Page 1
The Hindu Analysis: 26 April 2020
1. For BRICS, challenges and opportunities
Context:
? Potential of BRICS to emerge as an important global governance
institution.
Background:
? The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted a crisis of globalization and
global governance.
¦ There seems to be a lack of common vision, especially in the
political domain, and lack of coordination and collaboration,
leading to a void in global governance.
¦ COVID-19 seems to have become another stage for political rivalry
that has reinforced some international disputes and conflicts.
Details:
Opportunities for BRICS:
? In the current hour of COVID-19 crisis, BRICS can emerge as an
important global governance institution due to the following reasons.
¦ BRICS looks better than other global governance institutions
amidst the ongoing COVID crises. There is no blame-game or
pointing fingers within BRICS, rather, there is a vision for
intensifying cooperation, including in sectors like healthcare and
social welfare.
¦ Unlike G7 which is mostly used by the leading western powers to
strengthen their position in the competition with the non-west
and to restore a rules-based international order, BRICS is based
on entirely different values, and adheres to the goals and
objectives of the UN Charter and the idea of equality.
¦ Contrary to initial estimates of lack of effectiveness of the BRICS
grouping, BRICS has progressed on developing a common position
on the most important matters of the global economy and
security and it also got institutionalised with the setting up of the
BRICS New Development Bank in 2015.
¦ Currently, BRICS is under Russia’s Presidency, which is scheduled
to hold the 12th BRICS Summit, in St. Petersburg. Russia has
repeatedly emphasized on the need for BRICS member nations to
Page 2
The Hindu Analysis: 26 April 2020
1. For BRICS, challenges and opportunities
Context:
? Potential of BRICS to emerge as an important global governance
institution.
Background:
? The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted a crisis of globalization and
global governance.
¦ There seems to be a lack of common vision, especially in the
political domain, and lack of coordination and collaboration,
leading to a void in global governance.
¦ COVID-19 seems to have become another stage for political rivalry
that has reinforced some international disputes and conflicts.
Details:
Opportunities for BRICS:
? In the current hour of COVID-19 crisis, BRICS can emerge as an
important global governance institution due to the following reasons.
¦ BRICS looks better than other global governance institutions
amidst the ongoing COVID crises. There is no blame-game or
pointing fingers within BRICS, rather, there is a vision for
intensifying cooperation, including in sectors like healthcare and
social welfare.
¦ Unlike G7 which is mostly used by the leading western powers to
strengthen their position in the competition with the non-west
and to restore a rules-based international order, BRICS is based
on entirely different values, and adheres to the goals and
objectives of the UN Charter and the idea of equality.
¦ Contrary to initial estimates of lack of effectiveness of the BRICS
grouping, BRICS has progressed on developing a common position
on the most important matters of the global economy and
security and it also got institutionalised with the setting up of the
BRICS New Development Bank in 2015.
¦ Currently, BRICS is under Russia’s Presidency, which is scheduled
to hold the 12th BRICS Summit, in St. Petersburg. Russia has
repeatedly emphasized on the need for BRICS member nations to
expand foreign policy coordination, primarily at the UN. Speaking
at a summit in Brasilia on November 14, 2019, Russian President
Vladimir Putin reiterated the same.
Challenges:
? Disagreements between its members and lack of a common vision are
major concerns in the grouping.
? Slow progress with respect to implementation of initiatives is a concern
for BRICS.
Way forward:
Accelerate implementation:
? The five member nations of BRICS need to pay more attention to
speeding up the implementation of the projects and decisions that are
agreed on. Work should be accelerated on establishing the BRICS Center
for Research and Development of Vaccines, the decision to set up which
was taken back in 2018 at the Johannesburg summit.
Increase coordination and collaboration:
? BRICS should work towards an early warning mechanism for outbreaks
of infection, the development of diagnostic and preventive measures
for the disease, as well as joint epidemiological exercises.
? The New Development Bank could provide financial anti-crisis
assistance to members to fight the pandemic.
2. First merger of two black holes with
unequal masses detected
Context:
? Detection of merger of two unequal black holes.
Background:
Black hole:
? A black hole is a region of spacetime where gravitational forces are so
strong that no particles or even electromagnetic radiation such as light
can escape from it.
? The gravity is so strong because matter has been squeezed into a tiny
space. This can happen when a star is dying.
¦ The general theory of relativity (GTR) is the geometric theory of
gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and the current
description of gravitation in modern physics.
¦ The theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently
compact mass can deform spacetime to form a black hole.
