NCERT Textbook - वंशागति के आणविक आधार | सामान्य विज्ञानं (General Science) for UPSC CSE in Hindi PDF Download

 Page 1


vè;k; 6 6 6 6 6
oa'kkxfr dk vk.kfod vkèkkj
6.1 Mh,u,
6.2 vkuqoaf'kd inkFkZ dh [kkst
6.3 vkj,u, lalkj
6.4 izfro`Qfr
6.5 vuqys[ku
6.6 vkuqoaf'kd owQV
6.7 LFkkukarj.k
6.8 thu vfHkO;fDr dk fu;eu
6.9 ekuo thukse ifj;kstuk
6.10 Mh,u, fiaQxjfizfVax
fiNys vè;k; esa vkius oa'kkxfr izfr:iksa osQ vkuqoaf'kd vkèkkj osQ
ckjs esa i<+k gSaA esaMy osQ fu;eksa osQ izfriknu rd os dkjd tks
oa'kkxfr osQ izfr:i dks fu;af=kr djrs gSa] muosQ ckjs esa dksbZ
tkudkjh ugha FkhA lkS o"kks± ckn vuqekfur vkuqoaf'kd inkFkZ dk irk
py ik;kA vfèkdrj thoksa esa ;g vkuqoaf'kd inkFkZ Mh,u, &
MhvkDlhjkbcks&U;wfDyd vEy FkkA d{kk 11 esa vki i<+ pqosQ gSa
fd U;wfDyd vEy U;wfDyvksVkbM dk cgqyd gSA
lthoksa esa nks izdkj osQ U;wfDyd vEy feyrs gSa MhvkDlhjkbcks&
U;wfDyd vEy (Mh,u,) o jkbcksU;wfDyd vEy (vkj,u,)
vfèkdrj thoksa esa vkuqoaf'kd inkFkZ Mh,u, gksrk gSA oqQN fo"kk.kqvksa
esa vkj,u, vkuqoaf'kd inkFkZ osQ :i esa feyrk gS] ysfdu ;g
vfèkdrj okgd osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA vkj,u, osQ vU; vkSj
Hkh vfrfjDr dk;Z gSaA ;g vuqowQyd] ljapukRed o oqQN fLFkfr;ksa
esa mRiszjd v.kq dk dk;Z djrk gSA U;wfDyvksVkbM~l dh ljapuk
o ,dy bZdkbZ;ksa ls tqM+dj U;wfDyd vEy cgqyd cuus osQ ckjs
esa vki igys gh d{kk 11 esa i<+ pqosQ gSaA bl vè;k; esa Mh,u, dh
lajpuk] bldh izfro`Qfr] Mh,u, ls vkj,u, osQ fuekZ.k dh fofèk
(vuqys[ku)] vkuqoaf'kd owQV (dksM) tks izksVhUl esa vehuks vEyksa
osQ Øe dks fuèkkZfjr djrs gSa izksVhu la'ys"k.k (LFkkukarj.k) izfØ;k
Page 2


vè;k; 6 6 6 6 6
oa'kkxfr dk vk.kfod vkèkkj
6.1 Mh,u,
6.2 vkuqoaf'kd inkFkZ dh [kkst
6.3 vkj,u, lalkj
6.4 izfro`Qfr
6.5 vuqys[ku
6.6 vkuqoaf'kd owQV
6.7 LFkkukarj.k
6.8 thu vfHkO;fDr dk fu;eu
6.9 ekuo thukse ifj;kstuk
6.10 Mh,u, fiaQxjfizfVax
fiNys vè;k; esa vkius oa'kkxfr izfr:iksa osQ vkuqoaf'kd vkèkkj osQ
ckjs esa i<+k gSaA esaMy osQ fu;eksa osQ izfriknu rd os dkjd tks
oa'kkxfr osQ izfr:i dks fu;af=kr djrs gSa] muosQ ckjs esa dksbZ
tkudkjh ugha FkhA lkS o"kks± ckn vuqekfur vkuqoaf'kd inkFkZ dk irk
py ik;kA vfèkdrj thoksa esa ;g vkuqoaf'kd inkFkZ Mh,u, &
