CLAT Practice Test- 41 - CLAT

Directions: Read the passage and answer the question that follows.

So apparently, I need to work on pushing my grades up in a few subjects. Okay, okay, I need to push my grades up in all my subjects, but there are some subjects that need a bigger push than others. And no, pushing my grades and subjects off the sides of a cliff into dark, angry waters is not an option. Believe me. I asked.

So, since the grownups decided that Grade VI Maths, Physics and Chemistry were too hard for them to teach, they decided I needed a tutor. I'd just like to point out here that my super old parents who have white hair and life experiences can't manage chem and algebra, but I, an 11-year-old who isn't allowed to have his own phone, am expected to be acing it? Does anyone else see the unfairness here?

First of all, since we live so far away from civilisation, no one wanted to come and take classes for me! My joy was short-lived when K Sir, my math tutor from Grade IV called the parents up and asked how I was doing. Amma believes that it's divine destiny or something, that he somehow sensed I needed help and that's why he called. Like he's some Jedi Math Whiz. Great. I just ruined Star Wars for myself. Anyway, it was decided that K Sir would come for 'extra help', 'doubt clearing' and 'homework assistance'. AKA TUITION! Cue screaming.

Now, I don't hate tuition. But I don't love it either. I mean after seven hours in school, I don't think anyone would want to come home and do more studies. It's like asking grownups to come home after a long day at work and do more work. Okay, okay, I know our parents are always saying that they're on a 'work call' and need to 'check their email', but is it fair I have to suffer too?

When I used this argument on my parents, do you know what they did? DO YOU? They organised my tuitions… FOR THE WEEKEND! What new form of torture was this? Are these people even my parents or are they evil alien parent doppelgängers conducting mind experiments on me?

If after school hours are for brain rest and relaxation, weekend hours are for TV, cricket, swimming and more TV. Not algebra, simple machines and the periodic table. As if a Sunday tuition wasn't bad enough, they fixed it from 6 p.m. to 7 p.m.! That's peak playground time. Who does that? Evil alien parent doppelgängers that's who!

To make this entire situation even worse — if that were possible — the Pesky Brother, academic superstar that he is, gets to go down and play! Smiling, singing and SMUG!

Q. Which of the following, according to the author, best describes the main problem in the given passage?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the question that follows.

So apparently, I need to work on pushing my grades up in a few subjects. Okay, okay, I need to push my grades up in all my subjects, but there are some subjects that need a bigger push than others. And no, pushing my grades and subjects off the sides of a cliff into dark, angry waters is not an option. Believe me. I asked.

So, since the grownups decided that Grade VI Maths, Physics and Chemistry were too hard for them to teach, they decided I needed a tutor. I'd just like to point out here that my super old parents who have white hair and life experiences can't manage chem and algebra, but I, an 11-year-old who isn't allowed to have his own phone, am expected to be acing it? Does anyone else see the unfairness here?

First of all, since we live so far away from civilisation, no one wanted to come and take classes for me! My joy was short-lived when K Sir, my math tutor from Grade IV called the parents up and asked how I was doing. Amma believes that it's divine destiny or something, that he somehow sensed I needed help and that's why he called. Like he's some Jedi Math Whiz. Great. I just ruined Star Wars for myself. Anyway, it was decided that K Sir would come for 'extra help', 'doubt clearing' and 'homework assistance'. AKA TUITION! Cue screaming.

Now, I don't hate tuition. But I don't love it either. I mean after seven hours in school, I don't think anyone would want to come home and do more studies. It's like asking grownups to come home after a long day at work and do more work. Okay, okay, I know our parents are always saying that they're on a 'work call' and need to 'check their email', but is it fair I have to suffer too?

When I used this argument on my parents, do you know what they did? DO YOU? They organised my tuitions… FOR THE WEEKEND! What new form of torture was this? Are these people even my parents or are they evil alien parent doppelgängers conducting mind experiments on me?

If after school hours are for brain rest and relaxation, weekend hours are for TV, cricket, swimming and more TV. Not algebra, simple machines and the periodic table. As if a Sunday tuition wasn't bad enough, they fixed it from 6 p.m. to 7 p.m.! That's peak playground time. Who does that? Evil alien parent doppelgängers that's who!

To make this entire situation even worse — if that were possible — the Pesky Brother, academic superstar that he is, gets to go down and play! Smiling, singing and SMUG!

Q. How did the author's mother feel when K Sir called the author's parents to check on him?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the question that follows.

So apparently, I need to work on pushing my grades up in a few subjects. Okay, okay, I need to push my grades up in all my subjects, but there are some subjects that need a bigger push than others. And no, pushing my grades and subjects off the sides of a cliff into dark, angry waters is not an option. Believe me. I asked.

So, since the grownups decided that Grade VI Maths, Physics and Chemistry were too hard for them to teach, they decided I needed a tutor. I'd just like to point out here that my super old parents who have white hair and life experiences can't manage chem and algebra, but I, an 11-year-old who isn't allowed to have his own phone, am expected to be acing it? Does anyone else see the unfairness here?

First of all, since we live so far away from civilisation, no one wanted to come and take classes for me! My joy was short-lived when K Sir, my math tutor from Grade IV called the parents up and asked how I was doing. Amma believes that it's divine destiny or something, that he somehow sensed I needed help and that's why he called. Like he's some Jedi Math Whiz. Great. I just ruined Star Wars for myself. Anyway, it was decided that K Sir would come for 'extra help', 'doubt clearing' and 'homework assistance'. AKA TUITION! Cue screaming.

Now, I don't hate tuition. But I don't love it either. I mean after seven hours in school, I don't think anyone would want to come home and do more studies. It's like asking grownups to come home after a long day at work and do more work. Okay, okay, I know our parents are always saying that they're on a 'work call' and need to 'check their email', but is it fair I have to suffer too?

When I used this argument on my parents, do you know what they did? DO YOU? They organised my tuitions… FOR THE WEEKEND! What new form of torture was this? Are these people even my parents or are they evil alien parent doppelgängers conducting mind experiments on me?

If after school hours are for brain rest and relaxation, weekend hours are for TV, cricket, swimming and more TV. Not algebra, simple machines and the periodic table. As if a Sunday tuition wasn't bad enough, they fixed it from 6 p.m. to 7 p.m.! That's peak playground time. Who does that? Evil alien parent doppelgängers that's who!

To make this entire situation even worse — if that were possible — the Pesky Brother, academic superstar that he is, gets to go down and play! Smiling, singing and SMUG!

Q. What can be inferred about the timings of the author's tution?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the question that follows.

So apparently, I need to work on pushing my grades up in a few subjects. Okay, okay, I need to push my grades up in all my subjects, but there are some subjects that need a bigger push than others. And no, pushing my grades and subjects off the sides of a cliff into dark, angry waters is not an option. Believe me. I asked.

So, since the grownups decided that Grade VI Maths, Physics and Chemistry were too hard for them to teach, they decided I needed a tutor. I'd just like to point out here that my super old parents who have white hair and life experiences can't manage chem and algebra, but I, an 11-year-old who isn't allowed to have his own phone, am expected to be acing it? Does anyone else see the unfairness here?

First of all, since we live so far away from civilisation, no one wanted to come and take classes for me! My joy was short-lived when K Sir, my math tutor from Grade IV called the parents up and asked how I was doing. Amma believes that it's divine destiny or something, that he somehow sensed I needed help and that's why he called. Like he's some Jedi Math Whiz. Great. I just ruined Star Wars for myself. Anyway, it was decided that K Sir would come for 'extra help', 'doubt clearing' and 'homework assistance'. AKA TUITION! Cue screaming.

Now, I don't hate tuition. But I don't love it either. I mean after seven hours in school, I don't think anyone would want to come home and do more studies. It's like asking grownups to come home after a long day at work and do more work. Okay, okay, I know our parents are always saying that they're on a 'work call' and need to 'check their email', but is it fair I have to suffer too?

When I used this argument on my parents, do you know what they did? DO YOU? They organised my tuitions… FOR THE WEEKEND! What new form of torture was this? Are these people even my parents or are they evil alien parent doppelgängers conducting mind experiments on me?

If after school hours are for brain rest and relaxation, weekend hours are for TV, cricket, swimming and more TV. Not algebra, simple machines and the periodic table. As if a Sunday tuition wasn't bad enough, they fixed it from 6 p.m. to 7 p.m.! That's peak playground time. Who does that? Evil alien parent doppelgängers that's who!

To make this entire situation even worse — if that were possible — the Pesky Brother, academic superstar that he is, gets to go down and play! Smiling, singing and SMUG!

Q. Why, according to the author, is it unfair to expect him to top the subjects he has?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the question that follows.

So apparently, I need to work on pushing my grades up in a few subjects. Okay, okay, I need to push my grades up in all my subjects, but there are some subjects that need a bigger push than others. And no, pushing my grades and subjects off the sides of a cliff into dark, angry waters is not an option. Believe me. I asked.

So, since the grownups decided that Grade VI Maths, Physics and Chemistry were too hard for them to teach, they decided I needed a tutor. I'd just like to point out here that my super old parents who have white hair and life experiences can't manage chem and algebra, but I, an 11-year-old who isn't allowed to have his own phone, am expected to be acing it? Does anyone else see the unfairness here?

First of all, since we live so far away from civilisation, no one wanted to come and take classes for me! My joy was short-lived when K Sir, my math tutor from Grade IV called the parents up and asked how I was doing. Amma believes that it's divine destiny or something, that he somehow sensed I needed help and that's why he called. Like he's some Jedi Math Whiz. Great. I just ruined Star Wars for myself. Anyway, it was decided that K Sir would come for 'extra help', 'doubt clearing' and 'homework assistance'. AKA TUITION! Cue screaming.

Now, I don't hate tuition. But I don't love it either. I mean after seven hours in school, I don't think anyone would want to come home and do more studies. It's like asking grownups to come home after a long day at work and do more work. Okay, okay, I know our parents are always saying that they're on a 'work call' and need to 'check their email', but is it fair I have to suffer too?

When I used this argument on my parents, do you know what they did? DO YOU? They organised my tuitions… FOR THE WEEKEND! What new form of torture was this? Are these people even my parents or are they evil alien parent doppelgängers conducting mind experiments on me?

If after school hours are for brain rest and relaxation, weekend hours are for TV, cricket, swimming and more TV. Not algebra, simple machines and the periodic table. As if a Sunday tuition wasn't bad enough, they fixed it from 6 p.m. to 7 p.m.! That's peak playground time. Who does that? Evil alien parent doppelgängers that's who!

To make this entire situation even worse — if that were possible — the Pesky Brother, academic superstar that he is, gets to go down and play! Smiling, singing and SMUG!

Q. What does the word 'doppelgänger' as used in the passage mean?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the question that follows.

The friendship between India and Bangladesh is historic, evolving over the last 50 years. India's political, diplomatic, military and humanitarian support during Bangladesh's Liberation War played an important role towards Bangladesh's independence.

Post-Independence, the India-Bangladesh relationship has oscillated as Bangladesh passed through different regimes. The relationship remained cordial until the assassination of Bangladesh's founding President Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in August 15, 1975, followed by a period of military rule and the rise of General Ziaur Rahman who became President and also assassinated in 1981. It thawed again between 1982-1991 when a military-led government by General H.M. Ershad ruled the country. Since Bangladesh's return to parliamentary democracy in 1991, relations have gone through highs and lows. However, in the last decade, India-Bangladesh relations have warmed up, entering a new era of cooperation, and moving beyond historical and cultural ties to become more assimilated in the areas of trade, connectivity, energy, and defence.

