PPT: Computer Architecture & Organization | Computer Architecture & Organisation (CAO) - Computer Science Engineering (CSE) PDF Download

 Page 1


) s e r u t c e L 0 1 (                                                         I - t i n U 
 
  
 
STRUCTURE OF COMPUTERS: Computer types, functional units, basic operational concepts, 
Von-Neumann architecture, bus structures, software, performance, multiprocessors and 
multicomputer 
Book: Carl Hamacher, Zvonks Vranesic, SafeaZaky (2002), Computer Organization, 5th 
edition, McGraw Hill: Unit-1 Pages: 1-23 
 
Data representation, fixed and floating point and error detecting codes. 
Book: M. Moris Mano (2006), Computer System Architecture, 3rd edition, Pearson/PHI, 
India: Unit-3 Pages: 67-91 
 
REGISTER TRANSFER AND MICRO -OPERATIONS: Register transfer language, register 
transfer, bus and memory transfers, arithmetic micro-operations, logic micro-operations, 
shift micro-operations, arithmetic logic shift unit. 
Book: M. Moris Mano (2006), Computer System Architecture, 3rd edition, Pearson/PHI, 
India: Unit-3 Pages: 93-118 
 
Computer Architecture: 
Computer Architecture deals with giving operational attributes of the computer or Processor 
to be specific. It deals with details like physical memory, ISA (Instruction Set Architecture) of 
the processor, the number of bits used to represent the data types, Input Output mechanism 
and technique for addressing memories. 
Computer Organization: 
Computer Organization is realization of what is specified by the computer architecture .It 
deals with how operational attributes are linked together to meet the requirements specified 
by computer architecture. Some organizational attributes are hardware details, control 
signals, peripherals. 
EXAMPLE: 
Say you are in a company that manufactures cars, design and all low-level details of the car 
come under computer architecture (abstract, programmers view), while making it’s parts 
piece by piece and connecting together the different components of that car by keeping the 
basic design in mind comes under computer organization (physical and visible). 
 
 
Computer Organization Computer Architecture 
Page 2


) s e r u t c e L 0 1 (                                                         I - t i n U 
 
  
 
STRUCTURE OF COMPUTERS: Computer types, functional units, basic operational concepts, 
Von-Neumann architecture, bus structures, software, performance, multiprocessors and 
multicomputer 
Book: Carl Hamacher, Zvonks Vranesic, SafeaZaky (2002), Computer Organization, 5th 
edition, McGraw Hill: Unit-1 Pages: 1-23 
 
Data representation, fixed and floating point and error detecting codes. 
Book: M. Moris Mano (2006), Computer System Architecture, 3rd edition, Pearson/PHI, 
India: Unit-3 Pages: 67-91 
 
REGISTER TRANSFER AND MICRO -OPERATIONS: Register transfer language, register 
transfer, bus and memory transfers, arithmetic micro-operations, logic micro-operations, 
shift micro-operations, arithmetic logic shift unit. 
Book: M. Moris Mano (2006), Computer System Architecture, 3rd edition, Pearson/PHI, 
India: Unit-3 Pages: 93-118 
 
Computer Architecture: 
Computer Architecture deals with giving operational attributes of the computer or Processor 
to be specific. It deals with details like physical memory, ISA (Instruction Set Architecture) of 
the processor, the number of bits used to represent the data types, Input Output mechanism 
and technique for addressing memories. 
Computer Organization: 
Computer Organization is realization of what is specified by the computer architecture .It 
deals with how operational attributes are linked together to meet the requirements specified 
by computer architecture. Some organizational attributes are hardware details, control 
signals, peripherals. 
EXAMPLE: 
Say you are in a company that manufactures cars, design and all low-level details of the car 
come under computer architecture (abstract, programmers view), while making it’s parts 
piece by piece and connecting together the different components of that car by keeping the 
basic design in mind comes under computer organization (physical and visible). 
 
