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NCERT Textbook - हज़ार वर्षों के दौरान हुए परिवर्तनों की पड़ताल | इतिहास (History) for UPSC CSE in Hindi PDF Download

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 Page 1


1 ifjorZuksa dh iM+rky---
ekufp=k 1 vkSj 2 ij u”kj Mkfy,A ekufp=k 1 vjc HkwxksyosÙkk vy&bnzhlh
us 1154 esa cuk;k FkkA ;gk¡ tks uD'kk fn;k x;k gS og mlosQ }kjk cuk,
x, nqfu;k osQ cM+s ekufp=k dk ,d fgLlk gS vkSj Hkkjrh; miegk}hi
dks n'kkZrk gSA ekufp=k 2 ,d izQkalhlh ekufp=kdkj us 1720 esa cuk;k
FkkA nksuksa uD'ks ,d gh bykosQ osQ gSa exj muesa dkI
+
kQh varj gSaA
vy&bnzhlh osQ uD'ks esa nf{k.k Hkkjr ml txg gS tgk¡ ge vkt mÙkj
Hkkjr <w¡<saxs vkSj Jhyadk dk }hi Åij dh rjI
+
kQ gSA txgksa osQ uke vjch
ekufp=kdkj
tks O;fDr ekufp=k@uD'ks
cukrk gSA
1
g”kkj o"kks± osQ nkSjku gq, ifjorZuksa dh
iM+rky
ekufp=k 1
ckjgoha lnh osQ
HkwxksyosÙkk vy&bæhlh dk
cuk;k gqvk nqfu;k osQ
uD'ks dk ,d fgLlk
ftlesa Hkkjrh; miegk}hi
dks Hkwfe ls leqnz rd
fn[kk;k x;k gSA
2021-22
Page 2


1 ifjorZuksa dh iM+rky---
ekufp=k 1 vkSj 2 ij u”kj Mkfy,A ekufp=k 1 vjc HkwxksyosÙkk vy&bnzhlh
us 1154 esa cuk;k FkkA ;gk¡ tks uD'kk fn;k x;k gS og mlosQ }kjk cuk,
x, nqfu;k osQ cM+s ekufp=k dk ,d fgLlk gS vkSj Hkkjrh; miegk}hi
dks n'kkZrk gSA ekufp=k 2 ,d izQkalhlh ekufp=kdkj us 1720 esa cuk;k
FkkA nksuksa uD'ks ,d gh bykosQ osQ gSa exj muesa dkI
+
kQh varj gSaA
vy&bnzhlh osQ uD'ks esa nf{k.k Hkkjr ml txg gS tgk¡ ge vkt mÙkj
Hkkjr <w¡<saxs vkSj Jhyadk dk }hi Åij dh rjI
+
kQ gSA txgksa osQ uke vjch
ekufp=kdkj
tks O;fDr ekufp=k@uD'ks
cukrk gSA
1
g”kkj o"kks± osQ nkSjku gq, ifjorZuksa dh
iM+rky
ekufp=k 1
ckjgoha lnh osQ
HkwxksyosÙkk vy&bæhlh dk
cuk;k gqvk nqfu;k osQ
uD'ks dk ,d fgLlk
ftlesa Hkkjrh; miegk}hi
dks Hkwfe ls leqnz rd
fn[kk;k x;k gSA
2021-22
2 gekjs vrhr
esa fn, x, gSa vkSj muesa oqQN tkus&igpkus uke Hkh gSa] tSls fd mÙkj
izns'k dk dUukStA ekufp=k 2 igys ekufp=k osQ cuus osQ yxHkx 600
o"kZ ckn cuk;k x;kA bl dkykof/ esa miegk}hi osQ ckjs esa lwpuk,¡
dkI
+
kQh cny xb± FkhaA ;g uD'kk gesa ”;knk ifjfpr yxsxkA mlesa
fo'ks"kdj rVh; bykdksa osQ ckjhd C;kSjs ns[kdj vk'p;Z gksrk gSA ;wjksi
osQ ukfod rFkk O;kikjh viuh leqnz ;k=kk osQ fy, bl uD'ks dk
bLrseky fd;k djrs Fks (ns[kas vè;k; 6)A
ysfdu vc Hkhrjh bykdksa ij u”kj MkysaA D;k buesa Hkh mrus gh C;kSjs gSa
ftrus leqnz rV okys fgLls esa\ xaxk osQ ekxZ dks ns[kasA bls fdl rjg ls
n'kkZ;k x;k gS\ bl ekufp=k esa rVh; vkSj Hkhrjh bykoQksa osQ chp C;kSjksa
vkSj ckjhdh dk tks varj gS] vkiosQ [;ky esa mldk dkj.k D;k gS\
ekufp=k 2
vBkjgoha lnh osQ vkajHk
esa fXoykWe n fyLys osQ
,Vyl uwoks osQ vuqlkj
;g miegk}hi
?