MhvkDlhjkbcks&U;wfDyd vEy FkkA d{kk 11 esa vki i<+ pqosQ gSa
fd U;wfDyd vEy U;wfDyvksVkbM dk cgqyd gSA
lthoksa esa nks izdkj osQ U;wfDyd vEy feyrs gSa MhvkDlhjkbcks&
U;wfDyd vEy (Mh,u,) o jkbcksU;wfDyd vEy (vkj,u,)
vfèkdrj thoksa esa vkuqoaf'kd inkFkZ Mh,u, gksrk gSA oqQN fo"kk.kqvksa
esa vkj,u, vkuqoaf'kd inkFkZ osQ :i esa feyrk gS] ysfdu ;g
vfèkdrj okgd osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA vkj,u, osQ vU; vkSj
Hkh vfrfjDr dk;Z gSaA ;g vuqowQyd] ljapukRed o oqQN fLFkfr;ksa
esa mRiszjd v.kq dk dk;Z djrk gSA U;wfDyvksVkbM~l dh ljapuk
o ,dy bZdkbZ;ksa ls tqM+dj U;wfDyd vEy cgqyd cuus osQ ckjs
esa vki igys gh d{kk 11 esa i<+ pqosQ gSaA bl vè;k; esa Mh,u, dh
lajpuk] bldh izfro`Qfr] Mh,u, ls vkj,u, osQ fuekZ.k dh fofèk
(vuqys[ku)] vkuqoaf'kd owQV (dksM) tks izksVhUl esa vehuks vEyksa
osQ Øe dks fuèkkZfjr djrs gSa izksVhu la'ys"k.k (LFkkukarj.k) izfØ;k
104
tho foKku
o buosQ fu;a=k.k osQ izkjafHkd vkèkkj osQ ckjs esa i<+saxsA  fiNys n'kd esa ekuo thukse
esa fLFkr iw.kZ U;wfDy;ksjkbM~l Øeksa osQ fuèkkZj.k ls thuksEkhDl osQ u, egkdYi dks vkjaHk
gqvkA bl vè;k; osQ vafre [kaM esa ekuo thukse vuqØe dh vko';d igyqvksa ,oa
blosQ ifj.kkeksa osQ ckjs esa o.kZu fd;k tk,xkA
viuh ppkZ dh 'kq#vkr lcls igys lthoksa esa feyus okys lokZfèkd #fpdj v.kq
Mh,u, dh lajpuk osQ vè;;u ls djsaA vkxs osQ [kaMksa essa bl ckr dks le>us dk
iz;kl djsaxs fd ;g cgqrk;r ls feyus okyk vkuqoaf'kd inkFkZ D;ksa gS o bldk
vk,,u, osQ lkFk D;k lacaèk gSA
6-1 Mh,u,
Mh,u, MhvkDlhjkbcksU;wfDyvksVkbM~l dk ,d yack cgqyd gS Mh,u, dh yackbZ
lkekU;r;k blesa feyus okys U;wfDy;ksVkbM~l (U;wfDy;ksVkbM~l ;qXe dk lacaèk {kkj
;qXe ls gS) ij fuHkZj gSA ;g fdlh Hkh tho dh fo'ks"krk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ & ,d
thok.kqHkksth ftls 174 dgrs gSa blesa 5386 U;wfDyvksVkbMl feys gSa] thok.kqHkksth
ySaCMk esa 48502 {kkj ;qXe] bLpsfjfp;k dksykbZ esa 4-610
6
 {kkj ;qXe o euq"; osQ
vxqf.kr Mh,u, esa 3-310
9
 {kkj ;qXe gSA vc bl yacs cgqyd dh lajpuk dk o.kZu
djsaxsA
6-1-1 ikWyhU;wfDy;ksVkbM Ük`a[kyk dh lajpuk
ikWyhU;wfDy;ksVkbM  Ük`a[kyk (Mh,u, ;k vkj,u,) dh jklk;fud lajpuk la{ksi esa fuEu
gSA U;wfDy;ksVkbM osQ rhu ?kVd gksrs gSa & ukbVªkstuh {kkj] isaVksl 'koZQjk (vkj,u, osQ
