NCERT पाठ्यपुस्तक पाठ 8 - उपन्यास समाज और इतिहास, कक्षा 10, सामाजिक विज्ञान | NCERT Textbooks in Hindi (Class 6 to Class 12) - UPSC PDF Download

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177
miU;kl] lekt vkSj bfrgkl
miU;kl] lekt vkSj bfrgkl
vè;k; 8
miU;kl] lekt vkSj bfrgkl
vkius fiNys vè;k; ls tkuk fd eqnz.k laLo`Qfr dk mn; oSQls gqvk vkSj
fdl rjg lapkj osQ u, :iksa us yksxksa osQ ,d&nwljs osQ ckjs esa lkspus vkSj
,d&nwljs ls tqM+us osQ rjhO+ksQ dks cny fn;kA vkius ;g Hkh ns[kk fd eqnz.k
laLo`Qfr us lkfgR; osQ u, :iksa dks laHko cuk;kA bl vè;k; esa ge
lkfgR; osQ ,d ,sls gh u, :iµmiU;klµosQ ckjs esa i<+saxs D;ksafd bldk
vk/qfud lksp osQ <jsZ ls fugk;r u”knhdh fj'rk jgk gSA igys ge if'pe
esa miU;kl osQ bfrgkl dks vkSj fiQj Hkkjr osQ oqQN bykO+kQksa esa blosQ fodkl
dk vè;;u djsaxsA vki ns[ksaxs fd cgqr lkjs vkilh I
+
kQO+kZQ osQ ckotwn]
nqfu;k osQ fofHkUu fgLlksa esa miU;klksa esa dkI+kQh vge lekurk,¡ FkhaA
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177
miU;kl] lekt vkSj bfrgkl
miU;kl] lekt vkSj bfrgkl
vè;k; 8
miU;kl] lekt vkSj bfrgkl
vkius fiNys vè;k; ls tkuk fd eqnz.k laLo`Qfr dk mn; oSQls gqvk vkSj
fdl rjg lapkj osQ u, :iksa us yksxksa osQ ,d&nwljs osQ ckjs esa lkspus vkSj
,d&nwljs ls tqM+us osQ rjhO+ksQ dks cny fn;kA vkius ;g Hkh ns[kk fd eqnz.k
laLo`Qfr us lkfgR; osQ u, :iksa dks laHko cuk;kA bl vè;k; esa ge
lkfgR; osQ ,d ,sls gh u, :iµmiU;klµosQ ckjs esa i<+saxs D;ksafd bldk
vk/qfud lksp osQ <jsZ ls fugk;r u”knhdh fj'rk jgk gSA igys ge if'pe
esa miU;kl osQ bfrgkl dks vkSj fiQj Hkkjr osQ oqQN bykO+kQksa esa blosQ fodkl
dk vè;;u djsaxsA vki ns[ksaxs fd cgqr lkjs vkilh I
+
kQO+kZQ osQ ckotwn]
nqfu;k osQ fofHkUu fgLlksa esa miU;klksa esa dkI+kQh vge lekurk,¡ FkhaA
178
Hkkjr vkSj ledkyhu fo'o
miU;kl lkfgR; dh ,d vk/qfud fo/k gSA bldh iSnkb'k Nkis[+kkus osQ
e'khuh vkfo"dkj ls gqbZA
Nih fdrkc osQ cxSj miU;kl dh dYiuk ge ugha dj ldrsA vki tkurs
gSa fd izkphu dky esa ikaMqfyfi;k¡ gLrfyf[kr gksrh Fkha (lkrok¡ vè;k;)A
blls izlkj pan yksxksa rd lhfer FkkA ysfdu e'khu ls Nius osQ ckn
miU;klksa dks cgqr cM+k ikBd oxZ fey x;k vkSj tYn gh bls ”kcjnLr
yksdfiz;rk feyhA bl le; rd yanu tSls 'kgj cM+h rs”kh ls iSQy jgs
Fks vkSj NikbZ rFkk lapkj osQ vU; lk/uksa osQ vkus ls NksVs 'kgjksa ls Hkh
mudk laioZQ vklku gks x;k FkkA vius fc[kjs gq, vkSj fofo/ ikBd&oxZ
osQ chp miU;klksa us oqQN lk>h #fp;k¡ O+kQk;e dhaA T;ksa&T;ksa ikBd dgkuh
