PPT - Production and Costs | Economics Class 11 - Commerce PDF Download

 Page 1


Production and 
Costs
Page 2


Production and 
Costs
Introduction to 
Production
Firms use inputs like labor and materials to 
produce outputs or products.
The output is either consumed directly or used by 
other firms for further production. For example, a 
tailor combines inputs to produce shirts.
In this model, production happens instantly when 
inputs are combined. Production and supply are 
used interchangeably.
Page 3


Production and 
Costs
Introduction to 
Production
Firms use inputs like labor and materials to 
produce outputs or products.
The output is either consumed directly or used by 
other firms for further production. For example, a 
tailor combines inputs to produce shirts.
In this model, production happens instantly when 
inputs are combined. Production and supply are 
used interchangeably.
Production Function
1
Definition
A production function shows the relationship between inputs and maximum 
output a firm can produce.
2
Example
A farmer using land and labor inputs. The production function indicates the 
maximum wheat yield possible from specific amounts of land and labor 
hours.
3
Mathematical Form
Example: q = K × L, where q is wheat produced, K is land area (hectares), 
and L is labor hours per day.
Page 4


Production and 
Costs
Introduction to 
Production
Firms use inputs like labor and materials to 
produce outputs or products.
The output is either consumed directly or used by 
other firms for further production. For example, a 
tailor combines inputs to produce shirts.
In this model, production happens instantly when 
inputs are combined. Production and supply are 
used interchangeably.
Production Function
1
Definition
A production function shows the relationship between inputs and maximum 
output a firm can produce.
2
Example
A farmer using land and labor inputs. The production function indicates the 
maximum wheat yield possible from specific amounts of land and labor 
hours.
3
Mathematical Form
Example: q = K × L, where q is wheat produced, K is land area (hectares), 
and L is labor hours per day.
Factors of Production
Definition
Inputs utilized in the 
production process. 
Companies require various 
factors to generate output.
Two-Factor Model
For simplicity, we focus on 
labor and capital as the 
two primary factors. The 
production function 
demonstrates output 
possibilities from different 
combinations.
Mathematical Form
Expressed as q = f(L,K) 
where L represents labor, 
K represents capital, and q 
is the maximum output 
possible.
Page 5


Production and 
Costs
Introduction to 
Production
Firms use inputs like labor and materials to 
produce outputs or products.
The output is either consumed directly or used by 
other firms for further production. For example, a 
tailor combines inputs to produce shirts.
In this model, production happens instantly when 
inputs are combined. Production and supply are 
used interchangeably.
Production Function
1
Definition
A production function shows the relationship between inputs and maximum 
output a firm can produce.
2
Example
A farmer using land and labor inputs. The production function indicates the 
maximum wheat yield possible from specific amounts of land and labor 
hours.
3
Mathematical Form
Example: q = K × L, where q is wheat produced, K is land area (hectares), 
and L is labor hours per day.
Factors of Production
Definition
Inputs utilized in the 
production process. 
Companies require various 
factors to generate output.
Two-Factor Model
For simplicity, we focus on 
labor and capital as the 
two primary factors. The 
production function 
demonstrates output 
possibilities from different 
combinations.
Mathematical Form
Expressed as q = f(L,K) 
where L represents labor, 
K represents capital, and q 
is the maximum output 
possible.
Isoquant
1
Definition
An isoquant shows all 
combinations of 
inputs that produce 
the same output level.
2
Example
An isoquant shows 
combinations of 
inputs that produce 
the same output level.
3
Properties
Isoquants are 
negatively sloped 
because greater use 
of one input allows 
less of the other to 
produce the same 
output.