NCERT Textbook: भारत - आकार और स्थिति | भूगोल (Geography) for UPSC CSE in Hindi PDF Download

 Page 1


jr fo'o dh izkphure laLo`Qfr;ksa esa ls
,d gSA fiNys ik¡p n'kdksa esa Hkkjr us
lkekftd&vkfFkZd :i ls cgqeq[kh mUufr
dh gSA o`Qf"k] m|ksx] rduhdh vkSj lok±xh.k vkfFkZd
fodkl esa vn~Hkqr izxfr gqbZ gSA Hkkjr dk fo'o
bfrgkl esa Hkh egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gSA
fLFkfr
Hkkjr ,d fo'kky ns'k gSA ;g mÙkjh xksyk/Z esa fLFkr gS
(fp=k 1-1) vkSj bldk eq[; Hkkx 8
°
4' mÙkj ls
37°6' mÙkj v{kka'k rFkk 68°7' iwoZ ls 97°25' iwoZ
ns'kkarj rd gSA doZQ js[kk 23°30' mÙkj esa ns'k dks
Hkkjr & vkdkj vkSj fLFkfr
fp=k 1.1 : Hkkjr vkSj fo'o
180°i- 150° 120° 90° 60° 30° 0° 180° 150° 120° 90° 60° 30°
75°
60°
30°
15°
0°
15°
45°
60°
75°
45°
mÙkj
vesfjdk
mÙkj
vesfjdk
30°
nf{k.k
vesfjdk
nf{k.k
vesfjdk
iz'kkar egklkxj iz'kkar egklkxj
vVykafVd
egklkxj
vVykafVd
egklkxj
fgan egklkxj fgan egklkxj
iz'kkar egklkxj iz'kkar egklkxj
vizQhdk vizQhdk
,f'k;k ,f'k;k
;wjksi ;wjksi
vkLVªsfy;k vkLVªsfy;k
iw- iw- i-
m-
m-
n-
n- vaVkdZfVd vaVkdZfVd
Hkk
yxHkx nks cjkcj Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vrh gSA eq[; HkwHkkx osQ
nf{k.k&iwoZ esa] vaMeku vkSj fudksckj }hi lewg caxky
dh [kkM+h esa rFkk nf{k.k&if'pe esa y{k}hi }hi lewg
vjc lkxj esa fLFkr gSaA viuh ,Vyl dh lgk;rk ls
bu }hi lewgksa dk foLRkkj Kkr djksA
Hkkjrh; la?k jkT; dk lcls nf{k.kh
fcanq] tks bafnjk fcanq dgk tkrk Fkk] lu~ 2004 esa lqukeh
ygjksa osQ dkj.k leqnz esa tyeXu gks x;kA
vkdkj
Hkkjr osQ HkwHkkx dk oqQy {ks=kiQy yxHkx 32-8 yk[k
oxZ fd-eh- gSA Hkkjr dk {ks=kiQy fo'o osQ oqQy
1
Page 2


jr fo'o dh izkphure laLo`Qfr;ksa esa ls
,d gSA fiNys ik¡p n'kdksa esa Hkkjr us
lkekftd&vkfFkZd :i ls cgqeq[kh mUufr
dh gSA o`Qf"k] m|ksx] rduhdh vkSj lok±xh.k vkfFkZd
fodkl esa vn~Hkqr izxfr gqbZ gSA Hkkjr dk fo'o
bfrgkl esa Hkh egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gSA
fLFkfr
Hkkjr ,d fo'kky ns'k gSA ;g mÙkjh xksyk/Z esa fLFkr gS
(fp=k 1-1) vkSj bldk eq[; Hkkx 8
°
4' mÙkj ls
37°6' mÙkj v{kka'k rFkk 68°7' iwoZ ls 97°25' iwoZ
ns'kkarj rd gSA doZQ js[kk 23°30' mÙkj esa ns'k dks
Hkkjr & vkdkj vkSj fLFkfr
fp=k 1.1 : Hkkjr vkSj fo'o
180°i- 150° 120° 90° 60° 30° 0° 180° 150° 120° 90° 60° 30°
75°
60°
30°
15°
0°
15°
45°
60°
75°
45°
mÙkj
vesfjdk
mÙkj
vesfjdk
30°
nf{k.k
vesfjdk
nf{k.k
vesfjdk
iz'kkar egklkxj iz'kkar egklkxj
vVykafVd
egklkxj
vVykafVd
egklkxj
fgan egklkxj fgan egklkxj
iz'kkar egklkxj iz'kkar egklkxj
vizQhdk vizQhdk
,f'k;k ,f'k;k
;wjksi ;wjksi
vkLVªsfy;k vkLVªsfy;k
iw- iw- i-
m-
m-
n-
n- vaVkdZfVd vaVkdZfVd
Hkk
yxHkx nks cjkcj Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vrh gSA eq[; HkwHkkx osQ
