The two crimes are now rarely regarded as mutually exclusive, however, and it is generally accepted that a crime may involve both theft and fraud (e.g., the theft and subsequent sale of an automobile). Theft is also usually distinguished from embezzlement, in which the offender carries away goods the possession of which had been legally entrusted to him. As with fraud, theft is a separate crime from embezzlement, but the two offences are not mutually exclusive.

Q. A gives his radio to B, who owns a radio repairing shop for repairs. B carries it to his shop and after it has been repaired, A defaults on the payment. B refuses to deliver back the radio, retains them lawfully as a security for the debt. A who was aware that B was retaining the radio as a security for his debt, enters the shop openly, and takes it by force out of B's possession, and takes it away. Has A committed theft?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

Theft is defined as the physical removal of an object that is capable of being stolen without the consent of the owner and with the intention of depriving the owner of it permanently. The thief need not intend to keep the property himself; an intention to destroy it, sell it, or abandon it in circumstances where it will not be found is sufficient. Automobile theft, for example, frequently involves selling the stolen car or its parts. In some instances, an intention to deprive the owner of the property temporarily also is sufficient, as in the case of stealing a car for a "joyride" and then abandoning it in such a way that the owner is able to reclaim it. The term extortion has been defined explicitly and how it is constituted. Section 383383 of the Indian penal code states that if a person intentionally puts another person in a position of fear or of threat to cause him injury, or deceitfully persuade him so that he may deliver the property or any other valuable goods to another person or any document which has been signed and can be turned into a valuable security.

Larceny is the trespassory taking and carrying away of personal goods from the possession of another with the intention to steal. For larceny to occur, three conditions must be met: (1)(1) the goods must be removed from the possession of another without the owner's consent; (2)(2) the goods must not only be taken but also "carried away," a requirement) that is highly formalistic and is satisfied by any movement of the entire object, however slight; and (3)(3) there must be an intention to steal, which is ordinarily defined as an intention to deprive the owner permanently of his property. The unauthorized borrowing of another's property is not larceny if there is an intent to return the property, nor is larceny committed by someone who takes goods in the mistaken belief that they are his own property.

Robbery is the commission of theft in circumstances of violence and involves the application or the threat of force in order to commit the theft or to secure escape. Robbery takes many forms, from muggings to bank robberies. The penalty for robbery is usually more severe than that for larceny. Many criminologists consider statistics on the robbery to be among the better indicators of the overall crime rate because, in comparison to larceny or burglary, victims are more likely to report it to the police and the police are more likely to record it in their official statistics.

Burglary is defined as the breaking and entering of the premises of another with an intent to commit a felony within. In English common law, burglary consisted of breaking into a dwelling at night to commit a felony, and a separate offence of housebreaking covered daytime entries. In the 20th century, however, the term burglary generally became applied to break-ins committed at any hour of the day and at any fixed structure, vehicle, or vessel. Although the motivation of most burglars is theft, the intention to commit various other offences converts a trespass into a burglary. For example, it is possible to commit burglary with the intention to rape.

Legal systems based on common law traditionally distinguished between theft (taking without consent) and fraud (obtaining with consent through deception), a distinction still preserved in many jurisdictions. The two crimes are now rarely regarded as mutually exclusive, however, and it is generally accepted that a crime may involve both theft and fraud (e.g., the theft and subsequent sale of an automobile). Theft is also usually distinguished from embezzlement, in which the offender carries away goods the possession of which had been legally entrusted to him. As with fraud, theft is a separate crime from embezzlement, but the two offences are not mutually exclusive.