Gravitational waves:
Page 3
The Hindu Analysis: 26 April 2020
1. For BRICS, challenges and opportunities
Context:
? Potential of BRICS to emerge as an important global governance
institution.
Background:
? The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted a crisis of globalization and
global governance.
¦ There seems to be a lack of common vision, especially in the
political domain, and lack of coordination and collaboration,
leading to a void in global governance.
¦ COVID-19 seems to have become another stage for political rivalry
that has reinforced some international disputes and conflicts.
Details:
Opportunities for BRICS:
? In the current hour of COVID-19 crisis, BRICS can emerge as an
important global governance institution due to the following reasons.
¦ BRICS looks better than other global governance institutions
amidst the ongoing COVID crises. There is no blame-game or
pointing fingers within BRICS, rather, there is a vision for
intensifying cooperation, including in sectors like healthcare and
social welfare.
¦ Unlike G7 which is mostly used by the leading western powers to
strengthen their position in the competition with the non-west
and to restore a rules-based international order, BRICS is based
on entirely different values, and adheres to the goals and
objectives of the UN Charter and the idea of equality.
¦ Contrary to initial estimates of lack of effectiveness of the BRICS
grouping, BRICS has progressed on developing a common position
on the most important matters of the global economy and
security and it also got institutionalised with the setting up of the
BRICS New Development Bank in 2015.
¦ Currently, BRICS is under Russia’s Presidency, which is scheduled
to hold the 12th BRICS Summit, in St. Petersburg. Russia has
repeatedly emphasized on the need for BRICS member nations to
expand foreign policy coordination, primarily at the UN. Speaking
at a summit in Brasilia on November 14, 2019, Russian President
Vladimir Putin reiterated the same.
Challenges:
? Disagreements between its members and lack of a common vision are
major concerns in the grouping.
? Slow progress with respect to implementation of initiatives is a concern
for BRICS.
Way forward:
Accelerate implementation:
? The five member nations of BRICS need to pay more attention to
speeding up the implementation of the projects and decisions that are
agreed on. Work should be accelerated on establishing the BRICS Center
for Research and Development of Vaccines, the decision to set up which
was taken back in 2018 at the Johannesburg summit.
Increase coordination and collaboration:
? BRICS should work towards an early warning mechanism for outbreaks
of infection, the development of diagnostic and preventive measures
for the disease, as well as joint epidemiological exercises.
? The New Development Bank could provide financial anti-crisis
assistance to members to fight the pandemic.
2. First merger of two black holes with
unequal masses detected
Context:
? Detection of merger of two unequal black holes.
Background:
Black hole:
? A black hole is a region of spacetime where gravitational forces are so
strong that no particles or even electromagnetic radiation such as light
can escape from it.
? The gravity is so strong because matter has been squeezed into a tiny
space. This can happen when a star is dying.
¦ The general theory of relativity (GTR) is the geometric theory of
gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and the current
description of gravitation in modern physics.
¦ The theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently
compact mass can deform spacetime to form a black hole.
Gravitational waves:
? Gravitational waves are ‘ripples’ in space-time caused by violent and
energetic processes in the universe.
¦ Albert Einstein predicted the existence of gravitational waves in
1916 in his general theory of relativity.
? Einstein’s mathematics showed that massive accelerating objects (such
as neutron stars or black holes orbiting each other) would disrupt
space-time in such a way that ‘waves’ of undulating space-time would
propagate in all directions away from the source. These cosmic ripples
would travel at the speed of light.
? The strongest gravitational waves are produced by cataclysmic events
such as colliding black holes, supernovae (massive stars exploding at
the end of their lifetimes), and colliding neutron stars.
LIGO detectors:
? The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) is an
observatory to detect cosmic gravitational waves and to develop
gravitational-wave observations as an astronomical tool.
? The observatories help detect gravitational waves by laser
interferometry.
? Currently, 2 LIGO observatories are active in the U.S. LIGO-India is a
planned advanced gravitational-wave observatory to be located in
India as part of the worldwide network. This is being planned at Hingoli
District, Maharashtra.
¦ INDIGO or IndIGO is a consortium of Indian gravitational-wave
physicists.
Details:
? The gravitational wave observatories at LIGO scientific collaboration
have detected a merger of two unequal-mass black holes. The event has
been named as GW190412.
? This is the first such observation involving two black holes of unequal
masses coalescing.
? The detected signal’s waveform has special extra features in it when it
corresponds to the merger of two unequal-sized black holes as
compared to a merger of equal-sized black holes.
