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PPT: Computer Architecture & Organization
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Page 1 ) s e r u t c e L 0 1 ( I - t i n U STRUCTURE OF COMPUTERS: Computer types, functional units, basic operational concepts, Von-Neumann architecture, bus structures, software, performance, multiprocessors and multicomputer Book: Carl Hamacher, Zvonks Vranesic, SafeaZaky (2002), Computer Organization, 5th edition, McGraw Hill: Unit-1 Pages: 1-23 Data representation, fixed and floating point and error detecting codes. Book: M. Moris Mano (2006), Computer System Architecture, 3rd edition, Pearson/PHI, India: Unit-3 Pages: 67-91 REGISTER TRANSFER AND MICRO -OPERATIONS: Register transfer language, register transfer, bus and memory transfers, arithmetic micro-operations, logic micro-operations, shift micro-operations, arithmetic logic shift unit. Book: M. Moris Mano (2006), Computer System Architecture, 3rd edition, Pearson/PHI, India: Unit-3 Pages: 93-118 Computer Architecture: Computer Architecture deals with giving operational attributes of the computer or Processor to be specific. It deals with details like physical memory, ISA (Instruction Set Architecture) of the processor, the number of bits used to represent the data types, Input Output mechanism and technique for addressing memories. Computer Organization: Computer Organization is realization of what is specified by the computer architecture .It deals with how operational attributes are linked together to meet the requirements specified by computer architecture. Some organizational attributes are hardware details, control signals, peripherals. EXAMPLE: Say you are in a company that manufactures cars, design and all low-level details of the car come under computer architecture (abstract, programmers view), while making it’s parts piece by piece and connecting together the different components of that car by keeping the basic design in mind comes under computer organization (physical and visible). Computer Organization Computer Architecture Page 2 ) s e r u t c e L 0 1 ( I - t i n U STRUCTURE OF COMPUTERS: Computer types, functional units, basic operational concepts, Von-Neumann architecture, bus structures, software, performance, multiprocessors and multicomputer Book: Carl Hamacher, Zvonks Vranesic, SafeaZaky (2002), Computer Organization, 5th edition, McGraw Hill: Unit-1 Pages: 1-23 Data representation, fixed and floating point and error detecting codes. Book: M. Moris Mano (2006), Computer System Architecture, 3rd edition, Pearson/PHI, India: Unit-3 Pages: 67-91 REGISTER TRANSFER AND MICRO -OPERATIONS: Register transfer language, register transfer, bus and memory transfers, arithmetic micro-operations, logic micro-operations, shift micro-operations, arithmetic logic shift unit. Book: M. Moris Mano (2006), Computer System Architecture, 3rd edition, Pearson/PHI, India: Unit-3 Pages: 93-118 Computer Architecture: Computer Architecture deals with giving operational attributes of the computer or Processor to be specific. It deals with details like physical memory, ISA (Instruction Set Architecture) of the processor, the number of bits used to represent the data types, Input Output mechanism and technique for addressing memories. Computer Organization: Computer Organization is realization of what is specified by the computer architecture .It deals with how operational attributes are linked together to meet the requirements specified by computer architecture. Some organizational attributes are hardware details, control signals, peripherals. EXAMPLE: Say you are in a company that manufactures cars, design and all low-level details of the car come under computer architecture (abstract, programmers view), while making it’s parts piece by piece and connecting together the different components of that car by keeping the basic design in mind comes under computer organization (physical and visible). Computer Organization Computer Architecture Computer Organization and Architecture Often called microarchitecture (low level) Computer architecture (a bit higher level) Transparent from programmer (ex. a programmer does not worry much how addition is implemented in hardware) Programmer view (i.e. Programmer has to be aware of which instruction set used) Physical components (Circuit design, Adders, Signals, Peripherals) Logic (Instruction set, Addressing modes, Data types, Cache optimization) How to do ? (implementation of the architecture) What to do ? (Instruction set) GENERATIONS OF A COMPUTER Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is/was being used. Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish between varying hardware technologies. But nowadays, generation includes both hardware and software, which together make up an entire computer system. There are totally five computer generations known till date. Each generation has been discussed in detail along with their time period and characteristics. Here approximate dates against each generations have been mentioned which are normally accepted. Following are the main five generations of computers S.N. Generation & Description 1 First Generation The period of first generation: 1946-1959. Vacuum tube based. 