Test: Organisms & Populations - 1 - NEET MCQ

The population density in a given habitat and at a particular time period, fluctuates due to the changes in four basic processes given below:-

1. Natality- It refers to the number of births take place in a population during a given period.

2. Mortality- It refers to the number of deaths take place in a population during a given period.

3. Immigration- It refers to the number of individuals of the same species have migrated into the habitat from somewhere else during a particular time period.

4. Emigration- It refers to the number of individuals of the same species have migrated out of the habitat during a given time period.

Natality and immigration add to the population density whereas mortality and emigration decrease the population density.

Topic in NCERT: Population Dynamics

Line in NCERT: "the density of a population in a given habitat during a given period, fluctuates due to changes in four basic processes, two of which (natality and immigration) contribute to an increase in population density and two (mortality and emigration) to a decrease."

Triangular age pyramid has high proportion of reproductive individuals, moderate number of reproductive individuals and fewer post-reproductive individuals. It represents young or rapidly growing population.

In urn-shaped age pyramid, the number of reproductive individuals is higher than the number of pre-reproductive individuals. It represents declining or diminishing population with negative growth

In bell-shaped age pyramid, the number of pre-reproductive and reproductive individuals is almost equal. Post reproductive individuals are comparatively fewer. It represents stable or stationary population where growth rate is nearly zero.

Topic in NCERT: Age Pyramids and Population Growth Status

Line in NCERT: "The shape of the pyramids reflects the growth status of the population - (a) whether it is growing, (b) stable or (c) declining."

Total number of plants (in the beginning ) = 30
New plants added by reproduction = 25
Birth rate (of a population)

=0.83 individuals per lotus per year

Number of plants died =8

Sometimes, for certain ecological investigations, there is no need to know the absolute population densities. Relative densities serve the purpose equally well. In this case, population size is indirectly estimated without actually counting them. For example, the number of fishes caught per trap is good enough measure of its total population density in the lake. The tiger census in our National parks and tiger reserves is often based on pug marks (animal's foot print) and faecal pellets.

Population density is the number of individuals present per unit area or volume at a given time. If the total number of individuals is represented by letter N and the number of units of space (area for land organisms and volume for water organisms) by letter S, then the population density D can be represented as D =N/S. For instance, number of animals per square kilometer, number of trees per acre in a forest, etc.

Topic in NCERT: Population Density

Line in NCERT: "the density of a population in a given habitat called population density (designated as N)"

Age distribution is percentage of individuals of a given age or age group. A population at any given time is composed of individuals of different ages. If age distribution is plotted for the population, the resulting structure is called as age pyramid.

Topic in NCERT: Population Dynamics and Age Structure

Line in NCERT: "The proportion of different age groups of males and females in a population is often presented graphically as age pyramid; its shape indicates whether a population is stationary, growing or declining."

Number of deaths is more than the number of births, showing a declining population.

The age structure of a population is the percentage of individuals of different ages such as young, adult and old. 
Age structure is shown by organisms in which individuals of  more than one generation time are important related to it. 

Topic in NCERT: Population Attributes

Line in NCERT: "Another attribute characteristic of a population is sex ratio."

migration is permanent outward movement of individuals from a population for settlement into a new area. If decreases the local population.

Topic in NCERT: POPULATION DYNAMICS

Line in NCERT: "two (mortality and emigration) to a decrease."

A and B are natality and immigration. They add to population density. C and D are mortality and emigration. They decrease population density.

Topic in NCERT: Population Growth Models

Line in NCERT: "N_t+1 = N_t + [(B + I) - (D + E)]"

Immigration is not necessarily equal to emigration in a population.

Topic in NCERT: Population Density Factors

Line in NCERT: "Under normal conditions, births and deaths are the most important factors influencing population density, the other two factors assuming importance only under special conditions."

When food and space for a population are unlimited, each species has the ability to realise fully its inherited potential to grow. Then the population grows in an exponential or geometric ratio.

Topic in NCERT: Exponential Growth

Line in NCERT: "Ideally, when resources in the habitat are unlimited, each species has the ability to realise fully its innate potential to grow in number, as Darwin observed while developing his theory of natural selection. Then the population grows in an exponential or geometric fashion."

Intrinsic rate of natural increase (r)

= Birth rate − death rate

=0.15−0.08=0.07

Topic in NCERT: Intrinsic Rate of Natural Increase

Line in NCERT: "The r in this equation is called the ‘intrinsic rate of natural increase' and is a very important parameter chosen for assessing impacts of any biotic or abiotic factor on population growth."

In nature, a given habitat has resources to support a certain number of individuals of a population, beyond which no further growth is possible. This limit is called as nature's carrying capacity (K) for that species in that habitat.

Topic in NCERT: Carrying Capacity

Line in NCERT: "In nature, a given habitat has enough resources to support a maximum possible number, beyond which no further growth is possible. Let us call this limit as nature's carrying capacity (K) for that species in that habitat."

S-shaped growth curve is also called Verhulst-Pearl logistic curve and is represented by the following equation :

where dN/dt= rate of change in population size, r= intrinsic rate of natural increase, N= population density, K= carrying capacity and 

Topic in NCERT: Logistic Growth

Line in NCERT: "This type of population growth is called Verhulst-Pearl Logistic Growth and is described by the following equation: dN/dt = rN(K-N)"

Since resources of growth for most animal populations are finite and become limiting sooner or later, the logistic growth model is considered as more realistic.

Topic in NCERT: Logistic Growth Model

Line in NCERT: "Since resources for growth for most animal populations are finite and become limiting sooner or later, the logistic growth model is considered a more realistic one."