Bangladesh and India have achieved the rare feat of solving their border issues peacefully by ratifying the historic Land Boundary Agreement in 2015, where enclaves were swapped allowing inhabitants to choose their country of residence and become citizens of either India or Bangladesh. The Bangladesh government led by Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina has uprooted anti-India insurgency elements from its borders, making the India-Bangladesh border one of the region's most peaceful, and allowing India to make a massive redeployment of resources to its more contentious borders elsewhere.

Bangladesh today is India's biggest trading partner in South Asia with exports to Bangladesh in FY 2018-19 at $9.21 billion and imports at $1.04 billion. Trade could be more balanced if non-tariff barriers from the Indian side could be removed. Bangladeshis make up a large portion of tourists in India, outnumbering all tourists arriving from Western Europe in 2017, with one in every five tourists being a Bangladeshi. Bangladesh accounts for more than 35% of India's international medical patients and contributes more than 50% of India's revenue from medical tourism.

India-Bangladesh relations have been gaining positive momentum over the last decade. As Bangladesh celebrates its 50 years of independence (March 26, 1971), India continues to be one of its most important neighbours and strategic partners. As the larger country, the onus is on India to be generous enough to let the water flow as this issue is constraining positive relations between the two neighbours. These small but important steps can remove long-standing snags in a relationship which otherwise is gradually coming of age in 50 years. To make the recent gains irreversible, both countries need to continue working on the three C's — cooperation, collaboration, and consolidation.

Q. Based on the reading of the passage, what is a bone of contention between India and Bangladesh?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the question that follows.

The friendship between India and Bangladesh is historic, evolving over the last 50 years. India's political, diplomatic, military and humanitarian support during Bangladesh's Liberation War played an important role towards Bangladesh's independence.

Post-Independence, the India-Bangladesh relationship has oscillated as Bangladesh passed through different regimes. The relationship remained cordial until the assassination of Bangladesh's founding President Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in August 15, 1975, followed by a period of military rule and the rise of General Ziaur Rahman who became President and also assassinated in 1981. It thawed again between 1982-1991 when a military-led government by General H.M. Ershad ruled the country. Since Bangladesh's return to parliamentary democracy in 1991, relations have gone through highs and lows. However, in the last decade, India-Bangladesh relations have warmed up, entering a new era of cooperation, and moving beyond historical and cultural ties to become more assimilated in the areas of trade, connectivity, energy, and defence.

Bangladesh and India have achieved the rare feat of solving their border issues peacefully by ratifying the historic Land Boundary Agreement in 2015, where enclaves were swapped allowing inhabitants to choose their country of residence and become citizens of either India or Bangladesh. The Bangladesh government led by Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina has uprooted anti-India insurgency elements from its borders, making the India-Bangladesh border one of the region's most peaceful, and allowing India to make a massive redeployment of resources to its more contentious borders elsewhere.

Bangladesh today is India's biggest trading partner in South Asia with exports to Bangladesh in FY 2018-19 at $9.21 billion and imports at $1.04 billion. Trade could be more balanced if non-tariff barriers from the Indian side could be removed. Bangladeshis make up a large portion of tourists in India, outnumbering all tourists arriving from Western Europe in 2017, with one in every five tourists being a Bangladeshi. Bangladesh accounts for more than 35% of India's international medical patients and contributes more than 50% of India's revenue from medical tourism.

India-Bangladesh relations have been gaining positive momentum over the last decade. As Bangladesh celebrates its 50 years of independence (March 26, 1971), India continues to be one of its most important neighbours and strategic partners. As the larger country, the onus is on India to be generous enough to let the water flow as this issue is constraining positive relations between the two neighbours. These small but important steps can remove long-standing snags in a relationship which otherwise is gradually coming of age in 50 years. To make the recent gains irreversible, both countries need to continue working on the three C's — cooperation, collaboration, and consolidation.

Q. For reducing the gap between imports and exports between India and Bangladesh, which of the following measure has been suggested by the author?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the question that follows.

Why has India not produced a Google or Twitter or Amazon? It is a question that has been asked a million times, with no convincing answer ever found. Well, all the big digital product companies primarily flourished in the West, which had the right breeding conditions for them. The rest of the world became a consumer and beneficiary of these technologies. India's first defining moment in its new-age technology journey came around the turn of the millennium, when we helped the world deal with the infamous Y2K problem. The next moment came about a decade later when the first-generation digital entrepreneurs started building solutions for local problems. The third moment is now when unicorn is the buzzword. However, the question stayed where it was through this evolution cycle.

India's sweet spot is its leadership in public technology. No one has designed and used technology for the larger good of society as we have. It began with a biometric-based digital identity and a unique identification number called Aadhaar. This, when used to link identities across the bank accounts and mobile phones, has enabled the direct dissemination of public benefits. It is not without its hiccups, but it is a database that allows you to use it as the time and circumstances demand. As cashless payments become our default mode for transactions, the ATMs may find a place in the tech museums. This brings us to another public technology from India famous for its speed of adoption across the board—Unified Payments Interface or UPI. What makes UPI unique is the zero cost for the users. The global domino effect shows when Google pitches for FedNow—a proposed inter-bank settlement system in the US. It has cited its extensive experience with the UPI of the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) and shared learnings from our country that the US should emulate—including no fee for small low-value transactions. The Open Network Digital Commerce (ONDC) is soon to be launched by the commerce and industry ministry. It is an open digital protocol that would allow exchange of products and services. Just like UPI, it will allow people to sell through any ONDC-compatible app or platform using its standard protocols for cataloguing, inventory management and order-cycle processing. It will create a level playing field in digital commerce for small and big players by giving them the power of discoverability while bringing down the monopolies of the big corporations.

Philosophically speaking, this technology leadership embodies the Indian philosophy of Sarvajan hitaay, sarvajan sukhay—for the benefit and good of everyone. Whether these protocols are new-age carriers of philosophy or rooted in them depends on which lens you view them from. So next time when you face the question asked in the beginning, talk about the India stack comprising Aadhaar, UPI, ONDC, etc. and our contribution to the world of technology rooted in the nation's culture.

Q. Which of the following statements CANNOT be inferred from the passage?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the question that follows.

Why has India not produced a Google or Twitter or Amazon? It is a question that has been asked a million times, with no convincing answer ever found. Well, all the big digital product companies primarily flourished in the West, which had the right breeding conditions for them. The rest of the world became a consumer and beneficiary of these technologies. India's first defining moment in its new-age technology journey came around the turn of the millennium, when we helped the world deal with the infamous Y2K problem. The next moment came about a decade later when the first-generation digital entrepreneurs started building solutions for local problems. The third moment is now when unicorn is the buzzword. However, the question stayed where it was through this evolution cycle.

India's sweet spot is its leadership in public technology. No one has designed and used technology for the larger good of society as we have. It began with a biometric-based digital identity and a unique identification number called Aadhaar. This, when used to link identities across the bank accounts and mobile phones, has enabled the direct dissemination of public benefits. It is not without its hiccups, but it is a database that allows you to use it as the time and circumstances demand. As cashless payments become our default mode for transactions, the ATMs may find a place in the tech museums. This brings us to another public technology from India famous for its speed of adoption across the board—Unified Payments Interface or UPI. What makes UPI unique is the zero cost for the users. The global domino effect shows when Google pitches for FedNow—a proposed inter-bank settlement system in the US. It has cited its extensive experience with the UPI of the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) and shared learnings from our country that the US should emulate—including no fee for small low-value transactions. The Open Network Digital Commerce (ONDC) is soon to be launched by the commerce and industry ministry. It is an open digital protocol that would allow exchange of products and services. Just like UPI, it will allow people to sell through any ONDC-compatible app or platform using its standard protocols for cataloguing, inventory management and order-cycle processing. It will create a level playing field in digital commerce for small and big players by giving them the power of discoverability while bringing down the monopolies of the big corporations.

Philosophically speaking, this technology leadership embodies the Indian philosophy of Sarvajan hitaay, sarvajan sukhay—for the benefit and good of everyone. Whether these protocols are new-age carriers of philosophy or rooted in them depends on which lens you view them from. So next time when you face the question asked in the beginning, talk about the India stack comprising Aadhaar, UPI, ONDC, etc. and our contribution to the world of technology rooted in the nation's culture.

Q. Which of the following statements is/are TRUE in context of the passage with regard to India?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the question that follows.

Why has India not produced a Google or Twitter or Amazon? It is a question that has been asked a million times, with no convincing answer ever found. Well, all the big digital product companies primarily flourished in the West, which had the right breeding conditions for them. The rest of the world became a consumer and beneficiary of these technologies. India's first defining moment in its new-age technology journey came around the turn of the millennium, when we helped the world deal with the infamous Y2K problem. The next moment came about a decade later when the first-generation digital entrepreneurs started building solutions for local problems. The third moment is now when unicorn is the buzzword. However, the question stayed where it was through this evolution cycle.

India's sweet spot is its leadership in public technology. No one has designed and used technology for the larger good of society as we have. It began with a biometric-based digital identity and a unique identification number called Aadhaar. This, when used to link identities across the bank accounts and mobile phones, has enabled the direct dissemination of public benefits. It is not without its hiccups, but it is a database that allows you to use it as the time and circumstances demand. As cashless payments become our default mode for transactions, the ATMs may find a place in the tech museums. This brings us to another public technology from India famous for its speed of adoption across the board—Unified Payments Interface or UPI. What makes UPI unique is the zero cost for the users. The global domino effect shows when Google pitches for FedNow—a proposed inter-bank settlement system in the US. It has cited its extensive experience with the UPI of the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) and shared learnings from our country that the US should emulate—including no fee for small low-value transactions. The Open Network Digital Commerce (ONDC) is soon to be launched by the commerce and industry ministry. It is an open digital protocol that would allow exchange of products and services. Just like UPI, it will allow people to sell through any ONDC-compatible app or platform using its standard protocols for cataloguing, inventory management and order-cycle processing. It will create a level playing field in digital commerce for small and big players by giving them the power of discoverability while bringing down the monopolies of the big corporations.

Philosophically speaking, this technology leadership embodies the Indian philosophy of Sarvajan hitaay, sarvajan sukhay—for the benefit and good of everyone. Whether these protocols are new-age carriers of philosophy or rooted in them depends on which lens you view them from. So next time when you face the question asked in the beginning, talk about the India stack comprising Aadhaar, UPI, ONDC, etc. and our contribution to the world of technology rooted in the nation's culture.

Q. Which of the following statements from the passage could function as an answer to the question given below?

"Why has India not produced a Google or Twitter or Amazon?"

Directions: Read the passage and answer the question that follows.

Why has India not produced a Google or Twitter or Amazon? It is a question that has been asked a million times, with no convincing answer ever found. Well, all the big digital product companies primarily flourished in the West, which had the right breeding conditions for them. The rest of the world became a consumer and beneficiary of these technologies. India's first defining moment in its new-age technology journey came around the turn of the millennium, when we helped the world deal with the infamous Y2K problem. The next moment came about a decade later when the first-generation digital entrepreneurs started building solutions for local problems. The third moment is now when unicorn is the buzzword. However, the question stayed where it was through this evolution cycle.