Q. Damini, had to leave her home and visit several Places for work purpose. So she entrusts her dog to Suchismita, the owner of a kennel, till Damini returns from her work-trip. Damini pays Suchismita to take care of her dog but she carries the dog to a pet-shop owner, and sells it. Has Suchismita committed theft?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

It is pertinent to understand what is meant by tortious liability or rather the nature of tort law in order to understand its utility. To throw more light, the word tort evolved, from at one time very nearly passing into literary use as a synonym for wrong but after the middle of the seventeenth century, a practice began in the courts of the common law, of distinguishing between actions in 'contract' for breaches of contract and actions for other wrongs, and of using the word 'tort' as a compendious title for the latter class of actions. Since then, it was usual to speak of 'actions in contract' and 'action in tort'. So a tort came, in law to refer to that particular class of wrongs for which action in tort was recognised by the courts of common law as a remedy and to lose the generic sense of wrong which it may have helped in popular use.

Another interesting result of this association of the word with a form of action was that it came to refer also to the liability of a person who did not commit any tort or wrong, e.g. a master who is sued for the damages by the person injured by a tort committed by his servant. This was because an 'action in tort' was the remedy against the master and in course of time and in response to new needs and conditions, the master was held liable to pay damages even though he had not committed any tort. So the law of torts is that body of law that deals with the liability of persons against whom an 'action in tort' would lie.

The punishment of crimes in these systems occupied a more prominent place than compensation for wrongs. The law of torts in India presently is mainly the English law of torts which itself is based on the principles of the common law of England. However, the Indian courts before applying any rule of English law can see whether it is suited to the Indian society and circumstances. The application of English law in India has therefore been a selective application. In this context, in M.C. Mehta vs. Union of India, Justice Bhagwati observed :

"We have to evolve new principles and lay down new norms which will adequately deal with new problems which arise in a highly industrialised economy. We cannot allow our judicial thinking to be constructed by reference to the law as it prevails in England or for the matter of that in any foreign country. We are certainly prepared to receive light from whatever source it comes, but we have to build our own jurisprudence."

During British rule, courts in India were enjoined by Acts of Parliament in the UK and by Indian enactments to act according to justice, equity and good conscience if there was no specific rule of enacted law applicable to the dispute in a suit. In regard to suits for damages for torts, courts followed the English common law insofar as it was consonant with justice, equity and good conscience. They departed from it when any of its rules appeared unreasonable and unsuitable to Indian conditions. An English statute dealing with tort law is not by its own force applicable to India but may be followed here unless it is not accepted for the reason just mentioned.

Q. During Colonial times, if there were no specific rules of the enacted law applicable to the dispute, then how did the courts decide the dispute?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

It is pertinent to understand what is meant by tortious liability or rather the nature of tort law in order to understand its utility. To throw more light, the word tort evolved, from at one time very nearly passing into literary use as a synonym for wrong but after the middle of the seventeenth century, a practice began in the courts of the common law, of distinguishing between actions in 'contract' for breaches of contract and actions for other wrongs, and of using the word 'tort' as a compendious title for the latter class of actions. Since then, it was usual to speak of 'actions in contract' and 'action in tort'. So a tort came, in law to refer to that particular class of wrongs for which action in tort was recognised by the courts of common law as a remedy and to lose the generic sense of wrong which it may have helped in popular use.

Another interesting result of this association of the word with a form of action was that it came to refer also to the liability of a person who did not commit any tort or wrong, e.g. a master who is sued for the damages by the person injured by a tort committed by his servant. This was because an 'action in tort' was the remedy against the master and in course of time and in response to new needs and conditions, the master was held liable to pay damages even though he had not committed any tort. So the law of torts is that body of law that deals with the liability of persons against whom an 'action in tort' would lie.

The punishment of crimes in these systems occupied a more prominent place than compensation for wrongs. The law of torts in India presently is mainly the English law of torts which itself is based on the principles of the common law of England. However, the Indian courts before applying any rule of English law can see whether it is suited to the Indian society and circumstances. The application of English law in India has therefore been a selective application. In this context, in M.C. Mehta vs. Union of India, Justice Bhagwati observed :

"We have to evolve new principles and lay down new norms which will adequately deal with new problems which arise in a highly industrialised economy. We cannot allow our judicial thinking to be constructed by reference to the law as it prevails in England or for the matter of that in any foreign country. We are certainly prepared to receive light from whatever source it comes, but we have to build our own jurisprudence."

