What are the three stages of landform development?

Youth, mature, and old stages.

Factors influencing erosion include rock structures, climate, and ___ stability.

Sea level

True or False: Geomorphology is solely concerned with the materials of landforms.

False. Geomorphology studies landforms in relation to their stage, structure, and processes.

The study of landforms is essential in understanding the effects of which geomorphic agents?

Running water, moving ice, wind, glaciers, underground water, and waves through erosion and deposition.

Fill in the blank: Each landform is a product of specific geomorphic processes and ___ agents.

Geomorphic

Running water is primarily responsible for what type of geomorphic agent in regions with high humidity and heavy rainfall?

Land surface degradation.

Overland flow causes ___ erosion, which develops into a network of valleys.

Sheet

True or False: As stream channels flow over steep gradients, they become more vigorous and increase in velocity over time.

False. Stream channels flowing over steep gradients become gentler due to ongoing erosion, leading to a decrease in their velocity.

What is the term for the flat plain formed as a result of stream erosion that appears almost level?

Peneplain.

Fill in the blank: As stream beds become gentler due to erosion, downward cutting becomes less dominant while ___ erosion of banks increases.

Lateral

What happens to the divides between drainage basins as a result of overland flow?

They are lowered until they are almost completely flattened.

True or False: As time passes, the velocity of rivers decreases and the amount of deposition increases.

True.

Based on the characteristics of landscapes developing in running water regimes, what happens to hills and valleys over time?

They are reduced to flat plains.

During the youth stage of landscape development, streams are characterized by ___ valleys and typically lack ___ or only have very narrow floodplains.

V-shaped; floodplains

True or False: In the mature stage of landscape evolution, waterfalls and rapids are prevalent.

False; they disappear during the mature stage.

What changes occur to stream divides as landscapes transition from youth to mature stages?

Stream divides become sharper as the landscape matures.

In the old stage of landscape development, streams are observed to meander freely over ___ floodplains.

Vast

Fill in the blank: The landscape in the old stage is characterized by ___ and ___ with gentle gradients.

Few smaller tributaries; broad flat divides

What is a key feature of the valleys during the youth stage of landscape development?

The valleys are V-shaped and shallow.

True or False: In the mature landscape stage, streams begin to show more integration and the valleys become deeper.

True

Fill in the blank: The streams during the old age of a landscape typically show ___ levees and may form ___ lakes.

Natural; oxbow

Valleys begin as ___ and evolve into ___ through a process of erosion.

Small and narrow rills; long and wide gullies

True or False: A gorge is wider at the top than at the bottom.

False; a gorge is almost equal in width at its top and bottom.

Canyons typically form in ___ bedded sedimentary rocks, while gorges form in ___ rocks.

Horizontal; hard

Fill in the blank: Potholes on rocky beds are formed due to ___ erosion aided by the ___ of rock fragments.

Stream; abrasion