nf{k.k&iwoZ esa] vaMeku vkSj fudksckj }hi lewg caxky
dh [kkM+h esa rFkk nf{k.k&if'pe esa y{k}hi }hi lewg
vjc lkxj esa fLFkr gSaA viuh ,Vyl dh lgk;rk ls
bu }hi lewgksa dk foLRkkj Kkr djksA
Hkkjrh; la?k jkT; dk lcls nf{k.kh
fcanq] tks bafnjk fcanq dgk tkrk Fkk] lu~ 2004 esa lqukeh
ygjksa osQ dkj.k leqnz esa tyeXu gks x;kA
vkdkj
Hkkjr osQ HkwHkkx dk oqQy {ks=kiQy yxHkx 32-8 yk[k
oxZ fd-eh- gSA Hkkjr dk {ks=kiQy fo'o osQ oqQy
1
ledkyhu Hkkjr
2
HkkSxksfyd {ks=kiQy dk 2-4 izfr'kr gSA fp=k 1-2 ls
Li"V gS fd Hkkjr fo'o dk lkrok¡ cM+k ns'k gSA
Hkkjr dh LFky lhek js[kk yxHkx 15,200 fd-eh-
vkSj leqnzh rV js[kk vaMeku vkSj fudksckj }hi lewg
rFkk y{k}hi lewg osQ lkFk 7,516-6 fd-eh- gSA
Hkkjr osQ mÙkj&if'pe] mÙkj rFkk mÙkj&iwohZ lhek
ij uohure ofyr ioZr gSA blosQ nf{k.k dk HkwHkkx
mÙkj esa pkSM+k gS vkSj 22
ú
 mÙkjh v{kka'k ls ¯gn
egklkxj dh vksj ladjk gksrk x;k gSA blosQ if'pe esa
vjc lkxj rFkk iwoZ esa caxky dh [kkM+h fLFkr gSA
fp=k 1-3 esa nsf[k, fd v{kka'k vkSj ns'kkarj dk foLrkj
yxHkx 30
ú
 gSA ijarq fiQj Hkh iwoZ&if'pe dk foLrkj
mÙkj&nf{k.k osQ foLrkj dh vis{kk de izrhr gksrk gSA
xqtjkr ls v#.kkpy izns'k osQ LFkkuh; le; esa
nks ?kaVs dk varj gS vr% 82
ú
30' iwoZ ns'kkarj js[kk
dks Hkkjr dh ekud ;kE;ksÙkj ekuk x;k gS tks fd
mÙkj izns'k esa fetkZiqj ls xqtjrh gSA v{kka'k dk
izHkko nf{k.k ls mÙkj dh vksj] fnu vkSj jkr dh
vof/ ij iM+rk gSA
?  82°30'  iwoZ ns'kkarj dks Hkkjr dh ekud
;kE;ksÙkj D;ksa ekuk x;k gS\
?  dU;koqQekjh vkSj d'ehj esa fnu&jkr dh vof/ esa varj D;ksa gS\
Hkkjr rFkk fo'o
Hkkjrh; Hkw[kaM ,f'k;k egk}hi osQ iwoZ vkSj if'pe osQ
eè; esa fLFkr gSA Hkkjrh; HkwHkkx ,f'k;k egk}hi dk
nf{k.kh foLrkj gSA ¯gn egklkxj tks fd if'pe essa
;wjksih; ns'kksa vkSj iwohZ ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa dks feykrk gS
Hkkjr dks osaQnzh; fLFkfr iznku djrk gSA nsf[k,] nf{k.k
dk iBkj ¯gn egklkxj esa 'kh"kZor~ iQSyk gqvk gS vkSj
if'pe ,f'k;k] vizQhdk vkSj ;wjksi osQ ns'kksa osQ lkFk&lkFk
iwohZ ,f'k;k osQ ns'kksa ls Hkh iwohZ rV osQ ekè;e ls
fudVre laca/ cuk, gq, gSA ¯gn egklkxj esa fdlh
Hkh ns'k dh rVh; lhek Hkkjr tSlh ugha gSA Hkkjr dh
blh egÙoiw.kZ fLFkfr osQ dkj.k ,d egklkxj dk uke
blosQ uke ij j[kk x;k gSA
fp=k  1.2 : fo'o osQ lkr cMs+ ns'k
?  lu~ 1869 esa Lost+ ugj ds [kqyus ls
Hkkjr vkSj ;wjksi osQ chp nwjh 7,000 fdñehñ de gks xbZ gSA
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
:l :l phu phu dukMk dukMk czkthy czkthy vkLVªsfy;k vkLVªsfy;k Hkkjr Hkkjr
izfr nl yk[k oxZ fdúehú
170.7 170.7
99.7 99.7
95.9 95.9
85.4 85.4
76.8 76.8
32.8 32.8
lújkúvesfjdk lújkúvesfjdk
98.0 98.0
ns'k
Ïksr % oYMZ ikWiwys'ku MkVk 'khV 2005] ikWiwys'ku jsiQjal C;wjks] okf'kaxVu Mh-lh- ij vk/kfjr
Page 3