During British rule, courts in India were enjoined by Acts of Parliament in the UK and by Indian enactments to act according to justice, equity and good conscience if there was no specific rule of enacted law applicable to the dispute in a suit. In regard to suits for damages for torts, courts followed the English common law insofar as it was consonant with justice, equity and good conscience. They departed from it when any of its rules appeared unreasonable and unsuitable to Indian conditions. An English statute dealing with tort law is not by its own force applicable to India but maybe followed here unless it is not accepted for the reason just mentioned.

Q. Suppose Mr. A hires one driver, X as a driver. One day Mr. A asks X to go and drop some files at his office to his clerk. While coming back from office, X hits one woman accidentally she suffers injuries. Who will be liable for this action and why?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

It is pertinent to understand what is meant by tortious liability or rather the nature of tort law in order to understand its utility. To throw more light, the word tort evolved, from at one time very nearly passing into literary use as a synonym for wrong but after the middle of the seventeenth century, a practice began in the courts of the common law, of distinguishing between actions in 'contract' for breaches of contract and actions for other wrongs, and of using the word 'tort' as a compendious title for the latter class of actions. Since then, it was usual to speak of 'actions in contract' and 'action in tort'. So a tort came, in law to refer to that particular class of wrongs for which action in tort was recognised by the courts of common law as a remedy and to lose the generic sense of wrong which it may have helped in popular use.

Another interesting result of this association of the word with a form of action was that it came to refer also to the liability of a person who did not commit any tort or wrong, e.g. a master who is sued for the damages by the person injured by a tort committed by his servant. This was because an 'action in tort' was the remedy against the master and in course of time and in response to new needs and conditions, the master was held liable to pay damages even though he had not committed any tort. So the law of torts is that body of law that deals with the liability of persons against whom an 'action in tort' would lie.

The punishment of crimes in these systems occupied a more prominent place than compensation for wrongs. The law of torts in India presently is mainly the English law of torts which itself is based on the principles of the common law of England. However, the Indian courts before applying any rule of English law can see whether it is suited to the Indian society and circumstances. The application of English law in India has therefore been a selective application. In this context, in M.C. Mehta vs. Union of India, Justice Bhagwati observed :

"We have to evolve new principles and lay down new norms which will adequately deal with new problems which arise in a highly industrialised economy. We cannot allow our judicial thinking to be constructed by reference to the law as it prevails in England or for the matter of that in any foreign country. We are certainly prepared to receive light from whatever source it comes, but we have to build our own jurisprudence."

During British rule, courts in India were enjoined by Acts of Parliament in the UK and by Indian enactments to act according to justice, equity and good conscience if there was no specific rule of enacted law applicable to the dispute in a suit. In regard to suits for damages for torts, courts followed the English common law insofar as it was consonant with justice, equity and good conscience. They departed from it when any of its rules appeared unreasonable and unsuitable to Indian conditions. An English statute dealing with tort law is not by its own force applicable to India but may be followed here unless it is not accepted for the reason just mentioned.

Q. Which term evolved for 'actions in other wrongs'?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

It is pertinent to understand what is meant by tortious liability or rather the nature of tort law in order to understand its utility. To throw more light, the word tort evolved, from at one time very nearly passing into literary use as a synonym for wrong but after the middle of the seventeenth century, a practice began in the courts of the common law, of distinguishing between actions in 'contract' for breaches of contract and actions for other wrongs, and of using the word 'tort' as a compendious title for the latter class of actions. Since then, it was usual to speak of 'actions in contract' and 'action in tort'. So a tort came, in law to refer to that particular class of wrongs for which action in tort was recognised by the courts of common law as a remedy and to lose the generic sense of wrong which it may have helped in popular use.