esa ?kqlrs x, vkSj dkYifud fOkQjnkjksa ls mudk fj'rk curk x;k] R;ksa&R;ksa
izse vkSj fookg rFkk L=kh&iq#"k&laca/ vkfn osQ ckjs esa os vyx rjg ls
lkspus yxsA
miU;kl us igys&igy tM+sa baXySaM vkSj I+kzQkal esa tekb±A gkyk¡fd miU;kl
l=kgoha lnh ls gh fy[ks tkus yxs Fks] ysfdu mudk vlyh fodkl
vBkjgoha lnh esa gh gqvkA buosQ ikBdksa esa baXySaM vkSj I+kzQkal osQ ikjaifjd
Hknz lekt osQ vykok nqdkunkj o eqa'kh oxZ osQ yksx Hkh 'kkfey gks x,A
ikBd oxZ vkSj fdrkcksa osQ ck”kkj osQ c<+us ls ys[kdksa dh vk; Hkh c<+hA
oqQyhu oxZ osQ laj{k.k ls vk”kkn gksdj vc os [kqys fny ls vyx&vyx
'kSfy;ksa esa rjg&rjg osQ iz;ksx djus yxsA vBkjgoha lnh osQ igys fgLls
esa fy[k jgs miU;kldkj gsujh I+kQh¯YMx us nkok fd;k fd mUgksaus ^vius
fy, ,d vyx lkezkT; [+kqn cuk;k gS* tgk¡ mUgha osQ cuk, O+kQkuwu pyrs
gSaA okWYVj LdkWV us LdkWV yksdxhrksa dks ;kn vkSj tek djosQ LdkWV
oa'kkoyh o mudh yM+kb;ksa osQ bfrgkl ij fy[ks vius miU;klksa esa mudk
mi;ksx fd;kA nwljh rjI+kQ [+krwrh ;k i=kkRed miU;klksa esa futh i=kksa dks
vk/kj cuk;k x;kA vBkjgoha lnh esa fy[ks x, lSeq,y fjpMZlu osQ
miU;kl ikesyk esa iwjh dgkuh izsfe;ksa osQ vkilh [+krksa osQ ”kfj, dgh xbZ
gSA ikBdksa dks ukf;dk osQ eu dh ckr] mlosQ var}±}ksa dk irk ukf;dk dh
fpfV~B;ksa ls gh pyrk gSA
1-1 izdk'ku ck”kkj
lekt osQ X+kjhc rcO+ksQ dkI+kQh vjls rd izdk'ku osQ ck”kkj ls ckgj jgsA
'kq:&'kq: esa miU;kl lLrs rks Fks ughaA gsujh I+kQh¯YMx dk VkWe tksUl
(1749) N% [kaMksa esa izdkf'kr gqvk vkSj gj [kaM dh O
+
kQher rhu f'k¯yx
Fkha] tks fd ,d vkSlr e”knwj osQ gÝ+rs&Hkj dh dekbZ gksrh FkhA
1 miU;kl dk mn;
u, 'kCn
Hknz lekt % tks yksx m¡Qps [+kkunku esa iSnkb'k vkSj m¡Qph
lekftd gSfl;r dk nkok djrs Fks A mudk ekuuk Fkk fd
lgh O;ogkj osQ ekud ogh r; djrs gSaA
i=kkRed miU;kl % i=kksa dh  Üka`[kyk osQ :i esa fy[kk gqvkA
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177
miU;kl] lekt vkSj bfrgkl
miU;kl] lekt vkSj bfrgkl
vè;k; 8
miU;kl] lekt vkSj bfrgkl
vkius fiNys vè;k; ls tkuk fd eqnz.k laLo`Qfr dk mn; oSQls gqvk vkSj
fdl rjg lapkj osQ u, :iksa us yksxksa osQ ,d&nwljs osQ ckjs esa lkspus vkSj
,d&nwljs ls tqM+us osQ rjhO+ksQ dks cny fn;kA vkius ;g Hkh ns[kk fd eqnz.k
laLo`Qfr us lkfgR; osQ u, :iksa dks laHko cuk;kA bl vè;k; esa ge
lkfgR; osQ ,d ,sls gh u, :iµmiU;klµosQ ckjs esa i<+saxs D;ksafd bldk
vk/qfud lksp osQ <jsZ ls fugk;r u”knhdh fj'rk jgk gSA igys ge if'pe