India's sweet spot is its leadership in public technology. No one has designed and used technology for the larger good of society as we have. It began with a biometric-based digital identity and a unique identification number called Aadhaar. This, when used to link identities across the bank accounts and mobile phones, has enabled the direct dissemination of public benefits. It is not without its hiccups, but it is a database that allows you to use it as the time and circumstances demand. As cashless payments become our default mode for transactions, the ATMs may find a place in the tech museums. This brings us to another public technology from India famous for its speed of adoption across the board—Unified Payments Interface or UPI. What makes UPI unique is the zero cost for the users. The global domino effect shows when Google pitches for FedNow—a proposed inter-bank settlement system in the US. It has cited its extensive experience with the UPI of the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) and shared learnings from our country that the US should emulate—including no fee for small low-value transactions. The Open Network Digital Commerce (ONDC) is soon to be launched by the commerce and industry ministry. It is an open digital protocol that would allow exchange of products and services. Just like UPI, it will allow people to sell through any ONDC-compatible app or platform using its standard protocols for cataloguing, inventory management and order-cycle processing. It will create a level playing field in digital commerce for small and big players by giving them the power of discoverability while bringing down the monopolies of the big corporations.

Philosophically speaking, this technology leadership embodies the Indian philosophy of Sarvajan hitaay, sarvajan sukhay—for the benefit and good of everyone. Whether these protocols are new-age carriers of philosophy or rooted in them depends on which lens you view them from. So next time when you face the question asked in the beginning, talk about the India stack comprising Aadhaar, UPI, ONDC, etc. and our contribution to the world of technology rooted in the nation's culture.

Q. It can be inferred that India's _______ growth has been _______ to the Western growth.

Directions: Read the passage and answer the question that follows.

After graduation, our 18-year-old (former) students scatter to the four winds. We teach them, we set them loose, and we hope they do well. Yet just because they are no longer in our classrooms doesn't mean we don't wonder about them—what they're up to, how they're doing. Sometimes we get the answer to these questions via social media or some other digital means. And that's great, but not the same as seeing them in person.

Fortunately, sometimes they do come back to visit. They get a job in the area and come by after work. They are home from college for a break. They come to see friends, to see teachers, to help out. It means the world to me when they come back. Here's why.

I work closely with my kids, generally for several years. And then, they are gone. And I miss them. Every year I rework my program, my department, and my life to fill holes that kids leave when they graduate. I have to find someone to do the jobs they did, for me and for the program. Who is going to be the lead technician? Who is going to be the one who welcomes in the new kids? Who is going to be the student voice when I am making decisions? Who is going to be the one who makes us laugh?

Students leave holes, and sometimes we don't have anyone to fill them, especially the kids who have served as emotional caretakers. So when former students come in to say hi and see how things are going, I get them back for a bit!

One of the things I love most about teaching high school is watching my students grow and become adults. Once they graduate, though, I stop getting to see that process. When kids come back, I get to hear about their lives and see how much they've changed.

In my program, we tell stories about former students: the time B ripped his pants on stage during a show and handled it beautifully; the time C started the year in tears because of stage fright and ended the year with two shows under her belt; the way J ran everything and knew where everything was. These kids are the heroes of the department, and when the new kids get to meet them, it continues the tradition of learning from people who have been their shoes.

As someone who gets super focused and uptight, having someone come in who is there just to be happy and enjoy themselves reminds me of the fun parts of my job and to have fun with my students.

Q. Why, according to the author, does the return of a student mean so much to her?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the question that follows.

After graduation, our 18-year-old (former) students scatter to the four winds. We teach them, we set them loose, and we hope they do well. Yet just because they are no longer in our classrooms doesn't mean we don't wonder about them—what they're up to, how they're doing. Sometimes we get the answer to these questions via social media or some other digital means. And that's great, but not the same as seeing them in person.

Fortunately, sometimes they do come back to visit. They get a job in the area and come by after work. They are home from college for a break. They come to see friends, to see teachers, to help out. It means the world to me when they come back. Here's why.

I work closely with my kids, generally for several years. And then, they are gone. And I miss them. Every year I rework my program, my department, and my life to fill holes that kids leave when they graduate. I have to find someone to do the jobs they did, for me and for the program. Who is going to be the lead technician? Who is going to be the one who welcomes in the new kids? Who is going to be the student voice when I am making decisions? Who is going to be the one who makes us laugh?

Students leave holes, and sometimes we don't have anyone to fill them, especially the kids who have served as emotional caretakers. So when former students come in to say hi and see how things are going, I get them back for a bit!

One of the things I love most about teaching high school is watching my students grow and become adults. Once they graduate, though, I stop getting to see that process. When kids come back, I get to hear about their lives and see how much they've changed.

In my program, we tell stories about former students: the time B ripped his pants on stage during a show and handled it beautifully; the time C started the year in tears because of stage fright and ended the year with two shows under her belt; the way J ran everything and knew where everything was. These kids are the heroes of the department, and when the new kids get to meet them, it continues the tradition of learning from people who have been their shoes.

As someone who gets super focused and uptight, having someone come in who is there just to be happy and enjoy themselves reminds me of the fun parts of my job and to have fun with my students.

Q. What, according to the author, gets stopped as a result of students graduating?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the question that follows.

At every level, Indian education is obsessed with the first boys. In the classroom, in society and in the making of public policy.

In each class, the teachers revel in the success of the first boys, and many of these young wonders recollect throughout their lives that they were first boys-no less-in their class. I remember being really struck many years ago when one of the great men India has produced, who was then the Union Minister for Education and would later become the Prime Minister, could still remember-and was able to tell me-the marks he had received in school and college. Even though, I should explain, his marks were excellent (if I am any judge), I was impressed by what could only be described as his immense modesty in remaining so captivated by his student-day grades (similar to those of other brilliant students across the land), even after he had left nearly every Indian behind in the political life of India. No, the 'first boy syndrome' is certainly big in our country, and afflicts even persons of truly exceptional achievement outside the classroom.

For individuals this may, in fact, be no more than an amiable peculiarity which need not distract us from our admiration for the persons involved. But when the first boy syndrome takes over an educational system (as I fear has happened in India), there are reasons to be seriously alarmed. The priorities can get oddly distorted when the focus is so narrow, and the concentration of public policy is so strongly on looking after those blessed with opportunity and success. Not only do the educationally advantaged go, as we would expect, to schools, colleges, universities, and distinguished technological institutes (while hundreds of millions of Indian children do not manage to get primary education), but also the educational establishments they go to are, often enough, very fine, in contrast with the low quality of Indian schools and colleges in general.

We can find a nice chain of actions and reactions here. The system makes sure that some young people, out of a huge pool of the young, manage to get privileged education. The picking is done not through any organised attempt to keep anyone out (indeed, far from it), but through differentiations that are driven by economic and social inequality related to class, gender, location, and social privilege. The privileged, to their credit, by and large do very well-they don't waste opportunities. Their well-earned success comes, first, in the educational establishments themselves, and then in the world at large, impressing Indians and foreigners alike. The country then celebrates with abandon the 'nation's triumphs'.

Q. According to the passage, which of the following can be rightly justified as a first boy?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the question that follows.

At every level, Indian education is obsessed with the first boys. In the classroom, in society and in the making of public policy.

In each class, the teachers revel in the success of the first boys, and many of these young wonders recollect throughout their lives that they were first boys-no less-in their class. I remember being really struck many years ago when one of the great men India has produced, who was then the Union Minister for Education and would later become the Prime Minister, could still remember-and was able to tell me-the marks he had received in school and college. Even though, I should explain, his marks were excellent (if I am any judge), I was impressed by what could only be described as his immense modesty in remaining so captivated by his student-day grades (similar to those of other brilliant students across the land), even after he had left nearly every Indian behind in the political life of India. No, the 'first boy syndrome' is certainly big in our country, and afflicts even persons of truly exceptional achievement outside the classroom.

For individuals this may, in fact, be no more than an amiable peculiarity which need not distract us from our admiration for the persons involved. But when the first boy syndrome takes over an educational system (as I fear has happened in India), there are reasons to be seriously alarmed. The priorities can get oddly distorted when the focus is so narrow, and the concentration of public policy is so strongly on looking after those blessed with opportunity and success. Not only do the educationally advantaged go, as we would expect, to schools, colleges, universities, and distinguished technological institutes (while hundreds of millions of Indian children do not manage to get primary education), but also the educational establishments they go to are, often enough, very fine, in contrast with the low quality of Indian schools and colleges in general.

We can find a nice chain of actions and reactions here. The system makes sure that some young people, out of a huge pool of the young, manage to get privileged education. The picking is done not through any organised attempt to keep anyone out (indeed, far from it), but through differentiations that are driven by economic and social inequality related to class, gender, location, and social privilege. The privileged, to their credit, by and large do very well-they don't waste opportunities. Their well-earned success comes, first, in the educational establishments themselves, and then in the world at large, impressing Indians and foreigners alike. The country then celebrates with abandon the 'nation's triumphs'.

Q. Why, according to the author, are there reasons to be alarmed over the first boy syndrome?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the question that follows.

At every level, Indian education is obsessed with the first boys. In the classroom, in society and in the making of public policy.

In each class, the teachers revel in the success of the first boys, and many of these young wonders recollect throughout their lives that they were first boys-no less-in their class. I remember being really struck many years ago when one of the great men India has produced, who was then the Union Minister for Education and would later become the Prime Minister, could still remember-and was able to tell me-the marks he had received in school and college. Even though, I should explain, his marks were excellent (if I am any judge), I was impressed by what could only be described as his immense modesty in remaining so captivated by his student-day grades (similar to those of other brilliant students across the land), even after he had left nearly every Indian behind in the political life of India. No, the 'first boy syndrome' is certainly big in our country, and afflicts even persons of truly exceptional achievement outside the classroom.

For individuals this may, in fact, be no more than an amiable peculiarity which need not distract us from our admiration for the persons involved. But when the first boy syndrome takes over an educational system (as I fear has happened in India), there are reasons to be seriously alarmed. The priorities can get oddly distorted when the focus is so narrow, and the concentration of public policy is so strongly on looking after those blessed with opportunity and success. Not only do the educationally advantaged go, as we would expect, to schools, colleges, universities, and distinguished technological institutes (while hundreds of millions of Indian children do not manage to get primary education), but also the educational establishments they go to are, often enough, very fine, in contrast with the low quality of Indian schools and colleges in general.

We can find a nice chain of actions and reactions here. The system makes sure that some young people, out of a huge pool of the young, manage to get privileged education. The picking is done not through any organised attempt to keep anyone out (indeed, far from it), but through differentiations that are driven by economic and social inequality related to class, gender, location, and social privilege. The privileged, to their credit, by and large do very well-they don't waste opportunities. Their well-earned success comes, first, in the educational establishments themselves, and then in the world at large, impressing Indians and foreigners alike. The country then celebrates with abandon the 'nation's triumphs'.

Q. What does the word 'amiable' as used in the passage mean?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the question that follows.

At every level, Indian education is obsessed with the first boys. In the classroom, in society and in the making of public policy.

In each class, the teachers revel in the success of the first boys, and many of these young wonders recollect throughout their lives that they were first boys-no less-in their class. I remember being really struck many years ago when one of the great men India has produced, who was then the Union Minister for Education and would later become the Prime Minister, could still remember-and was able to tell me-the marks he had received in school and college. Even though, I should explain, his marks were excellent (if I am any judge), I was impressed by what could only be described as his immense modesty in remaining so captivated by his student-day grades (similar to those of other brilliant students across the land), even after he had left nearly every Indian behind in the political life of India. No, the 'first boy syndrome' is certainly big in our country, and afflicts even persons of truly exceptional achievement outside the classroom.