Another interesting result of this association of the word with a form of action was that it came to refer also to the liability of a person who did not commit any tort or wrong, e.g. a master who is sued for the damages by the person injured by a tort committed by his servant. This was because an 'action in tort' was the remedy against the master and in course of time and in response to new needs and conditions, the master was held liable to pay damages even though he had not committed any tort. So the law of torts is that body of law that deals with the liability of persons against whom an 'action in tort' would lie.

The punishment of crimes in these systems occupied a more prominent place than compensation for wrongs. The law of torts in India presently is mainly the English law of torts which itself is based on the principles of the common law of England. However, the Indian courts before applying any rule of English law can see whether it is suited to the Indian society and circumstances. The application of English law in India has therefore been a selective application. In this context, in M.C. Mehta vs. Union of India, Justice Bhagwati observed :

"We have to evolve new principles and lay down new norms which will adequately deal with new problems which arise in a highly industrialised economy. We cannot allow our judicial thinking to be constructed by reference to the law as it prevails in England or for the matter of that in any foreign country. We are certainly prepared to receive light from whatever source it comes, but we have to build our own jurisprudence."

During British rule, courts in India were enjoined by Acts of Parliament in the UK and by Indian enactments to act according to justice, equity and good conscience if there was no specific rule of enacted law applicable to the dispute in a suit. In regard to suits for damages for torts, courts followed the English common law insofar as it was consonant with justice, equity and good conscience. They departed from it when any of its rules appeared unreasonable and unsuitable to Indian conditions. An English statute dealing with tort law is not by its own force applicable to India but may be followed here unless it is not accepted for the reason just mentioned.

Q. Why application of English law is selective in India?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

It is pertinent to understand what is meant by tortious liability or rather the nature of tort law in order to understand its utility. To throw more light, the word tort evolved, from at one time very nearly passing into literary use as a synonym for wrong but after the middle of the seventeenth century, a practice began in the courts of the common law, of distinguishing between actions in 'contract' for breaches of contract and actions for other wrongs, and of using the word 'tort' as a compendious title for the latter class of actions. Since then, it was usual to speak of 'actions in contract' and 'action in tort'. So a tort came, in law to refer to that particular class of wrongs for which action in tort was recognised by the courts of common law as a remedy and to lose the generic sense of wrong which it may have helped in popular use.

Another interesting result of this association of the word with a form of action was that it came to refer also to the liability of a person who did not commit any tort or wrong, e.g. a master who is sued for the damages by the person injured by a tort committed by his servant. This was because an 'action in tort' was the remedy against the master and in course of time and in response to new needs and conditions, the master was held liable to pay damages even though he had not committed any tort. So the law of torts is that body of law that deals with the liability of persons against whom an 'action in tort' would lie.

The punishment of crimes in these systems occupied a more prominent place than compensation for wrongs. The law of torts in India presently is mainly the English law of torts which itself is based on the principles of the common law of England. However, the Indian courts before applying any rule of English law can see whether it is suited to the Indian society and circumstances. The application of English law in India has therefore been a selective application. In this context, in M.C. Mehta vs. Union of India, Justice Bhagwati observed :

"We have to evolve new principles and lay down new norms which will adequately deal with new problems which arise in a highly industrialised economy. We cannot allow our judicial thinking to be constructed by reference to the law as it prevails in England or for the matter of that in any foreign country. We are certainly prepared to receive light from whatever source it comes, but we have to build our own jurisprudence."

During British rule, courts in India were enjoined by Acts of Parliament in the UK and by Indian enactments to act according to justice, equity and good conscience if there was no specific rule of enacted law applicable to the dispute in a suit. In regard to suits for damages for torts, courts followed the English common law insofar as it was consonant with justice, equity and good conscience. They departed from it when any of its rules appeared unreasonable and unsuitable to Indian conditions. An English statute dealing with tort law is not by its own force applicable to India but may be followed here unless it is not accepted for the reason just mentioned.

Q. What does Justice P. N. Bhagwati observed in the case of M.C. Mehta vs. Union of India?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

Dowry means any valuable security given at or before the marriage by one party to a marriage to the other party to a marriage.