esa miU;kl osQ bfrgkl dks vkSj fiQj Hkkjr osQ oqQN bykO+kQksa esa blosQ fodkl
dk vè;;u djsaxsA vki ns[ksaxs fd cgqr lkjs vkilh I
+
kQO+kZQ osQ ckotwn]
nqfu;k osQ fofHkUu fgLlksa esa miU;klksa esa dkI+kQh vge lekurk,¡ FkhaA
178
Hkkjr vkSj ledkyhu fo'o
miU;kl lkfgR; dh ,d vk/qfud fo/k gSA bldh iSnkb'k Nkis[+kkus osQ
e'khuh vkfo"dkj ls gqbZA
Nih fdrkc osQ cxSj miU;kl dh dYiuk ge ugha dj ldrsA vki tkurs
gSa fd izkphu dky esa ikaMqfyfi;k¡ gLrfyf[kr gksrh Fkha (lkrok¡ vè;k;)A
blls izlkj pan yksxksa rd lhfer FkkA ysfdu e'khu ls Nius osQ ckn
miU;klksa dks cgqr cM+k ikBd oxZ fey x;k vkSj tYn gh bls ”kcjnLr
yksdfiz;rk feyhA bl le; rd yanu tSls 'kgj cM+h rs”kh ls iSQy jgs
Fks vkSj NikbZ rFkk lapkj osQ vU; lk/uksa osQ vkus ls NksVs 'kgjksa ls Hkh
mudk laioZQ vklku gks x;k FkkA vius fc[kjs gq, vkSj fofo/ ikBd&oxZ
osQ chp miU;klksa us oqQN lk>h #fp;k¡ O+kQk;e dhaA T;ksa&T;ksa ikBd dgkuh
esa ?kqlrs x, vkSj dkYifud fOkQjnkjksa ls mudk fj'rk curk x;k] R;ksa&R;ksa
izse vkSj fookg rFkk L=kh&iq#"k&laca/ vkfn osQ ckjs esa os vyx rjg ls
lkspus yxsA
miU;kl us igys&igy tM+sa baXySaM vkSj I+kzQkal esa tekb±A gkyk¡fd miU;kl
l=kgoha lnh ls gh fy[ks tkus yxs Fks] ysfdu mudk vlyh fodkl
vBkjgoha lnh esa gh gqvkA buosQ ikBdksa esa baXySaM vkSj I+kzQkal osQ ikjaifjd
Hknz lekt osQ vykok nqdkunkj o eqa'kh oxZ osQ yksx Hkh 'kkfey gks x,A
ikBd oxZ vkSj fdrkcksa osQ ck”kkj osQ c<+us ls ys[kdksa dh vk; Hkh c<+hA
oqQyhu oxZ osQ laj{k.k ls vk”kkn gksdj vc os [kqys fny ls vyx&vyx
'kSfy;ksa esa rjg&rjg osQ iz;ksx djus yxsA vBkjgoha lnh osQ igys fgLls
esa fy[k jgs miU;kldkj gsujh I+kQh¯YMx us nkok fd;k fd mUgksaus ^vius
fy, ,d vyx lkezkT; [+kqn cuk;k gS* tgk¡ mUgha osQ cuk, O+kQkuwu pyrs
gSaA okWYVj LdkWV us LdkWV yksdxhrksa dks ;kn vkSj tek djosQ LdkWV
oa'kkoyh o mudh yM+kb;ksa osQ bfrgkl ij fy[ks vius miU;klksa esa mudk
mi;ksx fd;kA nwljh rjI+kQ [+krwrh ;k i=kkRed miU;klksa esa futh i=kksa dks
vk/kj cuk;k x;kA vBkjgoha lnh esa fy[ks x, lSeq,y fjpMZlu osQ
miU;kl ikesyk esa iwjh dgkuh izsfe;ksa osQ vkilh [+krksa osQ ”kfj, dgh xbZ
gSA ikBdksa dks ukf;dk osQ eu dh ckr] mlosQ var}±}ksa dk irk ukf;dk dh
fpfV~B;ksa ls gh pyrk gSA
1-1 izdk'ku ck”kkj
lekt osQ X+kjhc rcO+ksQ dkI+kQh vjls rd izdk'ku osQ ck”kkj ls ckgj jgsA
'kq:&'kq: esa miU;kl lLrs rks Fks ughaA gsujh I+kQh¯YMx dk VkWe tksUl
(1749) N% [kaMksa esa izdkf'kr gqvk vkSj gj [kaM dh O
+
kQher rhu f'k¯yx