jr fo'o dh izkphure laLo`Qfr;ksa esa ls
,d gSA fiNys ik¡p n'kdksa esa Hkkjr us
lkekftd&vkfFkZd :i ls cgqeq[kh mUufr
dh gSA o`Qf"k] m|ksx] rduhdh vkSj lok±xh.k vkfFkZd
fodkl esa vn~Hkqr izxfr gqbZ gSA Hkkjr dk fo'o
bfrgkl esa Hkh egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gSA
fLFkfr
Hkkjr ,d fo'kky ns'k gSA ;g mÙkjh xksyk/Z esa fLFkr gS
(fp=k 1-1) vkSj bldk eq[; Hkkx 8
°
4' mÙkj ls
37°6' mÙkj v{kka'k rFkk 68°7' iwoZ ls 97°25' iwoZ
ns'kkarj rd gSA doZQ js[kk 23°30' mÙkj esa ns'k dks
Hkkjr & vkdkj vkSj fLFkfr
fp=k 1.1 : Hkkjr vkSj fo'o
180°i- 150° 120° 90° 60° 30° 0° 180° 150° 120° 90° 60° 30°
75°
60°
30°
15°
0°
15°
45°
60°
75°
45°
mÙkj
vesfjdk
mÙkj
vesfjdk
30°
nf{k.k
vesfjdk
nf{k.k
vesfjdk
iz'kkar egklkxj iz'kkar egklkxj
vVykafVd
egklkxj
vVykafVd
egklkxj
fgan egklkxj fgan egklkxj
iz'kkar egklkxj iz'kkar egklkxj
vizQhdk vizQhdk
,f'k;k ,f'k;k
;wjksi ;wjksi
vkLVªsfy;k vkLVªsfy;k
iw- iw- i-
m-
m-
n-
n- vaVkdZfVd vaVkdZfVd
Hkk
yxHkx nks cjkcj Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vrh gSA eq[; HkwHkkx osQ
nf{k.k&iwoZ esa] vaMeku vkSj fudksckj }hi lewg caxky
dh [kkM+h esa rFkk nf{k.k&if'pe esa y{k}hi }hi lewg
vjc lkxj esa fLFkr gSaA viuh ,Vyl dh lgk;rk ls
bu }hi lewgksa dk foLRkkj Kkr djksA
Hkkjrh; la?k jkT; dk lcls nf{k.kh
fcanq] tks bafnjk fcanq dgk tkrk Fkk] lu~ 2004 esa lqukeh
ygjksa osQ dkj.k leqnz esa tyeXu gks x;kA
vkdkj
Hkkjr osQ HkwHkkx dk oqQy {ks=kiQy yxHkx 32-8 yk[k
oxZ fd-eh- gSA Hkkjr dk {ks=kiQy fo'o osQ oqQy
1
ledkyhu Hkkjr
2
HkkSxksfyd {ks=kiQy dk 2-4 izfr'kr gSA fp=k 1-2 ls
Li"V gS fd Hkkjr fo'o dk lkrok¡ cM+k ns'k gSA
Hkkjr dh LFky lhek js[kk yxHkx 15,200 fd-eh-
vkSj leqnzh rV js[kk vaMeku vkSj fudksckj }hi lewg
rFkk y{k}hi lewg osQ lkFk 7,516-6 fd-eh- gSA
Hkkjr osQ mÙkj&if'pe] mÙkj rFkk mÙkj&iwohZ lhek
ij uohure ofyr ioZr gSA blosQ nf{k.k dk HkwHkkx
mÙkj esa pkSM+k gS vkSj 22
ú
 mÙkjh v{kka'k ls ¯gn
egklkxj dh vksj ladjk gksrk x;k gSA blosQ if'pe esa
vjc lkxj rFkk iwoZ esa caxky dh [kkM+h fLFkr gSA
fp=k 1-3 esa nsf[k, fd v{kka'k vkSj ns'kkarj dk foLrkj
yxHkx 30
ú
 gSA ijarq fiQj Hkh iwoZ&if'pe dk foLrkj
mÙkj&nf{k.k osQ foLrkj dh vis{kk de izrhr gksrk gSA
xqtjkr ls v#.kkpy izns'k osQ LFkkuh; le; esa
nks ?kaVs dk varj gS vr% 82
ú
30' iwoZ ns'kkarj js[kk
dks Hkkjr dh ekud ;kE;ksÙkj ekuk x;k gS tks fd
mÙkj izns'k esa fetkZiqj ls xqtjrh gSA v{kka'k dk
izHkko nf{k.k ls mÙkj dh vksj] fnu vkSj jkr dh
vof/ ij iM+rk gSA
?  82°30'  iwoZ ns'kkarj dks Hkkjr dh ekud
;kE;ksÙkj D;ksa ekuk x;k gS\
?  dU;koqQekjh vkSj d'ehj esa fnu&jkr dh vof/ esa varj D;ksa gS\
Hkkjr rFkk fo'o
Hkkjrh; Hkw[kaM ,f'k;k egk}hi osQ iwoZ vkSj if'pe osQ
eè; esa fLFkr gSA Hkkjrh; HkwHkkx ,f'k;k egk}hi dk
