What are the two main components at the core of the process of evolution?

Variation and heredity

Lamarckism suggests that characteristics acquired during an organism's lifetime can be ___ to its offspring.

Passed on

True or False: Darwin's theory of natural selection states that all organisms have equal chances of survival regardless of their adaptations.

False. Only well-adapted organisms are likely to survive.

Fill in the blank: The survival of the fittest refers to the process by which organisms with ___ traits are more likely to thrive.

Beneficial

What role do vestigial organs play in understanding evolutionary history?

They provide evidence of an organism's evolutionary past and the changes in form and function over time.

Which species is known for exhibiting a mix of human and ape characteristics and primarily lived on the ground?

Australopithecus afarensis

Riddle: I am an organ that once helped your ancestors digest food but now serves little purpose. What am I?

The vermiform appendix

True or False: Homo sapiens evolved directly from the species Homo habilis.

True, Homo sapiens evolved from Homo habilis or Australopithecus.

What significant milestone is associated with the separation of ape and human ancestors?

The separation began about 5 million years ago, leading to distinct evolutionary paths.

Fill in the blank: The cranial capacity of Cro-Magnon Man is approximately ___ cubic centimeters.

1650

What is the estimated height of Australopithecus africanus and what era did it live in?

Estimated height is between 1.5 to 1.8 meters, and it lived approximately 2 million years ago.

Multiple Choice: Which of the following species is characterized by a flat cranium and strong mandibles? 
A) Homo sapiens 
B) Homo neanderthalensis 
C) Australopithecus 
D) Ramapithecus

B) Homo neanderthalensis