ekeys esa fjcksl rFkk Mh,u, esa MhvkWDlhfjckst) vkSj ,d iQkWLisQV xzqiA ukbVªkstuh {kkj
nks izdkj osQ gksrs gS & I;wjhUl (,Msuhu o Xokuhu) o ik;fjfeMhu (lkbVkslhu]
;wjsfly o Fkkbehu)A lkbVkslhu Mh,u, o vkj,u, nksuksa esa feyrk gS tcfd Fkkbehu
Mh,u, esa feyrk gSA Fkkbehu osQ LFkku ij ;wjslhy vkj,u, esa feyrk gSA ukbVªkstuh
{kkj ukbVªkstu XykbdksflfMd oaQèk }kjk isaVksl 'koZQjk ls tqM+dj U;wfDy;kslkbM cukrk
gS tSls & ,Mhukslhu ;k MhvkWDlh ,Mhukslhu] Xokukslhu ;k MhvkWDlh Xokuksyhu]
lkbVhMhu ;k MhvkWDlhlkbVhMhu o ;wjhMhu ;k MhvkWDlh FkkbehMhuA tc iQkWLisQV
lewg iQkWLiQks,LVj caèk }kjk U;wDyh;kslkbM osQ 5^gkbMªkWWDlhy lewg ls tqM+ tkrk gS rc
lacafèkr U;wfDy;ksVkbM~l (MhvkWDlh U;wfDy;ksVkbM~l mifLFkr 'koZQjk osQ izdkj ij
fuHkZj gS) dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA nks &U;wfDy;ksVkbM~l 3*&5* iQkWLiQksMkbLVj caèk }kjk
tqM+dj MkbZU;wfDy;ksVkbM dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA bl rjg lss dbZ U;wfDy;ksVkbM~l
tqM+dj ,d ikWyhU;wfDy;ksVkbM~l  Ük`a[kyk dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA bl rjg ls fufeZr
cgqyd osQ jkbckst 'koZQjk osQ 5^ fdukjs ij Lora=k iQkWLisQV lewg feyrk gS ftls
ikWyhU;wfDy;ksVkbM Ük`a[kyk dk 5^ fdukjk dgrs gSaA Bhd blh rjg ls cgqyd osQ nwljs
fdukjs ij jkbckst eqDr 3^ & gkbMªkWDlhy lewg ls tqM+k gksrk gSA ikWyhU;wfDy;ksVkbM
Page 3


vè;k; 6 6 6 6 6
oa'kkxfr dk vk.kfod vkèkkj
6.1 Mh,u,
6.2 vkuqoaf'kd inkFkZ dh [kkst
6.3 vkj,u, lalkj
6.4 izfro`Qfr
6.5 vuqys[ku
6.6 vkuqoaf'kd owQV
6.7 LFkkukarj.k
6.8 thu vfHkO;fDr dk fu;eu
6.9 ekuo thukse ifj;kstuk
6.10 Mh,u, fiaQxjfizfVax
fiNys vè;k; esa vkius oa'kkxfr izfr:iksa osQ vkuqoaf'kd vkèkkj osQ
ckjs esa i<+k gSaA esaMy osQ fu;eksa osQ izfriknu rd os dkjd tks
oa'kkxfr osQ izfr:i dks fu;af=kr djrs gSa] muosQ ckjs esa dksbZ
tkudkjh ugha FkhA lkS o"kks± ckn vuqekfur vkuqoaf'kd inkFkZ dk irk
py ik;kA vfèkdrj thoksa esa ;g vkuqoaf'kd inkFkZ Mh,u, &
MhvkDlhjkbcks&U;wfDyd vEy FkkA d{kk 11 esa vki i<+ pqosQ gSa
fd U;wfDyd vEy U;wfDyvksVkbM dk cgqyd gSA
lthoksa esa nks izdkj osQ U;wfDyd vEy feyrs gSa MhvkDlhjkbcks&
U;wfDyd vEy (Mh,u,) o jkbcksU;wfDyd vEy (vkj,u,)
