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NOTES :PHYSICAL FEATURES OF INDIA
OLDEST LANDMASS: GONDWANA LAND
PANGEAU
HIMALAYAN MOUNTAINS:
? These are young and structurally fold mountains. These are the loftiest and one of the
most rugged mountains barriers of the world.
? DISTANCE : 2400 km (forms an arc) ; WIDTH-400km(in Kashmir)-150km(in Anu.Pra)
? It is composed of Granite. It is perennial snow bound and glaciers desend.

HIMALAYAN MOUNTAINS

HIMADRI (GREATER OR INNER HIMALAYA)
? It contains all the prominent peaks.
? These are the most loftiest mountain ranges and are always snowbound.
? AVARAGE HEIGHT =6000m -6100m
HIMANCHAL ( LESSER HIMALAYA)
? AVARAGE HEIGHT=3700m-4500m ; AVARAGE WIDTH=50km(rugged mount.)
? It is well knowned for its hill stations and beautiful valleys.
SHIWALIK( OUTER HIMALAYA OR SUB-HIMALAYA)
? AVARAGE HEIGHT =900m-1100m;AVARGE WIDTH=10km-50km
? It is made of unconsolidated sediments and are prone to earthquakes.
? These valleys are covered with alluvium and thick gravels and are youngest.

INDUS AND SATLUJ PUNJAB , KASHMIR, HIMANCHAL HIMALAYA
SATLUJ AND KALI KUMAON HIMALAYA
KALI AND TISTA NEPAL HIMALAYA
TISTA AND DIHANG ASSAM HIMALAYA

ANGARA LAND
GONDWANA LAND
HIMADRI
HIMANCHAL
SHIVALIK
The longitudinal valley which lies between Lesser Himalayas and Shiwalik is known
as Duns. Ex. - Dehra Dun , Kotli Duns,Patli Dun etc.

HIMALAYAN MOUNTAINS

INDUS AND SATLUJ PUNJAB , KASHMIR, HIMANCHAL HIMALAYA
SATLUJ AND KALI KUMAON HIMALAYA
KALI AND TISTA NEPAL HIMALAYA
TISTA AND DIHANG ASSAM HIMALAYA

ANGARA LAND
GONDWANA LAND
HIMADRI
HIMANCHAL
SHIVALIK
The longitudinal valley which lies between Lesser Himalayas and Shiwalik is known
as Duns. Ex. - Dehra Dun , Kotli Duns,Patli Dun etc.

PURVACHAL(EASTERN HILLS ):BEYOND THE DIHANG GORGE , IT BEND SHARPLY TO THE
SOUTH AND SPREAD ALONG THE EASTERN BOUNDARY.THESE ARE COMPOSED OF STRONG
SANDSTONE AND ARE COVERED WITH DENCE FOREST.THEY ARE OF MEDIUM HEIGHT.
THE NORTHERN PLAIN :
? This is made up of fertile silt called ALLUVIUM. This silt is brought by
Himalayan Rivers.
? LENGTH=2400km , WIDTH=240km-320 km, AREA=7 lakh sq. km
FORMATION OF NORTHERN PLAINS:
? Result of deposition of silt into the Tethys.
? By erosion, large amount of silt is carried away by rivers and other agents of
denudation.
? DIVISION ON BASIS OF RELIEF :

i) BHABAR
Bhabar is in form of a narrow belt.
It is covered with pebbles. It lies
parallel to slope of SHIWALIKS.
WIDTH=8 T0 16 km

ii)TARAI
It lies in the south of bhabar. It is wet
and marshy. It has a thick forest and
a variety of wildlife.

iii)BHANGAR
The older alluvium of the plain is
called Bhangar. These lies above the
flood plain. Then present a Terrence
like feature

iv)KHADAR
It is the younger alluvium of the flood
plain. This region contains deposits
of kankar.

DIFFERENCE FACTOR BHANGAR KHADAR
(i) AGE IT IS OLD ALLUVIUM,OLDER IN AGE. IT IS NEW ALLUVIUM ,YOUNGER IN AGE.
(ii) COMPOSITION IT OFTEN CONTAINS KANKAR OR
MODULE OF CALCIM CARBONATE.
IT IS FINER,MORE SANDY AND FREE FROM
KANKAR MODULES.
(iiii) FERTILITY IT IS NOT RENEWED FREQUENTLY
.HENCE IT IS LESS FERTILE.
IT IS RENEWED FREQUENTLY .HENCE IT IS
MORE FERTILE.
(iv) LOCATION IT IS FOUND AWAY FROM RIVER AT A
HIGHER GROUND LEVEL.
IT IS FOUND NEAR RIVERS ,DELTAS AND IN
FLOOD PLAIN.
DOAB: do + ad /(two) +(river) ,PUNJAB:(punj)+(ab)/(five)+(river)
PUNJAB PLAINS:IT IS THE WESTERN PART OF NORTHERN PLAINS.IT IS FORMED BY
INDUS AND ITS TRIBUTARIES.IT’S LARGER PART LIES IN PAKISTHAN.
GANGA PLAIN:THE GANGA PLAIN EXTEND FROM GHAGGAR TO TISTA RIVER.
BRAHMAPUTRA PLAINS:IT LIES IN THE EAST OF GANGA PLAIN.
Page 3

