Test: The Vijayanagar Empire - 3 - UPSC MCQ

The Persian traveller Abdur Razzaq described a Vijayanagar king as follows: “This latter prince has in his dominions three hundred ports, each of which is equal to Calicut, and on terra ferma his territories comprise a space of three months journey.”

This description is attributed to Deva Raya II, a prominent ruler of the Vijayanagar Empire.

Key points about Deva Raya II:

• Reign: He ruled during the early 15th century.
• Achievements: Known for expanding the empire and enhancing trade.
• Cultural Impact: His reign was marked by significant advancements in art and literature.
• Trade Relations: Established strong trade connections with foreign nations, boosting the economy.

Deva Raya II's leadership positioned the Vijayanagar Empire as a significant power in South India, with extensive territories and thriving ports.

The ruler who advised the king on the importance of protection and punishment is Krishnadeva Raya.

• Krishnadeva Raya was known for his effective governance.
• He emphasized the need for a king to be vigilant in both protecting the good and punishing the wicked.
• This advice reflects a key principle in leadership: the necessity of justice and accountability.
• His reign is often remembered for prosperity and cultural growth.

The battle of Talikota marked a significant moment in Indian history, occurring in 1565 when the Sultanates of the Deccan united against the Vijayanagara Empire.

At the time of this battle, the ruler of Vijayanagara was Rama Raya. His reign was characterised by military expansion and cultural developments, but the defeat at Talikota had lasting repercussions.

Key points about the battle and its aftermath include:

• The coalition of Sultanates included Bijapur, Golconda, Ahmadnagar, and Bidar.
• The battle resulted in a decisive victory for the Sultanates, leading to the end of Vijayanagara's dominance in southern India.
• Rama Raya's defeat was a turning point, leading to the gradual decline of the Vijayanagara Empire.
• The aftermath saw the empire's territories divided among the Sultanates, reshaping the political landscape of the region.

This battle is often regarded as a crucial event that shaped the future of South India, illustrating the impact of regional power dynamics.

The Vijayanagar kingdom was organised into several administrative divisions. These divisions were essential for governance and management of the kingdom's resources.

• Mandalam: This was the largest administrative unit, serving as a region comprising multiple smaller areas.
• Nadu: A sub-division within the Mandalam, often representing a cluster of villages.
• Sthala: This referred to a specific locality or settlement within a Nadu.
• Grama: The smallest administrative unit, typically a village.

This hierarchical structure allowed for effective management and governance throughout the Vijayanagar kingdom, ensuring that resources were allocated appropriately and local matters were addressed efficiently.

Under the Vijayanagar empire, the Central Government maintained contact with the village through an officer called

• The officer played a crucial role in ensuring communication between the government and local villages.

• They were responsible for relaying information and implementing government policies at the village level.

• This position was vital for maintaining order and facilitating governance in rural areas.

• Such officers helped in addressing local issues and ensuring that the needs of the villagers were communicated to higher authorities.

Amaram refers to a specific concept in historical governance.

• It was a tax imposed primarily on Muslims.

• It denoted a territory from which a fixed revenue was collected for military leaders.

• The term also related to the head of a village community.

• Additionally, it referred to areas controlled by subordinate rulers.

Palaiyagars, also known as nayaks, were notable figures in the military hierarchy. Here are some key points about them:

• The Palaiyagars served as military chiefs, leading troops in various conflicts.

• They were required to maintain a set number of foot soldiers, horses, and elephants for state service.

• This group was quite powerful, making it challenging for the government to exert control over them.

In summary, all of these points accurately describe the Palaiyagars and their significance in the military structure.

Kuruvai refers to a specific type of rice that is cultivated primarily in certain regions of India. Here are some key points about Kuruvai rice:

• It is grown during the Kharif season, which typically occurs from June to September.

• Kuruvai rice has a short growing period, allowing farmers to harvest it earlier than other rice varieties.

• This type of rice is known for its high yield and is often preferred by farmers for its quick return on investment.

• It is mainly cultivated in the state of Tamil Nadu, where the climate is suitable for its growth.

In summary, Kuruvai is a fast-growing rice variety that plays an important role in agriculture, particularly in southern India.

The Vijayanagar Empire was a significant South Indian empire that thrived from the 14th to the 17th centuries. Several towns and cities flourished during this period due to economic prosperity and cultural development. Key points include:

• Economic Growth: The empire's extensive trade networks boosted local economies in various towns.
• Cultural Flourishing: Art, architecture, and literature thrived, leading to the establishment of cultural hubs.
• Key Towns: Towns such as Mangalur became important centres for trade and commerce.
• Integration: The empire integrated various communities, enhancing cultural diversity.

Overall, the Vijayanagar Empire played a crucial role in the development of towns across its territory, fostering both economic and cultural advancements.

Kuttagari refers to a system that involves the leasing of land for agricultural purposes. This practice has significant implications in historical and contemporary contexts.

• The lease system allows farmers to cultivate land that they do not own, providing them with opportunities to grow crops without the burden of ownership.

• It is often beneficial for both landowners and tenants, as it enables landowners to earn income while allowing tenants access to land for farming.