Fkha] tks fd ,d vkSlr e”knwj osQ gÝ+rs&Hkj dh dekbZ gksrh FkhA
1 miU;kl dk mn;
u, 'kCn
Hknz lekt % tks yksx m¡Qps [+kkunku esa iSnkb'k vkSj m¡Qph
lekftd gSfl;r dk nkok djrs Fks A mudk ekuuk Fkk fd
lgh O;ogkj osQ ekud ogh r; djrs gSaA
i=kkRed miU;kl % i=kksa dh  Üka`[kyk osQ :i esa fy[kk gqvkA
179
miU;kl] lekt vkSj bfrgkl
ysfdu tYn gh 1740 esa fdjk;s ij pyusokys iqLrdky;ksa dh LFkkiuk osQ
ckn yksxksa osQ fy, fdrkcsa lqyHk gks xb±A rduhdh lq/kj ls Hkh NikbZ osQ
[+kpsZ esa deh vkbZ vkSj ekosZQfVax osQ u, rjhO+kQksa ls fdrkcksa dh fcozQh c<+hA
I+kzQkal esa izdk'kdksa dks yxk fd miU;klksa dks ?kaVs osQ fglkc ls fdjk;s ij
mBkus ls ”;knk ykHk gksrk gSA ;kn jgs fd miU;kl c`gn Lrj ij mRikfnr
vkSj csph tkus okyh loZizFke oLrqvksa esa ls ,d FkkA bldh yksdfiz;rk osQ
dbZ dkj.k FksA miU;klksa esa jph tk jgh nqfu;k fo'oluh; vkSj fnypLi
Fkh] vkSj lp yxrh FkhA miU;kl i<+rs gq, ikBd fdlh vkSj nqfu;k esa
pyk tkrk Fkk vkSj lalkj dks fdrkc osQ fOkQjnkj dh u”kj ls ns[kus yxrk
FkkA bUgsa vosQys&vosQys Hkh i<+k tk ldrk Fkk] vkSj nksLrksa&fj'rsnkjksa osQ
lkFk fey&cSB&cksydj Hkh bl ij ppkZ dh tk ldrh FkhA nsgkrh bykO+kQksa
esa yksx vdlj bdV~Bk gksdj miU;klksa dks cM+s X+kkSj ls fdlh ,d dks i<+rs
gq, lqurs ns[ks tk ldrs FksA dgk tkrk gS fd baXySaM osQ Lykm uked LFkku
ij yksx ;g tkudj cM+s [kq'k gq, fd fjpMZlu osQ miU;kl dh ukf;dk]
ikesyk] mUgha osQ xk¡o esa C;kgh xbZ FkhA os mRlkg esa vkdj ppZ dh vksj
Hkkxs vkSj ogk¡ tkdj fxjtk?kj dh ?kafV;k¡ ctkus yxsA
pkYlZ fMosQUl osQ miU;kl fidfod isilZ dk 1836 esa ,d if=kdk esa
èkkjkokfgd :i esa Niuk ,d egÙoiw.kZ ?kVuk FkhA lfp=k vkSj lLrh gksus
dh otg ls if=kdkvksa dk viuk vkd"kZ.k FkkA /kjkokfgd eqnz.k osQ pyrs
ikBdksa dks jgL; dk e”kk feyus yxk] os vkil esa pfj=kksa ij ppkZ djus
yxs] vkSj gÝ+rk&nj&gÝ+rk mudh dgkfu;ksa osQ lkFk thus yxsA Bhd mlh
rjg tSls vkt osQ Vhoh lhfj;yksa osQ lkFk gksrk gSA
u, 'kCn
/kjkokfgd % ,slh i¼fr ftlesa dgkuh dks fdLrksa essa Nkik
tkrk gSA gj fdLr if=kdk ;k v[+kckj osQ vxys vad esa
Nirh gSA
fp=k 2& iqLrdky; uksfVlA
iqLrdky;ksa dk dkI+kQh izpkj fd;k tkrk FkkA
fp=k 1 µ ^cks”k* osQ LosQps”k dk vkoj.k fp=kA
pkYlZ f}rh; dk igyk izdk'ku ^cks”k* ckbZ LosQps”k osQ
uke ls izdkf'kr gqvk Fkk (1836) vkSj ;g i=kdkjh
fucaèkksa dk laxzg FkkA
fp=k 3 µ vkWy fn bZ;j jkmaM dk vkoj.k i`"BA
pkYlZ fMosQUl }kjk laikfnr if=kdk vkWy fn bZ;j jkmaM
dk lcls egÙoiw.kZ igyw ;g Fkk fd mlesa fMosQUl osQ
miU;kl /kjkokfgd :i esa Nirs FksA