HIMALAYAN MOUNTAINS

INDUS AND SATLUJ PUNJAB , KASHMIR, HIMANCHAL HIMALAYA
SATLUJ AND KALI KUMAON HIMALAYA
KALI AND TISTA NEPAL HIMALAYA
TISTA AND DIHANG ASSAM HIMALAYA

ANGARA LAND
GONDWANA LAND
HIMADRI
HIMANCHAL
SHIVALIK
The longitudinal valley which lies between Lesser Himalayas and Shiwalik is known
as Duns. Ex. - Dehra Dun , Kotli Duns,Patli Dun etc.

i) BHABAR
Bhabar is in form of a narrow belt.
It is covered with pebbles. It lies
parallel to slope of SHIWALIKS.
WIDTH=8 T0 16 km

ii)TARAI
It lies in the south of bhabar. It is wet
and marshy. It has a thick forest and
a variety of wildlife.

iii)BHANGAR
The older alluvium of the plain is
called Bhangar. These lies above the
flood plain. Then present a Terrence
like feature

iv)KHADAR
It is the younger alluvium of the flood
plain. This region contains deposits
of kankar.

THE COASTAL PLAINS
WESTERN COASTAL PLAINS
? WIDTH =40km, (FROM GUJARAT TO KANYAKUMARI)(BET. ARABIAN SEA AND WESTERN GHATS)
? KONKAN-NORTHMOST PORTION,KANNAD-CENETRAL PORTION,MALABAR-SOUTHMOST PORTION
? IT HAS SALT WATER LAKE CALLED LAGOON,SAND BARS,PLACID BACKWATER,NATURAL HARBOUR AND
FAST FLOWING RIVERS.
EASTERN COASTAL PLAIN
? WIDTH=60 TO 100 km,(BET. BAY OF BENGAL AND EASTERN GHATS)(FROM W.BENGAL TO KANYAKUMARI)
? NORTH CICARS-NORTHERN AREAS OF ANDHRA PRADESH,COROMANDEL COAST-SOUTHERN POTION(T.N.)
? FOUR IMPORTANT DELTA-KRISHNA,GODAVARI,KAVERI AND MAHANADI.

THE ISLAND
LAKSHADWEEP ANDMAN & NICOBAR ISLAND
? THEY ARE SMALLER GROUP OF ISLAND.
? EARLIER IIT WAS KNOWN AS
LACCADIVE,MINICOY AND AMINDIVE.
? AREA=32 sq. km
? IT IS COMPOSED OF SMALL CORAL ISLAND.
? HEADQUATER-KAVARATI ISLAND

? THEY ARE BIGGER GROUP OF ISLAND.
? SOME ISLANDS ARE LOCATED ON SUMERGED
HILLS AND VOLCANIC ORIGINS.
? IT HAS THE ONLY ACTIVE VOLCANO OF INDIA.
? IT HAS EQUATORIAL CLIMATE AND THICK
FOREST.

HIMALAYAN MOUNTAINS

INDUS AND SATLUJ PUNJAB , KASHMIR, HIMANCHAL HIMALAYA
SATLUJ AND KALI KUMAON HIMALAYA
KALI AND TISTA NEPAL HIMALAYA
TISTA AND DIHANG ASSAM HIMALAYA

ANGARA LAND
GONDWANA LAND
HIMADRI
HIMANCHAL
SHIVALIK
The longitudinal valley which lies between Lesser Himalayas and Shiwalik is known
as Duns. Ex. - Dehra Dun , Kotli Duns,Patli Dun etc.

i) BHABAR
Bhabar is in form of a narrow belt.
It is covered with pebbles. It lies
parallel to slope of SHIWALIKS.
WIDTH=8 T0 16 km

ii)TARAI
It lies in the south of bhabar. It is wet
and marshy. It has a thick forest and
a variety of wildlife.

iii)BHANGAR
The older alluvium of the plain is
called Bhangar. These lies above the
flood plain. Then present a Terrence
like feature

iv)KHADAR
It is the younger alluvium of the flood
plain. This region contains deposits
of kankar.