For individuals this may, in fact, be no more than an amiable peculiarity which need not distract us from our admiration for the persons involved. But when the first boy syndrome takes over an educational system (as I fear has happened in India), there are reasons to be seriously alarmed. The priorities can get oddly distorted when the focus is so narrow, and the concentration of public policy is so strongly on looking after those blessed with opportunity and success. Not only do the educationally advantaged go, as we would expect, to schools, colleges, universities, and distinguished technological institutes (while hundreds of millions of Indian children do not manage to get primary education), but also the educational establishments they go to are, often enough, very fine, in contrast with the low quality of Indian schools and colleges in general.

We can find a nice chain of actions and reactions here. The system makes sure that some young people, out of a huge pool of the young, manage to get privileged education. The picking is done not through any organised attempt to keep anyone out (indeed, far from it), but through differentiations that are driven by economic and social inequality related to class, gender, location, and social privilege. The privileged, to their credit, by and large do very well-they don't waste opportunities. Their well-earned success comes, first, in the educational establishments themselves, and then in the world at large, impressing Indians and foreigners alike. The country then celebrates with abandon the 'nation's triumphs'.

Q. Which of the following can be rightly inferred from the given passage?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the question that follows.

Between two and three o'clock Thursday morning, 5 April 1781, Calcutta

Hicky woke with a start, and stumbled over to his bedroom window. He peered into the blackness, bleary-eyed and confused. He heard yells and screams from below. "[What is] the cause of so much noise?" he opened his window and yelled.

He saw figures running in the dark. Three men were trying to break into his house. Two were Europeans and had cut open the rope that held his back gate shut with curved knives.

He rushed downstairs. But the men had fled before he made it down. He asked his servants who these people were. They said one was Frederick Charles, the owner of a public house in the city, and Messink's assistant at the theatre. Hicky had bad blood with Charles. When he had practised medicine in his first years in Calcutta, Charles had once refused to pay for a surgery he performed. He had to sue Charles to get his money back. Hicky pondered for a second.

Why would these people break into his house deep in the night? Why would they wish to attack him?

Then, everything came together like pieces of a puzzle. Behind Charles, he saw Messink. And behind Messink, he saw Hastings.

He was convinced it was an assassination attempt. Or, if not, at least a threat to silence him. He feared another attempt on his life, so he hired sepoys to guard his home and told his servants not to let anyone in without his express permission.

The warning might have scared some men, but it made him bold. If it was a warning to silence him, then he would do just the opposite. He was not intimidated. He would fight till every muscle in his body failed him rather than surrender his right to print.

He saw himself as the scourge of tyrants, the defender of free speech, and the protector of the people ... In a place where fundamental rights had been overturned and where the people lived in slavery, he believed [that] someone like him, someone with a free Press, might restore the people's rights and redeem their freedoms.

Q. Why was Hicky confused when he peered out of his bedroom window?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the question that follows.

Between two and three o'clock Thursday morning, 5 April 1781, Calcutta

Hicky woke with a start, and stumbled over to his bedroom window. He peered into the blackness, bleary-eyed and confused. He heard yells and screams from below. "[What is] the cause of so much noise?" he opened his window and yelled.

He saw figures running in the dark. Three men were trying to break into his house. Two were Europeans and had cut open the rope that held his back gate shut with curved knives.

He rushed downstairs. But the men had fled before he made it down. He asked his servants who these people were. They said one was Frederick Charles, the owner of a public house in the city, and Messink's assistant at the theatre. Hicky had bad blood with Charles. When he had practised medicine in his first years in Calcutta, Charles had once refused to pay for a surgery he performed. He had to sue Charles to get his money back. Hicky pondered for a second.

Why would these people break into his house deep in the night? Why would they wish to attack him?

Then, everything came together like pieces of a puzzle. Behind Charles, he saw Messink. And behind Messink, he saw Hastings.

He was convinced it was an assassination attempt. Or, if not, at least a threat to silence him. He feared another attempt on his life, so he hired sepoys to guard his home and told his servants not to let anyone in without his express permission.

The warning might have scared some men, but it made him bold. If it was a warning to silence him, then he would do just the opposite. He was not intimidated. He would fight till every muscle in his body failed him rather than surrender his right to print.

He saw himself as the scourge of tyrants, the defender of free speech, and the protector of the people ... In a place where fundamental rights had been overturned and where the people lived in slavery, he believed [that] someone like him, someone with a free Press, might restore the people's rights and redeem their freedoms.

Q. What does the word 'scourge' as used in the passage mean?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the question that follows.

Between two and three o'clock Thursday morning, 5 April 1781, Calcutta

Hicky woke with a start, and stumbled over to his bedroom window. He peered into the blackness, bleary-eyed and confused. He heard yells and screams from below. "[What is] the cause of so much noise?" he opened his window and yelled.

He saw figures running in the dark. Three men were trying to break into his house. Two were Europeans and had cut open the rope that held his back gate shut with curved knives.

He rushed downstairs. But the men had fled before he made it down. He asked his servants who these people were. They said one was Frederick Charles, the owner of a public house in the city, and Messink's assistant at the theatre. Hicky had bad blood with Charles. When he had practised medicine in his first years in Calcutta, Charles had once refused to pay for a surgery he performed. He had to sue Charles to get his money back. Hicky pondered for a second.

Why would these people break into his house deep in the night? Why would they wish to attack him?

Then, everything came together like pieces of a puzzle. Behind Charles, he saw Messink. And behind Messink, he saw Hastings.

He was convinced it was an assassination attempt. Or, if not, at least a threat to silence him. He feared another attempt on his life, so he hired sepoys to guard his home and told his servants not to let anyone in without his express permission.

The warning might have scared some men, but it made him bold. If it was a warning to silence him, then he would do just the opposite. He was not intimidated. He would fight till every muscle in his body failed him rather than surrender his right to print.

He saw himself as the scourge of tyrants, the defender of free speech, and the protector of the people ... In a place where fundamental rights had been overturned and where the people lived in slavery, he believed [that] someone like him, someone with a free Press, might restore the people's rights and redeem their freedoms.

Q. Why would Hicky initially believe the trio of men would attack him?

Directions: Read the passage and answer the question that follows.

Between two and three o'clock Thursday morning, 5 April 1781, Calcutta

Hicky woke with a start, and stumbled over to his bedroom window. He peered into the blackness, bleary-eyed and confused. He heard yells and screams from below. "[What is] the cause of so much noise?" he opened his window and yelled.

He saw figures running in the dark. Three men were trying to break into his house. Two were Europeans and had cut open the rope that held his back gate shut with curved knives.

He rushed downstairs. But the men had fled before he made it down. He asked his servants who these people were. They said one was Frederick Charles, the owner of a public house in the city, and Messink's assistant at the theatre. Hicky had bad blood with Charles. When he had practised medicine in his first years in Calcutta, Charles had once refused to pay for a surgery he performed. He had to sue Charles to get his money back. Hicky pondered for a second.

Why would these people break into his house deep in the night? Why would they wish to attack him?

Then, everything came together like pieces of a puzzle. Behind Charles, he saw Messink. And behind Messink, he saw Hastings.

He was convinced it was an assassination attempt. Or, if not, at least a threat to silence him. He feared another attempt on his life, so he hired sepoys to guard his home and told his servants not to let anyone in without his express permission.

The warning might have scared some men, but it made him bold. If it was a warning to silence him, then he would do just the opposite. He was not intimidated. He would fight till every muscle in his body failed him rather than surrender his right to print.

He saw himself as the scourge of tyrants, the defender of free speech, and the protector of the people ... In a place where fundamental rights had been overturned and where the people lived in slavery, he believed [that] someone like him, someone with a free Press, might restore the people's rights and redeem their freedoms.

Q. Based on information from the given passage, what can be inferred about Hastings and the attack?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The UNESCO United Nations World Water Development Report of 2022 has encapsulated global concern over the sharp rise in freshwater withdrawal from streams, lakes, aquifers and human-made reservoirs, impending water stress and also water scarcity being experienced in different parts of the world. In 2007, 'Coping with water scarcity' was the theme of World Water Day . The new Water Report of the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) sounded a note of caution about this silent crisis of a global dimension, with millions of people being deprived of water to live and to sustain their livelihood. Increasing trans-boundary transfer of water between rural and urban areas has been noted in many countries since the early 20th century. A review paper published in 2019 reported that, globally, urban water infrastructure imports an estimated 500 billion litres of water per day across a combined distance of 27,000 km. At least 12% of large cities in the world rely on inter-basin transfers. A UN report on 'Transboundary Waters Systems - Status and Trend' (2016) linked this issue of water transfer with various Sustainable Development Goals proposed to be achieved.

[Source - The Hindu, September 15, 2022]

Q. When is World Water Day celebrated every year?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The UNESCO United Nations World Water Development Report of 2022 has encapsulated global concern over the sharp rise in freshwater withdrawal from streams, lakes, aquifers and human-made reservoirs, impending water stress and also water scarcity being experienced in different parts of the world. In 2007, 'Coping with water scarcity' was the theme of World Water Day . The new Water Report of the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) sounded a note of caution about this silent crisis of a global dimension, with millions of people being deprived of water to live and to sustain their livelihood. Increasing trans-boundary transfer of water between rural and urban areas has been noted in many countries since the early 20th century. A review paper published in 2019 reported that, globally, urban water infrastructure imports an estimated 500 billion litres of water per day across a combined distance of 27,000 km. At least 12% of large cities in the world rely on inter-basin transfers. A UN report on 'Transboundary Waters Systems - Status and Trend' (2016) linked this issue of water transfer with various Sustainable Development Goals proposed to be achieved.

[Source - The Hindu, September 15, 2022]

Q. Mark the incorrect statement about Sustainable Development Goal 6.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The UNESCO United Nations World Water Development Report of 2022 has encapsulated global concern over the sharp rise in freshwater withdrawal from streams, lakes, aquifers and human-made reservoirs, impending water stress and also water scarcity being experienced in different parts of the world. In 2007, 'Coping with water scarcity' was the theme of World Water Day . The new Water Report of the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) sounded a note of caution about this silent crisis of a global dimension, with millions of people being deprived of water to live and to sustain their livelihood. Increasing trans-boundary transfer of water between rural and urban areas has been noted in many countries since the early 20th century. A review paper published in 2019 reported that, globally, urban water infrastructure imports an estimated 500 billion litres of water per day across a combined distance of 27,000 km. At least 12% of large cities in the world rely on inter-basin transfers. A UN report on 'Transboundary Waters Systems - Status and Trend' (2016) linked this issue of water transfer with various Sustainable Development Goals proposed to be achieved.