Dowry demand is not only limited to money demanded for the purpose of marriage, but it may also include money demanded for any purpose, the condition being, that the demand must be in connection with the marriage.

In legal parlance, the death and violence due to dowry demands constitute domestic violence. Similar to the acts of domestic violence, the acts committed in dowry-related offences generally incorporate mental, physical, economic violence as well as harassment in order to punish the victim or to compel her to meet those demands.

The State of affairs of our country is really saddening when it comes to the number of women who are being murdered, harassed in the name of Dowry, Honour, and Domestic violence.

Various legislations provide protection to the women like 498 498 A(Cruelty), 304304- B(Dowry Death) of Indian Penal Code, 113113-B of Indian Evidence Act, Dowry Prohibition Act, Protection of Women against Domestic violence.

Still, Dowry-related violence increased more than three-fold between 1990 1990 and 2000 2000 . Dowry deaths rose by 38%38% during that same time period and since then about 6,000 6,000 to 7,000 7,000 women have been murdered each year.

The most important thing nowadays is that a woman should be aware of the law and their legal rights. To constitute the offence of Cruelty, it is necessary to show that the woman was married, there was some kind of cruelty or harassment and the act was committed by the husband or his family members.

One must also satisfy the definition of Cruelty. Cruelty means:

• "Any wilful conduct which is of such a nature as is likely to drive the woman to commit suicide or to cause grave injury or danger to life, limb or health (whether mental or physical) of the woman; or

• Harassment of the woman where such harassment is with a view to coercing her or any person related to her to meet any unlawful demand for any property or valuable security or is on account of failure by her or any person related to her to meet such demand."

Cruelty comprises series of the act and every act of cruelty give rise to the fresh act of action.

Q. Despite so many legislations that provide protection to women, dowry relating violence is increasing day by day. Why?

Explanation This is the correct answer for the given question.

The passage discusses various legislative acts that have been implemented for the safety of women against domestic violence and cruelty.

It also provides facts on how even after taking such measures the number of cases of cruelty is being reported every year. It is important to create awareness among women about their rights and how they can fight against domestic violence.

Therefore, this is the right option.

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

Dowry means any valuable security given at or before the marriage by one party to a marriage to the other party to a marriage.

Dowry demand is not only limited to money demanded for the purpose of marriage, but it may also include money demanded for any purpose, the condition being, that the demand must be in connection with the marriage.

In legal parlance, the death and violence due to dowry demands constitute domestic violence. Similar to the acts of domestic violence, the acts committed in dowry-related offences generally incorporate mental, physical, economic violence as well as harassment in order to punish the victim or to compel her to meet those demands.

The State of affairs of our country is really saddening when it comes to the number of women who are being murdered, harassed in the name of Dowry, Honour, and Domestic violence.

Various legislations provide protection to the women like 498 498 A(Cruelty), 304304- B(Dowry Death) of Indian Penal Code, 113113-B of Indian Evidence Act, Dowry Prohibition Act, Protection of Women against Domestic violence.

Still, Dowry-related violence increased more than three-fold between 1990 1990 and 2000 2000 . Dowry deaths rose by 38%38% during that same time period and since then about 6,000 6,000 to 7,000 7,000 women have been murdered each year.

The most important thing nowadays is that a woman should be aware of the law and their legal rights. To constitute the offence of Cruelty, it is necessary to show that the woman was married, there was some kind of cruelty or harassment and the act was committed by the husband or his family members.

One must also satisfy the definition of Cruelty. Cruelty means:

• "Any wilful conduct which is of such a nature as is likely to drive the woman to commit suicide or to cause grave injury or danger to life, limb or health (whether mental or physical) of the woman; or

• Harassment of the woman where such harassment is with a view to coercing her or any person related to her to meet any unlawful demand for any property or valuable security or is on account of failure by her or any person related to her to meet such demand."

Cruelty comprises series of the act and every act of cruelty give rise to the fresh act of action.