 
Computer Organization Computer Architecture 
Computer Organization and Architecture 
 
  
 
Often called microarchitecture (low level) 
Computer architecture (a 
bit higher level) 
Transparent from programmer (ex. a programmer does 
not worry much how addition is implemented in 
hardware) 
Programmer view (i.e. 
Programmer has to be 
aware of which instruction 
set used) 
Physical components (Circuit design, Adders, Signals, 
Peripherals) 
Logic (Instruction set, 
Addressing modes, Data 
types, Cache optimization) 
How to do ? (implementation of the architecture) 
What to do ? (Instruction 
set) 
 
 
GENERATIONS OF A COMPUTER 
Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is/was being 
used. Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish between varying hardware 
technologies. But nowadays, generation includes both hardware and software, which 
together make up an entire computer system. 
There are totally five computer generations known till date. Each generation has been 
discussed in detail along with their time period and characteristics. Here approximate dates 
against each generations have been mentioned which are normally accepted. 
Following are the main five generations of computers 
S.N. Generation & Description 
1 
First Generation 
The period of first generation: 1946-1959. Vacuum tube based. 
2 
Second Generation 
The period of second generation: 1959-1965. Transistor based. 
3 
Third Generation 
The period of third generation: 1965-1971. Integrated Circuit based. 
4 
Fourth Generation 
The period of fourth generation: 1971-1980. VLSI microprocessor based. 
5 
Fifth Generation 
The period of fifth generation: 1980-onwards. ULSI microprocessor based 
 
 
First generation 
Page 3


) s e r u t c e L 0 1 (                                                         I - t i n U 
 
  
 
STRUCTURE OF COMPUTERS: Computer types, functional units, basic operational concepts, 
Von-Neumann architecture, bus structures, software, performance, multiprocessors and 
multicomputer 
Book: Carl Hamacher, Zvonks Vranesic, SafeaZaky (2002), Computer Organization, 5th 
edition, McGraw Hill: Unit-1 Pages: 1-23 
 
Data representation, fixed and floating point and error detecting codes. 
Book: M. Moris Mano (2006), Computer System Architecture, 3rd edition, Pearson/PHI, 
India: Unit-3 Pages: 67-91 
 
REGISTER TRANSFER AND MICRO -OPERATIONS: Register transfer language, register 
transfer, bus and memory transfers, arithmetic micro-operations, logic micro-operations, 
shift micro-operations, arithmetic logic shift unit. 
Book: M. Moris Mano (2006), Computer System Architecture, 3rd edition, Pearson/PHI, 
India: Unit-3 Pages: 93-118 
 
Computer Architecture: 
Computer Architecture deals with giving operational attributes of the computer or Processor 
to be specific. It deals with details like physical memory, ISA (Instruction Set Architecture) of 
the processor, the number of bits used to represent the data types, Input Output mechanism 
and technique for addressing memories. 
Computer Organization: 
Computer Organization is realization of what is specified by the computer architecture .It 
deals with how operational attributes are linked together to meet the requirements specified 
by computer architecture. Some organizational attributes are hardware details, control 
signals, peripherals. 
EXAMPLE: 
Say you are in a company that manufactures cars, design and all low-level details of the car 
come under computer architecture (abstract, programmers view), while making it’s parts 
piece by piece and connecting together the different components of that car by keeping the 
basic design in mind comes under computer organization (physical and visible). 
 
 
Computer Organization Computer Architecture 
Computer Organization and Architecture 
 
  
 
Often called microarchitecture (low level) 
Computer architecture (a 
bit higher level) 
Transparent from programmer (ex. a programmer does 
not worry much how addition is implemented in 
hardware) 
Programmer view (i.e. 
Programmer has to be 
aware of which instruction 
set used) 
Physical components (Circuit design, Adders, Signals, 
Peripherals) 
Logic (Instruction set, 
Addressing modes, Data 
types, Cache optimization) 
How to do ? (implementation of the architecture) 
What to do ? (Instruction 
set) 
 
 
GENERATIONS OF A COMPUTER 
Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is/was being 
used. Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish between varying hardware 
technologies. But nowadays, generation includes both hardware and software, which 
together make up an entire computer system. 
There are totally five computer generations known till date. Each generation has been 
discussed in detail along with their time period and characteristics. Here approximate dates 
against each generations have been mentioned which are normally accepted. 
Following are the main five generations of computers 
S.N. Generation & Description 
1 
First Generation 
The period of first generation: 1946-1959. Vacuum tube based. 
2 
Second Generation 
The period of second generation: 1959-1965. Transistor based. 
3 
Third Generation 
The period of third generation: 1965-1971. Integrated Circuit based. 
4 
Fourth Generation 
The period of fourth generation: 1971-1980. VLSI microprocessor based. 
5 
Fifth Generation 
The period of fifth generation: 1980-onwards. ULSI microprocessor based 
 