[Source - The Hindu, September 15, 2022]

Q. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act was enacted in _____ to provide for the prevention and control of water pollution, and for the maintaining or restoring of wholesomeness of water in India.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The UNESCO United Nations World Water Development Report of 2022 has encapsulated global concern over the sharp rise in freshwater withdrawal from streams, lakes, aquifers and human-made reservoirs, impending water stress and also water scarcity being experienced in different parts of the world. In 2007, 'Coping with water scarcity' was the theme of World Water Day . The new Water Report of the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) sounded a note of caution about this silent crisis of a global dimension, with millions of people being deprived of water to live and to sustain their livelihood. Increasing trans-boundary transfer of water between rural and urban areas has been noted in many countries since the early 20th century. A review paper published in 2019 reported that, globally, urban water infrastructure imports an estimated 500 billion litres of water per day across a combined distance of 27,000 km. At least 12% of large cities in the world rely on inter-basin transfers. A UN report on 'Transboundary Waters Systems - Status and Trend' (2016) linked this issue of water transfer with various Sustainable Development Goals proposed to be achieved.

[Source - The Hindu, September 15, 2022]

Q. What was the theme of the World Water Day 2022?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The UNESCO United Nations World Water Development Report of 2022 has encapsulated global concern over the sharp rise in freshwater withdrawal from streams, lakes, aquifers and human-made reservoirs, impending water stress and also water scarcity being experienced in different parts of the world. In 2007, 'Coping with water scarcity' was the theme of World Water Day . The new Water Report of the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) sounded a note of caution about this silent crisis of a global dimension, with millions of people being deprived of water to live and to sustain their livelihood. Increasing trans-boundary transfer of water between rural and urban areas has been noted in many countries since the early 20th century. A review paper published in 2019 reported that, globally, urban water infrastructure imports an estimated 500 billion litres of water per day across a combined distance of 27,000 km. At least 12% of large cities in the world rely on inter-basin transfers. A UN report on 'Transboundary Waters Systems - Status and Trend' (2016) linked this issue of water transfer with various Sustainable Development Goals proposed to be achieved.

[Source - The Hindu, September 15, 2022]

Q. Name the interactive web tool that shows that over two billion people live in countries experiencing high water stress.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD) is observed and celebrated on 9 January across the country. It is a day to acknowledge and mark the contribution of the Indian community staying abroad in the development of the country.

The Pravasi Bharatiya Divas is celebrated grandly to strengthen the engagement of the Government of India with the overseas Indian community. The main idea behind this event is to reconnect the Non-Resident Indian community with their original roots.

Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from South Africa on this day. Following his return, the father of the nation began and headed India's freedom struggle and changed the lives of millions of Indians forever. That is why 9 January was picked to celebrate the occasion.

Previous year, the PBD Convention was held on 9 January virtually due to the pandemic.

The PBD Convention holds the event with a vast overseas diaspora to let them share their knowledge, skills and expertise on a common platform. The organisers decided to hold theme-based conferences with participation from policymakers, stakeholders and overseas diaspora experts.

Through these conventions, the overseas Indian community easily engages with the government and its people for mutually beneficial activities.

[Source – First Post, Jan 9, 2022]

Q. What was the theme of the Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD) Convention held virtually on 9th January, 2021?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD) is observed and celebrated on 9 January across the country. It is a day to acknowledge and mark the contribution of the Indian community staying abroad in the development of the country.

The Pravasi Bharatiya Divas is celebrated grandly to strengthen the engagement of the Government of India with the overseas Indian community. The main idea behind this event is to reconnect the Non-Resident Indian community with their original roots.

Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from South Africa on this day. Following his return, the father of the nation began and headed India's freedom struggle and changed the lives of millions of Indians forever. That is why 9 January was picked to celebrate the occasion.

Previous year, the PBD Convention was held on 9 January virtually due to the pandemic.

The PBD Convention holds the event with a vast overseas diaspora to let them share their knowledge, skills and expertise on a common platform. The organisers decided to hold theme-based conferences with participation from policymakers, stakeholders and overseas diaspora experts.

Through these conventions, the overseas Indian community easily engages with the government and its people for mutually beneficial activities.

[Source – First Post, Jan 9, 2022]

Q. The Pravasi Bharatiya Samman (PBS) is an award constituted by the Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs, Government of India in conjunction with the Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (Non-Resident Indian Day). PBS is not conferred in which of the following areas?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD) is observed and celebrated on 9 January across the country. It is a day to acknowledge and mark the contribution of the Indian community staying abroad in the development of the country.

The Pravasi Bharatiya Divas is celebrated grandly to strengthen the engagement of the Government of India with the overseas Indian community. The main idea behind this event is to reconnect the Non-Resident Indian community with their original roots.

Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from South Africa on this day. Following his return, the father of the nation began and headed India's freedom struggle and changed the lives of millions of Indians forever. That is why 9 January was picked to celebrate the occasion.

Previous year, the PBD Convention was held on 9 January virtually due to the pandemic.

The PBD Convention holds the event with a vast overseas diaspora to let them share their knowledge, skills and expertise on a common platform. The organisers decided to hold theme-based conferences with participation from policymakers, stakeholders and overseas diaspora experts.

Through these conventions, the overseas Indian community easily engages with the government and its people for mutually beneficial activities.

[Source – First Post, Jan 9, 2022]

Q. Which of the following statements is false regarding Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD)?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD) is observed and celebrated on 9 January across the country. It is a day to acknowledge and mark the contribution of the Indian community staying abroad in the development of the country.

The Pravasi Bharatiya Divas is celebrated grandly to strengthen the engagement of the Government of India with the overseas Indian community. The main idea behind this event is to reconnect the Non-Resident Indian community with their original roots.

Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from South Africa on this day. Following his return, the father of the nation began and headed India's freedom struggle and changed the lives of millions of Indians forever. That is why 9 January was picked to celebrate the occasion.

Previous year, the PBD Convention was held on 9 January virtually due to the pandemic.

The PBD Convention holds the event with a vast overseas diaspora to let them share their knowledge, skills and expertise on a common platform. The organisers decided to hold theme-based conferences with participation from policymakers, stakeholders and overseas diaspora experts.

Through these conventions, the overseas Indian community easily engages with the government and its people for mutually beneficial activities.

[Source – First Post, Jan 9, 2022]

Q. January 9 was picked to celebrate Pravasi Bharatiya Divas as on this day in the year _____, Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from South Africa.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD) is observed and celebrated on 9 January across the country. It is a day to acknowledge and mark the contribution of the Indian community staying abroad in the development of the country.

The Pravasi Bharatiya Divas is celebrated grandly to strengthen the engagement of the Government of India with the overseas Indian community. The main idea behind this event is to reconnect the Non-Resident Indian community with their original roots.

Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from South Africa on this day. Following his return, the father of the nation began and headed India's freedom struggle and changed the lives of millions of Indians forever. That is why 9 January was picked to celebrate the occasion.

Previous year, the PBD Convention was held on 9 January virtually due to the pandemic.

The PBD Convention holds the event with a vast overseas diaspora to let them share their knowledge, skills and expertise on a common platform. The organisers decided to hold theme-based conferences with participation from policymakers, stakeholders and overseas diaspora experts.

Through these conventions, the overseas Indian community easily engages with the government and its people for mutually beneficial activities.

[Source – First Post, Jan 9, 2022]

Q. Who is the Minister of External Affairs of the Government of India, as in 2022?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

India is aiming for 30 per cent of new vehicle sales to be electric by 2030, as it seeks to decarbonise passenger transport. This alone is unlikely to be enough to achieve meaningful overall reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, mainly due to the country's power sources. While EVs release zero tailpipe emissions, their overall climate change impact is largely driven by the carbon intensity of the power grid. In India's case, at the national level, 74 per cent of electricity is coal-powered. This figure varies from one state to another - exceeding 80 per cent in the Eastern and Western regions, including key states like Maharashtra, but dropping below 20 per cent in the North-Eastern region. It should therefore come as no surprise that EVs will be most effective in parts of India with the lowest dependence on coal. But what about in other places where it might take significant time to move away from this carbon-intensive power source? With around 250 million vehicles on the road and a population of 1.3 billion, India needs to keep all options on the table.

[Source - The Hindu, September 18, 2022]

Q. The Paris Agreement's long-term temperature goal is to keep the rise in mean global temperature well below _____ above the pre-industrial levels, and to limit the increase preferably to 1.5°C by 2030.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

India is aiming for 30 per cent of new vehicle sales to be electric by 2030, as it seeks to decarbonise passenger transport. This alone is unlikely to be enough to achieve meaningful overall reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, mainly due to the country's power sources. While EVs release zero tailpipe emissions, their overall climate change impact is largely driven by the carbon intensity of the power grid. In India's case, at the national level, 74 per cent of electricity is coal-powered. This figure varies from one state to another - exceeding 80 per cent in the Eastern and Western regions, including key states like Maharashtra, but dropping below 20 per cent in the North-Eastern region. It should therefore come as no surprise that EVs will be most effective in parts of India with the lowest dependence on coal. But what about in other places where it might take significant time to move away from this carbon-intensive power source? With around 250 million vehicles on the road and a population of 1.3 billion, India needs to keep all options on the table.

[Source - The Hindu, September 18, 2022]

Q. Consider the following statements and mark the correct option.

Statement I: Bhutan is the world's first carbon-negative country.

Statement II: The large amount of tree cover has seen Bhutan becoming a carbon sink - meaning that it absorbs more carbon dioxide than it produces.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Life expectancy in India has more than doubled since Independence - from around 32 years in the late 1940s to 70 years or so today. Many countries have done even better, but this is still a historical achievement. Over the same period, the fertility rate has crashed, thus liberating women from the shackles of repeated child-bearing and child care. All this is good news, but it also creates a new challenge - the ageing of the population. The share of the elderly (persons aged 60 years and above) in India's population, close to 9% in 2011, is growing fast and may reach 18% by 2036 according to the National Commission on Population. If India is to ensure a decent quality of life for the elderly in the near future, planning and providing for it must begin today. India has important schemes of non-contributory pensions for the elderly, widowed women, and disabled persons under the National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP). Alas, eligibility for NSAP is restricted to below poverty line (BPL) families, based on outdated and unreliable BPL lists, some of which are 20 years old.

[Source - The Hindu, September 15, 2022]

Q. Consider the following statements and mark the correct option.

Statement I: Pradhan Mantri Vaya Vandana Yojana (PMVVY) is a pension scheme for senior citizens aged 60 years and above.

Statement II: Under the scheme, the pensioner will receive an assured return of 7.40% p.a. for the policy duration of 10 years.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Life expectancy in India has more than doubled since Independence - from around 32 years in the late 1940s to 70 years or so today. Many countries have done even better, but this is still a historical achievement. Over the same period, the fertility rate has crashed, thus liberating women from the shackles of repeated child-bearing and child care. All this is good news, but it also creates a new challenge - the ageing of the population. The share of the elderly (persons aged 60 years and above) in India's population, close to 9% in 2011, is growing fast and may reach 18% by 2036 according to the National Commission on Population. If India is to ensure a decent quality of life for the elderly in the near future, planning and providing for it must begin today. India has important schemes of non-contributory pensions for the elderly, widowed women, and disabled persons under the National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP). Alas, eligibility for NSAP is restricted to below poverty line (BPL) families, based on outdated and unreliable BPL lists, some of which are 20 years old.

[Source - The Hindu, September 15, 2022]

Q. Which ministry administers the 'National Social Assistance Programme'?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) is in the eye of the storm again as Opposition parties allege that the federal agency is targeting them. Nine Indian states have, so far, withdrawn consent to the CBI for prosecution in their respective jurisdictions and, this month, signals emerged that Bihar, which recently saw a change in government, could soon be the 10th. Unlike the National Investigation Agency (NIA), which has a nationwide mandate for investigating terrorism-related cases, the CBI needs consent of the states to operate. As expected, most of such states that withdrew consent were ruled by parties opposed to the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Distrust in a central security agency by a third of India's states underlines the weakening federal structure of the Constitution and the spirit of cooperative federalism. Serious questions emerge from the CBI's shrinking jurisdiction. Does this reflect on the nature or the quality of investigation? Is this purely a political move in a bitter feud between the ruling party and Opposition? What fallout will it have on the war against corruption? While the role of Intelligence Bureau (IB) and the Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) came in for scrutiny in the 1970s, the CBI maintained a clean record, notching up successes in crime busting and investigation.

