What is a tort, and what are its primary objectives?

A tort is a civil wrong.

• Addresses harm to individuals.

• Compensation for injured parties.

• Deters future wrongful acts.

Fill in the blank: The principle of ___ emphasizes that a plaintiff can recover damages even without proof of actual loss, as long as their legal rights have been violated.

Injuria sine damno

True or False: The doctrine of vicarious liability holds an employer responsible for the actions of its employees only if those actions are performed within the scope of employment.

True

Explain the concept of absolute liability as established in landmark cases.

Absolute liability involves strict responsibility.

• Inherently dangerous activities.

• No defenses for negligence.

• High safety standards required.

Fill in the blank: A contract that cannot be enforced by law is known as a ___ contract.

Void

What is meant by contributory negligence in tort law?

Contributory negligence limits compensation claims.

• Plaintiff's fault reduces awards.

• Legal concept in tort law.

• Ensures fairness in liability.

True or False: The defense of volenti non fit injuria applies in cases where a person voluntarily exposes themselves to obvious risks.

True

Describe the significance of the case Donoghue vs Stevenson in establishing the duty of care.

Duty of care established in law.

• Defining consumer protection rights.

• Led to modern negligence law.

• Established the 'neighbour principle.'

Fill in the blank: A contract made under duress is classified as a ___ contract.

Voidable

What are the essential elements required for a contract to be considered valid?

A valid contract needs five elements.

• Legitimate offer to start.

• Acceptance by both parties.

• Consideration as value exchange.

True or False: A plaintiff can claim damages for emotional distress without any physical injury in tort law.

True

Explain the significance of the case Rylands vs Fletcher in tort law.

Rylands vs Fletcher established strict liability.

• Introduced strict liability principle.

• Liability for dangerous substances.

• Set legal precedent in tort law.

Fill in the blank: The legal principle stating that an act is not considered a tort if it is performed to prevent a greater harm is known as the defense of ___.

Necessity

What does the term 'remoteness of damage' imply in tort law?

Remoteness of damage limits liability.

• Focuses on foreseeable damages.

• Restricts claims to direct losses.

• Protects defendants from excessive claims.

What are the key elements that must be present for a contract to be legally enforceable as per the Indian Contract Act, 1872?

Key elements for a valid contract.

• Legitimate offer must exist.

• Acceptance by all parties.

• Consideration is necessary.