vfèkdrj thoksa esa vkuqoaf'kd inkFkZ Mh,u, gksrk gSA oqQN fo"kk.kqvksa
esa vkj,u, vkuqoaf'kd inkFkZ osQ :i esa feyrk gS] ysfdu ;g
vfèkdrj okgd osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA vkj,u, osQ vU; vkSj
Hkh vfrfjDr dk;Z gSaA ;g vuqowQyd] ljapukRed o oqQN fLFkfr;ksa
esa mRiszjd v.kq dk dk;Z djrk gSA U;wfDyvksVkbM~l dh ljapuk
o ,dy bZdkbZ;ksa ls tqM+dj U;wfDyd vEy cgqyd cuus osQ ckjs
esa vki igys gh d{kk 11 esa i<+ pqosQ gSaA bl vè;k; esa Mh,u, dh
lajpuk] bldh izfro`Qfr] Mh,u, ls vkj,u, osQ fuekZ.k dh fofèk
(vuqys[ku)] vkuqoaf'kd owQV (dksM) tks izksVhUl esa vehuks vEyksa
osQ Øe dks fuèkkZfjr djrs gSa izksVhu la'ys"k.k (LFkkukarj.k) izfØ;k
104
tho foKku
o buosQ fu;a=k.k osQ izkjafHkd vkèkkj osQ ckjs esa i<+saxsA  fiNys n'kd esa ekuo thukse
esa fLFkr iw.kZ U;wfDy;ksjkbM~l Øeksa osQ fuèkkZj.k ls thuksEkhDl osQ u, egkdYi dks vkjaHk
gqvkA bl vè;k; osQ vafre [kaM esa ekuo thukse vuqØe dh vko';d igyqvksa ,oa
blosQ ifj.kkeksa osQ ckjs esa o.kZu fd;k tk,xkA
viuh ppkZ dh 'kq#vkr lcls igys lthoksa esa feyus okys lokZfèkd #fpdj v.kq
Mh,u, dh lajpuk osQ vè;;u ls djsaA vkxs osQ [kaMksa essa bl ckr dks le>us dk
iz;kl djsaxs fd ;g cgqrk;r ls feyus okyk vkuqoaf'kd inkFkZ D;ksa gS o bldk
vk,,u, osQ lkFk D;k lacaèk gSA
6-1 Mh,u,
Mh,u, MhvkDlhjkbcksU;wfDyvksVkbM~l dk ,d yack cgqyd gS Mh,u, dh yackbZ
lkekU;r;k blesa feyus okys U;wfDy;ksVkbM~l (U;wfDy;ksVkbM~l ;qXe dk lacaèk {kkj
;qXe ls gS) ij fuHkZj gSA ;g fdlh Hkh tho dh fo'ks"krk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ & ,d
thok.kqHkksth ftls 174 dgrs gSa blesa 5386 U;wfDyvksVkbMl feys gSa] thok.kqHkksth
ySaCMk esa 48502 {kkj ;qXe] bLpsfjfp;k dksykbZ esa 4-610
6
 {kkj ;qXe o euq"; osQ
vxqf.kr Mh,u, esa 3-310
9
 {kkj ;qXe gSA vc bl yacs cgqyd dh lajpuk dk o.kZu
djsaxsA
6-1-1 ikWyhU;wfDy;ksVkbM Ük`a[kyk dh lajpuk
ikWyhU;wfDy;ksVkbM  Ük`a[kyk (Mh,u, ;k vkj,u,) dh jklk;fud lajpuk la{ksi esa fuEu
gSA U;wfDy;ksVkbM osQ rhu ?kVd gksrs gSa & ukbVªkstuh {kkj] isaVksl 'koZQjk (vkj,u, osQ
ekeys esa fjcksl rFkk Mh,u, esa MhvkWDlhfjckst) vkSj ,d iQkWLisQV xzqiA ukbVªkstuh {kkj
nks izdkj osQ gksrs gS & I;wjhUl (,Msuhu o Xokuhu) o ik;fjfeMhu (lkbVkslhu]
