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Test: The End of Bipolarity- 2 - UPSC MCQ


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20 Questions MCQ Test Indian Polity for UPSC CSE - Test: The End of Bipolarity- 2

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Test: The End of Bipolarity- 2 - Question 1

When did the socialist revolution take place in Russia?

Detailed Solution for Test: The End of Bipolarity- 2 - Question 1

When did the socialist revolution take place in Russia?



  • A: 1914

  • B: 1917

  • C: 1913

  • D: 1920


Answer: B - 1917




Detailed



  • Background: The socialist revolution in Russia took place during a time of political unrest and dissatisfaction among the Russian population.

  • Lead-up to the Revolution: The revolution was sparked by various factors such as food shortages, the ongoing World War I, and the oppressive rule of the Tsar.

  • February Revolution: In February 1917, mass protests and strikes erupted in Petrograd (now St. Petersburg), leading to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and the establishment of a provisional government.

  • October Revolution: The Bolshevik Party, led by Vladimir Lenin, staged a coup in October 1917, overthrowing the provisional government and establishing a socialist state.

  • Outcome: The October Revolution marked the beginning of the Soviet era in Russia, leading to the formation of the Soviet Union and the implementation of socialist policies.


Test: The End of Bipolarity- 2 - Question 2

Who controlled the economy in the soviet system?

Detailed Solution for Test: The End of Bipolarity- 2 - Question 2

Who controlled the economy in the Soviet system?




  • Government: The economy in the Soviet system was controlled by the government. The government had centralized control over all economic activities.


  • State: The state had ownership of all means of production, distribution, and exchange in the Soviet system. This allowed the state to have complete control over the economy.


  • Central Planning: The Soviet system operated on a centrally planned economy where the government made all decisions regarding production, resource allocation, and distribution of goods and services.


  • Command Economy: The Soviet system followed a command economy model where the government determined what goods and services were produced, how they were produced, and for whom they were produced.


  • No Private Ownership: In the Soviet system, there was no private ownership of businesses or property. Everything was owned and controlled by the state.

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Test: The End of Bipolarity- 2 - Question 3

Who controlled the east European countries after the second world war?

Detailed Solution for Test: The End of Bipolarity- 2 - Question 3

Control of East European Countries After World War II:

  • USSR: The Soviet Union, also known as the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), controlled most of the East European countries after World War II.

  • Reasons for Control: The USSR wanted to create a buffer zone of friendly countries between itself and Western Europe to protect against potential invasions.

  • Soviet Influence: The Soviet Union established communist governments in these countries, which allowed them to maintain control over the political, economic, and social aspects of these nations.

  • Soviet Bloc: The countries under Soviet control formed what was known as the Eastern Bloc, which included countries like Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and East Germany.

  • Warsaw Pact: The USSR also formed the Warsaw Pact, a military alliance among the Eastern Bloc countries to counter the influence of NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization).

  • Cold War: The control of East European countries by the USSR was a significant factor in the Cold War, as tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States escalated.


Test: The End of Bipolarity- 2 - Question 4

What was the name of the military alliance that held the east European countries together?

Detailed Solution for Test: The End of Bipolarity- 2 - Question 4

Explanation:

  • Warsaw Pact: The military alliance that held the east European countries together was called the Warsaw Pact.

  • Formation: The Warsaw Pact was formed in 1955 in response to the integration of West Germany into NATO.

  • Members: The members of the Warsaw Pact included the Soviet Union, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania.

  • Objectives: The main objectives of the Warsaw Pact were to provide collective security against potential threats from NATO and to maintain political control over the member states.

  • Disbandment: The Warsaw Pact was dissolved in 1991 following the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union.


Test: The End of Bipolarity- 2 - Question 5

What did most of the institutions of the soviet state need?

Detailed Solution for Test: The End of Bipolarity- 2 - Question 5

What did most of the institutions of the soviet state need?





  • A: Legislative

  • B: Reform

  • C: Legislation

  • D: Health-Care


Answer: B - Reform




Detailed





  • Political Change: Most institutions of the Soviet state needed reform to address political issues and adapt to changing times.

  • Economic Restructuring: The Soviet economy required significant reform to transition to a more market-oriented system.

  • Social Programs: Many social programs in the Soviet Union needed reform to better serve the population and improve quality of life.

  • International Relations: Reform was necessary to improve relationships with other countries and promote diplomacy.