2021-22
Page 3


1 ifjorZuksa dh iM+rky---
ekufp=k 1 vkSj 2 ij u”kj Mkfy,A ekufp=k 1 vjc HkwxksyosÙkk vy&bnzhlh
us 1154 esa cuk;k FkkA ;gk¡ tks uD'kk fn;k x;k gS og mlosQ }kjk cuk,
x, nqfu;k osQ cM+s ekufp=k dk ,d fgLlk gS vkSj Hkkjrh; miegk}hi
dks n'kkZrk gSA ekufp=k 2 ,d izQkalhlh ekufp=kdkj us 1720 esa cuk;k
FkkA nksuksa uD'ks ,d gh bykosQ osQ gSa exj muesa dkI
+
kQh varj gSaA
vy&bnzhlh osQ uD'ks esa nf{k.k Hkkjr ml txg gS tgk¡ ge vkt mÙkj
Hkkjr <w¡<saxs vkSj Jhyadk dk }hi Åij dh rjI
+
kQ gSA txgksa osQ uke vjch
ekufp=kdkj
tks O;fDr ekufp=k@uD'ks
cukrk gSA
1
g”kkj o"kks± osQ nkSjku gq, ifjorZuksa dh
iM+rky
ekufp=k 1
ckjgoha lnh osQ
HkwxksyosÙkk vy&bæhlh dk
cuk;k gqvk nqfu;k osQ
uD'ks dk ,d fgLlk
ftlesa Hkkjrh; miegk}hi
dks Hkwfe ls leqnz rd
fn[kk;k x;k gSA
2021-22
2 gekjs vrhr
esa fn, x, gSa vkSj muesa oqQN tkus&igpkus uke Hkh gSa] tSls fd mÙkj
izns'k dk dUukStA ekufp=k 2 igys ekufp=k osQ cuus osQ yxHkx 600
o"kZ ckn cuk;k x;kA bl dkykof/ esa miegk}hi osQ ckjs esa lwpuk,¡
dkI
+
kQh cny xb± FkhaA ;g uD'kk gesa ”;knk ifjfpr yxsxkA mlesa
fo'ks"kdj rVh; bykdksa osQ ckjhd C;kSjs ns[kdj vk'p;Z gksrk gSA ;wjksi
osQ ukfod rFkk O;kikjh viuh leqnz ;k=kk osQ fy, bl uD'ks dk
bLrseky fd;k djrs Fks (ns[kas vè;k; 6)A
ysfdu vc Hkhrjh bykdksa ij u”kj MkysaA D;k buesa Hkh mrus gh C;kSjs gSa
ftrus leqnz rV okys fgLls esa\ xaxk osQ ekxZ dks ns[kasA bls fdl rjg ls
n'kkZ;k x;k gS\ bl ekufp=k esa rVh; vkSj Hkhrjh bykoQksa osQ chp C;kSjksa
vkSj ckjhdh dk tks varj gS] vkiosQ [;ky esa mldk dkj.k D;k gS\
ekufp=k 2
vBkjgoha lnh osQ vkajHk
esa fXoykWe n fyLys osQ
,Vyl uwoks osQ vuqlkj
;g miegk}hi
?
2021-22
3 ifjorZuksa dh iM+rky---
bruh gh egÙoiw.kZ ,d vkSj ckr ;g gS fd nwljs ;qx rd ekufp=k&vadu
dk foKku Hkh cgqr cny x;k FkkA bfrgkldkj tc chrs ;qxksa osQ nLrkos”kksa]
uD'kksa vkSj ys[kksa dk vè;;u djrs gSa rks muosQ fy, mu lwpukvksa osQ
lanHkks± dk] mudh fHkUu&fHkUu ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe;ksa dk è;ku j[kuk
”k:jh gksrk gSA
ubZ vkSj iqjkuh 'kCnkoyh
vxj le; osQ lkFk&lkFk lwpukvksa osQ lanHkZ cnyrs gSa] rks Hkk"kk vkSj
vFkks± osQ lkFk D;k gksrk gS\ ,sfrgkfld vfHkys[k dbZ rjg dh
Hkk"kkvksa esa feyrs gSa vkSj ;s Hkk"kk,¡ Hkh le; osQ lkFk&lkFk cgqr
cnyh gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy, eè;;qx dh I
+
kQkjlh] vk/qfud I
+
kQkjlh
Hkk"kk ls fHkUu gSA ;g fHkUurk flI
+
kZQ O;kdj.k vkSj 'kCn HkaMkj esa gh
ugha vkbZ gS] le; osQ lkFk 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ Hkh cny tkrs gSaA
mnkgj.k osQ fy, ^fganqLrku* 'kCn gh yhft,A vkt ge bls vkèkqfud
jk"Vª jkT; ^Hkkjr* osQ vFkZ esa ysrs gSaA rsjgoha lnh esa tc I
+
kQkjlh osQ
bfrgkldkj feUgkt&,&fljkt us fganqLrku 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k Fkk rks