nf{k.kh foLrkj gSA ¯gn egklkxj tks fd if'pe essa
;wjksih; ns'kksa vkSj iwohZ ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa dks feykrk gS
Hkkjr dks osaQnzh; fLFkfr iznku djrk gSA nsf[k,] nf{k.k
dk iBkj ¯gn egklkxj esa 'kh"kZor~ iQSyk gqvk gS vkSj
if'pe ,f'k;k] vizQhdk vkSj ;wjksi osQ ns'kksa osQ lkFk&lkFk
iwohZ ,f'k;k osQ ns'kksa ls Hkh iwohZ rV osQ ekè;e ls
fudVre laca/ cuk, gq, gSA ¯gn egklkxj esa fdlh
Hkh ns'k dh rVh; lhek Hkkjr tSlh ugha gSA Hkkjr dh
blh egÙoiw.kZ fLFkfr osQ dkj.k ,d egklkxj dk uke
blosQ uke ij j[kk x;k gSA
fp=k  1.2 : fo'o osQ lkr cMs+ ns'k
?  lu~ 1869 esa Lost+ ugj ds [kqyus ls
Hkkjr vkSj ;wjksi osQ chp nwjh 7,000 fdñehñ de gks xbZ gSA
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
:l :l phu phu dukMk dukMk czkthy czkthy vkLVªsfy;k vkLVªsfy;k Hkkjr Hkkjr
izfr nl yk[k oxZ fdúehú
170.7 170.7
99.7 99.7
95.9 95.9
85.4 85.4
76.8 76.8
32.8 32.8
lújkúvesfjdk lújkúvesfjdk
98.0 98.0
ns'k
Ïksr % oYMZ ikWiwys'ku MkVk 'khV 2005] ikWiwys'ku jsiQjal C;wjks] okf'kaxVu Mh-lh- ij vk/kfjr
Hkkjr & vkdkj vkSj fLFkfr
3
fp=k  1.3 : Hkkjr & foLrkj ,oa ekud js[kk
Page 4


jr fo'o dh izkphure laLo`Qfr;ksa esa ls
,d gSA fiNys ik¡p n'kdksa esa Hkkjr us
lkekftd&vkfFkZd :i ls cgqeq[kh mUufr
dh gSA o`Qf"k] m|ksx] rduhdh vkSj lok±xh.k vkfFkZd
fodkl esa vn~Hkqr izxfr gqbZ gSA Hkkjr dk fo'o
bfrgkl esa Hkh egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gSA
fLFkfr
Hkkjr ,d fo'kky ns'k gSA ;g mÙkjh xksyk/Z esa fLFkr gS
(fp=k 1-1) vkSj bldk eq[; Hkkx 8
°
4' mÙkj ls
37°6' mÙkj v{kka'k rFkk 68°7' iwoZ ls 97°25' iwoZ
ns'kkarj rd gSA doZQ js[kk 23°30' mÙkj esa ns'k dks
Hkkjr & vkdkj vkSj fLFkfr
fp=k 1.1 : Hkkjr vkSj fo'o
180°i- 150° 120° 90° 60° 30° 0° 180° 150° 120° 90° 60° 30°
75°
60°
30°
15°
0°
15°
45°
60°
75°
45°
mÙkj
vesfjdk
mÙkj
vesfjdk
30°
nf{k.k
vesfjdk
nf{k.k
vesfjdk
iz'kkar egklkxj iz'kkar egklkxj
vVykafVd
egklkxj
vVykafVd
egklkxj
fgan egklkxj fgan egklkxj
iz'kkar egklkxj iz'kkar egklkxj
vizQhdk vizQhdk
,f'k;k ,f'k;k
;wjksi ;wjksi
vkLVªsfy;k vkLVªsfy;k
iw- iw- i-
m-
m-
n-
n- vaVkdZfVd vaVkdZfVd
Hkk
yxHkx nks cjkcj Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vrh gSA eq[; HkwHkkx osQ
nf{k.k&iwoZ esa] vaMeku vkSj fudksckj }hi lewg caxky
dh [kkM+h esa rFkk nf{k.k&if'pe esa y{k}hi }hi lewg
vjc lkxj esa fLFkr gSaA viuh ,Vyl dh lgk;rk ls
bu }hi lewgksa dk foLRkkj Kkr djksA
Hkkjrh; la?k jkT; dk lcls nf{k.kh
fcanq] tks bafnjk fcanq dgk tkrk Fkk] lu~ 2004 esa lqukeh
ygjksa osQ dkj.k leqnz esa tyeXu gks x;kA
vkdkj
Hkkjr osQ HkwHkkx dk oqQy {ks=kiQy yxHkx 32-8 yk[k
oxZ fd-eh- gSA Hkkjr dk {ks=kiQy fo'o osQ oqQy
1
ledkyhu Hkkjr
2
HkkSxksfyd {ks=kiQy dk 2-4 izfr'kr gSA fp=k 1-2 ls