 
First generation 
Computer Organization and Architecture 
 
  
 
The period of first generation was 1946-1959. The computers of first generation used 
vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing 
Unit). These tubes, like electric bulbs, produced a lot of heat and were prone to frequent 
fusing of the installations, therefore, were very expensive and could be afforded only by very 
large organizations. In this generation mainly batch processing operating system were used. 
Punched cards, paper tape, and magnetic tape were used as input and output devices. The 
computers in this generation used machine code as programming language. 
 
The main features of first generation are: 
? Vacuum tube technology 
? Unreliable 
? Supported machine language only 
? Very costly 
? Generated lot of heat 
? Slow input and output devices 
? Huge size 
? Need of A.C. 
? Non-portable 
? Consumed lot of electricity 
Some computers of this generation were: 
? ENIAC 
? EDVAC 
? UNIVAC 
? IBM-701 
? IBM-650 
Page 4


) s e r u t c e L 0 1 (                                                         I - t i n U 
 
  
 
STRUCTURE OF COMPUTERS: Computer types, functional units, basic operational concepts, 
Von-Neumann architecture, bus structures, software, performance, multiprocessors and 
multicomputer 
Book: Carl Hamacher, Zvonks Vranesic, SafeaZaky (2002), Computer Organization, 5th 
edition, McGraw Hill: Unit-1 Pages: 1-23 
 
Data representation, fixed and floating point and error detecting codes. 
Book: M. Moris Mano (2006), Computer System Architecture, 3rd edition, Pearson/PHI, 
India: Unit-3 Pages: 67-91 
 
REGISTER TRANSFER AND MICRO -OPERATIONS: Register transfer language, register 
transfer, bus and memory transfers, arithmetic micro-operations, logic micro-operations, 
shift micro-operations, arithmetic logic shift unit. 
Book: M. Moris Mano (2006), Computer System Architecture, 3rd edition, Pearson/PHI, 
India: Unit-3 Pages: 93-118 
 
Computer Architecture: 
Computer Architecture deals with giving operational attributes of the computer or Processor 
to be specific. It deals with details like physical memory, ISA (Instruction Set Architecture) of 
the processor, the number of bits used to represent the data types, Input Output mechanism 
and technique for addressing memories. 
Computer Organization: 
Computer Organization is realization of what is specified by the computer architecture .It 
deals with how operational attributes are linked together to meet the requirements specified 
by computer architecture. Some organizational attributes are hardware details, control 
signals, peripherals. 
EXAMPLE: 
Say you are in a company that manufactures cars, design and all low-level details of the car 
come under computer architecture (abstract, programmers view), while making it’s parts 
piece by piece and connecting together the different components of that car by keeping the 
basic design in mind comes under computer organization (physical and visible). 
 
 
Computer Organization Computer Architecture 
Computer Organization and Architecture 
 
  
 
Often called microarchitecture (low level) 
Computer architecture (a 
bit higher level) 
Transparent from programmer (ex. a programmer does 
not worry much how addition is implemented in 
hardware) 
Programmer view (i.e. 
Programmer has to be 
aware of which instruction 
set used) 
Physical components (Circuit design, Adders, Signals, 
Peripherals) 
Logic (Instruction set, 
Addressing modes, Data 
types, Cache optimization) 
How to do ? (implementation of the architecture) 
What to do ? (Instruction 
set) 
 