mldk vk'k; iatkc] gfj;k.kk vkSj xaxk&;equk osQ chp esa fLFkr
bykdksa ls FkkA mlus bl 'kCn dk jktuhfrd vFkZ esa mu bykdksa osQ
fy, bLrseky fd;k tks fnYyh osQ lqyrku osQ vf/dkj {ks=k esa vkrs
FksA lYrur osQ izlkj osQ lkFk&lkFk bl 'kCn osQ varxZr vkus okys
{ks=k Hkh c<+rs x,] ysfdu fganqLrku 'kCn esa nf{k.k Hkkjr dk lekos'k
dHkh ugha gqvkA blosQ foijhr] lksygoha lnh osQ vkajHk esa ckcj us
fganqLrku 'kCn dk iz;ksx bl miegk}hi osQ Hkwxksy] i'kq&if{k;ksa vkSj
;gk¡ osQ fuokfl;ksa dh laLo`Qfr dk o.kZu djus osQ fy, fd;kA ;g
iz;ksx pkSngoha lnh osQ dfo vehj [+kqljks }kjk iz;qDr 'kCn ^fgan* osQ
gh oqQN&oqQN leku FkkA exj tgk¡ ^Hkkjr* dks ,d HkkSxksfyd vkSj
lakLo`Qfrd lÙo osQ :i esa igpkuk tk jgk Fkk ogk¡ fganqLrku 'kCn ls
os jktuhfrd vkSj jk"Vªh; vFkZ ugha tqM+s Fks tks ge vkt tksM+rs gSaA
fdlh Hkh 'kCn dk iz;ksx djus esa bfrgkldkjksa dks cgqr lkoèkku
jguk pkfg, D;ksafd vrhr esa mu 'kCnksa osQ oqQN vyx gh vFkZ FksA
mnkgj.k osQ fy, ^fons'kh* tSlk lh/k&lknk 'kCn gh ys yhft,A gekjs
fy, vkt bldk vFkZ gksrk gS] ,slk O;fDr tks Hkkjrh; u gksA eè;;qx
D;k vkidks ,sls oqQN
vkSj 'kCnksa dk è;ku
vkrk gS ftuosQ vFkZ
fHkUu&fHkUu lanHkks± esa
cny tkrs gSa\
?
2021-22
Page 4


1 ifjorZuksa dh iM+rky---
ekufp=k 1 vkSj 2 ij u”kj Mkfy,A ekufp=k 1 vjc HkwxksyosÙkk vy&bnzhlh
us 1154 esa cuk;k FkkA ;gk¡ tks uD'kk fn;k x;k gS og mlosQ }kjk cuk,
x, nqfu;k osQ cM+s ekufp=k dk ,d fgLlk gS vkSj Hkkjrh; miegk}hi
dks n'kkZrk gSA ekufp=k 2 ,d izQkalhlh ekufp=kdkj us 1720 esa cuk;k
FkkA nksuksa uD'ks ,d gh bykosQ osQ gSa exj muesa dkI
+
kQh varj gSaA
vy&bnzhlh osQ uD'ks esa nf{k.k Hkkjr ml txg gS tgk¡ ge vkt mÙkj
Hkkjr <w¡<saxs vkSj Jhyadk dk }hi Åij dh rjI
+
kQ gSA txgksa osQ uke vjch
ekufp=kdkj
tks O;fDr ekufp=k@uD'ks
cukrk gSA
1
g”kkj o"kks± osQ nkSjku gq, ifjorZuksa dh
iM+rky
ekufp=k 1
ckjgoha lnh osQ
HkwxksyosÙkk vy&bæhlh dk
cuk;k gqvk nqfu;k osQ
uD'ks dk ,d fgLlk
ftlesa Hkkjrh; miegk}hi
dks Hkwfe ls leqnz rd
fn[kk;k x;k gSA
2021-22
2 gekjs vrhr
esa fn, x, gSa vkSj muesa oqQN tkus&igpkus uke Hkh gSa] tSls fd mÙkj
izns'k dk dUukStA ekufp=k 2 igys ekufp=k osQ cuus osQ yxHkx 600
o"kZ ckn cuk;k x;kA bl dkykof/ esa miegk}hi osQ ckjs esa lwpuk,¡
dkI
+
kQh cny xb± FkhaA ;g uD'kk gesa ”;knk ifjfpr yxsxkA mlesa
fo'ks"kdj rVh; bykdksa osQ ckjhd C;kSjs ns[kdj vk'p;Z gksrk gSA ;wjksi
osQ ukfod rFkk O;kikjh viuh leqnz ;k=kk osQ fy, bl uD'ks dk
bLrseky fd;k djrs Fks (ns[kas vè;k; 6)A
ysfdu vc Hkhrjh bykdksa ij u”kj MkysaA D;k buesa Hkh mrus gh C;kSjs gSa
ftrus leqnz rV okys fgLls esa\ xaxk osQ ekxZ dks ns[kasA bls fdl rjg ls
n'kkZ;k x;k gS\ bl ekufp=k esa rVh; vkSj Hkhrjh bykoQksa osQ chp C;kSjksa
vkSj ckjhdh dk tks varj gS] vkiosQ [;ky esa mldk dkj.k D;k gS\
ekufp=k 2
vBkjgoha lnh osQ vkajHk
esa fXoykWe n fyLys osQ
,Vyl uwoks osQ vuqlkj
;g miegk}hi
?