Li"V gS fd Hkkjr fo'o dk lkrok¡ cM+k ns'k gSA
Hkkjr dh LFky lhek js[kk yxHkx 15,200 fd-eh-
vkSj leqnzh rV js[kk vaMeku vkSj fudksckj }hi lewg
rFkk y{k}hi lewg osQ lkFk 7,516-6 fd-eh- gSA
Hkkjr osQ mÙkj&if'pe] mÙkj rFkk mÙkj&iwohZ lhek
ij uohure ofyr ioZr gSA blosQ nf{k.k dk HkwHkkx
mÙkj esa pkSM+k gS vkSj 22
ú
 mÙkjh v{kka'k ls ¯gn
egklkxj dh vksj ladjk gksrk x;k gSA blosQ if'pe esa
vjc lkxj rFkk iwoZ esa caxky dh [kkM+h fLFkr gSA
fp=k 1-3 esa nsf[k, fd v{kka'k vkSj ns'kkarj dk foLrkj
yxHkx 30
ú
 gSA ijarq fiQj Hkh iwoZ&if'pe dk foLrkj
mÙkj&nf{k.k osQ foLrkj dh vis{kk de izrhr gksrk gSA
xqtjkr ls v#.kkpy izns'k osQ LFkkuh; le; esa
nks ?kaVs dk varj gS vr% 82
ú
30' iwoZ ns'kkarj js[kk
dks Hkkjr dh ekud ;kE;ksÙkj ekuk x;k gS tks fd
mÙkj izns'k esa fetkZiqj ls xqtjrh gSA v{kka'k dk
izHkko nf{k.k ls mÙkj dh vksj] fnu vkSj jkr dh
vof/ ij iM+rk gSA
?  82°30'  iwoZ ns'kkarj dks Hkkjr dh ekud
;kE;ksÙkj D;ksa ekuk x;k gS\
?  dU;koqQekjh vkSj d'ehj esa fnu&jkr dh vof/ esa varj D;ksa gS\
Hkkjr rFkk fo'o
Hkkjrh; Hkw[kaM ,f'k;k egk}hi osQ iwoZ vkSj if'pe osQ
eè; esa fLFkr gSA Hkkjrh; HkwHkkx ,f'k;k egk}hi dk
nf{k.kh foLrkj gSA ¯gn egklkxj tks fd if'pe essa
;wjksih; ns'kksa vkSj iwohZ ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa dks feykrk gS
Hkkjr dks osaQnzh; fLFkfr iznku djrk gSA nsf[k,] nf{k.k
dk iBkj ¯gn egklkxj esa 'kh"kZor~ iQSyk gqvk gS vkSj
if'pe ,f'k;k] vizQhdk vkSj ;wjksi osQ ns'kksa osQ lkFk&lkFk
iwohZ ,f'k;k osQ ns'kksa ls Hkh iwohZ rV osQ ekè;e ls
fudVre laca/ cuk, gq, gSA ¯gn egklkxj esa fdlh
Hkh ns'k dh rVh; lhek Hkkjr tSlh ugha gSA Hkkjr dh
blh egÙoiw.kZ fLFkfr osQ dkj.k ,d egklkxj dk uke
blosQ uke ij j[kk x;k gSA
fp=k  1.2 : fo'o osQ lkr cMs+ ns'k
?  lu~ 1869 esa Lost+ ugj ds [kqyus ls
Hkkjr vkSj ;wjksi osQ chp nwjh 7,000 fdñehñ de gks xbZ gSA
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
:l :l phu phu dukMk dukMk czkthy czkthy vkLVªsfy;k vkLVªsfy;k Hkkjr Hkkjr
izfr nl yk[k oxZ fdúehú
170.7 170.7
99.7 99.7
95.9 95.9
85.4 85.4
76.8 76.8
32.8 32.8
lújkúvesfjdk lújkúvesfjdk
98.0 98.0
ns'k
Ïksr % oYMZ ikWiwys'ku MkVk 'khV 2005] ikWiwys'ku jsiQjal C;wjks] okf'kaxVu Mh-lh- ij vk/kfjr
Hkkjr & vkdkj vkSj fLFkfr
3
fp=k  1.3 : Hkkjr & foLrkj ,oa ekud js[kk
ledkyhu Hkkjr
4
fp=k  1.4 : Hkkjr & varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ekxZ
?  if'peh vkSj iwohZ rVksa ij osaQnz 'kkflr {ks=kksa
dh la[;k Kkr dhft,A
?  {ks=kiQy osQ vk/kj ij lcls cM+k ,oa lcls NksVk jkT;
dkSu&lk gS\
?  dkSu&ls jkT; varjkZ"Vªh; lhek rFkk leqnz rV dks Li'kZ
ugha djrs gSa\
?  (i) ikfdLrku (ii) phu (iii) E;kaekj vkSj (iv) ckaXykns'k dh
lhekvksa dks Nwus okys jkT;ksa dks pkj oxks± esa foHkkftr dhft,A