In the given scenario, the laboratory population of fruit flies consists of 40 fruit flies, and during a specified time interval, 4 individuals died. To calculate the death rate, we divide the number of deaths by the total population.

Number of deaths = 4
Total population = 40

Death rate = Number of deaths / Total population
= 4 / 40
= 0.1 individuals per fruitfly per week

Option a) "0.1 individuals per fruitfly per week" is the correct answer because it accurately represents the death rate calculated based on the given information.

Topic in NCERT: Population Dynamics

Line in NCERT: "If 4 individuals in a laboratory population of 40 fruitflies died during a specified time interval, say a week, the death rate in the population during that period is 4/40 = 0.1 individuals per fruitfly per week."

An age pyramid with a wide base and narrow top indicates a population that is growing rapidly.

In an age pyramid, the width of each age group represents the proportion or percentage of individuals in that specific age group. A wide base indicates a larger population of young individuals, while a narrow top indicates a smaller population of older individuals.

When the base of an age pyramid is wide and the subsequent age groups gradually decrease in width towards the top, it suggests that there is a higher proportion of young individuals compared to older individuals. This is indicative of a population that is growing rapidly because there is a high birth rate.

Topic in NCERT: Age Pyramids and Population Growth Status

Line in NCERT: "The shape of the pyramids reflects the growth status of the population - (a) whether it is growing, (b) stable or (c) declining."

Interacting members of species live close to each other in commensalism, predation and parasitism.

Topic in NCERT: Population Interactions

Line in NCERT: "Predation, parasitism and commensalism share a common characteristic, the interacting species live closely together."

A majority of organisms are restricted to narrow range of temperature. Such organisms are called stenothermal species. The distribution range of these species will be adversely affected if average global temperature keeps increasing.

Ecology is the study of the relationships between living organisms and the abiotic (physico-chemical factors) and biotic components (other species) of their environment. Ecology encompasses the interactions and relationships between organisms and both their non-living (abiotic) and living (biotic) environment. It examines how organisms interact with factors such as climate, water, soil, and other organisms.

Therefore, option a) Abiotic and biotic components accurately describes the scope of ecology.

Topic in NCERT: ECOLOGY

Line in NCERT: "Ecology is the study of the relationships of living organisms with the abiotic (physico-chemical factors) and biotic components (other species) of their environment."

Interactions between species can have different outcomes. In mutualism, both species benefit from the interaction. This means that there is a mutually beneficial relationship where both species gain advantages, such as access to food, protection, or reproductive assistance.

Option d) Mutualism is the correct answer because it accurately identifies the type of interaction where both species involved benefit from each other.

Topic in NCERT: Interspecific Interactions

Line in NCERT: "Both the species benefit in mutualism and both lose in competition in their interactions with each other."

The principle that states that the superior competitor eliminates the inferior one in competition is the Competitive Exclusion Principle. This principle suggests that when two species compete for the same limited resources in an ecological niche, the species that is better adapted or more efficient at utilizing those resources will eventually outcompete and eliminate the other species from that particular niche.

The correct answer is option a) Competitive exclusion principle. This principle highlights the competitive interactions between species and how competition can lead to the exclusion of one species by another in certain ecological niches.

Topic in NCERT: Competition

Line in NCERT: "Gause's 'Competitive Exclusion Principle' states that two closely related species competing for the same resources cannot co-exist indefinitely and the competitively inferior one will be eliminated eventually."

Exponential growth pattern in population results into j-shaped curve. During exponential growth faster growth occurs and j-shaped curve is formed when time v/s growth is drawn.

Topic in NCERT: Population Growth Models

Line in NCERT: "The above equation describes the exponential or geometric growth pattern of a population (Figure 11.3) and results in a J-shaped curve when we plot N in relation to time."

In predation and parasitism one species is benefitted while other is harmed. Parasite obtain food from host by harming them.

Topic in NCERT: Predation

Line in NCERT: "In both parasitism and predation only one species benefits (parasite and predator, respectively) and the interaction is detrimental to the other species (host and prey, respectively)."

Populations grow through births and immigration and decline through deaths and emigration.

When resources become progressively limiting for a population, the growth pattern turns logistic. This means that initially, the population may experience exponential growth when resources are abundant and unlimited.

However, as resources start to become scarce and limiting, the growth rate of the population slows down and eventually levels off. This pattern is known as logistic growth.

• Exponential growth (option b) refers to a rapid and unrestricted increase in population size without resource limitations.
• Constant growth (option c) implies a steady and consistent growth rate over time, regardless of resource availability.
• Declining growth (option d) suggests a decrease in population size over time, often due to factors like limited resources or environmental disturbances.

Topic in NCERT: Logistic Growth

Line in NCERT: "When resources become progressively limiting, the growth pattern turns logistic."

Commensalism is interaction in which one species is benefited by other is neither benefited nor harmed. Orchids growing on mango tree do not harm the mango plants but get shelter.

Topic in NCERT: Commensalism

Line in NCERT: "An orchid growing as an epiphyte on a mango branch, and barnacles growing on the back of a whale benefit while neither the mango tree nor the whale derives any apparent benefit."

The birth rate of a population = new individual added / previous population. Here birth rate= 7/23=0.3043. Hence, birth rate of Salvinia plants is equal to 0.3.

Sex ratio is the no of female available per thousands of male in a population. Sex ratio is decline due to female feticides alarmingly in some part of India.

Topic in NCERT: Population Attributes

Line in NCERT: "Another attribute characteristic of a population is sex ratio."