3. Stop villainising bats, say scientists,
conservationists
Page 4
The Hindu Analysis: 26 April 2020
1. For BRICS, challenges and opportunities
Context:
? Potential of BRICS to emerge as an important global governance
institution.
Background:
? The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted a crisis of globalization and
global governance.
¦ There seems to be a lack of common vision, especially in the
political domain, and lack of coordination and collaboration,
leading to a void in global governance.
¦ COVID-19 seems to have become another stage for political rivalry
that has reinforced some international disputes and conflicts.
Details:
Opportunities for BRICS:
? In the current hour of COVID-19 crisis, BRICS can emerge as an
important global governance institution due to the following reasons.
¦ BRICS looks better than other global governance institutions
amidst the ongoing COVID crises. There is no blame-game or
pointing fingers within BRICS, rather, there is a vision for
intensifying cooperation, including in sectors like healthcare and
social welfare.
¦ Unlike G7 which is mostly used by the leading western powers to
strengthen their position in the competition with the non-west
and to restore a rules-based international order, BRICS is based
on entirely different values, and adheres to the goals and
objectives of the UN Charter and the idea of equality.
¦ Contrary to initial estimates of lack of effectiveness of the BRICS
grouping, BRICS has progressed on developing a common position
on the most important matters of the global economy and
security and it also got institutionalised with the setting up of the
BRICS New Development Bank in 2015.
¦ Currently, BRICS is under Russia’s Presidency, which is scheduled
to hold the 12th BRICS Summit, in St. Petersburg. Russia has
repeatedly emphasized on the need for BRICS member nations to
expand foreign policy coordination, primarily at the UN. Speaking
at a summit in Brasilia on November 14, 2019, Russian President
Vladimir Putin reiterated the same.
Challenges:
? Disagreements between its members and lack of a common vision are
major concerns in the grouping.
? Slow progress with respect to implementation of initiatives is a concern
for BRICS.
Way forward:
Accelerate implementation:
? The five member nations of BRICS need to pay more attention to
speeding up the implementation of the projects and decisions that are
agreed on. Work should be accelerated on establishing the BRICS Center
for Research and Development of Vaccines, the decision to set up which
was taken back in 2018 at the Johannesburg summit.
Increase coordination and collaboration:
? BRICS should work towards an early warning mechanism for outbreaks
of infection, the development of diagnostic and preventive measures
for the disease, as well as joint epidemiological exercises.
? The New Development Bank could provide financial anti-crisis
assistance to members to fight the pandemic.
2. First merger of two black holes with
unequal masses detected
Context:
? Detection of merger of two unequal black holes.
Background:
Black hole:
? A black hole is a region of spacetime where gravitational forces are so
strong that no particles or even electromagnetic radiation such as light
can escape from it.
? The gravity is so strong because matter has been squeezed into a tiny
space. This can happen when a star is dying.
¦ The general theory of relativity (GTR) is the geometric theory of
gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and the current
description of gravitation in modern physics.
¦ The theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently
compact mass can deform spacetime to form a black hole.
Gravitational waves:
? Gravitational waves are ‘ripples’ in space-time caused by violent and
energetic processes in the universe.
¦ Albert Einstein predicted the existence of gravitational waves in
1916 in his general theory of relativity.
? Einstein’s mathematics showed that massive accelerating objects (such
as neutron stars or black holes orbiting each other) would disrupt
space-time in such a way that ‘waves’ of undulating space-time would
propagate in all directions away from the source. These cosmic ripples
would travel at the speed of light.
? The strongest gravitational waves are produced by cataclysmic events
such as colliding black holes, supernovae (massive stars exploding at
the end of their lifetimes), and colliding neutron stars.
LIGO detectors:
? The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) is an
observatory to detect cosmic gravitational waves and to develop
gravitational-wave observations as an astronomical tool.
? The observatories help detect gravitational waves by laser
interferometry.
? Currently, 2 LIGO observatories are active in the U.S. LIGO-India is a
planned advanced gravitational-wave observatory to be located in
India as part of the worldwide network. This is being planned at Hingoli
District, Maharashtra.
¦ INDIGO or IndIGO is a consortium of Indian gravitational-wave
physicists.
Details:
? The gravitational wave observatories at LIGO scientific collaboration
have detected a merger of two unequal-mass black holes. The event has
been named as GW190412.
? This is the first such observation involving two black holes of unequal
masses coalescing.