  • Modernization: The institutions needed to modernize to keep up with advancements in technology and global trends.


Test: The End of Bipolarity- 2 - Question 6

Which region led to shortages in all consumer goods?

Detailed Solution for Test: The End of Bipolarity- 2 - Question 6

The question seems to be about a historical or geographical context, but it's not clear which specific event or time period it refers to. Here are a few possibilities:

  • In the context of the Soviet Union or Eastern Bloc countries, the East (Eastern Europe) often faced shortages in consumer goods due to economic policies and inefficiencies.

If you can provide more context, I can give a more accurate answer. Based on the common historical context, the most likely answer is:

2. East (if referring to the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War)

Test: The End of Bipolarity- 2 - Question 7

Who was the general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union in 1985?

Detailed Solution for Test: The End of Bipolarity- 2 - Question 7

General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1985:

  • Mikhail Gorbachev: Mikhail Gorbachev was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1985.


Test: The End of Bipolarity- 2 - Question 8

Who decided to normalise relations with the west and democratise and reform the soviet union?

Detailed Solution for Test: The End of Bipolarity- 2 - Question 8

Background:
Gorbachev's decision to normalize relations with the West and democratize and reform the Soviet Union marked a significant turning point in Soviet history. His policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) aimed to bring about transparency, political reform, and economic restructuring in the Soviet Union.
Key Points:

  • Gorbachev: Mikhail Gorbachev, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991, was the key figure behind the decision to normalize relations with the West and initiate reforms in the Soviet Union.


  • Glasnost: Gorbachev's policy of glasnost aimed to increase openness and transparency in the Soviet system, allowing for greater freedom of speech, press, and expression.


  • Perestroika: Gorbachev's policy of perestroika focused on restructuring the Soviet economy and political system, introducing elements of market reforms and decentralization.


  • Normalization of Relations: Gorbachev's efforts to normalize relations with the West included initiatives such as arms control agreements with the United States and improved diplomatic relations with Western countries.


  • Democratization: Gorbachev's push for democratization in the Soviet Union led to the introduction of competitive elections, political pluralism, and the loosening of state control over society.


Impact:

  • End of the Cold War: Gorbachev's policies played a crucial role in ending the Cold War and improving relations between the Soviet Union and Western powers.


  • Breakup of the Soviet Union: While Gorbachev's reforms aimed to revitalize the Soviet system, they ultimately contributed to the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991.


  • Lingering Legacy: Gorbachev's legacy as a reformer and peacemaker continues to be debated, with some praising his efforts to modernize the Soviet Union and others criticizing the unintended consequences of his policies.

Test: The End of Bipolarity- 2 - Question 9

When did a coup take place?

Detailed Solution for Test: The End of Bipolarity- 2 - Question 9

When did a coup take place?



  • A: 1988

  • B: 1987

  • C: 1994

  • D: 1991


Detailed



  • Background: A coup refers to the sudden and illegal seizure of a government, usually by a small group of people within the existing state establishment. It is often carried out by military forces.

  • Explanation: The correct answer is option D: 1991. A coup took place in 1991 in the context of the Soviet Union. This coup, known as the August Coup, was an attempt by a group of high-ranking officials to take control of the country and oust President Mikhail Gorbachev.

  • Outcome: The coup ultimately failed due to strong opposition from the public, political leaders, and military forces loyal to Gorbachev. This event marked a significant turning point in the history of the Soviet Union and contributed to its eventual dissolution in December 1991.

  • Significance: The August Coup of 1991 played a crucial role in the collapse of the Soviet Union and the transition of its constituent republics to independent states. It also highlighted the challenges of political instability and power struggles in times of significant change.

Test: The End of Bipolarity- 2 - Question 10

What did the people taste in the coup that took place in 1991?

Detailed Solution for Test: The End of Bipolarity- 2 - Question 10
Explanation:

  • Background: The coup that took place in 1991 refers to the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the establishment of independent republics.

  • Impact on People: The people tasted freedom in the coup of 1991 as they were able to break free from the authoritarian rule of the Soviet Union.

  • Transition to Democracy: The coup marked the transition from a communist regime to a more democratic system in the newly independent republics.

  • End of Repression: With the dissolution of the Soviet Union, people were able to enjoy greater political and personal freedoms that were previously restricted.

  • Hope for the Future: The coup brought hope for a better future and a chance for the people to shape their own destinies.