 
GENERATIONS OF A COMPUTER 
Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is/was being 
used. Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish between varying hardware 
technologies. But nowadays, generation includes both hardware and software, which 
together make up an entire computer system. 
There are totally five computer generations known till date. Each generation has been 
discussed in detail along with their time period and characteristics. Here approximate dates 
against each generations have been mentioned which are normally accepted. 
Following are the main five generations of computers 
S.N. Generation & Description 
1 
First Generation 
The period of first generation: 1946-1959. Vacuum tube based. 
2 
Second Generation 
The period of second generation: 1959-1965. Transistor based. 
3 
Third Generation 
The period of third generation: 1965-1971. Integrated Circuit based. 
4 
Fourth Generation 
The period of fourth generation: 1971-1980. VLSI microprocessor based. 
5 
Fifth Generation 
The period of fifth generation: 1980-onwards. ULSI microprocessor based 
 
 
First generation 
Computer Organization and Architecture 
 
  
 
The period of first generation was 1946-1959. The computers of first generation used 
vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing 
Unit). These tubes, like electric bulbs, produced a lot of heat and were prone to frequent 
fusing of the installations, therefore, were very expensive and could be afforded only by very 
large organizations. In this generation mainly batch processing operating system were used. 
Punched cards, paper tape, and magnetic tape were used as input and output devices. The 
computers in this generation used machine code as programming language. 
 
The main features of first generation are: 
? Vacuum tube technology 
? Unreliable 
? Supported machine language only 
? Very costly 
? Generated lot of heat 
? Slow input and output devices 
? Huge size 
? Need of A.C. 
? Non-portable 
? Consumed lot of electricity 
Some computers of this generation were: 
? ENIAC 
? EDVAC 
? UNIVAC 
? IBM-701 
? IBM-650 
Computer Organization and Architecture 
 
  
 
Second generation 
The period of second generation was 1959-1965. In this generation transistors were used 
that were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size, more reliable and faster 
than the first generation machines made of vacuum tubes. In this generation, magnetic cores 
were used as primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondary storage 
devices. In this generation assembly language and high-level programming languages like 
FORTRAN, COBOL were used. The computers used batch processing and multiprogramming 
operating system. 
 
The main features of second generation are: 
? Use of transistors 
? Reliable in comparison to first generation computers 
? Smaller size as compared to first generation computers 
? Generated less heat as compared to first generation computers 
? Consumed less electricity as compared to first generation computers 
? Faster than first generation computers 
? Still very costly 
? A.C. needed 
? Supported machine and assembly languages 
Some computers of this generation were: 
? IBM 1620 
? IBM 7094 
? CDC 1604 
? CDC 3600 
? UNIVAC 1108 
Third generation 
Page 5


) s e r u t c e L 0 1 (                                                         I - t i n U 
 
  
 
STRUCTURE OF COMPUTERS: Computer types, functional units, basic operational concepts, 
Von-Neumann architecture, bus structures, software, performance, multiprocessors and 
multicomputer 
Book: Carl Hamacher, Zvonks Vranesic, SafeaZaky (2002), Computer Organization, 5th 
edition, McGraw Hill: Unit-1 Pages: 1-23 
 
Data representation, fixed and floating point and error detecting codes. 
Book: M. Moris Mano (2006), Computer System Architecture, 3rd edition, Pearson/PHI, 
India: Unit-3 Pages: 67-91 
 
REGISTER TRANSFER AND MICRO -OPERATIONS: Register transfer language, register 
transfer, bus and memory transfers, arithmetic micro-operations, logic micro-operations, 
shift micro-operations, arithmetic logic shift unit. 
Book: M. Moris Mano (2006), Computer System Architecture, 3rd edition, Pearson/PHI, 
India: Unit-3 Pages: 93-118 
 
Computer Architecture: 
Computer Architecture deals with giving operational attributes of the computer or Processor 
to be specific. It deals with details like physical memory, ISA (Instruction Set Architecture) of 
the processor, the number of bits used to represent the data types, Input Output mechanism 
and technique for addressing memories. 
Computer Organization: 
Computer Organization is realization of what is specified by the computer architecture .It 
deals with how operational attributes are linked together to meet the requirements specified 
by computer architecture. Some organizational attributes are hardware details, control 
signals, peripherals. 
EXAMPLE: 
Say you are in a company that manufactures cars, design and all low-level details of the car 
come under computer architecture (abstract, programmers view), while making it’s parts 
piece by piece and connecting together the different components of that car by keeping the 
basic design in mind comes under computer organization (physical and visible). 
 