[Source: Hindustan Times, September 29, 2022]

Q. Mark the incorrect statement about CBI.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) is in the eye of the storm again as Opposition parties allege that the federal agency is targeting them. Nine Indian states have, so far, withdrawn consent to the CBI for prosecution in their respective jurisdictions and, this month, signals emerged that Bihar, which recently saw a change in government, could soon be the 10th. Unlike the National Investigation Agency (NIA), which has a nationwide mandate for investigating terrorism-related cases, the CBI needs consent of the states to operate. As expected, most of such states that withdrew consent were ruled by parties opposed to the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Distrust in a central security agency by a third of India's states underlines the weakening federal structure of the Constitution and the spirit of cooperative federalism. Serious questions emerge from the CBI's shrinking jurisdiction. Does this reflect on the nature or the quality of investigation? Is this purely a political move in a bitter feud between the ruling party and Opposition? What fallout will it have on the war against corruption? While the role of Intelligence Bureau (IB) and the Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) came in for scrutiny in the 1970s, the CBI maintained a clean record, notching up successes in crime busting and investigation.

[Source: Hindustan Times, September 29, 2022]

Q. The CBI derives its power to investigate from the

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The Geological Survey of India (GSI) has joined hands with the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) to undertake collaborative research and technical analysis in areas of mutual interest revolving around historical places and ancient sites in the country. The tie-up will give an impetus to studies in the field of geoarchaeology, a branch that deals with the geological analysis of archaeological sites, terrain composition and the anthropological and natural impact on the site or structure over the years. A memorandum of understanding was signed between the GSI and the ASI a few days ago, laying out the broad framework of the activities to be undertaken by the two agencies. Also, the analysis of the soil composition can produce important information on the impact climatic, seismic, tectonic or man-made activities over the centuries and millennia have had on both, structures that are still standing or have crumbled or have been buried. There are a number of settlements that have been excavated after having remained buried for thousands of years, revealing structures, human remains, artefacts, and weapons of a bygone time.

[Source - The Tribune, September 18, 2022]

Q. In 2022, in which state did the ASI unearth 12,000-year-old artefacts indicating four civilisations?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The Geological Survey of India (GSI) has joined hands with the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) to undertake collaborative research and technical analysis in areas of mutual interest revolving around historical places and ancient sites in the country. The tie-up will give an impetus to studies in the field of geoarchaeology, a branch that deals with the geological analysis of archaeological sites, terrain composition and the anthropological and natural impact on the site or structure over the years. A memorandum of understanding was signed between the GSI and the ASI a few days ago, laying out the broad framework of the activities to be undertaken by the two agencies. Also, the analysis of the soil composition can produce important information on the impact climatic, seismic, tectonic or man-made activities over the centuries and millennia have had on both, structures that are still standing or have crumbled or have been buried. There are a number of settlements that have been excavated after having remained buried for thousands of years, revealing structures, human remains, artefacts, and weapons of a bygone time.

[Source - The Tribune, September 18, 2022]

Q. Name the act of the Parliament of India that provides for the preservation of ancient and historical monuments and archaeological sites and remains of national importance.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The Geological Survey of India (GSI) has joined hands with the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) to undertake collaborative research and technical analysis in areas of mutual interest revolving around historical places and ancient sites in the country. The tie-up will give an impetus to studies in the field of geoarchaeology, a branch that deals with the geological analysis of archaeological sites, terrain composition and the anthropological and natural impact on the site or structure over the years. A memorandum of understanding was signed between the GSI and the ASI a few days ago, laying out the broad framework of the activities to be undertaken by the two agencies. Also, the analysis of the soil composition can produce important information on the impact climatic, seismic, tectonic or man-made activities over the centuries and millennia have had on both, structures that are still standing or have crumbled or have been buried. There are a number of settlements that have been excavated after having remained buried for thousands of years, revealing structures, human remains, artefacts, and weapons of a bygone time.

[Source - The Tribune, September 18, 2022]

Q. Name the method used by archaeologists for determining the age of an object containing organic material.

Directions: Read the passage and answer the question that follows.

The humble millets are set to go global. Karnataka's initiative as well as the Centre's efforts to get international recognition for these nutrient-rich crops have yielded results with the United Nations (U.N.) declaring 2023 as the International Year of Millets. The U.N. General Assembly recently adopted a resolution, sponsored by India and supported by more than 70 countries, declaring 2023 as the International Year of Millets. The resolution is intended to increase public awareness on the health benefits of millets and their suitability for cultivation under tough conditions marked by climate change. The adoption of the resolution elated Karnataka's farm sector as the State, spearheaded by the then Agriculture Minister Krishna Byre Gowda, had put in efforts to give a push to the idea after its experiments in organising international organic and millets trade fairs yielded encouraging results. The Centre, which was convinced about such a proposal, had played a decisive role in building consensus among the other countries.

Q. Consider the following statements about the Millet Conclave 2022 and mark the correct option.

Statement I: Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced the Millet Challenge for startups.

Statement II: She also announced a grant for the establishment of the 'Millet Value Chain Park'.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The Supreme Court upheld amendments in the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) which prescribe that at least 100 allottees, or 10% of the total allottees of a project, whichever was less, from the same real estate project should support the initiation of corporate insolvency resolution process (CIRP) in the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) against their property developer. Aggrieved allottees drawn from different projects of the same developer cannot form the 100.

A third amendment had given a 30-day deadline for existing applicants to find the requisite number of supporters to meet the threshold of 100, else their plea pending in the tribunal even before the commencement of the 2020 Act would be deemed as withdrawn. Under the erstwhile regime, even a single allottee could initiate the corporate insolvency resolution process (CIRP) against his property developer. There was no need to garner support from other allottees.

There can be hundreds or even thousands of allottees in a project. If a single allottee, as a financial creditor, is allowed to move an application, the interests of all the other allottees may be put in peril. Other allottees may have a different take of the whole scenario. Some of them may approach the Authority under the Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act of 2016. Others may, instead, resort to the Consumer Protection Act. The remedy of a civil suit is, no doubt, not ruled out, Justice K. M. Joseph, who authored the judgement for the Bench, reasoned.

The court said allottees of a real estate project are a heterogenous group. A majority of them may want to give more time to the developer to complete the project. An individual allottee, out of the heterogenous group, would throw the spanner in the works and bring the entire real estate project itself to a possible doom, Justice Joseph pointed out the flaw in the working of the previous regime before the amendments.

The 474-page judgement, based on petitions filed by allottees of real estate projects and money lenders who finance such property endeavours, said there is a sound rationale behind the law's requirement that the 100 applicants should be from the same project. Several allottees bunch together from various projects would lead to confusion as their complaints would vary and make the insolvency resolution process cumbersome.

Q. Imagine a situation that a real estate project has a total of 235 allottees, out of which 25 persons are not happy with the delay of the project that is approximately 6 months. Can these allottees approach NCLT to initiate a corporate insolvency resolution process?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The Supreme Court upheld amendments in the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) which prescribe that at least 100 allottees, or 10% of the total allottees of a project, whichever was less, from the same real estate project should support the initiation of corporate insolvency resolution process (CIRP) in the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) against their property developer. Aggrieved allottees drawn from different projects of the same developer cannot form the 100.

A third amendment had given a 30-day deadline for existing applicants to find the requisite number of supporters to meet the threshold of 100, else their plea pending in the tribunal even before the commencement of the 2020 Act would be deemed as withdrawn. Under the erstwhile regime, even a single allottee could initiate the corporate insolvency resolution process (CIRP) against his property developer. There was no need to garner support from other allottees.

There can be hundreds or even thousands of allottees in a project. If a single allottee, as a financial creditor, is allowed to move an application, the interests of all the other allottees may be put in peril. Other allottees may have a different take of the whole scenario. Some of them may approach the Authority under the Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act of 2016. Others may, instead, resort to the Consumer Protection Act. The remedy of a civil suit is, no doubt, not ruled out, Justice K. M. Joseph, who authored the judgement for the Bench, reasoned.

The court said allottees of a real estate project are a heterogenous group. A majority of them may want to give more time to the developer to complete the project. An individual allottee, out of the heterogenous group, would throw the spanner in the works and bring the entire real estate project itself to a possible doom, Justice Joseph pointed out the flaw in the working of the previous regime before the amendments.

The 474-page judgement, based on petitions filed by allottees of real estate projects and money lenders who finance such property endeavours, said there is a sound rationale behind the law's requirement that the 100 applicants should be from the same project. Several allottees bunch together from various projects would lead to confusion as their complaints would vary and make the insolvency resolution process cumbersome.

Q. Imagine a situation that in the erstwhile IBC regime, two persons are not happy with the delay of three years in a real estate project and the total number of allottees in the project is 500. What course of action can be taken by these two persons?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The Supreme Court upheld amendments in the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) which prescribe that at least 100 allottees, or 10% of the total allottees of a project, whichever was less, from the same real estate project should support the initiation of corporate insolvency resolution process (CIRP) in the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) against their property developer. Aggrieved allottees drawn from different projects of the same developer cannot form the 100.

A third amendment had given a 30-day deadline for existing applicants to find the requisite number of supporters to meet the threshold of 100, else their plea pending in the tribunal even before the commencement of the 2020 Act would be deemed as withdrawn. Under the erstwhile regime, even a single allottee could initiate the corporate insolvency resolution process (CIRP) against his property developer. There was no need to garner support from other allottees.

There can be hundreds or even thousands of allottees in a project. If a single allottee, as a financial creditor, is allowed to move an application, the interests of all the other allottees may be put in peril. Other allottees may have a different take of the whole scenario. Some of them may approach the Authority under the Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act of 2016. Others may, instead, resort to the Consumer Protection Act. The remedy of a civil suit is, no doubt, not ruled out, Justice K. M. Joseph, who authored the judgement for the Bench, reasoned.

The court said allottees of a real estate project are a heterogenous group. A majority of them may want to give more time to the developer to complete the project. An individual allottee, out of the heterogenous group, would throw the spanner in the works and bring the entire real estate project itself to a possible doom, Justice Joseph pointed out the flaw in the working of the previous regime before the amendments.

The 474-page judgement, based on petitions filed by allottees of real estate projects and money lenders who finance such property endeavours, said there is a sound rationale behind the law's requirement that the 100 applicants should be from the same project. Several allottees bunch together from various projects would lead to confusion as their complaints would vary and make the insolvency resolution process cumbersome.

Q. What could be the rationale behind prescribing that at least 100 allottees or 10% of the total allottees of a project, whichever was less, from the same real estate project should support the initiation of corporate insolvency resolution process in the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) against their property developer?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Under the Constitution of India, in Articles 19 and 21, every person throughout the territory of India is conferred with the right to freedom of movement and is guaranteed personal liberty. In furtherance of this objective set up by the Constitution, the Indian Penal Code lays down penal sanctions in case a person violates the freedom of movement or personal liberty of another. Sections 339 and 340 of Indian Penal Code define wrongful restraint and wrongful confinement, respectively. The Indian Penal Code, 1860, makes wrongful restraint and wrongful confinement punishable under Section 339 to 348.