? The detected signal’s waveform has special extra features in it when it
corresponds to the merger of two unequal-sized black holes as
compared to a merger of equal-sized black holes.
3. Stop villainising bats, say scientists,
conservationists
Context:
? Speculations over the animal origin of n-CoV19.
Background:
? Unverified news and social media posts linking bats to the COVID-19
outbreak have led to widespread antipathy and increasing incidents of
the public destroying bat roosts and smoking them out.
Details:
Origin of n-CoV-19:
? The exact origin of SARS-CoV-2 is still unknown.
? The recent Indian Council of Medical Research study has conclusively
affirmed that the bat coronaviruses (BtCoV) found in two species of
Indian bats are not the same as SARS-CoV-2 and cannot cause COVID-19.
Concerns:
Human activities:
? All wild animals harbour viruses.
? Humans encroaching upon wildlife habitats put humans at risk of
encountering new viruses. The destruction of wildlife habitats and the
subsequent movement of animals out of their habitats lead to the
spread of viruses from animals to humans.
? The ongoing ecological destruction, increasing intensification of
livestock farming and wildlife trade can all contribute to such
pandemics.
Targeting bats:
? Bats are believed to host a number of viruses.
? Killing bats and destroying their habitats can be more harmful as this
can lead to bats spreading out their habitat and spreading the viruses.
Significance of bats:
? Bats perform vital ecosystem services such as pollination, pest control,
and hence provide intangible economic benefits.
Way forward:
Conservation efforts:
? Conservationists have been urging the governments to strengthen the
legal framework to protect bats. The government needs to reconsider
and reinforce the laws governing bat conservation.
¦ India is home to 128 bat species and only 2 of these are protected
by law in India.
Page 5
The Hindu Analysis: 26 April 2020
1. For BRICS, challenges and opportunities
Context:
? Potential of BRICS to emerge as an important global governance
institution.
Background:
? The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted a crisis of globalization and
global governance.
¦ There seems to be a lack of common vision, especially in the
political domain, and lack of coordination and collaboration,
leading to a void in global governance.
¦ COVID-19 seems to have become another stage for political rivalry
that has reinforced some international disputes and conflicts.
Details:
Opportunities for BRICS:
? In the current hour of COVID-19 crisis, BRICS can emerge as an
important global governance institution due to the following reasons.
¦ BRICS looks better than other global governance institutions
amidst the ongoing COVID crises. There is no blame-game or
pointing fingers within BRICS, rather, there is a vision for
intensifying cooperation, including in sectors like healthcare and
social welfare.
¦ Unlike G7 which is mostly used by the leading western powers to
strengthen their position in the competition with the non-west
and to restore a rules-based international order, BRICS is based
on entirely different values, and adheres to the goals and
objectives of the UN Charter and the idea of equality.
¦ Contrary to initial estimates of lack of effectiveness of the BRICS
grouping, BRICS has progressed on developing a common position
on the most important matters of the global economy and
security and it also got institutionalised with the setting up of the
BRICS New Development Bank in 2015.
¦ Currently, BRICS is under Russia’s Presidency, which is scheduled
to hold the 12th BRICS Summit, in St. Petersburg. Russia has
repeatedly emphasized on the need for BRICS member nations to
expand foreign policy coordination, primarily at the UN. Speaking
at a summit in Brasilia on November 14, 2019, Russian President
Vladimir Putin reiterated the same.
Challenges:
? Disagreements between its members and lack of a common vision are
major concerns in the grouping.
? Slow progress with respect to implementation of initiatives is a concern
for BRICS.
Way forward:
Accelerate implementation:
? The five member nations of BRICS need to pay more attention to
speeding up the implementation of the projects and decisions that are
agreed on. Work should be accelerated on establishing the BRICS Center
for Research and Development of Vaccines, the decision to set up which
was taken back in 2018 at the Johannesburg summit.
Increase coordination and collaboration:
? BRICS should work towards an early warning mechanism for outbreaks
of infection, the development of diagnostic and preventive measures
for the disease, as well as joint epidemiological exercises.
? The New Development Bank could provide financial anti-crisis
assistance to members to fight the pandemic.
2. First merger of two black holes with
unequal masses detected
Context:
? Detection of merger of two unequal black holes.
Background:
Black hole:
? A black hole is a region of spacetime where gravitational forces are so
strong that no particles or even electromagnetic radiation such as light
can escape from it.
? The gravity is so strong because matter has been squeezed into a tiny
space. This can happen when a star is dying.
¦ The general theory of relativity (GTR) is the geometric theory of
gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and the current
description of gravitation in modern physics.