 
Computer Organization Computer Architecture 
Computer Organization and Architecture 
 
  
 
Often called microarchitecture (low level) 
Computer architecture (a 
bit higher level) 
Transparent from programmer (ex. a programmer does 
not worry much how addition is implemented in 
hardware) 
Programmer view (i.e. 
Programmer has to be 
aware of which instruction 
set used) 
Physical components (Circuit design, Adders, Signals, 
Peripherals) 
Logic (Instruction set, 
Addressing modes, Data 
types, Cache optimization) 
How to do ? (implementation of the architecture) 
What to do ? (Instruction 
set) 
 
 
GENERATIONS OF A COMPUTER 
Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is/was being 
used. Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish between varying hardware 
technologies. But nowadays, generation includes both hardware and software, which 
together make up an entire computer system. 
There are totally five computer generations known till date. Each generation has been 
discussed in detail along with their time period and characteristics. Here approximate dates 
against each generations have been mentioned which are normally accepted. 
Following are the main five generations of computers 
S.N. Generation & Description 
1 
First Generation 
The period of first generation: 1946-1959. Vacuum tube based. 
2 
Second Generation 
The period of second generation: 1959-1965. Transistor based. 
3 
Third Generation 
The period of third generation: 1965-1971. Integrated Circuit based. 
4 
Fourth Generation 
The period of fourth generation: 1971-1980. VLSI microprocessor based. 
5 
Fifth Generation 
The period of fifth generation: 1980-onwards. ULSI microprocessor based 
 
 
First generation 
Computer Organization and Architecture 
 
  
 
The period of first generation was 1946-1959. The computers of first generation used 
vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing 
Unit). These tubes, like electric bulbs, produced a lot of heat and were prone to frequent 
fusing of the installations, therefore, were very expensive and could be afforded only by very 
large organizations. In this generation mainly batch processing operating system were used. 
Punched cards, paper tape, and magnetic tape were used as input and output devices. The 
computers in this generation used machine code as programming language. 
 
The main features of first generation are: 
? Vacuum tube technology 
? Unreliable 
? Supported machine language only 
? Very costly 
? Generated lot of heat 
? Slow input and output devices 
? Huge size 
? Need of A.C. 
? Non-portable 
? Consumed lot of electricity 
Some computers of this generation were: 
? ENIAC 
? EDVAC 
? UNIVAC 
? IBM-701 
? IBM-650 
Computer Organization and Architecture 
 
  
 
Second generation 
The period of second generation was 1959-1965. In this generation transistors were used 
that were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size, more reliable and faster 
than the first generation machines made of vacuum tubes. In this generation, magnetic cores 
were used as primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondary storage 
devices. In this generation assembly language and high-level programming languages like 
FORTRAN, COBOL were used. The computers used batch processing and multiprogramming 
operating system. 
 
The main features of second generation are: 
? Use of transistors 
? Reliable in comparison to first generation computers 
? Smaller size as compared to first generation computers 
? Generated less heat as compared to first generation computers 
? Consumed less electricity as compared to first generation computers 
? Faster than first generation computers 
? Still very costly 
? A.C. needed 
? Supported machine and assembly languages 
Some computers of this generation were: 
? IBM 1620 
? IBM 7094 
? CDC 1604 
? CDC 3600 
? UNIVAC 1108 
Third generation 
Computer Organization and Architecture 
 
  
 
The period of third generation was 1965-1971. The computers of third generation used 
integrated circuits (IC's) in place of transistors. A single IC has many transistors, resistors 
and capacitors along with the associated circuitry. The IC was invented by Jack Kilby. This 
development made computers smaller in size, reliable and efficient. In this generation 
remote processing, time-sharing, multi-programming operating system were used. High-
level languages (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68 etc.) were used 
during this generation. 
 
The main features of third generation are: 
? IC used 
? More reliable in comparison to previous two generations 
? Smaller size 
? Generated less heat 
? Faster 
? Lesser maintenance 
? Still costly 
? A.C needed 
? Consumed lesser electricity 
? Supported high-level language 
Some computers of this generation were: 
? IBM-360 series 
? Honeywell-6000 series 
? PDP(Personal Data Processor) 
? IBM-370/168 
? TDC-316 
 
Fourth generation