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TRANSFORMER
 INTRODUCTION
 TRANSFORMER EQUATION
 TRANSFORMER RATING
 PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER
 SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
 TRANSFORMER LOSSES
 TRANSFORMER EFFICIENCY
 VOLTAGE REGULATION
 THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER
Page 2


TRANSFORMER
 INTRODUCTION
 TRANSFORMER EQUATION
 TRANSFORMER RATING
 PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER
 SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
 TRANSFORMER LOSSES
 TRANSFORMER EFFICIENCY
 VOLTAGE REGULATION
 THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER
Introduction Introduction
? Atransformer is a static static machines machines.
?? The The word word ‘transformer’ ‘transformer’comes comes form form the the word word ‘transform’ ‘transform’. .
? Transformer is not not an an energy energy conversion conversion device device, but is a device device that that
changes changes AC AC electrical electrical power power at at one one voltage voltage level level into into AC AC electrical electrical
power power at at another another voltage voltage level level through through the the action action of of magnetic magnetic field, field,
without without a a change change in in frequency frequency. .
?? It Itcan can be be either either to to step step- -up up or or step step down down. .
Generation Generation
Station Station
TX1 TX1
Distribution Distribution
ss TX1
TX1
TTransmission ransmission
System System
33/13.5k 33/13.5k
VV
13.5/6.6kV 13.5/6.6kV
6.6kV/415 6.6kV/415
VV
Consumer Consumer
Page 3


TRANSFORMER
 INTRODUCTION
 TRANSFORMER EQUATION
 TRANSFORMER RATING
 PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER
 SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
 TRANSFORMER LOSSES
 TRANSFORMER EFFICIENCY
 VOLTAGE REGULATION
 THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER
Introduction Introduction
? Atransformer is a static static machines machines.
?? The The word word ‘transformer’ ‘transformer’comes comes form form the the word word ‘transform’ ‘transform’. .
? Transformer is not not an an energy energy conversion conversion device device, but is a device device that that
changes changes AC AC electrical electrical power power at at one one voltage voltage level level into into AC AC electrical electrical
power power at at another another voltage voltage level level through through the the action action of of magnetic magnetic field, field,
without without a a change change in in frequency frequency. .
?? It Itcan can be be either either to to step step- -up up or or step step down down. .
Generation Generation
Station Station
TX1 TX1
Distribution Distribution
ss TX1
TX1
TTransmission ransmission
System System
33/13.5k 33/13.5k
VV
13.5/6.6kV 13.5/6.6kV
6.6kV/415 6.6kV/415
VV
Consumer Consumer
MZS
FKEE, UMP
Transformer Equation
? Faraday’s Law states that,
? If the flux passes through a coil of wire, a voltage will be
induced in the turns of wire. This voltage is directly
proportional to the rate of change in the flux with respect
of time.
If we haveNN turns of wire,
dt
t d
Emf V
ind ind
) ( F
- = =
dt
t d
N Emf V
ind ind
) ( F
- = =
Lenz’s Law
Page 4


TRANSFORMER
 INTRODUCTION
 TRANSFORMER EQUATION
 TRANSFORMER RATING
 PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER
 SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
 TRANSFORMER LOSSES
 TRANSFORMER EFFICIENCY
 VOLTAGE REGULATION
 THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER
Introduction Introduction
? Atransformer is a static static machines machines.
?? The The word word ‘transformer’ ‘transformer’comes comes form form the the word word ‘transform’ ‘transform’. .
? Transformer is not not an an energy energy conversion conversion device device, but is a device device that that
changes changes AC AC electrical electrical power power at at one one voltage voltage level level into into AC AC electrical electrical
power power at at another another voltage voltage level level through through the the action action of of magnetic magnetic field, field,
without without a a change change in in frequency frequency. .
?? It Itcan can be be either either to to step step- -up up or or step step down down. .
Generation Generation
Station Station
TX1 TX1
Distribution Distribution
ss TX1
TX1
TTransmission ransmission
System System
33/13.5k 33/13.5k
VV
13.5/6.6kV 13.5/6.6kV
6.6kV/415 6.6kV/415
VV
Consumer Consumer
MZS
FKEE, UMP
Transformer Equation
? Faraday’s Law states that,
? If the flux passes through a coil of wire, a voltage will be
induced in the turns of wire. This voltage is directly
proportional to the rate of change in the flux with respect
of time.
If we haveNN turns of wire,
dt
t d
Emf V
ind ind
) ( F
- = =
dt
t d
N Emf V
ind ind
) ( F
- = =
Lenz’s Law
MZS
FKEE, UMP
Transformer Equation
? For an ac sources,
? Let V(t) = V
m
sin wt
i(t) = i
m
sin wt
Since the flux is a sinusoidal function;
Then:
Therefore:
Thus:
t t
m
w sin ) ( F = F
m m ind ind
fN N Emf V F = F = = p w 2
(max)
t N
dt
t d
N Emf V
m
m
ind ind
w w
w
cos
sin
F - =
F
- = =
m
m m
rms ind
fN
fN N
Emf F =
F
=
F
= 44 . 4
2
2
2
) (
p w
Page 5