• This system can enhance agricultural productivity by promoting the efficient use of land resources.

Overall, the Kuttagari system plays a crucial role in the dynamics of land use and agricultural development.

Nikitin observed that the land is populated with many people, yet those living in rural areas experience significant hardship. In contrast, the wealthy class enjoys a life of luxury and comfort. This disparity highlights the stark differences between the affluent and the struggling majority.

• The rural population faces misery despite the high number of inhabitants.
• Nobles live in luxury, enjoying their wealth and privileges.
• This situation underscores a deep divide in society.

Women in the Vijayanagar Empire held a notable position within society, contributing to various aspects of life. Here are some key points regarding their status:

• Social and Literary Participation: Women were actively involved in social and literary activities, showcasing their influence in cultural matters.
• Judicial Roles: There were instances of women serving as judges, indicating their participation in legal matters within the empire.
• Physical Training: Many women received training in wrestling, weaponry, music, and fine arts, reflecting a well-rounded education.

However, it is important to note that one commonly held belief is inaccurate:

• Contrary to some claims, polygamy was not strictly prohibited, allowing men to have multiple wives.

Land was classified into several categories for assessment purposes.

• Orchard: This category included land used for growing fruit trees.

• Wet: This classification was for land that was frequently flooded or waterlogged.

• Dry: This referred to land that was typically arid or had low moisture content.

• All of the above: Recognising that all these types of land were considered during assessments.

Asthavana refers to a traditional agricultural practice in which a farmer is required to give a portion of their produce to the landowner or government. This practice can be understood through the following points:

• Land Revenue: Asthavana is linked to the historical system of land revenue where farmers pay a share of their harvest.
• Proportion of Produce: Specifically, it often denotes one-third of the total produce from the land.
• Impact on Farmers: This system can affect farmers' profits and their ability to sustain their livelihoods.
• Modern Context: Although its application may vary today, the concept of sharing produce continues in certain regions, reflecting historical practices.

Senabova or Sanbhoga was an official title during the Vijayanagar kingdom. It designated a specific role within the administrative framework of the region.

• The role was primarily associated with judicial responsibilities.
• It involved overseeing the mandalam, which is a traditional administrative division.
• The individual in this position was tasked with ensuring justice and legal order within their jurisdiction.

In summary, the Senabova was chiefly responsible for the judicial matters in the mandalam, playing a crucial role in maintaining law and order.

In the Amuktamalyada, Krishnadeva Raya outlines various disqualifications for royal officers.

• Those who lack knowledge or are uneducated are deemed unsuitable.

• Individuals who show no fear of ignorance are also disqualified.

• Being from a lowly background can disqualify a candidate.

• However, living in a foreign land does not serve as a disqualification.

Thus, the only disqualification not mentioned by Krishnadeva Raya is the one associated with residing in a meleccha country.

Sati was a deeply ingrained social practice in Vijaynagar society where a widow would self-immolate on her husband's funeral pyre. This custom was rooted in the belief that a woman’s duty was to her husband, and her death was seen as a noble act of loyalty.

The implications of Sati were profound:

• Gender inequality: Women were often viewed as property of their husbands, leading to a lack of autonomy.
• Social pressure: Widows faced immense societal expectations to conform, often resulting in tragic outcomes.
• Religious justification: The practice was sometimes endorsed by religious leaders, further entrenching it in society.
• Historical context: Sati was not unique to Vijaynagar but was present in various forms across India.

Efforts to abolish Sati began in the 19th century, as social reformers highlighted its dangers, advocating for women's rights and legal reforms. The practice was eventually banned, leading to significant changes in societal attitudes towards women.

Mahanavami was the most significant festival in Vijayanagar, celebrated with immense enthusiasm. This festival was marked by several key features:

• Royal Processions: The celebrations often included grand processions led by the king, showcasing the strength and wealth of the kingdom.
• Feasting: Communities came together to enjoy elaborate meals, symbolising unity and gratitude.
• Religious Rituals: Various rituals were performed to seek blessings from the gods, reflecting the deep spiritual significance of the festival.
• Cultural Performances: The festival featured traditional dances and music, highlighting the vibrant culture of Vijayanagar.

In summary, Mahanavami was not just a festival, but a celebration of the kingdom's heritage, unity, and devotion.

The king of Vijayanagar during the battle of Talikota was Sadasiva Raya.

Key points about Sadasiva Raya:

• Sadasiva Raya ruled from 1542 to 1570.
• He was the nephew of Rama Raya, who played a significant role in the kingdom's earlier successes.
• His reign was marked by conflicts with the Deccan Sultanates, culminating in the battle of Talikota in 1565.
• The battle was a pivotal moment in Indian history, leading to the decline of the Vijayanagar Empire.

During Sadasiva's rule:

• The empire faced increasing pressure from neighbouring states.
• Despite initial victories, the battle of Talikota resulted in a devastating defeat.
• This defeat significantly weakened Vijayanagar, changing the power dynamics in South India.