¦ The theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently
compact mass can deform spacetime to form a black hole.
Gravitational waves:
? Gravitational waves are ‘ripples’ in space-time caused by violent and
energetic processes in the universe.
¦ Albert Einstein predicted the existence of gravitational waves in
1916 in his general theory of relativity.
? Einstein’s mathematics showed that massive accelerating objects (such
as neutron stars or black holes orbiting each other) would disrupt
space-time in such a way that ‘waves’ of undulating space-time would
propagate in all directions away from the source. These cosmic ripples
would travel at the speed of light.
? The strongest gravitational waves are produced by cataclysmic events
such as colliding black holes, supernovae (massive stars exploding at
the end of their lifetimes), and colliding neutron stars.
LIGO detectors:
? The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) is an
observatory to detect cosmic gravitational waves and to develop
gravitational-wave observations as an astronomical tool.
? The observatories help detect gravitational waves by laser
interferometry.
? Currently, 2 LIGO observatories are active in the U.S. LIGO-India is a
planned advanced gravitational-wave observatory to be located in
India as part of the worldwide network. This is being planned at Hingoli
District, Maharashtra.
¦ INDIGO or IndIGO is a consortium of Indian gravitational-wave
physicists.
Details:
? The gravitational wave observatories at LIGO scientific collaboration
have detected a merger of two unequal-mass black holes. The event has
been named as GW190412.
? This is the first such observation involving two black holes of unequal
masses coalescing.
? The detected signal’s waveform has special extra features in it when it
corresponds to the merger of two unequal-sized black holes as
compared to a merger of equal-sized black holes.
3. Stop villainising bats, say scientists,
conservationists
Context:
? Speculations over the animal origin of n-CoV19.
Background:
? Unverified news and social media posts linking bats to the COVID-19
outbreak have led to widespread antipathy and increasing incidents of
the public destroying bat roosts and smoking them out.
Details:
Origin of n-CoV-19:
? The exact origin of SARS-CoV-2 is still unknown.
? The recent Indian Council of Medical Research study has conclusively
affirmed that the bat coronaviruses (BtCoV) found in two species of
Indian bats are not the same as SARS-CoV-2 and cannot cause COVID-19.
Concerns:
Human activities:
? All wild animals harbour viruses.
? Humans encroaching upon wildlife habitats put humans at risk of
encountering new viruses. The destruction of wildlife habitats and the
subsequent movement of animals out of their habitats lead to the
spread of viruses from animals to humans.
? The ongoing ecological destruction, increasing intensification of
livestock farming and wildlife trade can all contribute to such
pandemics.
Targeting bats:
? Bats are believed to host a number of viruses.
? Killing bats and destroying their habitats can be more harmful as this
can lead to bats spreading out their habitat and spreading the viruses.
Significance of bats:
? Bats perform vital ecosystem services such as pollination, pest control,
and hence provide intangible economic benefits.
Way forward:
Conservation efforts:
? Conservationists have been urging the governments to strengthen the
legal framework to protect bats. The government needs to reconsider
and reinforce the laws governing bat conservation.
¦ India is home to 128 bat species and only 2 of these are protected
by law in India.
Recognizing human factor:
? There is a need to emphasise the role of human activities in disease
outbreaks. There is a need to modify human practices to prevent the
emergence of new pathogens.
Additional information:
? Chiropterologists are people involved in the scientific study of bats.
4. Quick nod likely for China investments
Context:
? Revision of FDI policy in the face of COVID-19 crisis.
Background:
? To avoid opportunistic takeovers during the coronavirus outbreak, India
revised its FDI policy, mandating all foreign direct investment from
countries sharing a land border to take prior government clearance,
ending the automatic route.
? The Chinese Embassy in New Delhi had called the new screening policy
discriminatory and there were concerns that the process could delay
deals and investment timelines.
¦ China has major existing and planned investments in India
estimated at $26 billion.
Details:
? In the light of concerns with respect to the new screening rules and
financial stress in the economy, the Centre plans to fast-track the
review of some investment proposals from neigbouring countries.
? A senior Indian government source has stated that the government will
try to approve any investment proposal in a non-sensitive sector within
15 days when the stake being bought is not significant.
¦ Sectors such as telecom, financial services and insurance were
likely to be deemed more sensitive than others such as
automobiles and renewable energy.
¦ Sectors which are already under severe financial distress and do
not concern national security could also receive faster approvals.
? The government sources have clarified that the revised FDI policies will
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