2021-22
3 ifjorZuksa dh iM+rky---
bruh gh egÙoiw.kZ ,d vkSj ckr ;g gS fd nwljs ;qx rd ekufp=k&vadu
dk foKku Hkh cgqr cny x;k FkkA bfrgkldkj tc chrs ;qxksa osQ nLrkos”kksa]
uD'kksa vkSj ys[kksa dk vè;;u djrs gSa rks muosQ fy, mu lwpukvksa osQ
lanHkks± dk] mudh fHkUu&fHkUu ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe;ksa dk è;ku j[kuk
”k:jh gksrk gSA
ubZ vkSj iqjkuh 'kCnkoyh
vxj le; osQ lkFk&lkFk lwpukvksa osQ lanHkZ cnyrs gSa] rks Hkk"kk vkSj
vFkks± osQ lkFk D;k gksrk gS\ ,sfrgkfld vfHkys[k dbZ rjg dh
Hkk"kkvksa esa feyrs gSa vkSj ;s Hkk"kk,¡ Hkh le; osQ lkFk&lkFk cgqr
cnyh gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy, eè;;qx dh I
+
kQkjlh] vk/qfud I
+
kQkjlh
Hkk"kk ls fHkUu gSA ;g fHkUurk flI
+
kZQ O;kdj.k vkSj 'kCn HkaMkj esa gh
ugha vkbZ gS] le; osQ lkFk 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ Hkh cny tkrs gSaA
mnkgj.k osQ fy, ^fganqLrku* 'kCn gh yhft,A vkt ge bls vkèkqfud
jk"Vª jkT; ^Hkkjr* osQ vFkZ esa ysrs gSaA rsjgoha lnh esa tc I
+
kQkjlh osQ
bfrgkldkj feUgkt&,&fljkt us fganqLrku 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k Fkk rks
mldk vk'k; iatkc] gfj;k.kk vkSj xaxk&;equk osQ chp esa fLFkr
bykdksa ls FkkA mlus bl 'kCn dk jktuhfrd vFkZ esa mu bykdksa osQ
fy, bLrseky fd;k tks fnYyh osQ lqyrku osQ vf/dkj {ks=k esa vkrs
FksA lYrur osQ izlkj osQ lkFk&lkFk bl 'kCn osQ varxZr vkus okys
{ks=k Hkh c<+rs x,] ysfdu fganqLrku 'kCn esa nf{k.k Hkkjr dk lekos'k
dHkh ugha gqvkA blosQ foijhr] lksygoha lnh osQ vkajHk esa ckcj us
fganqLrku 'kCn dk iz;ksx bl miegk}hi osQ Hkwxksy] i'kq&if{k;ksa vkSj
;gk¡ osQ fuokfl;ksa dh laLo`Qfr dk o.kZu djus osQ fy, fd;kA ;g
iz;ksx pkSngoha lnh osQ dfo vehj [+kqljks }kjk iz;qDr 'kCn ^fgan* osQ
gh oqQN&oqQN leku FkkA exj tgk¡ ^Hkkjr* dks ,d HkkSxksfyd vkSj
lakLo`Qfrd lÙo osQ :i esa igpkuk tk jgk Fkk ogk¡ fganqLrku 'kCn ls
os jktuhfrd vkSj jk"Vªh; vFkZ ugha tqM+s Fks tks ge vkt tksM+rs gSaA
fdlh Hkh 'kCn dk iz;ksx djus esa bfrgkldkjksa dks cgqr lkoèkku
jguk pkfg, D;ksafd vrhr esa mu 'kCnksa osQ oqQN vyx gh vFkZ FksA
mnkgj.k osQ fy, ^fons'kh* tSlk lh/k&lknk 'kCn gh ys yhft,A gekjs
fy, vkt bldk vFkZ gksrk gS] ,slk O;fDr tks Hkkjrh; u gksA eè;;qx
D;k vkidks ,sls oqQN
vkSj 'kCnksa dk è;ku
vkrk gS ftuosQ vFkZ
fHkUu&fHkUu lanHkks± esa
cny tkrs gSa\
?