The Vijayanagara Empire was founded in the year 1336. This empire played a significant role in the history of South India. Here are some key points about its establishment:

• The empire was established by Harihara I and Bukka Raya I.
• It emerged as a response to the invasions of the Delhi Sultanate.
• The Vijayanagara Empire is known for its prosperity and cultural achievements.
• It contributed significantly to art, architecture, and literature.

The empire lasted for over 200 years, marking a notable period in Indian history.

Income for the state was derived from various sources. In addition to the land tax, which was typically one-third of the produce, the state generated revenue from several other taxes:

• Property tax: A tax levied on property ownership, contributing significantly to state income.
• Tax on sale of produce: This tax was applied to the sale of agricultural products, further boosting state funds.
• Tax on marriage: A lesser-known tax imposed during marriage ceremonies, providing additional financial support to the state.

These varied taxes collectively helped maintain the state's economic stability.

The Pradhanis or Sirahs were significant figures in the Vijayanagar kingdom, serving various essential roles in governance and administration. Their responsibilities included:

• General Administration: They were administrative officers overseeing the empire's overall management.
• Judicial Authority: Some acted as judges at the imperial headquarters, ensuring law and order.
• Military Leadership: They served as military chiefs in provincial areas, commanding local forces.
• Revenue Management: Others focused on revenue collection, managing the economic aspects of the kingdom.

Overall, the Pradhanis and Sirahs played a vital role in maintaining the structure and functionality of the Vijayanagar kingdom.

Defects of the Nayakara System

• The Nayakaras had considerable independence over their territories. This often led to local wars and feuds among them.

• At times, they would even challenge the central authority, undermining its control.

• One of the most significant issues was sub-infeudation, which complicated the hierarchy and governance.

Kavalgar refers to a specific role within law enforcement, particularly in some regions. It is used to describe a police officer or a member of the police force.

• The term is often associated with local policing.
• Kavalgar can be involved in various duties, including maintaining public order.
• They may also be responsible for investigating crimes and engaging with the community.
• This role is crucial for ensuring safety and security in the area.

During the reign of Krishnadeva Raya, a significant land survey and assessment was conducted.

• Krishnadeva Raya was a prominent king of the Vijayanagara Empire.
• He ruled from 1509 to 1529 and is known for his contributions to administration and governance.
• The detailed land survey aimed to improve tax collection and resource management.
• This assessment helped in assessing the productivity of various lands, facilitating better agricultural planning.
• Such surveys were crucial for the empire's economic stability and growth.

The Vijayanagar kings implemented several notable practices during their reign, including:

• They enforced strict penalties for violations of sacred law, ensuring adherence to their legal framework.

• They sought to abolish the civil practice of bride-price and promoted marriages based on the principle of kanyadana, which emphasises the gift of the bride.

• Efforts were made to resolve disputes, aiming for satisfactory outcomes for all parties involved.

These actions reflect the kings' commitment to maintaining social order and justice within their kingdom.

In the Vijayanagar Empire, one of the most significant crops exported was Black Pepper.

• Black Pepper was highly valued for its flavour and preserving qualities.

• It played a crucial role in trade, attracting merchants from various regions.

• The demand for Black Pepper contributed to the economic prosperity of the Vijayanagar Empire.

• Other crops like Tea, Coffee, and Tobacco were not as prominent in exports during this period.

Krishnadeva Raya was a prominent king of the Vijayanagar Empire, known for his military conquests and administrative prowess. Under his reign:

• He expanded the empire significantly, consolidating power in southern India.
• Krishnadeva Raya is credited with military campaigns that extended Vijayanagar influence into regions like Sri Lanka.
• His reign is marked by cultural achievements, including advancements in literature and architecture.
• He was a patron of arts, fostering a vibrant cultural scene in his kingdom.

Overall, Krishnadeva Raya's legacy includes both military success and cultural development, making him one of the most celebrated rulers of the Vijayanagar Empire.

The rulers of the Deccani states in the 16th century faced a significant challenge from Vijayanagar. In 1565 A.D., several leaders recognised the need for a united front against this powerful empire. The key figures involved in this alliance included:

• Ibrahim Qutab Shah of Golkonda
• Ali Adil Shah of Bijapur
• Ali Barid Shah of Bidar
• Hussain Nizam Shah of Ahmadnagar

These rulers collaborated to strengthen their positions and protect their territories. Each leader brought unique resources and military strength to the alliance, aiming to challenge Vijayanagar's dominance in the region.

The conflict culminated in the Battle of Talikota, which was a decisive engagement against Vijayanagar forces. This battle significantly altered the power dynamics in southern India, showcasing the effectiveness of the alliance formed by these Deccani rulers.

“The city of Vijayanagar is such that eyes has not seen nor ear heard of any place resembling it upon the whole earth.”

This statement is attributed to Abdur Razzaq, a notable Persian traveller and diplomat. He visited Vijayanagar in the 15th century and documented his experiences, highlighting the city's remarkable beauty and grandeur. Here are some key points about his observations:

• Abdur Razzaq was impressed by the city's architecture and vastness.
• He noted the cultural diversity and vibrant life within Vijayanagar.
• His writings provide valuable insights into the history and prosperity of the Vijayanagara Empire.

Razzaq's accounts are considered essential for understanding the significance of Vijayanagar during its peak.