What is the primary material used to make Harappan seals?

Steatite

Fill in the blanks: The timeline of the Harappan civilization spans from ___ BCE to ___ BCE.

6000 BCE to 1300 BCE

True or False: The Harappan civilization is known for its undeciphered script found on seals.

True

What are two types of artifacts commonly found from the Harappan civilization?

Pottery and seals

Fill in the blank: The Mature Harappan phase lasted from ___ BCE to ___ BCE.

2600 BCE to 1900 BCE

Which regions have Harappan artifacts been discovered?

From Afghanistan to Maharashtra, including areas in Pakistan and India.

What does the term 'Harappa' refer to in the context of the Harappan civilization?

It comes from the site where this civilization was first identified.

True or False: The Late Harappan phase is characterized by urban prosperity.

False: The Late Harappan phase is characterized by decline.

What significant information do we gain from the archaeological evidence of the Harappan civilization?

We gain insights into the lives of the people, including their houses, tools, and daily activities.

What significant change indicates a break between the Early Harappan and Harappan civilization?

The discovery of large-scale burning at some archaeological sites and the abandonment of certain settlements indicates a significant break.

The Harappans may have used ___ for ploughing, as suggested by seals and terracotta sculptures.

Oxen

True or False: Rice is commonly found at Harappan archaeological sites.

False; rice is relatively rare at Harappan sites.

What types of domesticated animals were indicated by animal bones found at Harappan sites?

Cattle, sheep, goat, buffalo, and pig are some of the domesticated animals indicated by the bones found.

Fill in the blank: The Mature Harappan culture developed in areas previously occupied by ___ cultures.

Early Harappan

What evidence suggests that irrigation may have been necessary for Harappan agriculture?

The presence of traces of canals and water reservoirs indicates that irrigation was likely necessary in semi-arid areas.

What types of grains were commonly found at Harappan sites?

Wheat, barley, lentil, chickpea, sesame, and millets were commonly found at Harappan sites.

True or False: The Harappans relied solely on hunting for their animal protein sources.

False; they had domesticated animals and also possibly obtained meat from other hunting communities.

Mohenjodaro is known for its advanced urban planning, which includes the construction of the Citadel and the Lower Town. What are the main features of each section?

The Citadel is smaller, elevated, and surrounded by walls with buildings on mud brick platforms, while the Lower Town is walled and features a grid layout of streets and buildings also on platforms.

The drainage system of Harappan cities was notable for its design. Describe the layout and purpose of the drainage system in Mohenjodaro.

The drainage system featured streets with drains that were constructed before houses, ensuring that each house had a wall along the street to facilitate wastewater flow into the drains, promoting sanitation.

Fill in the blank: The Great Bath in the Citadel of Mohenjodaro is believed to have been used for ___ purposes.

Ritual bathing

True or False: All houses in the Lower Town of Mohenjodaro had windows on their ground-level walls for ventilation.

False. There were no windows on the ground-level walls to ensure privacy.

What materials were used in the construction of the Great Bath, and what features made it watertight?

The Great Bath was constructed using bricks and gypsum mortar, which made it watertight. It included steps on both sides and was surrounded by a corridor.

The residential buildings in the Lower Town were designed around what central feature?

Courtyards

How many wells were estimated to be present in Mohenjodaro, and what was their significance?

An estimated total of 700 wells were present in Mohenjodaro, providing water for domestic use.

Describe the construction standardization observed in Harappan settlements.

Standardized bricks were used in construction with a consistent ratio of length, breadth, and height across Harappan settlements, indicating advanced planning.