TRANSFORMER
 INTRODUCTION
 TRANSFORMER EQUATION
 TRANSFORMER RATING
 PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER
 SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
 TRANSFORMER LOSSES
 TRANSFORMER EFFICIENCY
 VOLTAGE REGULATION
 THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER
Introduction Introduction
? Atransformer is a static static machines machines.
?? The The word word ‘transformer’ ‘transformer’comes comes form form the the word word ‘transform’ ‘transform’. .
? Transformer is not not an an energy energy conversion conversion device device, but is a device device that that
changes changes AC AC electrical electrical power power at at one one voltage voltage level level into into AC AC electrical electrical
power power at at another another voltage voltage level level through through the the action action of of magnetic magnetic field, field,
without without a a change change in in frequency frequency. .
?? It Itcan can be be either either to to step step- -up up or or step step down down. .
Generation Generation
Station Station
TX1 TX1
Distribution Distribution
ss TX1
TX1
TTransmission ransmission
System System
33/13.5k 33/13.5k
VV
13.5/6.6kV 13.5/6.6kV
6.6kV/415 6.6kV/415
VV
Consumer Consumer
MZS
FKEE, UMP
Transformer Equation
? Faraday’s Law states that,
? If the flux passes through a coil of wire, a voltage will be
induced in the turns of wire. This voltage is directly
proportional to the rate of change in the flux with respect
of time.
If we haveNN turns of wire,
dt
t d
Emf V
ind ind
) ( F
- = =
dt
t d
N Emf V
ind ind
) ( F
- = =
Lenz’s Law
MZS
FKEE, UMP
Transformer Equation
? For an ac sources,
? Let V(t) = V
m
sin wt
i(t) = i
m
sin wt
Since the flux is a sinusoidal function;
Then:
Therefore:
Thus:
t t
m
w sin ) ( F = F
m m ind ind
fN N Emf V F = F = = p w 2
(max)
t N
dt
t d
N Emf V
m
m
ind ind
w w
w
cos
sin
F - =
F
- = =
m
m m
rms ind
fN
fN N
Emf F =
F
=
F
= 44 . 4
2
2
2
) (
p w
MZS
FKEE, UMP
Transformer Equation
? For an ideal transformer
? In the equilibrium condition, both the input power will be equaled to the
output power, and this condition is said to ideal condition of a transformer.
? From the ideal transformer circuit, note that,
? Hence, substitute in (i)
m
m
fN E
fN E
F ==
F ==
2 2
1 1
44 . 4
44 . 4
1
2
2
1
2 2 1 1
cos cos
I
I
V
V
I V I V
power output power Input
= \
=
=
q q
………………… (i)
2 2 1 1
V E and V E = =
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FAQs on PPT: Practical Transformer, Transformer Losses & Efficiency, 3 Phase Transformer - Basic Electrical Technology - Electrical Engineering (EE)

1. What is a practical transformer and how does it differ from other types of transformers?
Ans. A practical transformer is a type of electrical device that is used to transfer electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction. It differs from other types of transformers in terms of its design, construction, and efficiency. Practical transformers are designed to be compact, efficient, and reliable for various applications, such as power distribution, voltage regulation, and electrical isolation.
2. What are the different types of losses in a transformer and how do they affect its efficiency?
Ans. There are primarily three types of losses in a transformer: copper losses, iron losses, and stray losses. Copper losses occur in the windings of the transformer due to the resistance of the conductors and result in power dissipation. Iron losses, also known as core losses, are caused by hysteresis and eddy currents in the transformer's core material. Stray losses occur due to leakage flux and are caused by the imperfect magnetic coupling between the windings. These losses reduce the overall efficiency of the transformer as they result in power wastage in the form of heat.
3. What factors affect the efficiency of a practical transformer?
Ans. Several factors can affect the efficiency of a practical transformer. These include the design and construction of the transformer, the quality of the core material used, the winding resistance, the magnetic properties of the core, and the operating conditions such as load and temperature. Additionally, the type and magnitude of the losses in the transformer, including copper losses, iron losses, and stray losses, also play a significant role in determining its overall efficiency.
4. How can the efficiency of a practical transformer be improved?
Ans. The efficiency of a practical transformer can be improved by several means. Firstly, using high-quality core materials with low hysteresis and eddy current losses can minimize iron losses. Secondly, reducing the winding resistance by using high-conductivity materials and optimizing the winding design can minimize copper losses. Thirdly, proper cooling methods, such as forced air or liquid cooling, can help dissipate heat and prevent temperature rise, thereby reducing losses. Lastly, implementing effective magnetic shielding and insulation techniques can minimize stray losses and improve overall efficiency.
5. What are the advantages of a 3-phase transformer compared to a single-phase transformer?
Ans. A 3-phase transformer offers several advantages over a single-phase transformer. Firstly, it allows for the transmission and distribution of a higher amount of power compared to single-phase transformers. This is because a 3-phase system provides a constant power transfer, whereas a single-phase system experiences power fluctuations. Secondly, 3-phase transformers are more compact and lighter in weight, making them suitable for applications with limited space. Additionally, 3-phase transformers provide a more balanced load on the electrical system, resulting in improved system stability and reduced voltage drop.
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