;wjsfly o Fkkbehu)A lkbVkslhu Mh,u, o vkj,u, nksuksa esa feyrk gS tcfd Fkkbehu
Mh,u, esa feyrk gSA Fkkbehu osQ LFkku ij ;wjslhy vkj,u, esa feyrk gSA ukbVªkstuh
{kkj ukbVªkstu XykbdksflfMd oaQèk }kjk isaVksl 'koZQjk ls tqM+dj U;wfDy;kslkbM cukrk
gS tSls & ,Mhukslhu ;k MhvkWDlh ,Mhukslhu] Xokukslhu ;k MhvkWDlh Xokuksyhu]
lkbVhMhu ;k MhvkWDlhlkbVhMhu o ;wjhMhu ;k MhvkWDlh FkkbehMhuA tc iQkWLisQV
lewg iQkWLiQks,LVj caèk }kjk U;wDyh;kslkbM osQ 5^gkbMªkWWDlhy lewg ls tqM+ tkrk gS rc
lacafèkr U;wfDy;ksVkbM~l (MhvkWDlh U;wfDy;ksVkbM~l mifLFkr 'koZQjk osQ izdkj ij
fuHkZj gS) dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA nks &U;wfDy;ksVkbM~l 3*&5* iQkWLiQksMkbLVj caèk }kjk
tqM+dj MkbZU;wfDy;ksVkbM dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA bl rjg lss dbZ U;wfDy;ksVkbM~l
tqM+dj ,d ikWyhU;wfDy;ksVkbM~l  Ük`a[kyk dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA bl rjg ls fufeZr
cgqyd osQ jkbckst 'koZQjk osQ 5^ fdukjs ij Lora=k iQkWLisQV lewg feyrk gS ftls
ikWyhU;wfDy;ksVkbM Ük`a[kyk dk 5^ fdukjk dgrs gSaA Bhd blh rjg ls cgqyd osQ nwljs
fdukjs ij jkbckst eqDr 3^ & gkbMªkWDlhy lewg ls tqM+k gksrk gSA ikWyhU;wfDy;ksVkbM
105
oa'kkxfr dk vk.kfod vkèkkj
Ük`a[kyk dk 3^ fdukjk dgrs gSaA ikWyhU;wfDy;ksVkbM  Ük`a[kyk osQ vkèkkj dk fuekZ.k 'koZQjk
o iQkWLisQV~l ls gksrk gSA ukbVªkstuh {kkj 'koZQjk va'k ls tqM+k gksrk gS tks vkèkkj ls
iz{ksfir gksrk gS (fp=k 6-1)
vkj,u, esa izR;sd U;wfDy;ksVkbM vo'ks"k osQ jkbckst dh 2^ txg ij ,d
vfrfjDr gkbMªkWDlhy lewg fLFkr gksrk gSA vkj,u, esa Fkkbehu (5^&efFky ;wjslhy
Fkkbehu dk nwljk jklk;fud uke gS) dh txg ij ;wjslhy feyrk gSA
izsQMjhp esLpj us 1869 esa osaQnzd esa feyus okys vEyh; inkFkZ Mh,u, dh [kkst
dh FkhA mlus bldk uke ^U;wfDyu* fn;kA ,sls yacs laiw.kZ cgqyd dks rduhdh
dfe;ksa osQ dkj.k foyfxr djuk dfBu Fkk] bl dkj.k ls cgqr yacs le; rd Mh,u,
dh lajpuk osQ ckjs esa Li"V tkudkjh ugha FkhA ekSfjl fofYdUl o jkstfyaM iSzaQdfyu
}kjk fn, x, ,Dl&js fuorZu vkadM+s osQ vkèkkj ij 1953 esa tsEl okV~lu o izQk¡fUll
Øhd us Mh,u, dh lajpuk dk f}oqaQMyh uewuk izLrqr fd;kA muosQ izLRkkoksa esa
ikWyhU;wfDy;ksVkbM  Ük`a[kykvksa osQ nks yfM+;ksa osQ chp {kkj ;qXeu dh mifLFkfr ,d
