The hydrological cycle involves the continuous exchange of water between the ___, ___, and ___ components of the Earth.

Oceans, atmosphere, land surface

True or False: Approximately 59% of water that falls on land is absorbed by the ground and does not return to the atmosphere.

False. Approximately 59% of water that falls on land returns to the atmosphere through evaporation.

What percentage of the Earth's water is located in the oceans?

About 71%

Fill in the blank: The renewable water on Earth remains ___ despite increasing demand.

Constant

True or False: The hydrological cycle includes water in only one phase, which is liquid.

False. The hydrological cycle involves water in liquid, solid, and gaseous phases.

What is the main consequence of the increasing demand for water globally?

It leads to water crises, both spatially and temporally.

Fill in the blanks: The water that does not return to the atmosphere after precipitation either runs off on the surface, infiltrates the ground, or becomes ___.

Glaciers

The oceanic deeps are the deepest regions of the ocean floor, comprising trenches and ___ plains.

Abyssal

True or False: The average depth of oceanic trenches is generally shallower than that of the abyssal plains.

False; oceanic trenches are typically deeper than abyssal plains.

What are the main characteristics of the continental slope?

The continental slope marks the boundary between the continental shelf and the deep ocean floor, featuring a steep descent with depths ranging from 200m to 3000m and often containing underwater canyons and channels.

Fill in the blank: The continental shelf features a gentle gradient of about ___ degrees or less.

1

True or False: The continental shelf is generally wider in regions like the west coast of Sumatra compared to the Siberian shelf.

False; the Siberian shelf is the world's largest and can span up to 1500 kilometers in width, while the west coast of Sumatra has a narrow shelf.

What is the significance of the deep-sea plain in oceanic geography?

The deep-sea plain represents a vast and relatively flat expanse on the ocean floor, characterized by sediment accumulation and minimal surface relief, making it one of the most extensive terrains in oceanic geography.

A mid-oceanic ridge consists of two chains of mountains separated by a large depression. True or False?

True

Submarine canyons are often found cutting across ___ and ___ .

Continental shelves and slopes

What is a guyot?

A guyot is a flat-topped seamount that has subsided over time, resulting in a flat top.

Atolls are characterized by ___ surrounding a central depression.

Coral reefs

Over 10,000 seamounts and guyots are estimated to exist in the ___ ocean.

Pacific

Surface water temperature in the ocean decreases from the equator towards the poles due to ___ reduction in insolation.

The decreasing

True or False: The Gulf Stream is a cold ocean current that lowers temperatures along the eastern coast of North America.

False; the Gulf Stream is a warm current that raises temperatures along the eastern coast of North America.

The temperature-depth profile of ocean water shows a rapid decrease in temperature at the ___, which separates warmer surface waters from deeper waters.

Thermocline

Fill in the blank: The top warm layer of ocean water at middle and low latitudes ranges from ___ to ___ degrees Celsius.

20°C to 25°C

What role do prevailing winds play in the temperature of ocean waters?

Prevailing winds moving from land to oceans push warm surface water away from the coast, resulting in the upwelling of cold water from deeper levels.

True or False: Cold ocean currents can elevate temperatures in warm regions.

False; cold ocean currents reduce temperatures in warm regions.

Longitudinal variation in ocean temperature is primarily influenced by ___ and ___ winds.

Offshore and onshore