? THEY ARE BIGGER GROUP OF ISLAND.
? SOME ISLANDS ARE LOCATED ON SUMERGED
HILLS AND VOLCANIC ORIGINS.
? IT HAS THE ONLY ACTIVE VOLCANO OF INDIA.
? IT HAS EQUATORIAL CLIMATE AND THICK
FOREST.

HIMALAYAN MOUNTAINS

INDUS AND SATLUJ PUNJAB , KASHMIR, HIMANCHAL HIMALAYA
SATLUJ AND KALI KUMAON HIMALAYA
KALI AND TISTA NEPAL HIMALAYA
TISTA AND DIHANG ASSAM HIMALAYA

ANGARA LAND
GONDWANA LAND
HIMADRI
HIMANCHAL
SHIVALIK
The longitudinal valley which lies between Lesser Himalayas and Shiwalik is known
as Duns. Ex. - Dehra Dun , Kotli Duns,Patli Dun etc.

i) BHABAR
Bhabar is in form of a narrow belt.
It is covered with pebbles. It lies
parallel to slope of SHIWALIKS.
WIDTH=8 T0 16 km

ii)TARAI
It lies in the south of bhabar. It is wet
and marshy. It has a thick forest and
a variety of wildlife.

iii)BHANGAR
The older alluvium of the plain is
called Bhangar. These lies above the
flood plain. Then present a Terrence
like feature

iv)KHADAR
It is the younger alluvium of the flood
plain. This region contains deposits
of kankar.

? THEY ARE BIGGER GROUP OF ISLAND.
? SOME ISLANDS ARE LOCATED ON SUMERGED
HILLS AND VOLCANIC ORIGINS.
? IT HAS THE ONLY ACTIVE VOLCANO OF INDIA.
? IT HAS EQUATORIAL CLIMATE AND THICK
FOREST.