mnkgj.kkFkZ mu jkT;ksa dks ,d oxZ esa jf[k, ftudh lhek,¡
ikfdLrku ls feyrh gSaA blh rjg vU; 'ks"k oxZ cukb,A
Hkkjr dh Hkwfe dh lhek,¡ mÙkj&if'pe esa ikfdLrku vkSj
vi+QxkfuLrku osQ lkFk] mÙkj esa phu (frCcr) usiky vkSj
HkwVku osQ lkFk rFkk iwoZ esa E;kaekj o ckaXykns'k osQ lkFk
Hkkjr dk fo'o osQ ns'kksa osQ lkFk laioZQ ;qxksa iqjkuk
gS ijarq ;g laca/ leqnzh tyekxksZa dh vis{kk HkwHkkxksa ls
gksdj FkkA mÙkjh ioZrksa osQ njks± ls vusd ;k=kh izkphu
dky esa Hkkjr vk,A tcfd leqnzh ekxZ cgqr le; rd
Kkr ugha FksA
bu ekxks± ls izkphu le; ls fopkjksa vkSj oLrqvksa dk
vknku&iznku gksrk jgk gSA Hkkjr dk if'pe&eè; vkSj
iwohZ ,f'k;k rFkk nf{k.kh ,f'k;k osQ iM+kslh ns'kksa osQ lkFk
,d vn~Hkqr laioZQ jgk gSA blh izdkj mifu"knksa osQ
fopkj] jkek;.k rFkk iapra=k dh dgkfu;k¡] Hkkjrh; vad
,oa n'keyo iz.kkyh vkfn lalkj osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa rd
iga¡qp losQA elkys] eyey vkfn diMs+ rFkk O;kikj osQ
vU; leku Hkkjr ls fofHkUu ns'kksa dks ys tk, tkrs FksA
blosQ foijhr ;wukuh LFkkiR;dyk rFkk if'peh ,f'k;k
dh okLrqdyk osQ izrhd ehukjksa rFkk xqacnksa dk izHkko
gekjs ns'k osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa ns[kk x;kA
Hkkjr osQ iM+kslh ns'k
Hkkjr dk nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa ,d egÙoiw.kZ LFkku gSA Hkkjr
esa 28 jkT; vkSj 7 osaQnz 'kkflr {ks=k gSaA (fp=k 1-5)
lu~ 1947 ls iwoZ Hkkjr esa nks izdkj osQ
jkT; Fks] izkar vkSj fj;klrA ok;ljk; }kjk fu;qDr vaxzst vf/
dkjh izkarksa ij 'kklu djrs Fks vkSj fj;klrksa dk 'kklu LFkkuh;
'kkldksa }kjk iSr`drk osQ vk/kj ij vaxzst+h 'kkldksa dh izHkqlÙkk
ekudj Lok;Ùkrk ls fd;k tkrk FkkA
Page 5


jr fo'o dh izkphure laLo`Qfr;ksa esa ls
,d gSA fiNys ik¡p n'kdksa esa Hkkjr us
lkekftd&vkfFkZd :i ls cgqeq[kh mUufr
dh gSA o`Qf"k] m|ksx] rduhdh vkSj lok±xh.k vkfFkZd
fodkl esa vn~Hkqr izxfr gqbZ gSA Hkkjr dk fo'o
bfrgkl esa Hkh egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gSA
fLFkfr
Hkkjr ,d fo'kky ns'k gSA ;g mÙkjh xksyk/Z esa fLFkr gS
(fp=k 1-1) vkSj bldk eq[; Hkkx 8
°
4' mÙkj ls
37°6' mÙkj v{kka'k rFkk 68°7' iwoZ ls 97°25' iwoZ
ns'kkarj rd gSA doZQ js[kk 23°30' mÙkj esa ns'k dks
Hkkjr & vkdkj vkSj fLFkfr
fp=k 1.1 : Hkkjr vkSj fo'o
180°i- 150° 120° 90° 60° 30° 0° 180° 150° 120° 90° 60° 30°
75°
60°
30°
15°
0°
15°
45°
60°
75°
45°
mÙkj
vesfjdk
mÙkj
vesfjdk
30°
nf{k.k
vesfjdk
nf{k.k
vesfjdk
iz'kkar egklkxj iz'kkar egklkxj
vVykafVd
egklkxj
vVykafVd
egklkxj
fgan egklkxj fgan egklkxj
iz'kkar egklkxj iz'kkar egklkxj
vizQhdk vizQhdk
,f'k;k ,f'k;k
;wjksi ;wjksi
vkLVªsfy;k vkLVªsfy;k
iw- iw- i-
m-
m-
n-
n- vaVkdZfVd vaVkdZfVd
Hkk
yxHkx nks cjkcj Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vrh gSA eq[; HkwHkkx osQ