Q. Suppose in the above case, the bride gets to know of the illicit affair before the marriage and now she wants to file a complaint of mental cruelty. Can she do so?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

Dowry means any valuable security given at or before the marriage by one party to a marriage to the other party to a marriage.

Dowry demand is not only limited to money demanded for the purpose of marriage, but it may also include money demanded for any purpose, the condition being, that the demand must be in connection with the marriage.

In legal parlance, the death and violence due to dowry demands constitute domestic violence. Similar to the acts of domestic violence, the acts committed in dowry-related offences generally incorporate mental, physical, economic violence as well as harassment in order to punish the victim or to compel her to meet those demands.

The State of affairs of our country is really saddening when it comes to the number of women who are being murdered, harassed in the name of Dowry, Honour, and Domestic violence.

Various legislations provide protection to the women like 498 498 A(Cruelty), 304304- B(Dowry Death) of Indian Penal Code, 113113-B of Indian Evidence Act, Dowry Prohibition Act, Protection of Women against Domestic violence.

Still, Dowry-related violence increased more than three-fold between 1990 1990 and 2000 2000 . Dowry deaths rose by 38%38% during that same time period and since then about 6,000 6,000 to 7,000 7,000 women have been murdered each year.

The most important thing nowadays is that a woman should be aware of the law and their legal rights. To constitute the offence of Cruelty, it is necessary to show that the woman was married, there was some kind of cruelty or harassment and the act was committed by the husband or his family members.

One must also satisfy the definition of Cruelty. Cruelty means:

• "Any wilful conduct which is of such a nature as is likely to drive the woman to commit suicide or to cause grave injury or danger to life, limb or health (whether mental or physical) of the woman; or

• Harassment of the woman where such harassment is with a view to coercing her or any person related to her to meet any unlawful demand for any property or valuable security or is on account of failure by her or any person related to her to meet such demand."

Cruelty comprises series of the act and every act of cruelty give rise to the fresh act of action.

Q. The bride, after marriage complains of the illicit affair of his husband with another woman and thereby she has been depressed for a very long time. She tells his father that she is not happy with the marriage as there is no love in the marriage. Does this constitute cruelty?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the following question.

Dowry means any valuable security given at or before the marriage by one party to a marriage to the other party to a marriage.

Dowry demand is not only limited to money demanded for the purpose of marriage, but it may also include money demanded for any purpose, the condition being, that the demand must be in connection with the marriage.

In legal parlance, the death and violence due to dowry demands constitute domestic violence. Similar to the acts of domestic violence, the acts committed in dowry-related offences generally incorporate mental, physical, economic violence as well as harassment in order to punish the victim or to compel her to meet those demands.

The State of affairs of our country is really saddening when it comes to the number of women who are being murdered, harassed in the name of Dowry, Honour, and Domestic violence.

Various legislations provide protection to the women like 498 498 A(Cruelty), 304304- B(Dowry Death) of Indian Penal Code, 113113-B of Indian Evidence Act, Dowry Prohibition Act, Protection of Women against Domestic violence.

Still, Dowry-related violence increased more than three-fold between 1990 1990 and 2000 2000 . Dowry deaths rose by 38%38% during that same time period and since then about 6,000 6,000 to 7,000 7,000 women have been murdered each year.

The most important thing nowadays is that a woman should be aware of the law and their legal rights. To constitute the offence of Cruelty, it is necessary to show that the woman was married, there was some kind of cruelty or harassment and the act was committed by the husband or his family members.

One must also satisfy the definition of Cruelty. Cruelty means:

• "Any wilful conduct which is of such a nature as is likely to drive the woman to commit suicide or to cause grave injury or danger to life, limb or health (whether mental or physical) of the woman; or

• Harassment of the woman where such harassment is with a view to coercing her or any person related to her to meet any unlawful demand for any property or valuable security or is on account of failure by her or any person related to her to meet such demand."

Cruelty comprises series of the act and every act of cruelty give rise to the fresh act of action.

Q. Suppose, in the above case, shares are transferred after one month of marriage, then what would be the answer?