2021-22
4 gekjs vrhr
esa] ekuks fdlh xk¡o esa vkus okyk dksbZ Hkh vutkuk O;fDr] tks ml
lekt ;k laLo`Qfr dk vax u gks] ^fons'kh* dgykrk FkkA (,sls O;fDr
dks fganh esa ijnslh vkSj - iQkjlh esa vtuch dgk tk ldrk gSA)
blfy, fdlh uxjoklh osQ fy, ouoklh ^fons'kh* gksrk Fkk foaQrq ,d
gh xk¡o esa jgus okys nks fdlku vyx&vyx /kfeZd ;k tkfr
iajijkvksa ls tqMs+ gksus ij Hkh ,d&nwljs osQ fy, fons'kh ugha gksrs FksA
bfrgkldkj vkSj muosQ Ïksr
bfrgkldkj fdl ;qx dk vè;;u djrs gSa vkSj mudh [kkst dh izÑfr D;k
gS] bls ns[krs gq, os vyx&vyx rjg osQ Ïksrksa dk lgkjk ysrs gSaA mnkgj.k
osQ fy, fiNys lky vkius xqIroa'k osQ 'kkldksa vkSj g"kZoèkZu osQ ckjs esa i<+kA
bl iqLrd esa ge eksVs rkSj ij 700 ls 1750 bZloh rd yxHkx g”kkj o"kks±
osQ ckjs esa i<+saxsA
bl dky osQ vè;;u osQ fy, bfrgkldkj ftu Ïksrksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSa]
muesa vkidks cgqr&lh ckrsa ,slh feysaxh tks fiNys ;qx ls oSlh gh pyh vk
jgh gSaA bfrgkldkj bl dky osQ ckjs esa lwpuk bd_h djus osQ fy, vHkh Hkh
flDdksa] f'kykys[kksa] LFkkiR; (Hkou fuekZ.k dyk) rFkk fyf[kr lkexzh ij
fuHkZj djrs gSaA ij oqQN ckrsa igys ls dkI
+
kQh fHkUu Hkh gSaA bl ;qx esa izkekf.kd
fyf[kr lkexzh dh la[;k vkSj fofo/rk vk'p;Ztud :i ls c<+ xbZA blosQ
vkxs bfrgkldkj lwpukvksa osQ nwljs izdkj osQ Ïksrksa dk bLrseky /hjs&/hjs de
dkx”k dk ewY;
bu nks izlaxksa dh rqyuk dhft,%
(1) rsjgoha lnh osQ eè; esa ,d fo}ku dks ,d iqLrd dh izfrfyfi
dh ”k:jr iM+hA mlosQ ikl mruk dkXk”k ugha Fkk blfy, mlus ,d ,slh
ikaMqfyfi dks /ks Mkyk ftldh mls ”k:jr ugha Fkh] vkSj mlosQ dkXk”k dks
lq[kkdj mldk bLrseky dj fy;kA
(2) ,d lnh ckn vxj vki ck”kkj ls dksbZ [kk| inkFkZ [kjhnrs rks gks
ldrk gS fd vkidh fdLer vPNh gksrh vkSj nqdkunkj og oLrq dkXk”k esa
yisVdj nsrkA
rks dkXk”k dc vf/d eg¡xk Fkk vkSj dc vklkuh ls miyC/ Fkk &
rsjgoha 'krkCnh esa ;k pkSngoha 'krkCnh esa\
?