nf{k.k&iwoZ esa] vaMeku vkSj fudksckj }hi lewg caxky
dh [kkM+h esa rFkk nf{k.k&if'pe esa y{k}hi }hi lewg
vjc lkxj esa fLFkr gSaA viuh ,Vyl dh lgk;rk ls
bu }hi lewgksa dk foLRkkj Kkr djksA
Hkkjrh; la?k jkT; dk lcls nf{k.kh
fcanq] tks bafnjk fcanq dgk tkrk Fkk] lu~ 2004 esa lqukeh
ygjksa osQ dkj.k leqnz esa tyeXu gks x;kA
vkdkj
Hkkjr osQ HkwHkkx dk oqQy {ks=kiQy yxHkx 32-8 yk[k
oxZ fd-eh- gSA Hkkjr dk {ks=kiQy fo'o osQ oqQy
1
ledkyhu Hkkjr
2
HkkSxksfyd {ks=kiQy dk 2-4 izfr'kr gSA fp=k 1-2 ls
Li"V gS fd Hkkjr fo'o dk lkrok¡ cM+k ns'k gSA
Hkkjr dh LFky lhek js[kk yxHkx 15,200 fd-eh-
vkSj leqnzh rV js[kk vaMeku vkSj fudksckj }hi lewg
rFkk y{k}hi lewg osQ lkFk 7,516-6 fd-eh- gSA
Hkkjr osQ mÙkj&if'pe] mÙkj rFkk mÙkj&iwohZ lhek
ij uohure ofyr ioZr gSA blosQ nf{k.k dk HkwHkkx
mÙkj esa pkSM+k gS vkSj 22
ú
 mÙkjh v{kka'k ls ¯gn
egklkxj dh vksj ladjk gksrk x;k gSA blosQ if'pe esa
vjc lkxj rFkk iwoZ esa caxky dh [kkM+h fLFkr gSA
fp=k 1-3 esa nsf[k, fd v{kka'k vkSj ns'kkarj dk foLrkj
yxHkx 30
ú
 gSA ijarq fiQj Hkh iwoZ&if'pe dk foLrkj
mÙkj&nf{k.k osQ foLrkj dh vis{kk de izrhr gksrk gSA
xqtjkr ls v#.kkpy izns'k osQ LFkkuh; le; esa
nks ?kaVs dk varj gS vr% 82
ú
30' iwoZ ns'kkarj js[kk
dks Hkkjr dh ekud ;kE;ksÙkj ekuk x;k gS tks fd
mÙkj izns'k esa fetkZiqj ls xqtjrh gSA v{kka'k dk
izHkko nf{k.k ls mÙkj dh vksj] fnu vkSj jkr dh
vof/ ij iM+rk gSA
?  82°30'  iwoZ ns'kkarj dks Hkkjr dh ekud
;kE;ksÙkj D;ksa ekuk x;k gS\
?  dU;koqQekjh vkSj d'ehj esa fnu&jkr dh vof/ esa varj D;ksa gS\
Hkkjr rFkk fo'o
Hkkjrh; Hkw[kaM ,f'k;k egk}hi osQ iwoZ vkSj if'pe osQ
eè; esa fLFkr gSA Hkkjrh; HkwHkkx ,f'k;k egk}hi dk
nf{k.kh foLrkj gSA ¯gn egklkxj tks fd if'pe essa
;wjksih; ns'kksa vkSj iwohZ ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa dks feykrk gS
Hkkjr dks osaQnzh; fLFkfr iznku djrk gSA nsf[k,] nf{k.k
dk iBkj ¯gn egklkxj esa 'kh"kZor~ iQSyk gqvk gS vkSj
if'pe ,f'k;k] vizQhdk vkSj ;wjksi osQ ns'kksa osQ lkFk&lkFk
iwohZ ,f'k;k osQ ns'kksa ls Hkh iwohZ rV osQ ekè;e ls
fudVre laca/ cuk, gq, gSA ¯gn egklkxj esa fdlh
Hkh ns'k dh rVh; lhek Hkkjr tSlh ugha gSA Hkkjr dh
blh egÙoiw.kZ fLFkfr osQ dkj.k ,d egklkxj dk uke
blosQ uke ij j[kk x;k gSA
fp=k  1.2 : fo'o osQ lkr cMs+ ns'k
?  lu~ 1869 esa Lost+ ugj ds [kqyus ls
Hkkjr vkSj ;wjksi osQ chp nwjh 7,000 fdñehñ de gks xbZ gSA
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
:l :l phu phu dukMk dukMk czkthy czkthy vkLVªsfy;k vkLVªsfy;k Hkkjr Hkkjr
izfr nl yk[k oxZ fdúehú
170.7 170.7
99.7 99.7
95.9 95.9
85.4 85.4
76.8 76.8
32.8 32.8
lújkúvesfjdk lújkúvesfjdk
98.0 98.0
ns'k
Ïksr % oYMZ ikWiwys'ku MkVk 'khV 2005] ikWiwys'ku jsiQjal C;wjks] okf'kaxVu Mh-lh- ij vk/kfjr
