What is the primary cause of Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy?

Stress leading to a large release of catecholamines.

Which of the following is a key diagnostic criterion for Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy? A) ST segment elevation B) Coronary artery blockage C) History of myocarditis D) Persistent hypertension

A) ST segment elevation

What characteristic finding is observed in the heart muscle during biopsy in Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy?

Areas of cell damage along with inflammatory cells and necrosis.

In Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia, which structural abnormality is primarily noted?

Fat buildup and scarring in the right ventricle myocardium.

Which imaging modality is preferred for evaluating Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia?

Cardiac MRI.

What is the most common inheritance pattern for Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia?

Autosomal dominant.

Which symptom is most commonly associated with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?

Dyspnea, often due to pulmonary edema.

Which medication is typically preferred for managing Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy?

Propranolol.

What distinctive heart sound is associated with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?

A harsh systolic diamond-shaped murmur.

What is the primary cause of Restrictive Cardiomyopathy?

Infiltration of abnormal substances into the heart tissue, commonly due to amyloidosis.

Which of the following is NOT a common infiltrative condition leading to Restrictive Cardiomyopathy? A) Amyloidosis B) Sarcoidosis C) Scleroderma D) Coronary artery disease

D) Coronary artery disease

What clinical feature is indicative of Congestive Heart Failure in Restrictive Cardiomyopathy?

Raised Jugular Venous Pressure (JVP) with distinct x and y descents.

What is the leading cause of Dilated Cardiomyopathy?

Idiopathic causes, believed to be viral infections or genetic factors.

Which arrhythmia is a common complication of Dilated Cardiomyopathy?

Ventricular tachycardia.

In patients with aortic regurgitation, which medication is recommended to manage hypertension?

Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs) and beta blockers.

What does the presence of an epsilon wave on an ECG suggest?

Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia.

What is the most significant complication associated with untreated Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)?

Pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Which type of Atrial Septal Defect is most commonly associated with endocardial cushion defects?

Ostium primum ASD.

Which congenital heart defect is characterized by a continuous 'machinery' murmur?

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA).

What is a distinguishing feature of Eisenmenger Syndrome?

Reversal of shunt due to pulmonary arterial hypertension.

What is the most common cause of acute pericarditis?

Idiopathic, often believed to be viral.

What distinguishes cardiac tamponade from other conditions related to pericardial effusion?

Rapid accumulation of pericardial fluid leading to impaired cardiac filling.

Which type of Aortic Dissection requires emergency surgery?

Type A dissection.

What is the primary symptom of aortic dissection?

Sudden onset of tearing chest pain radiating to the back.

What is the typical chest X-ray appearance of Transposition of Great Arteries (TGA)?

'Egg on string' appearance indicating cardiomegaly.

What is a common finding on ECG in patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?

Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) with high voltages across the precordium.

What clinical management is recommended for patients with syncope due to neurocardiogenic causes?

Increase fluid intake and avoid triggers.

Which heart sound is associated with mitral regurgitation?

Holosystolic murmur at the apex.

What is the primary treatment for symptomatic patients with Atrial Septal Defect?

Surgical closure of the defect.

What is the primary risk factor for developing Dilated Cardiomyopathy?

Alcohol consumption.