True or False: Enforcement in the context of accountability refers to the obligation of public officials to justify their actions.

False; Enforcement refers to the ability of the public or oversight institutions to sanction or remedy contravening behavior.

What are the two distinct stages involved in the concept of accountability?

Answerability and enforcement

True or False: Vertical accountability is primarily concerned with the reporting obligations of governmental agencies to each other.

False; Vertical accountability involves citizens, mass media, and civil society enforcing standards of good performance on officials.

Fill in the blank: The key institution often associated with both horizontal and vertical accountability is the ___.

Parliament

Parliament holds the executive ___ accountable, while the judiciary holds it ___ accountable.

Politically; legally

True or False: The judiciary has the power to adjudicate on the legality of policy issues and the rights of citizens.

True

Social accountability is defined as an approach that relies on ___ engagement to ensure governmental accountability.

Civic

What are the main methods of enforcing accountability in governance?

Legislative control, Ministerial/Government Control, and Audit Control

Fill in the blank: The combination of parliamentary and judicial oversight provides ongoing ___ of the government.

Accountability

The Karnataka Transparency Act of 1999 was one of the first laws to ensure accountability by defining the responsibility of those exercising authority. True or False?

True

The appointments of the regulatory body should be made independently without consultation with the legislature's presiding officers and leaders of opposition. True or False?

False. Appointments should be made in consultation with the legislature's presiding officer(s) and leader(s) of opposition.

All members of statutory professional bodies are considered public servants under the PCA, IPC, and Lokayukta Act. Fill in the blank: This inclusion ensures ___ for these members.

Accountability

What role does the adjudicatory body play concerning the regulatory body mentioned in the content?

It acts as an appellate and supervisory body for the regulatory body.

Under the proposed accountability framework, decisions made by the appellate body can be challenged only in the ___ of India.

Supreme Court

Accountability is crucial for ensuring that government initiatives meet their stated objectives and respond to community needs. True or False?

True. Accountability ensures public officials are held responsible for their actions, contributing to better governance and poverty reduction.

The two distinct stages of accountability are ___ and ___.

Answerability and enforcement

What is horizontal accountability and how does it function within state institutions?

Vertical accountability is primarily enforced by which groups?

Citizens, mass media, and civil society