NOTE: BARCHAN ARE CRESCENT SHAPED DUNES
CHILIKA LAKE IS THE LARGEST SALTWATER LAKE IN INDIA.IT IS IN ORRISSA.
CORALS
CORAL POLYPS ARE SHORT- LIVED MICROSCOPIC ORGANISM, WHICH LIVE
IN COLONIES.THEY FLORISH IN SHALLOW,MUD FREE AND WARM
WATER.THEY SECRETE CALCIUM CARBONATE.THEY ARE OF THREE TYPES-
BARRIER REEF,FRINGING REEF AND ATOLLS.ATOLLS ARE CIRCULAR OR
HORSE SHOE SHAPED CORAL REEF.
Bonus Facts:
a] In the last century, the east coast of the United States has moved about 8 ft. further away from Europe.
b]The fossils of sea and coastal creatures can still be found in the Himalayas, as it was once two coast lines
that merged together. These fossils not only provide evidence that the Himalayas once existed on a coastline,
but also information about climate change and plate movement.
c] The name for the Himalayas comes from the Sanskrit for snow and dwelling: “him” and “alaya”
respectively. Essentially, the home of the snow.
d] Mount Everest is named after one of the Surveyor Generals of India, George Everest. It was not,
however, Everest who first survey the mountain, but Andrew Waugh who took over the role of Surveyor
General after Everest. Waugh thought it would be a good idea to name the mountain after his predecessor.
Everest didn’t like the idea, but he was overruled and his name was eventually adopted for the mountain by
the Royal Geographical Society in 1865.
e] While Everest is generally considered the tallest mountain on Earth because it reaches the highest
elevation, some argue that this should not be the measure used, but rather the tallest from the base to peak.
In that case, Hawaii’s Mauna Kea would be the tallest at about 10,200 metres from its base on the ocean
floor to peak at 4,205 metres above sea level.
f] Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay, his Sherpa guide, became the first people to successfully climb
to the peak of Mount Everest in 1953. Before Hillary, several dozen attempts had been undertaken to climb
to the peak since 1921. Since then, nearly 3000 people have accomplished the same feat and around 200
have died trying.
g] The Himalayas serve as a “climatic divide” as well as a physical barrier between India and the rest of the
continent. They prevent cold winter winds from entering into India in the winter, making India warmer than
other regions along the same lines of latitude at that same time of the year. Similarly, they prevent the
southern monsoon winds from taking moisture across the border to Tibet; the result is India gets far more
precipitation than the relatively more arid Tibet.
h] The Himalayas are home to some interesting creatures: clouded leopards, Asiatic black bears, tahrs, and
langurs to name a few. Snow leopards and brown bears have adapted to live at higher elevations.
Unfortunately, due to human interest and interference, many species that call the Himalayas home are dying
out, such as the Indian rhinoceros and the Kashmir stag.
i] While you might not think the icy mountain peaks of the Himalayas that you see in photos would be
conducive to growing much of anything, the little hidden valleys of the Himalaya range are actually
depended upon for food production. Farmers grow apples, cherries, grapes, oranges, pears, almonds,
walnuts, tea, and a variety of herbs and spices in and around the range.
j]The Himalayas are notable not only for their size, but for their structure. The Himalayas are considered
fold mountains as they consist of a series of jagged peaks that are mostly parallel, as though they have been
folded over and over again. They are also home to deep ravines, glaciers, and rivers, forming a complex and
treacherous range.
1. Importance of Himalayas: -
a] Provides water to a large part of the country as many rivers originate from the glaciers present here.
b] It contains varied flora and is also the habitat to various fauna.
c] They are an important climatic divide – they check the cold polar winds coming from the north from
entering India thus making its climate moderate. Also they do not allow the monsoon winds to cross over to
the north which helps in providing the much needed rainfall to the country.
d] The rivers bring with them the much needed fertile soil from the mountains and deposit it in the plains
making them fertile for growing crops.
e] The Himalayan mountain system offers numerous sites suitable for generation of hydel power.
f] Throughout history, foreign invaders have never entered India from the northern side due to their height
thus making the Himalayas important from the defence point of view.
g] Himalayas are known for their scenic and aesthetic beauty all over the world and offer cool and
invigorating climate from the scorching summer heat in the rest of the country.
sanctified shrines which are considered to be the abodes of the Gods. Large number of pilgrims trek through
difficult terrain to pay their reverence to these sacred shrines. Kailas, Amarnath, Badrinath, Kedarnath,
Vaishno Devi, Jwalaji, Uttarkashi, Gangotri, Yamunotri, etc. are important places of pilgrimage.
l] The Himalayan region contains many valuable minerals. There are vast potentialities of mineral oil in the
tertiary rocks. Coal is found in Kashmir. Copper, lead, zinc, nickel, cobalt, antimony, tungsten, gold, silver,
limestone, semi-precious and precious stones, gypsum and magnetite are known to occur at more than 100
localities in the Himalayas.
FORMATION OF HIMALAYA:
? DUE TO THE SANWICHED OF TETHYS BY ANGARA LAND AND GONDWANA LAND.
? THE MOVEMENT OF ANGARA LAND AND GONDWNA LAND BUCKLED UP THE SEDIMENTS INTO MIGHTY
FOLD MOUNTAINS.
? THESE GIANT LAND MASSES MOVE OVER EACH OTHER AND FORM A FOLD MOUNTAIN.

FAQs on NOTES : PHYSICAL FEATURES OF INDIA - Class 9

1. What are the major physical features of India?

Ans. The major physical features of India include the Himalayan mountain range in the north, the Indo-Gangetic Plain, the Thar Desert in the northwest, the Western Ghats in the west, and the Eastern Ghats in the east. It also has major rivers like the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Yamuna.

2. What is the significance of the Himalayan mountain range in India?

Ans. The Himalayan mountain range plays a significant role in India. It acts as a natural barrier, protecting the country from the cold winds of Central Asia. It is also the source of several major rivers, providing water resources for agriculture and hydropower generation. Additionally, the Himalayas attract tourists from around the world, contributing to India's tourism industry.

3. How does the Thar Desert impact the region?

Ans. The Thar Desert, located in the northwest of India, has a significant impact on the region. It is one of the hottest and driest regions in the country, with limited vegetation. The desert experiences extreme temperatures and is characterized by sand dunes. The Thar Desert influences the climate of surrounding areas, causing hot and dry conditions. It also poses challenges for agriculture and water availability in the region.

4. What role do the Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats play in India's geography?

Ans. The Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats are two major mountain ranges in India. The Western Ghats run parallel to the western coast of India, while the Eastern Ghats run parallel to the eastern coast. These mountain ranges act as barriers, influencing the climate patterns and causing variations in rainfall. They are also home to diverse flora and fauna, including several endangered species. The Western Ghats are known for their scenic beauty and contribute to the tourism industry.

5. How do the major rivers of India contribute to the country's development?

Ans. The major rivers of India, such as the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Yamuna, play a crucial role in the country's development. They provide a source of water for irrigation, facilitating agriculture and ensuring food security. These rivers also support hydropower generation, contributing to the country's energy needs. Additionally, they serve as transportation routes, enabling the movement of goods and people. However, pollution and over-extraction of water pose challenges to their sustainable management.

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