2021-22
Page 5


1 ifjorZuksa dh iM+rky---
ekufp=k 1 vkSj 2 ij u”kj Mkfy,A ekufp=k 1 vjc HkwxksyosÙkk vy&bnzhlh
us 1154 esa cuk;k FkkA ;gk¡ tks uD'kk fn;k x;k gS og mlosQ }kjk cuk,
x, nqfu;k osQ cM+s ekufp=k dk ,d fgLlk gS vkSj Hkkjrh; miegk}hi
dks n'kkZrk gSA ekufp=k 2 ,d izQkalhlh ekufp=kdkj us 1720 esa cuk;k
FkkA nksuksa uD'ks ,d gh bykosQ osQ gSa exj muesa dkI
+
kQh varj gSaA
vy&bnzhlh osQ uD'ks esa nf{k.k Hkkjr ml txg gS tgk¡ ge vkt mÙkj
Hkkjr <w¡<saxs vkSj Jhyadk dk }hi Åij dh rjI
+
kQ gSA txgksa osQ uke vjch
ekufp=kdkj
tks O;fDr ekufp=k@uD'ks
cukrk gSA
1
g”kkj o"kks± osQ nkSjku gq, ifjorZuksa dh
iM+rky
ekufp=k 1
ckjgoha lnh osQ
HkwxksyosÙkk vy&bæhlh dk
cuk;k gqvk nqfu;k osQ
uD'ks dk ,d fgLlk
ftlesa Hkkjrh; miegk}hi
dks Hkwfe ls leqnz rd
fn[kk;k x;k gSA
2021-22
2 gekjs vrhr
esa fn, x, gSa vkSj muesa oqQN tkus&igpkus uke Hkh gSa] tSls fd mÙkj
izns'k dk dUukStA ekufp=k 2 igys ekufp=k osQ cuus osQ yxHkx 600
o"kZ ckn cuk;k x;kA bl dkykof/ esa miegk}hi osQ ckjs esa lwpuk,¡
dkI
+
kQh cny xb± FkhaA ;g uD'kk gesa ”;knk ifjfpr yxsxkA mlesa
fo'ks"kdj rVh; bykdksa osQ ckjhd C;kSjs ns[kdj vk'p;Z gksrk gSA ;wjksi
osQ ukfod rFkk O;kikjh viuh leqnz ;k=kk osQ fy, bl uD'ks dk
bLrseky fd;k djrs Fks (ns[kas vè;k; 6)A
ysfdu vc Hkhrjh bykdksa ij u”kj MkysaA D;k buesa Hkh mrus gh C;kSjs gSa
ftrus leqnz rV okys fgLls esa\ xaxk osQ ekxZ dks ns[kasA bls fdl rjg ls
n'kkZ;k x;k gS\ bl ekufp=k esa rVh; vkSj Hkhrjh bykoQksa osQ chp C;kSjksa
vkSj ckjhdh dk tks varj gS] vkiosQ [;ky esa mldk dkj.k D;k gS\
ekufp=k 2
vBkjgoha lnh osQ vkajHk
esa fXoykWe n fyLys osQ
,Vyl uwoks osQ vuqlkj
;g miegk}hi
?
2021-22
3 ifjorZuksa dh iM+rky---
bruh gh egÙoiw.kZ ,d vkSj ckr ;g gS fd nwljs ;qx rd ekufp=k&vadu
dk foKku Hkh cgqr cny x;k FkkA bfrgkldkj tc chrs ;qxksa osQ nLrkos”kksa]
uD'kksa vkSj ys[kksa dk vè;;u djrs gSa rks muosQ fy, mu lwpukvksa osQ
lanHkks± dk] mudh fHkUu&fHkUu ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe;ksa dk è;ku j[kuk
”k:jh gksrk gSA
ubZ vkSj iqjkuh 'kCnkoyh
vxj le; osQ lkFk&lkFk lwpukvksa osQ lanHkZ cnyrs gSa] rks Hkk"kk vkSj
vFkks± osQ lkFk D;k gksrk gS\ ,sfrgkfld vfHkys[k dbZ rjg dh
Hkk"kkvksa esa feyrs gSa vkSj ;s Hkk"kk,¡ Hkh le; osQ lkFk&lkFk cgqr
cnyh gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy, eè;;qx dh I
+
kQkjlh] vk/qfud I
+
kQkjlh
Hkk"kk ls fHkUu gSA ;g fHkUurk flI
+
kZQ O;kdj.k vkSj 'kCn HkaMkj esa gh
ugha vkbZ gS] le; osQ lkFk 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ Hkh cny tkrs gSaA
mnkgj.k osQ fy, ^fganqLrku* 'kCn gh yhft,A vkt ge bls vkèkqfud
jk"Vª jkT; ^Hkkjr* osQ vFkZ esa ysrs gSaA rsjgoha lnh esa tc I
+
kQkjlh osQ
bfrgkldkj feUgkt&,&fljkt us fganqLrku 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k Fkk rks
mldk vk'k; iatkc] gfj;k.kk vkSj xaxk&;equk osQ chp esa fLFkr
bykdksa ls FkkA mlus bl 'kCn dk jktuhfrd vFkZ esa mu bykdksa osQ
fy, bLrseky fd;k tks fnYyh osQ lqyrku osQ vf/dkj {ks=k esa vkrs
FksA lYrur osQ izlkj osQ lkFk&lkFk bl 'kCn osQ varxZr vkus okys
{ks=k Hkh c<+rs x,] ysfdu fganqLrku 'kCn esa nf{k.k Hkkjr dk lekos'k
dHkh ugha gqvkA blosQ foijhr] lksygoha lnh osQ vkajHk esa ckcj us
fganqLrku 'kCn dk iz;ksx bl miegk}hi osQ Hkwxksy] i'kq&if{k;ksa vkSj
;gk¡ osQ fuokfl;ksa dh laLo`Qfr dk o.kZu djus osQ fy, fd;kA ;g
iz;ksx pkSngoha lnh osQ dfo vehj [+kqljks }kjk iz;qDr 'kCn ^fgan* osQ
gh oqQN&oqQN leku FkkA exj tgk¡ ^Hkkjr* dks ,d HkkSxksfyd vkSj
lakLo`Qfrd lÙo osQ :i esa igpkuk tk jgk Fkk ogk¡ fganqLrku 'kCn ls
os jktuhfrd vkSj jk"Vªh; vFkZ ugha tqM+s Fks tks ge vkt tksM+rs gSaA
fdlh Hkh 'kCn dk iz;ksx djus esa bfrgkldkjksa dks cgqr lkoèkku
jguk pkfg, D;ksafd vrhr esa mu 'kCnksa osQ oqQN vyx gh vFkZ FksA
mnkgj.k osQ fy, ^fons'kh* tSlk lh/k&lknk 'kCn gh ys yhft,A gekjs
fy, vkt bldk vFkZ gksrk gS] ,slk O;fDr tks Hkkjrh; u gksA eè;;qx
D;k vkidks ,sls oqQN
vkSj 'kCnksa dk è;ku
vkrk gS ftuosQ vFkZ
fHkUu&fHkUu lanHkks± esa
cny tkrs gSa\
?