According to Section 339 of the Indian Penal Code, "Whoever voluntarily obstructs any person so as to prevent that person from proceeding in any direction in which that person has a right to proceed, is said wrongfully to restrain that person." Further, the section also lays down an exception, which is that if a person in good faith believes himself to have a lawful right to obstruct and so obstructs a private way over land or water, then it does not amount to wrongful restraint. To establish the offence of wrongful restraint, the complainant must prove that there was an obstruction; the obstruction prevented the complainant from proceeding in any direction; the person/complainant so proceeding must have a right to proceed in the direction concerned.

Wrongful confinement is defined under Section 340 of the Indian Penal Code. Section 340 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860, defines wrongful confinement as: "Whoever wrongfully restrains any person in such a manner as to prevent that person from proceeding beyond certain circumscribing limits, is said "wrongfully to confine" that person." Section 342 of the Indian Penal Code says that whoever wrongfully confines any person shall be punished with simple imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine which may extend to one thousand rupees, or with both. The offence under Section 340 of the Code is cognizable, bailable compoundable and triable by any Magistrate. Section 343 of the Indian Penal Code says that whoever wrongfully confines any person for three days or more, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine, or with both. The offence under this section is cognizable, bailable, compoundable with the permission of the court and triable by any Magistrate.

Q. Zarin obstructs the path to Abhi's home which is through Zarin's parking space. Abhi has the right to pass from that path as it is the only way to his home. Zarin's obstruction is not done in food faith. Will this be considered wrongful restraint?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Under the Constitution of India, in Articles 19 and 21, every person throughout the territory of India is conferred with the right to freedom of movement and is guaranteed personal liberty. In furtherance of this objective set up by the Constitution, the Indian Penal Code lays down penal sanctions in case a person violates the freedom of movement or personal liberty of another. Sections 339 and 340 of Indian Penal Code define wrongful restraint and wrongful confinement, respectively. The Indian Penal Code, 1860, makes wrongful restraint and wrongful confinement punishable under Section 339 to 348.

According to Section 339 of the Indian Penal Code, "Whoever voluntarily obstructs any person so as to prevent that person from proceeding in any direction in which that person has a right to proceed, is said wrongfully to restrain that person." Further, the section also lays down an exception, which is that if a person in good faith believes himself to have a lawful right to obstruct and so obstructs a private way over land or water, then it does not amount to wrongful restraint. To establish the offence of wrongful restraint, the complainant must prove that there was an obstruction; the obstruction prevented the complainant from proceeding in any direction; the person/complainant so proceeding must have a right to proceed in the direction concerned.

Wrongful confinement is defined under Section 340 of the Indian Penal Code. Section 340 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860, defines wrongful confinement as: "Whoever wrongfully restrains any person in such a manner as to prevent that person from proceeding beyond certain circumscribing limits, is said "wrongfully to confine" that person." Section 342 of the Indian Penal Code says that whoever wrongfully confines any person shall be punished with simple imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine which may extend to one thousand rupees, or with both. The offence under Section 340 of the Code is cognizable, bailable compoundable and triable by any Magistrate. Section 343 of the Indian Penal Code says that whoever wrongfully confines any person for three days or more, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine, or with both. The offence under this section is cognizable, bailable, compoundable with the permission of the court and triable by any Magistrate.

Q. Mahesh tied Lalit, his nephew, to a tree in the village ground. Mahesh forgot to untie Lalit and he remained tied there for next three days. Lalit filed a case against Mahesh. Decide.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Under the Constitution of India, in Articles 19 and 21, every person throughout the territory of India is conferred with the right to freedom of movement and is guaranteed personal liberty. In furtherance of this objective set up by the Constitution, the Indian Penal Code lays down penal sanctions in case a person violates the freedom of movement or personal liberty of another. Sections 339 and 340 of Indian Penal Code define wrongful restraint and wrongful confinement, respectively. The Indian Penal Code, 1860, makes wrongful restraint and wrongful confinement punishable under Section 339 to 348.

According to Section 339 of the Indian Penal Code, "Whoever voluntarily obstructs any person so as to prevent that person from proceeding in any direction in which that person has a right to proceed, is said wrongfully to restrain that person." Further, the section also lays down an exception, which is that if a person in good faith believes himself to have a lawful right to obstruct and so obstructs a private way over land or water, then it does not amount to wrongful restraint. To establish the offence of wrongful restraint, the complainant must prove that there was an obstruction; the obstruction prevented the complainant from proceeding in any direction; the person/complainant so proceeding must have a right to proceed in the direction concerned.

Wrongful confinement is defined under Section 340 of the Indian Penal Code. Section 340 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860, defines wrongful confinement as: "Whoever wrongfully restrains any person in such a manner as to prevent that person from proceeding beyond certain circumscribing limits, is said "wrongfully to confine" that person." Section 342 of the Indian Penal Code says that whoever wrongfully confines any person shall be punished with simple imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine which may extend to one thousand rupees, or with both. The offence under Section 340 of the Code is cognizable, bailable compoundable and triable by any Magistrate. Section 343 of the Indian Penal Code says that whoever wrongfully confines any person for three days or more, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine, or with both. The offence under this section is cognizable, bailable, compoundable with the permission of the court and triable by any Magistrate.

Q. Ram and Sham jointly own a pond, where they both catch fishes. They sell it in the market to earn their living. The pond is located at Ram's premises. Ram, without any reason, denied Sham the access to the pond. Decide.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Under the Constitution of India, in Articles 19 and 21, every person throughout the territory of India is conferred with the right to freedom of movement and is guaranteed personal liberty. In furtherance of this objective set up by the Constitution, the Indian Penal Code lays down penal sanctions in case a person violates the freedom of movement or personal liberty of another. Sections 339 and 340 of Indian Penal Code define wrongful restraint and wrongful confinement, respectively. The Indian Penal Code, 1860, makes wrongful restraint and wrongful confinement punishable under Section 339 to 348.

According to Section 339 of the Indian Penal Code, "Whoever voluntarily obstructs any person so as to prevent that person from proceeding in any direction in which that person has a right to proceed, is said wrongfully to restrain that person." Further, the section also lays down an exception, which is that if a person in good faith believes himself to have a lawful right to obstruct and so obstructs a private way over land or water, then it does not amount to wrongful restraint. To establish the offence of wrongful restraint, the complainant must prove that there was an obstruction; the obstruction prevented the complainant from proceeding in any direction; the person/complainant so proceeding must have a right to proceed in the direction concerned.

Wrongful confinement is defined under Section 340 of the Indian Penal Code. Section 340 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860, defines wrongful confinement as: "Whoever wrongfully restrains any person in such a manner as to prevent that person from proceeding beyond certain circumscribing limits, is said "wrongfully to confine" that person." Section 342 of the Indian Penal Code says that whoever wrongfully confines any person shall be punished with simple imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine which may extend to one thousand rupees, or with both. The offence under Section 340 of the Code is cognizable, bailable compoundable and triable by any Magistrate. Section 343 of the Indian Penal Code says that whoever wrongfully confines any person for three days or more, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine, or with both. The offence under this section is cognizable, bailable, compoundable with the permission of the court and triable by any Magistrate.

Q. Rajat threatens Riya not to leave her house. If Riya attempts to leave the house, Rajat would burn her house down. Is this a case of wrongful confinement?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

As per Section 498A of the Indian Penal Code, whoever, being the husband or the relative of the husband of a woman, subjects such woman to cruelty shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years and shall also be liable to fine.

For the purpose of this section, cruelty means any willful conduct which is of such a nature as is likely to drive the woman to commit suicide or to cause grave injury or danger to life, limb or health (whether mental or physical) of the woman. Cruelty is harassment of the woman where such harassment is with a view to coercing her or any person related to her to meet any unlawful demand for any property or valuable security or is on account of failure by her or any person related to her to meet such demand.

Section 113A of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, explains how the above provision is to be presumed. It explains that where the question is whether the commission of suicide by a woman had been abetted by her husband or any relative of her husband and it is shown that she had committed suicide within a period of seven years from the date of her marriage and that her husband or such relative of her husband had subjected her to cruelty, the court may presume, having regard to all the other circumstances of the case, that such suicide had been abetted by her husband or by such relative of her husband.

The Code of Criminal Procedure provides that no court shall take cognizance of an offence punishable under Section 498A of the Indian Penal Code except upon a police report of facts which constitute such offence or upon a complaint made by the person aggrieved by the offence or by her father, mother, brother, sister, or by her father's or mother's brother or sister or with the leave of the court, by any other person related to her by blood, marriage or adoption.

Q. A complaint went against a husband under Section 498A for cruelty against his wife. The marriage lasted for nine long years wherein she committed suicide in the last year. The court will presume in favour of whom?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

As per Section 498A of the Indian Penal Code, whoever, being the husband or the relative of the husband of a woman, subjects such woman to cruelty shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years and shall also be liable to fine.

For the purpose of this section, cruelty means any willful conduct which is of such a nature as is likely to drive the woman to commit suicide or to cause grave injury or danger to life, limb or health (whether mental or physical) of the woman. Cruelty is harassment of the woman where such harassment is with a view to coercing her or any person related to her to meet any unlawful demand for any property or valuable security or is on account of failure by her or any person related to her to meet such demand.

Section 113A of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, explains how the above provision is to be presumed. It explains that where the question is whether the commission of suicide by a woman had been abetted by her husband or any relative of her husband and it is shown that she had committed suicide within a period of seven years from the date of her marriage and that her husband or such relative of her husband had subjected her to cruelty, the court may presume, having regard to all the other circumstances of the case, that such suicide had been abetted by her husband or by such relative of her husband.

The Code of Criminal Procedure provides that no court shall take cognizance of an offence punishable under Section 498A of the Indian Penal Code except upon a police report of facts which constitute such offence or upon a complaint made by the person aggrieved by the offence or by her father, mother, brother, sister, or by her father's or mother's brother or sister or with the leave of the court, by any other person related to her by blood, marriage or adoption.

Q. The husband had been on the receiving end of his wife's abuse since marriage. Within just one year of marriage, he committed suicide. His parents are aggrieved and wish to file a complaint under Section 498A. Is it valid?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

As per Section 498A of the Indian Penal Code, whoever, being the husband or the relative of the husband of a woman, subjects such woman to cruelty shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years and shall also be liable to fine.

For the purpose of this section, cruelty means any willful conduct which is of such a nature as is likely to drive the woman to commit suicide or to cause grave injury or danger to life, limb or health (whether mental or physical) of the woman. Cruelty is harassment of the woman where such harassment is with a view to coercing her or any person related to her to meet any unlawful demand for any property or valuable security or is on account of failure by her or any person related to her to meet such demand.

Section 113A of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, explains how the above provision is to be presumed. It explains that where the question is whether the commission of suicide by a woman had been abetted by her husband or any relative of her husband and it is shown that she had committed suicide within a period of seven years from the date of her marriage and that her husband or such relative of her husband had subjected her to cruelty, the court may presume, having regard to all the other circumstances of the case, that such suicide had been abetted by her husband or by such relative of her husband.