Hkkjr & vkdkj vkSj fLFkfr
3
fp=k  1.3 : Hkkjr & foLrkj ,oa ekud js[kk
ledkyhu Hkkjr
4
fp=k  1.4 : Hkkjr & varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ekxZ
?  if'peh vkSj iwohZ rVksa ij osaQnz 'kkflr {ks=kksa
dh la[;k Kkr dhft,A
?  {ks=kiQy osQ vk/kj ij lcls cM+k ,oa lcls NksVk jkT;
dkSu&lk gS\
?  dkSu&ls jkT; varjkZ"Vªh; lhek rFkk leqnz rV dks Li'kZ
ugha djrs gSa\
?  (i) ikfdLrku (ii) phu (iii) E;kaekj vkSj (iv) ckaXykns'k dh
lhekvksa dks Nwus okys jkT;ksa dks pkj oxks± esa foHkkftr dhft,A
mnkgj.kkFkZ mu jkT;ksa dks ,d oxZ esa jf[k, ftudh lhek,¡
ikfdLrku ls feyrh gSaA blh rjg vU; 'ks"k oxZ cukb,A
Hkkjr dh Hkwfe dh lhek,¡ mÙkj&if'pe esa ikfdLrku vkSj
vi+QxkfuLrku osQ lkFk] mÙkj esa phu (frCcr) usiky vkSj
HkwVku osQ lkFk rFkk iwoZ esa E;kaekj o ckaXykns'k osQ lkFk
Hkkjr dk fo'o osQ ns'kksa osQ lkFk laioZQ ;qxksa iqjkuk
gS ijarq ;g laca/ leqnzh tyekxksZa dh vis{kk HkwHkkxksa ls
gksdj FkkA mÙkjh ioZrksa osQ njks± ls vusd ;k=kh izkphu
dky esa Hkkjr vk,A tcfd leqnzh ekxZ cgqr le; rd
Kkr ugha FksA
bu ekxks± ls izkphu le; ls fopkjksa vkSj oLrqvksa dk
vknku&iznku gksrk jgk gSA Hkkjr dk if'pe&eè; vkSj
iwohZ ,f'k;k rFkk nf{k.kh ,f'k;k osQ iM+kslh ns'kksa osQ lkFk
,d vn~Hkqr laioZQ jgk gSA blh izdkj mifu"knksa osQ
fopkj] jkek;.k rFkk iapra=k dh dgkfu;k¡] Hkkjrh; vad
,oa n'keyo iz.kkyh vkfn lalkj osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa rd
iga¡qp losQA elkys] eyey vkfn diMs+ rFkk O;kikj osQ
vU; leku Hkkjr ls fofHkUu ns'kksa dks ys tk, tkrs FksA
blosQ foijhr ;wukuh LFkkiR;dyk rFkk if'peh ,f'k;k
dh okLrqdyk osQ izrhd ehukjksa rFkk xqacnksa dk izHkko
gekjs ns'k osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa ns[kk x;kA
Hkkjr osQ iM+kslh ns'k
Hkkjr dk nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa ,d egÙoiw.kZ LFkku gSA Hkkjr
esa 28 jkT; vkSj 7 osaQnz 'kkflr {ks=k gSaA (fp=k 1-5)
lu~ 1947 ls iwoZ Hkkjr esa nks izdkj osQ
jkT; Fks] izkar vkSj fj;klrA ok;ljk; }kjk fu;qDr vaxzst vf/
dkjh izkarksa ij 'kklu djrs Fks vkSj fj;klrksa dk 'kklu LFkkuh;
'kkldksa }kjk iSr`drk osQ vk/kj ij vaxzst+h 'kkldksa dh izHkqlÙkk
ekudj Lok;Ùkrk ls fd;k tkrk FkkA
Hkkjr & vkdkj vkSj fLFkfr
5
fp=k  1.5 : Hkkjr vkSj iM+kslh ns'k
gSaSA nf{k.k esa leqnz ikj gekjs iM+kslh nks }hi lewg jk"Vª
Jhyadk vkSj ekynho gSaA Hkkjr vkSj Jhyadk osQ chp esa
NksVk leqnzh jkLrk ikd tylafèk rFkk eÂkj dh [kkM+h gSA
ekynho]  y{k}hi lewg osQ nf{k.k esa fLFkr gSA
vius iM+kslh ns'kksa osQ lkFk Hkkjr osQ HkkSxksfyd
vkSj ,sfrgkfld laca/ cgqr vPNs jgs gSaA viuh
,Vyl esa ,f'k;k osQ ekufp=k esa ns[kk fd Hkkjr oSQls
vyx fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA