Fill in the blank: The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) is responsible for ___ and ___ historical sites in India.

Identifying and safeguarding

Describe the significance of Varanasi in the context of Indian history.

Varanasi is a historic Indian city.

• One of the oldest cities.

• Symbolizes rich cultural heritage.

• A hub for spiritual practices.

True or False: Kalibangan was first identified as a historic site by an English scholar.

False. It was first identified by an Italian scholar, Luigi Pio Tessitori.

List three types of historical sources that help us understand ancient civilizations.

Oral sources, inscriptions and edicts, and archaeological sources.

Fill in the blank: The citadel in Kalibangan likely served as a center for ___ and ___ during its peak.

Rituals and administration

Explain the role of agricultural fields in the development of ancient cities like Kalibangan.

Agricultural fields were essential for sustenance, allowing cities to support larger populations and develop complex societies.

What materials were commonly found as artifacts during excavations at Kalibangan?

Artifacts included pottery, beads, copper objects, shells, and seals with undeciphered writing.

What was the primary purpose of fortifications in ancient cities?

Fortifications served to protect the city from attacks and invasions, ensuring the safety of its inhabitants.

Describe how the discoveries at Kalibangan contribute to our understanding of Harappan civilization.

The discoveries, such as fire altars and burial practices, provide insights into the religious and social practices of the Harappan people.