The Code of Criminal Procedure provides that no court shall take cognizance of an offence punishable under Section 498A of the Indian Penal Code except upon a police report of facts which constitute such offence or upon a complaint made by the person aggrieved by the offence or by her father, mother, brother, sister, or by her father's or mother's brother or sister or with the leave of the court, by any other person related to her by blood, marriage or adoption.

Q. The husband's cruel nature against his wife caused her to go into depression. Seeing this, her uncle filed a complaint against the husband under Section 498 A. Will the complaint sustain?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

As per Section 498A of the Indian Penal Code, whoever, being the husband or the relative of the husband of a woman, subjects such woman to cruelty shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years and shall also be liable to fine.

For the purpose of this section, cruelty means any willful conduct which is of such a nature as is likely to drive the woman to commit suicide or to cause grave injury or danger to life, limb or health (whether mental or physical) of the woman. Cruelty is harassment of the woman where such harassment is with a view to coercing her or any person related to her to meet any unlawful demand for any property or valuable security or is on account of failure by her or any person related to her to meet such demand.

Section 113A of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, explains how the above provision is to be presumed. It explains that where the question is whether the commission of suicide by a woman had been abetted by her husband or any relative of her husband and it is shown that she had committed suicide within a period of seven years from the date of her marriage and that her husband or such relative of her husband had subjected her to cruelty, the court may presume, having regard to all the other circumstances of the case, that such suicide had been abetted by her husband or by such relative of her husband.

The Code of Criminal Procedure provides that no court shall take cognizance of an offence punishable under Section 498A of the Indian Penal Code except upon a police report of facts which constitute such offence or upon a complaint made by the person aggrieved by the offence or by her father, mother, brother, sister, or by her father's or mother's brother or sister or with the leave of the court, by any other person related to her by blood, marriage or adoption.

Q. After ten years of successful marriage, a heated argument between the spouses took place regarding financial issues. As the consequence of the argument, the wife and the husband ended up slapping each other. Both filed a suit under Section 498A and claimed it to be cruelty. Who will succeed?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Article 21 of the Indian Constitution states that no human shall be denied of his right to life and personal liberty except if established by law, which means that the process must be fair, clear and not arbitrarily or oppressive.

Article 22(1) of the Indian Constitution stipulates that no police official can arrest any individual without informing the accused the reason/ground of his detainment/arrest. Section 50 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) says that every police official with authority to arrest someone without a warrant must inform the person getting arrested about the crime for which he is arrested and other relevant grounds for the arrest. This is the duty of the police official which he cannot refuse. Section 50A of the CrPC makes it compulsory for the person/police official arresting a person to inform of the arrest to any of his relatives or even friends who may have interest in the same.

Article 22(2) of the Indian Constitution stipulates that the police official making an arrest must produce the arrested person before the Magistrate within 24 hours of the arrest; failing to do so would make him liable for wrongful detention. Section 50(2) of the CrPC provides that the arrested person has the right to get released on bail by making arrangement for the sureties or just inform him of his right when arrested without a warrant for an offence other than a non-cognisable offence.

The right to keep quiet does not have any mention in any Indian law; however, its authority can be derived from the CrPC as well as the Indian Evidence Act. The right to stay silent is principally related to the statement and confession made by the accused person in the court. In addition to this, it is the responsibility of the Magistrate to perceive if any statement or confession made by the accused person was voluntarily or was after the use of force and manipulation. Therefore, police or any other authority for that matter is not allowed to compel an accused person to speak anything in the court.

Section 41B states that every police official authorised to conduct the investigation/arrest must supply clear, visible and valid badge where the name and designation of the police official is clearly mentioned. Section 41D entitles an arrested person to a right to have one friend or relative or any other person who he wants by his side during his arrest.

Q. A police official was disguised undercover, without any police identifications, so as to be hidden for the purpose of making an arrest. While making the arrest, the accused was informed of the grounds for arrest. Is the arrest valid?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Article 21 of the Indian Constitution states that no human shall be denied of his right to life and personal liberty except if established by law, which means that the process must be fair, clear and not arbitrarily or oppressive.

Article 22(1) of the Indian Constitution stipulates that no police official can arrest any individual without informing the accused the reason/ground of his detainment/arrest. Section 50 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) says that every police official with authority to arrest someone without a warrant must inform the person getting arrested about the crime for which he is arrested and other relevant grounds for the arrest. This is the duty of the police official which he cannot refuse. Section 50A of the CrPC makes it compulsory for the person/police official arresting a person to inform of the arrest to any of his relatives or even friends who may have interest in the same.

Article 22(2) of the Indian Constitution stipulates that the police official making an arrest must produce the arrested person before the Magistrate within 24 hours of the arrest; failing to do so would make him liable for wrongful detention. Section 50(2) of the CrPC provides that the arrested person has the right to get released on bail by making arrangement for the sureties or just inform him of his right when arrested without a warrant for an offence other than a non-cognisable offence.

The right to keep quiet does not have any mention in any Indian law; however, its authority can be derived from the CrPC as well as the Indian Evidence Act. The right to stay silent is principally related to the statement and confession made by the accused person in the court. In addition to this, it is the responsibility of the Magistrate to perceive if any statement or confession made by the accused person was voluntarily or was after the use of force and manipulation. Therefore, police or any other authority for that matter is not allowed to compel an accused person to speak anything in the court.

Section 41B states that every police official authorised to conduct the investigation/arrest must supply clear, visible and valid badge where the name and designation of the police official is clearly mentioned. Section 41D entitles an arrested person to a right to have one friend or relative or any other person who he wants by his side during his arrest.

Q. A long-time wanted suspect, who was on the run, was finally discovered for arrest. He was now an old man and wished for his son to accompany him during the arrest. The police refused this request and detained the accused; however, they informed his son. Is the arrest valid?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Article 21 of the Indian Constitution states that no human shall be denied of his right to life and personal liberty except if established by law, which means that the process must be fair, clear and not arbitrarily or oppressive.

Article 22(1) of the Indian Constitution stipulates that no police official can arrest any individual without informing the accused the reason/ground of his detainment/arrest. Section 50 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) says that every police official with authority to arrest someone without a warrant must inform the person getting arrested about the crime for which he is arrested and other relevant grounds for the arrest. This is the duty of the police official which he cannot refuse. Section 50A of the CrPC makes it compulsory for the person/police official arresting a person to inform of the arrest to any of his relatives or even friends who may have interest in the same.

Article 22(2) of the Indian Constitution stipulates that the police official making an arrest must produce the arrested person before the Magistrate within 24 hours of the arrest; failing to do so would make him liable for wrongful detention. Section 50(2) of the CrPC provides that the arrested person has the right to get released on bail by making arrangement for the sureties or just inform him of his right when arrested without a warrant for an offence other than a non-cognisable offence.

The right to keep quiet does not have any mention in any Indian law; however, its authority can be derived from the CrPC as well as the Indian Evidence Act. The right to stay silent is principally related to the statement and confession made by the accused person in the court. In addition to this, it is the responsibility of the Magistrate to perceive if any statement or confession made by the accused person was voluntarily or was after the use of force and manipulation. Therefore, police or any other authority for that matter is not allowed to compel an accused person to speak anything in the court.

Section 41B states that every police official authorised to conduct the investigation/arrest must supply clear, visible and valid badge where the name and designation of the police official is clearly mentioned. Section 41D entitles an arrested person to a right to have one friend or relative or any other person who he wants by his side during his arrest.

Q. An arrest was made without a warrant for a non-cognisable offence. The police informed his family of the arrest. The detained person wished to be set free but the police officials denied allowing any way for that. Is the denial valid?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

Article 21 of the Indian Constitution states that no human shall be denied of his right to life and personal liberty except if established by law, which means that the process must be fair, clear and not arbitrarily or oppressive.

Article 22(1) of the Indian Constitution stipulates that no police official can arrest any individual without informing the accused the reason/ground of his detainment/arrest. Section 50 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) says that every police official with authority to arrest someone without a warrant must inform the person getting arrested about the crime for which he is arrested and other relevant grounds for the arrest. This is the duty of the police official which he cannot refuse. Section 50A of the CrPC makes it compulsory for the person/police official arresting a person to inform of the arrest to any of his relatives or even friends who may have interest in the same.

Article 22(2) of the Indian Constitution stipulates that the police official making an arrest must produce the arrested person before the Magistrate within 24 hours of the arrest; failing to do so would make him liable for wrongful detention. Section 50(2) of the CrPC provides that the arrested person has the right to get released on bail by making arrangement for the sureties or just inform him of his right when arrested without a warrant for an offence other than a non-cognisable offence.

The right to keep quiet does not have any mention in any Indian law; however, its authority can be derived from the CrPC as well as the Indian Evidence Act. The right to stay silent is principally related to the statement and confession made by the accused person in the court. In addition to this, it is the responsibility of the Magistrate to perceive if any statement or confession made by the accused person was voluntarily or was after the use of force and manipulation. Therefore, police or any other authority for that matter is not allowed to compel an accused person to speak anything in the court.

Section 41B states that every police official authorised to conduct the investigation/arrest must supply clear, visible and valid badge where the name and designation of the police official is clearly mentioned. Section 41D entitles an arrested person to a right to have one friend or relative or any other person who he wants by his side during his arrest.

Q. When a suspect was arrested and brought before a court, he was forced into confessing guilty before the court and was told by the arresting police to either confess now or suffer afterwards. How will the court determine this confession?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question.

The Law Commission of India submitted the 228th report on surrogacy in India and made the following observations, based on which the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) framed its guidelines in the year 2005 and drafted Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) Bill, 2008.

The Bill mandated that a foreigner or foreign couple not residing in India or a non-resident Indian individual or couple, seeking surrogacy in India to appoint a local guardian who would be legally mandated to take care of the surrogate during and after pregnancy till delivery of the child to the foreigner or foreign couple or the local guardian. The commissioning parents or parent were legally bound to accept the custody of the child irrespective of any abnormality that the child may have, and the refusal to do so was deemed an offence. A surrogate mother was to relinquish all parental rights over the child. The birth certificate in respect of a baby born through surrogacy was to bear the name(s) of genetic parents/parent of the baby.

The child born through surrogacy was to be presumed as the legitimate child of the couple or the single person, as the case may be. If the commissioning couple separated or got divorced after going for surrogacy but before the birth of the child, then also the child was to be considered the legitimate child of the couple. The Bill did not allow the couple or individual to utilise the service of more than one surrogate at any given time.

According to Section 10 of the Indian Contract Act, all agreements are contracts, if they are made by free consent of parties competent to contract such as majority of age, for a lawful consideration and with a lawful object, and are not expressly declared to be void. Therefore, if the surrogacy agreement satisfied these conditions, it was an enforceable contract. Thereafter, under section 9, Code of Civil Procedure, it could be the subject of a civil suit in a civil court for adjudication of all disputes related to the surrogacy agreement and for a declaration/injunction as to the relief prayed for.

It was mandated that one of the intended parents should be a donor as well, since it would help in developing a bond of love and affection with the child due to the existence of a biological relationship. It was also thought that the chances of child-abuse and neglect, often observed in cases of adoptions, would be reduced. In case the intended parent was single, he or she was supposed to be a donor to be able to have a surrogate child. Otherwise, adoption was the method used to get the child if the biological (natural) parents and adoptive parents were different.

Q. A couple approached a volunteer to operate as a surrogate to deliver a child for them. She was willing and they commissioned the same. Soon, after they obtained a divorce, neither claimed the child as theirs. Which of the following is correct?