cgqr izekf.kr  Ük`a[kyk (psu) FkhA mijksDr izLrko f}oqaQMyh Mh,u, osQ bfoZu pkjxkI
+
kQ
osQ ijh{k.k osQ vkèkkj ij Hkh Fkk ftlesa blus crk;k fd ,Mfuu o Fkkbfeu rFkk
Xokfuu o lkbVkslhu osQ chp vuqikr fLFkr o ,d nwljs osQ cjkcj jgrk gSA
{kkj ;qXeu ikWyhU;wfDy;ksVkbM  Ük`a[kykvksa dh ,d [kkl fo'ks"krk gSA ;s  Ük`a[kyk,¡
,d nwljs osQ iwjd gS blfy, ,d jTtqd esa fLFkr {kkj Øeksa osQ ckjs tkudkjh gksus ij
nwljh jTtqd osQ {kkj Øeksa dh dYiuk dj ldrs gSaA ;fn Mh,u, (bls iSr`d Mh,u,
dgrs gSa) dh izR;sd jTtqd u, jTtqd osQ la'ys"k.k gsrq VsEiysV dk dk;Z djrs gSaA
bl rjg ls nks f}jTtqdh; Mh,u, (ftls larfr Mh,u, dgrs gSa) dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS
tks iSr`d Mh,u, v.kq osQ leku gksrs gSaA bl dkj.k ls vkuqoaf'kd Mh,u, dh lajpuk
osQ ckjs esa cgqr Li"V tkudkjh fey ldhA
f}oqaQMyh Mh,u, dh lajpuk dh [kkl fo'ks"krk,¡ fuEu gSa —
(d) ;g nks ikWyhU;wfDy;ksVkbM Ük`a[kykvksa dk cuk gksrk gS ftldk vkèkkj
'koZQjk&iQkWLisQV dk cuk gksrk gS o {kkj Hkhrj dh vksj iz{ksih gksrk gSA
([k) nksuksa  Ük`a[kyk,¡ izfr lekukarj èkzqo.krk j[krh gSA bldk eryc ,d  Ük`a[kyk dks
èkzqo.krk 5^ ls 3^ dh vksj gks rks nwljs dh èkzqo.krk 3^ ls 5^ dh rjg gksxhA
(x) nksuksa jTtqdksa osQ {kkj vkil esa gkbMªkstu caèk }kjk ;qfXer gksdj {kkj ;qXed
cukrs gSaA ,Msfuu o Fkkbfeu tks foijhr jTtqdksa esa gksrs gSaA vkil esa nks
fp=k 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.1  ,d ikWfyU;wfDy;ksVkbM  Ük`a[kyk
5* iQkWLisQV
3^ gkbMªkWDlhy
Page 4


vè;k; 6 6 6 6 6
oa'kkxfr dk vk.kfod vkèkkj
6.1 Mh,u,
6.2 vkuqoaf'kd inkFkZ dh [kkst
6.3 vkj,u, lalkj
6.4 izfro`Qfr
6.5 vuqys[ku
6.6 vkuqoaf'kd owQV
6.7 LFkkukarj.k
6.8 thu vfHkO;fDr dk fu;eu
6.9 ekuo thukse ifj;kstuk
6.10 Mh,u, fiaQxjfizfVax
fiNys vè;k; esa vkius oa'kkxfr izfr:iksa osQ vkuqoaf'kd vkèkkj osQ
ckjs esa i<+k gSaA esaMy osQ fu;eksa osQ izfriknu rd os dkjd tks
oa'kkxfr osQ izfr:i dks fu;af=kr djrs gSa] muosQ ckjs esa dksbZ
tkudkjh ugha FkhA lkS o"kks± ckn vuqekfur vkuqoaf'kd inkFkZ dk irk
py ik;kA vfèkdrj thoksa esa ;g vkuqoaf'kd inkFkZ Mh,u, &
MhvkDlhjkbcks&U;wfDyd vEy FkkA d{kk 11 esa vki i<+ pqosQ gSa
fd U;wfDyd vEy U;wfDyvksVkbM dk cgqyd gSA
lthoksa esa nks izdkj osQ U;wfDyd vEy feyrs gSa MhvkDlhjkbcks&