2 Second Generation The period of second generation: 1959-1965. Transistor based. 3 Third Generation The period of third generation: 1965-1971. Integrated Circuit based. 4 Fourth Generation The period of fourth generation: 1971-1980. VLSI microprocessor based. 5 Fifth Generation The period of fifth generation: 1980-onwards. ULSI microprocessor based First generation Page 3 ) s e r u t c e L 0 1 ( I - t i n U STRUCTURE OF COMPUTERS: Computer types, functional units, basic operational concepts, Von-Neumann architecture, bus structures, software, performance, multiprocessors and multicomputer Book: Carl Hamacher, Zvonks Vranesic, SafeaZaky (2002), Computer Organization, 5th edition, McGraw Hill: Unit-1 Pages: 1-23 Data representation, fixed and floating point and error detecting codes. Book: M. Moris Mano (2006), Computer System Architecture, 3rd edition, Pearson/PHI, India: Unit-3 Pages: 67-91 REGISTER TRANSFER AND MICRO -OPERATIONS: Register transfer language, register transfer, bus and memory transfers, arithmetic micro-operations, logic micro-operations, shift micro-operations, arithmetic logic shift unit. Book: M. Moris Mano (2006), Computer System Architecture, 3rd edition, Pearson/PHI, India: Unit-3 Pages: 93-118 Computer Architecture: Computer Architecture deals with giving operational attributes of the computer or Processor to be specific. It deals with details like physical memory, ISA (Instruction Set Architecture) of the processor, the number of bits used to represent the data types, Input Output mechanism and technique for addressing memories. Computer Organization: Computer Organization is realization of what is specified by the computer architecture .It deals with how operational attributes are linked together to meet the requirements specified by computer architecture. Some organizational attributes are hardware details, control signals, peripherals. EXAMPLE: Say you are in a company that manufactures cars, design and all low-level details of the car come under computer architecture (abstract, programmers view), while making it’s parts piece by piece and connecting together the different components of that car by keeping the basic design in mind comes under computer organization (physical and visible). Computer Organization Computer Architecture Computer Organization and Architecture Often called microarchitecture (low level) Computer architecture (a bit higher level) Transparent from programmer (ex. a programmer does not worry much how addition is implemented in hardware) Programmer view (i.e. Programmer has to be aware of which instruction set used) Physical components (Circuit design, Adders, Signals, Peripherals) Logic (Instruction set, Addressing modes, Data types, Cache optimization) How to do ? (implementation of the architecture) What to do ? (Instruction set) GENERATIONS OF A COMPUTER Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is/was being used. Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish between varying hardware technologies. But nowadays, generation includes both hardware and software, which together make up an entire computer system. There are totally five computer generations known till date. Each generation has been discussed in detail along with their time period and characteristics. Here approximate dates against each generations have been mentioned which are normally accepted. Following are the main five generations of computers S.N. Generation & Description 1 First Generation The period of first generation: 1946-1959. Vacuum tube based. 2 Second Generation The period of second generation: 1959-1965. Transistor based. 3 Third Generation The period of third generation: 1965-1971. Integrated Circuit based. 4 Fourth Generation The period of fourth generation: 1971-1980. VLSI microprocessor based. 5 Fifth Generation The period of fifth generation: 1980-onwards. ULSI microprocessor based First generation Computer Organization and Architecture The period of first generation was 1946-1959. The computers of first generation used vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing Unit). These tubes, like electric bulbs, produced a lot of heat and were prone to frequent fusing of the installations, therefore, were very expensive and could be afforded only by very large organizations. In this generation mainly batch processing operating system were used. Punched cards, paper tape, and magnetic tape were used as input and output devices. The computers in this generation used machine code as programming language. The main features of first generation are: ? Vacuum tube technology ? Unreliable ? Supported machine language only ? Very costly ? Generated lot of heat ? Slow input and output devices ? Huge size ? Need of A.C. ? Non-portable ? Consumed lot of electricity Some computers of this generation were: ? ENIAC ? EDVAC ? UNIVAC ? IBM-701 ? IBM-650 Page 4 ) s e r u t c e L 0 1 ( I - t i n U STRUCTURE OF COMPUTERS: Computer types, functional units, basic operational concepts, Von-Neumann architecture, bus structures, software, performance, multiprocessors and multicomputer Book: Carl Hamacher, Zvonks Vranesic, SafeaZaky (2002), Computer Organization, 5th edition, McGraw Hill: Unit-1 Pages: 1-23 Data representation, fixed and floating point and error detecting codes. Book: M. Moris Mano (2006), Computer System Architecture, 3rd edition, Pearson/PHI, India: Unit-3 Pages: 67-91 REGISTER TRANSFER AND MICRO -OPERATIONS: Register transfer language, register transfer, bus and memory transfers, arithmetic micro-operations, logic micro-operations, shift micro-operations, arithmetic logic shift unit. Book: M. Moris Mano (2006), Computer System Architecture, 3rd edition, Pearson/PHI, India: Unit-3 Pages: 93-118 Computer Architecture: Computer Architecture deals with giving operational attributes of the computer or Processor to be specific. It deals with details like physical memory, ISA (Instruction Set Architecture) of the processor, the number of bits used to represent the data types, Input Output mechanism and technique for addressing memories. Computer Organization: Computer Organization is realization of what is specified by the computer architecture .It deals with how operational attributes are linked together to meet the requirements specified by computer architecture. Some organizational attributes are hardware details, control signals, peripherals. EXAMPLE: Say you are in a company that manufactures cars, design and all low-level details of the car come under computer architecture (abstract, programmers view), while making it’s parts piece by piece and connecting together the different components of that car by keeping the basic design in mind comes under computer organization (physical and visible). Computer Organization Computer Architecture Computer Organization and Architecture Often called microarchitecture (low level) Computer architecture (a bit higher level) Transparent from programmer (ex. a programmer does not worry much how addition is implemented in hardware) Programmer view (i.e. Programmer has to be aware of which instruction set used) Physical components (Circuit design, Adders, Signals, Peripherals) Logic (Instruction set, Addressing modes, Data types, Cache optimization) How to do ? (implementation of the architecture) What to do ? (Instruction set) GENERATIONS OF A COMPUTER Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is/was being used. Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish between varying hardware technologies. But nowadays, generation includes both hardware and software, which together make up an entire computer system. There are totally five computer generations known till date. Each generation has been discussed in detail along with their time period and characteristics. Here approximate dates against each generations have been mentioned which are normally accepted. Following are the main five generations of computers S.N. Generation & Description 1 First Generation The period of first generation: 1946-1959. Vacuum tube based. 2 Second Generation The period of second generation: 1959-1965. Transistor based. 3 Third Generation The period of third generation: 1965-1971. Integrated Circuit based. 4 Fourth Generation The period of fourth generation: 1971-1980. VLSI microprocessor based. 5 Fifth Generation The period of fifth generation: 1980-onwards. ULSI microprocessor based First generation Computer Organization and Architecture The period of first generation was 1946-1959. The computers of first generation used vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing Unit). These tubes, like electric bulbs, produced a lot of heat and were prone to frequent fusing of the installations, therefore, were very expensive and could be afforded only by very large organizations. In this generation mainly batch processing operating system were used. Punched cards, paper tape, and magnetic tape were used as input and output devices. The computers in this generation used machine code as programming language. The main features of first generation are: ? Vacuum tube technology ? Unreliable ? Supported machine language only ? Very costly ? Generated lot of heat ? Slow input and output devices ? Huge size ? Need of A.C. ? Non-portable ? Consumed lot of electricity Some computers of this generation were: ? ENIAC ? EDVAC ? UNIVAC ? IBM-701 ? IBM-650 Computer Organization and Architecture Second generation The period of second generation was 1959-1965. In this generation transistors were used that were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size, more reliable and faster than the first generation machines made of vacuum tubes. In this generation, magnetic cores were used as primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondary storage devices. In this generation assembly language and high-level programming languages like FORTRAN, COBOL were used. The computers used batch processing and multiprogramming operating system. The main features of second generation are: ? Use of transistors ? Reliable in comparison to first generation computers ? Smaller size as compared to first generation computers ? Generated less heat as compared to first generation computers ? Consumed less electricity as compared to first generation computers ? Faster than first generation computers ? Still very costly ? A.C. needed ? Supported machine and assembly languages Some computers of this generation were: ? IBM 1620 ? IBM 7094 ? CDC 1604 ? CDC 3600 ? UNIVAC 1108 Third generation Page 5 ) s e r u t c e L 0 1 ( I - t i n U STRUCTURE OF COMPUTERS: Computer types, functional units, basic operational concepts, Von-Neumann architecture, bus structures, software, performance, multiprocessors and multicomputer Book: Carl Hamacher, Zvonks Vranesic, SafeaZaky (2002), Computer Organization, 5th edition, McGraw Hill: Unit-1 Pages: 1-23 Data representation, fixed and floating point and error detecting codes. Book: M. Moris Mano (2006), Computer System Architecture, 3rd edition, Pearson/PHI, India: Unit-3 Pages: 67-91 REGISTER TRANSFER AND MICRO -OPERATIONS: Register transfer language, register transfer, bus and memory transfers, arithmetic micro-operations, logic micro-operations, shift micro-operations, arithmetic logic shift unit. Book: M. Moris Mano (2006), Computer System Architecture, 3rd edition, Pearson/PHI, India: Unit-3 Pages: 93-118 Computer Architecture: Computer Architecture deals with giving operational attributes of the computer or Processor to be specific. It deals with details like physical memory, ISA (Instruction Set Architecture) of the processor, the number of bits used to represent the data types, Input Output mechanism and technique for addressing memories. Computer Organization: Computer Organization is realization of what is specified by the computer architecture .It deals with how operational attributes are linked together to meet the requirements specified by computer architecture. Some organizational attributes are hardware details, control signals, peripherals. EXAMPLE: Say you are in a company that manufactures cars, design and all low-level details of the car come under computer architecture (abstract, programmers view), while making it’s parts piece by piece and connecting together the different components of that car by keeping the basic design in mind comes under computer organization (physical and visible). Computer Organization Computer Architecture Computer Organization and Architecture Often called microarchitecture (low level) Computer architecture (a bit higher level) Transparent from programmer (ex. a programmer does not worry much how addition is implemented in hardware) Programmer view (i.e. Programmer has to be aware of which instruction set used) Physical components (Circuit design, Adders, Signals, Peripherals) Logic (Instruction set, Addressing modes, Data types, Cache optimization) How to do ? (implementation of the architecture) What to do ? (Instruction set) GENERATIONS OF A COMPUTER Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is/was being used. Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish between varying hardware technologies. But nowadays, generation includes both hardware and software, which together make up an entire computer system. There are totally five computer generations known till date. Each generation has been discussed in detail along with their time period and characteristics. Here approximate dates against each generations have been mentioned which are normally accepted. Following are the main five generations of computers S.N. Generation & Description 1 First Generation The period of first generation: 1946-1959. Vacuum tube based. 2 Second Generation The period of second generation: 1959-1965. Transistor based. 3 Third Generation The period of third generation: 1965-1971. Integrated Circuit based. 4 Fourth Generation The period of fourth generation: 1971-1980. VLSI microprocessor based. 5 Fifth Generation The period of fifth generation: 1980-onwards. ULSI microprocessor based First generation Computer Organization and Architecture The period of first generation was 1946-1959. The computers of first generation used vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing Unit). These tubes, like electric bulbs, produced a lot of heat and were prone to frequent fusing of the installations, therefore, were very expensive and could be afforded only by very large organizations. In this generation mainly batch processing operating system were used. Punched cards, paper tape, and magnetic tape were used as input and output devices. The computers in this generation used machine code as programming language. The main features of first generation are: ? Vacuum tube technology ? Unreliable ? Supported machine language only ? Very costly ? Generated lot of heat ? Slow input and output devices ? Huge size ? Need of A.C. ? Non-portable ? Consumed lot of electricity Some computers of this generation were: ? ENIAC ? EDVAC ? UNIVAC ? IBM-701 ? IBM-650 Computer Organization and Architecture Second generation The period of second generation was 1959-1965. In this generation transistors were used that were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size, more reliable and faster than the first generation machines made of vacuum tubes. In this generation, magnetic cores were used as primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondary storage devices. In this generation assembly language and high-level programming languages like FORTRAN, COBOL were used. The computers used batch processing and multiprogramming operating system. The main features of second generation are: ? Use of transistors ? Reliable in comparison to first generation computers ? Smaller size as compared to first generation computers ? Generated less heat as compared to first generation computers ? Consumed less electricity as compared to first generation computers ? Faster than first generation computers ? Still very costly ? A.C. needed ? Supported machine and assembly languages Some computers of this generation were: ? IBM 1620 ? IBM 7094 ? CDC 1604 ? CDC 3600 ? UNIVAC 1108 Third generation Computer Organization and Architecture The period of third generation was 1965-1971. The computers of third generation used integrated circuits (IC's) in place of transistors. A single IC has many transistors, resistors and capacitors along with the associated circuitry. The IC was invented by Jack Kilby. This development made computers smaller in size, reliable and efficient. In this generation remote processing, time-sharing, multi-programming operating system were used. High- level languages (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68 etc.) were used during this generation. The main features of third generation are: ? IC used ? More reliable in comparison to previous two generations ? Smaller size ? Generated less heat ? Faster ? Lesser maintenance ? Still costly ? A.C needed ? Consumed lesser electricity ? Supported high-level language Some computers of this generation were: ? IBM-360 series ? Honeywell-6000 series ? PDP(Personal Data Processor) ? IBM-370/168 ? TDC-316 Fourth generationRead More
FAQs on PPT: Computer Architecture & Organization
| 1. What is the difference between computer architecture and computer organization? |  |
Ans. Computer architecture refers to the logical design and functional behaviour of computer systems, including instruction sets and memory models, while computer organization describes how components physically interact to execute those instructions. Architecture focuses on what the computer does; organization focuses on how it does it. Both are essential for understanding system performance and design.
| 2. What are the main components in CPU architecture and how do they work together? | |
Ans. The CPU contains the control unit, arithmetic logic unit (ALU), and registers as core components. The control unit directs operations, the ALU performs calculations, and registers store temporary data. These components work through a fetch-decode-execute cycle, coordinating through data buses to process instructions efficiently and maintain system operations.
| 3. Why is understanding the von Neumann architecture important for SSC CGL exams? | |
Ans. The von Neumann architecture model is fundamental to computer organization concepts tested in SSC CGL Computer Awareness. It establishes how memory, CPU, and input-output devices communicate through a shared bus system. Mastering this architecture helps students understand modern computer design principles, instruction execution, and memory management-all critical exam topics.
| 4. How do cache memory levels improve computer performance in the system hierarchy? | |
Ans. Cache memory operates in hierarchical levels (L1, L2, L3) between the CPU and main memory, storing frequently accessed data for faster retrieval. This reduces access time significantly since cache operates at CPU speed. The memory hierarchy-from registers to cache to RAM to storage-balances speed and capacity, directly impacting overall system performance.
| 5. What's the relationship between instruction sets and processor performance in computer organization? | |
Ans. Instruction sets define the operations a processor can execute, determining its computational capabilities and performance characteristics. RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) and CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) architectures use different instruction set designs. Simpler instructions enable faster execution and pipelining, while complex instructions reduce instruction count-each approach trades off speed versus code density differently.
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