2021-22
4 gekjs vrhr
esa] ekuks fdlh xk¡o esa vkus okyk dksbZ Hkh vutkuk O;fDr] tks ml
lekt ;k laLo`Qfr dk vax u gks] ^fons'kh* dgykrk FkkA (,sls O;fDr
dks fganh esa ijnslh vkSj - iQkjlh esa vtuch dgk tk ldrk gSA)
blfy, fdlh uxjoklh osQ fy, ouoklh ^fons'kh* gksrk Fkk foaQrq ,d
gh xk¡o esa jgus okys nks fdlku vyx&vyx /kfeZd ;k tkfr
iajijkvksa ls tqMs+ gksus ij Hkh ,d&nwljs osQ fy, fons'kh ugha gksrs FksA
bfrgkldkj vkSj muosQ Ïksr
bfrgkldkj fdl ;qx dk vè;;u djrs gSa vkSj mudh [kkst dh izÑfr D;k
gS] bls ns[krs gq, os vyx&vyx rjg osQ Ïksrksa dk lgkjk ysrs gSaA mnkgj.k
osQ fy, fiNys lky vkius xqIroa'k osQ 'kkldksa vkSj g"kZoèkZu osQ ckjs esa i<+kA
bl iqLrd esa ge eksVs rkSj ij 700 ls 1750 bZloh rd yxHkx g”kkj o"kks±
osQ ckjs esa i<+saxsA
bl dky osQ vè;;u osQ fy, bfrgkldkj ftu Ïksrksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSa]
muesa vkidks cgqr&lh ckrsa ,slh feysaxh tks fiNys ;qx ls oSlh gh pyh vk
jgh gSaA bfrgkldkj bl dky osQ ckjs esa lwpuk bd_h djus osQ fy, vHkh Hkh
flDdksa] f'kykys[kksa] LFkkiR; (Hkou fuekZ.k dyk) rFkk fyf[kr lkexzh ij
fuHkZj djrs gSaA ij oqQN ckrsa igys ls dkI
+
kQh fHkUu Hkh gSaA bl ;qx esa izkekf.kd
fyf[kr lkexzh dh la[;k vkSj fofo/rk vk'p;Ztud :i ls c<+ xbZA blosQ
vkxs bfrgkldkj lwpukvksa osQ nwljs izdkj osQ Ïksrksa dk bLrseky /hjs&/hjs de
dkx”k dk ewY;
bu nks izlaxksa dh rqyuk dhft,%
(1) rsjgoha lnh osQ eè; esa ,d fo}ku dks ,d iqLrd dh izfrfyfi
dh ”k:jr iM+hA mlosQ ikl mruk dkXk”k ugha Fkk blfy, mlus ,d ,slh
ikaMqfyfi dks /ks Mkyk ftldh mls ”k:jr ugha Fkh] vkSj mlosQ dkXk”k dks
lq[kkdj mldk bLrseky dj fy;kA
(2) ,d lnh ckn vxj vki ck”kkj ls dksbZ [kk| inkFkZ [kjhnrs rks gks
ldrk gS fd vkidh fdLer vPNh gksrh vkSj nqdkunkj og oLrq dkXk”k esa
yisVdj nsrkA
rks dkXk”k dc vf/d eg¡xk Fkk vkSj dc vklkuh ls miyC/ Fkk &
rsjgoha 'krkCnh esa ;k pkSngoha 'krkCnh esa\
?