Test: The End of Bipolarity- 2 - Question 11

Who emerged as a national hero in opposing the coup?

Detailed Solution for Test: The End of Bipolarity- 2 - Question 11
Boris Yeltsin emerged as a national hero in opposing the coup

  • Background: In August 1991, a group of hardline communists attempted a coup to overthrow Mikhail Gorbachev's government in the Soviet Union.

  • Opposition: Boris Yeltsin, the President of the Russian Federation, played a key role in opposing the coup.

  • Defiance: Yeltsin stood on a tank in Moscow, rallying the people against the coup plotters and calling for a general strike.

  • Symbol of resistance: Yeltsin's defiance and courage in standing up to the coup made him a symbol of resistance and a national hero.

  • Success: The coup ultimately failed, and Gorbachev was reinstated as the leader. Yeltsin's actions were instrumental in ensuring the failure of the coup.

Test: The End of Bipolarity- 2 - Question 12

When did Yeltsin, Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus declare that the soviet union was disbanded?

Detailed Solution for Test: The End of Bipolarity- 2 - Question 12

When did Yeltsin, Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus declare that the Soviet Union was disbanded?




  • Answer: December 1991



Detailed




  • Background:


    • After the failed coup attempt in August 1991, the Soviet Union began to disintegrate.


  • Declaration:


    • In December 1991, the leaders of Russia (Boris Yeltsin), Ukraine, and Belarus declared that the Soviet Union was disbanded.


  • Belarus and Kazakhstan:


    • Belarus and Kazakhstan also played significant roles in the dissolution of the Soviet Union.


  • Independence:


    • Following the declaration, the newly independent countries emerged from the ruins of the Soviet Union.




By December 1991, the Soviet Union had ceased to exist and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) was formed, marking the end of an era in world history.


Test: The End of Bipolarity- 2 - Question 13

What did countries that were part of the soviet bloc do against their own governments and soviet control?

Detailed Solution for Test: The End of Bipolarity- 2 - Question 13
Protests against their own governments and Soviet control:

  • Public Demonstrations: Citizens in Soviet bloc countries organized protests and demonstrations against their own governments and Soviet control. These protests were often met with violent crackdowns by the authorities.


  • Political Dissent: Opposition groups and individuals openly criticized the policies of their governments and the influence of the Soviet Union. Intellectuals, writers, and artists played a significant role in voicing dissent.


  • Worker Strikes: Labor strikes became a common form of protest against government policies and Soviet influence. Workers demanded better working conditions, higher wages, and more political freedom.


  • Defiance of Soviet Orders: Some countries in the Soviet bloc openly defied Soviet orders and directives. This included refusing to implement certain policies or sabotaging Soviet initiatives.


  • Revolutionary Movements: In some cases, revolutionary movements emerged to challenge both their own governments and Soviet control. These movements sought to overthrow the existing regimes and establish independent, democratic states.

Test: The End of Bipolarity- 2 - Question 14

What group did the central Asian republics become founding members of?

Detailed Solution for Test: The End of Bipolarity- 2 - Question 14

Central Asian Republics as Founding Members

  • Group: The central Asian republics became founding members of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).

  • CIS: The Commonwealth of Independent States is a regional intergovernmental organization of post-Soviet republics formed after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.

  • Members: The CIS currently has 9 member states, including countries like Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and the central Asian republics.

  • Goals: The CIS aims to promote cooperation in political, economic, and military matters among its member states.

  • Significance: Being founding members of the CIS allowed the central Asian republics to maintain close ties with other former Soviet states and foster regional cooperation.


Test: The End of Bipolarity- 2 - Question 15

Who took over as the only nuclear state of the post-soviet space?

Detailed Solution for Test: The End of Bipolarity- 2 - Question 15
Background:
- After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, several newly independent states inherited nuclear weapons from the Soviet arsenal.
- These states included Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and Belarus.
Transition:
- Ukraine, which had the third-largest nuclear arsenal in the world at the time, made the decision to denuclearize and signed the Budapest Memorandum in 1994, agreeing to give up its nuclear weapons in exchange for security assurances from Russia, the United States, and the United Kingdom.
- By 1996, Ukraine had transferred all its nuclear warheads to Russia for dismantlement, making it a non-nuclear state.
Russia as the only nuclear state:
- With Ukraine's denuclearization, Russia became the sole nuclear state in the post-Soviet space.
- Russia inherited the majority of the Soviet Union's nuclear arsenal and has since maintained its status as a nuclear power.
Conclusion:
- In the post-Soviet space, Russia took over as the only nuclear state after Ukraine's denuclearization. This transition solidified Russia's position as a major nuclear power in the region.
Test: The End of Bipolarity- 2 - Question 16

The soviet union had become what in an administrative and political sense?

Detailed Solution for Test: The End of Bipolarity- 2 - Question 16

Administrative and Political Status of the Soviet Union:

  • Stagnant: The Soviet Union had become stagnant in both administrative and political aspects. This means that there was a lack of growth, development, or progress in these areas.

  • Lack of Innovation: The administrative and political systems in the Soviet Union were not adapting to changing circumstances or implementing new ideas.

  • Centralized Control: The government had a tight grip on power, which led to a lack of flexibility and responsiveness to the needs of the people.

  • Bureaucratic Inefficiencies: The bureaucratic structure in the Soviet Union was bloated and inefficient, hindering effective governance.

  • Collapse: Ultimately, the stagnant administrative and political status of the Soviet Union contributed to its eventual collapse.


Test: The End of Bipolarity- 2 - Question 17

What party had ruled the soviet union for over 70 years?

Detailed Solution for Test: The End of Bipolarity- 2 - Question 17

Party that ruled the Soviet Union for over 70 years:

  • Communist Party: The Communist Party was the ruling party in the Soviet Union for over 70 years.


Key Points:

  • Lenin and Bolshevik Revolution: The Communist Party came to power after the Bolshevik Revolution led by Vladimir Lenin in 1917.

  • Stalin and Totalitarian Rule: Under the leadership of Joseph Stalin, the Communist Party established a totalitarian regime in the Soviet Union.

  • Collectivization and Industrialization: The Communist Party implemented policies of collectivization of agriculture and rapid industrialization.

  • Cold War Era: During the Cold War era, the Communist Party maintained control over the Soviet Union, challenging the Western capitalist powers.

  • End of Soviet Union: The Communist Party's grip on power weakened in the late 1980s, leading to the eventual dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.


Test: The End of Bipolarity- 2 - Question 18

Who promised to reform the economy, catch up with the west, and loosen the administrative system?

Detailed Solution for Test: The End of Bipolarity- 2 - Question 18

Who promised to reform the economy, catch up with the west, and loosen the administrative system?


Answer: d. Gorbachev

  • Background: Mikhail Gorbachev was a Soviet politician who served as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991.


  • Economic Reform: Gorbachev promised to reform the Soviet economy through policies such as perestroika, which aimed to restructure and modernize the economy.


  • Catching up with the West: Gorbachev recognized the need for the Soviet Union to catch up with Western countries in terms of technology, productivity, and living standards.


  • Loosening Administrative System: Gorbachev also implemented policies like glasnost, which aimed to increase transparency and openness in the political system, loosening the strict control of the Communist Party.


Overall, Gorbachev's promises to reform the economy, catch up with the West, and loosen the administrative system were part of his efforts to modernize the Soviet Union and address its economic and political challenges.

Test: The End of Bipolarity- 2 - Question 19

The Russian Revolution in 1917 was led by

Detailed Solution for Test: The End of Bipolarity- 2 - Question 19

On November 6 and 7, 1917 (or October 24 and 25 on the Julian calendar, which is why the event is often referred to as the October Revolution), leftist revolutionaries led by Bolshevik Party leader Vladimir Lenin launched a nearly bloodless coup d'état against the Duma's provisional government.

Test: The End of Bipolarity- 2 - Question 20

What is another name for the North Atlantic treaty organisation?

Detailed Solution for Test: The End of Bipolarity- 2 - Question 20

Another name for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization is NATO.



  • Explanation:



  • NATO: NATO stands for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It is an intergovernmental military alliance between 30 North American and European countries.

  • Formation: NATO was established in 1949 with the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty in response to the threat of the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

  • Objectives: NATO's primary purpose is to guarantee the freedom and security of its members through political and military means.

  • Membership: NATO member countries commit to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party. This principle is enshrined in Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty.

  • Activities: NATO conducts military exercises, peacekeeping missions, and crisis response operations to promote stability and security in the Euro-Atlantic area.

  • Role: NATO plays a crucial role in deterring aggression, maintaining peace, and upholding democratic values in the member countries.

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