2021-22
5 ifjorZuksa dh iM+rky---
djus yxsA bl le; osQ nkSjku dkXk”k ozQe'k% lLrk gksrk x;k vkSj cM+s iSekus
ij miyC/ Hkh gksus yxkA yksx /eZxzaFk] 'kkldksa osQ o`Ùkakr] larksa osQ ys[ku rFkk
mins'k] vf”kZ;k¡] vnkyrksa osQ nLrkos”k] fglkc rFkk djksa osQ [kkrs vkfn
fy[kus esa bldk mi;ksx djus yxsA /uh O;fDr] 'kkld tu] eB rFkk eafnj]
ikaMqfyfi;k¡ ,df=kr fd;k djrs FksA bu ikaMqfyfi;ksa dks iqLrdky;ksa rFkk
vfHkys[kkxkjksa esa j[kk tkrk gSA bu ikaMqfyfi;ksa rFkk nLrkos”kksa ls bfrgkldkjksa
dks cgqr lkjh foLr`r tkudkjh feyrh gS exj lkFk gh budk mi;ksx dfBu
gSA
mu fnuksa Nkis[kkus rks Fks ugha] blfy, fyfid ;k uoQyuohl gkFk ls
gh ikaMqfyfi;ksa dh izfro`Qfr cukrs FksA vxj vkius dHkh fdlh fe=k osQ
x`gdk;Z dh uoQy mrkjh gS rks vki tkurs gksaxs fd ;g dke vklku ugha
gSA dHkh&dHkh vkidks vius fe=k dh fy[kkoV le> esa ugha vkrh gksxh
vkSj vkidks e”kcwj gksdj vank”k gh yxkuk iM+rk gksxk fd D;k fy[kk x;k
gSA iQyLo#i vkiosQ fy[ks esa fe=k osQ fy[ks gq, ls oqQN NksVs&eksVs ysfdu
vfHkys[kkxkj
,slk LFkku tgk¡
nLrkos”kksa vkSj
ikaMqfyfi;ksa dks laxzfgr
fd;k tkrk gSA vkt
lHkh jk"Vªh; vkSj jkT;
ljdkjksa osQ vfHkys[kkxkj
gksrs gSa tgk¡ os vius
reke iqjkus ljdkjh
vfHkys[k vkSj ysu&nsu
osQ C;kSjksa dk fjdkWMZ
j[krs gSaA
fp=k 1
;g ,d y?kqfp=k dh
izfro`Qfr gS ftlesa ,d
fyfid fdlh ikaMqfyfi
dh udy dj jgk gSA
bl fp=k dk vkdkj
fl-iZQ 10-5 ls-eh-× 7-1
ls-eh- gSA bl NksVs
vkdkj osQ dkj.k bls
y?kqfp=k ;k fefu;spj
dgk tkrk gSA dHkh&dHkh
bu y?kqfp=kksa dk iz;ksx
ys[k esa vk;h ikaMqfyfi;ksa
dks Li"Vrk iznku djus
osQ fy, fd;k tkrk FkkA
;s brus laqnj gksrs Fks fd
vkxs pydj laxzgdrkZ
vdlj bu fp=kksa dks
ikaMqfyfi;ksa ls vyx
djosQ cspus yxs FksA
2021-22
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FAQs on NCERT Textbook - हज़ार वर्षों के दौरान हुए परिवर्तनों की पड़ताल - इतिहास (History) for UPSC CSE in Hindi

1. What is the topic of the NCERT textbook article?
Ans. The topic of the NCERT textbook article is "हज़ार वर्षों के दौरान हुए परिवर्तनों की पड़ताल", which translates to "Investigation of changes that occurred during the last thousand years".
2. What is the significance of studying the changes that occurred during the last thousand years?
Ans. Studying the changes that occurred during the last thousand years is significant as it provides us with a better understanding of our past, the evolution of various cultures, and the development of society as a whole. It also helps us learn from our past and make informed decisions for the future.
3. Why is it important to provide meaningful Frequently Asked Questions related to the article?
Ans. Providing meaningful Frequently Asked Questions related to the article is important as it helps individuals understand the content in a better way. It also helps them to retain the information and recall it when needed. Additionally, it assists in preparing for exams by providing relevant questions that are most likely to be asked.
4. How can one prepare for exams based on the content of the article?
Ans. To prepare for exams based on the content of the article, one should read the article thoroughly and make notes of the important points. They should also focus on understanding the significance of the changes that occurred during the last thousand years. Additionally, one should practice answering questions related to the topic, which can help in developing a better understanding of the concept.
5. What are some highly searched questions on Google related to the topic of the article?
Ans. Some highly searched questions on Google related to the topic of the article are: 1. What were the major changes that occurred during the last thousand years? 2. How did society evolve over the last thousand years? 3. What was the impact of globalization on the changes that occurred in the last thousand years? 4. What were the major cultural developments during the last thousand years? 5. How did technology influence the changes that occurred during the last thousand years?
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NCERT Textbook - हज़ार वर्षों के दौरान हुए परिवर्तनों की पड़ताल | इतिहास (History) for UPSC CSE in Hindi

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