U;wfDyd vEy (Mh,u,) o jkbcksU;wfDyd vEy (vkj,u,)
vfèkdrj thoksa esa vkuqoaf'kd inkFkZ Mh,u, gksrk gSA oqQN fo"kk.kqvksa
esa vkj,u, vkuqoaf'kd inkFkZ osQ :i esa feyrk gS] ysfdu ;g
vfèkdrj okgd osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA vkj,u, osQ vU; vkSj
Hkh vfrfjDr dk;Z gSaA ;g vuqowQyd] ljapukRed o oqQN fLFkfr;ksa
esa mRiszjd v.kq dk dk;Z djrk gSA U;wfDyvksVkbM~l dh ljapuk
o ,dy bZdkbZ;ksa ls tqM+dj U;wfDyd vEy cgqyd cuus osQ ckjs
esa vki igys gh d{kk 11 esa i<+ pqosQ gSaA bl vè;k; esa Mh,u, dh
lajpuk] bldh izfro`Qfr] Mh,u, ls vkj,u, osQ fuekZ.k dh fofèk
(vuqys[ku)] vkuqoaf'kd owQV (dksM) tks izksVhUl esa vehuks vEyksa
osQ Øe dks fuèkkZfjr djrs gSa izksVhu la'ys"k.k (LFkkukarj.k) izfØ;k
104
tho foKku
o buosQ fu;a=k.k osQ izkjafHkd vkèkkj osQ ckjs esa i<+saxsA  fiNys n'kd esa ekuo thukse
esa fLFkr iw.kZ U;wfDy;ksjkbM~l Øeksa osQ fuèkkZj.k ls thuksEkhDl osQ u, egkdYi dks vkjaHk
gqvkA bl vè;k; osQ vafre [kaM esa ekuo thukse vuqØe dh vko';d igyqvksa ,oa
blosQ ifj.kkeksa osQ ckjs esa o.kZu fd;k tk,xkA
viuh ppkZ dh 'kq#vkr lcls igys lthoksa esa feyus okys lokZfèkd #fpdj v.kq
Mh,u, dh lajpuk osQ vè;;u ls djsaA vkxs osQ [kaMksa essa bl ckr dks le>us dk
iz;kl djsaxs fd ;g cgqrk;r ls feyus okyk vkuqoaf'kd inkFkZ D;ksa gS o bldk
vk,,u, osQ lkFk D;k lacaèk gSA
6-1 Mh,u,
Mh,u, MhvkDlhjkbcksU;wfDyvksVkbM~l dk ,d yack cgqyd gS Mh,u, dh yackbZ
lkekU;r;k blesa feyus okys U;wfDy;ksVkbM~l (U;wfDy;ksVkbM~l ;qXe dk lacaèk {kkj
;qXe ls gS) ij fuHkZj gSA ;g fdlh Hkh tho dh fo'ks"krk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ & ,d
thok.kqHkksth ftls 174 dgrs gSa blesa 5386 U;wfDyvksVkbMl feys gSa] thok.kqHkksth
ySaCMk esa 48502 {kkj ;qXe] bLpsfjfp;k dksykbZ esa 4-610
6
 {kkj ;qXe o euq"; osQ
vxqf.kr Mh,u, esa 3-310
9
 {kkj ;qXe gSA vc bl yacs cgqyd dh lajpuk dk o.kZu
djsaxsA
6-1-1 ikWyhU;wfDy;ksVkbM Ük`a[kyk dh lajpuk
ikWyhU;wfDy;ksVkbM  Ük`a[kyk (Mh,u, ;k vkj,u,) dh jklk;fud lajpuk la{ksi esa fuEu
gSA U;wfDy;ksVkbM osQ rhu ?kVd gksrs gSa & ukbVªkstuh {kkj] isaVksl 'koZQjk (vkj,u, osQ
ekeys esa fjcksl rFkk Mh,u, esa MhvkWDlhfjckst) vkSj ,d iQkWLisQV xzqiA ukbVªkstuh {kkj
nks izdkj osQ gksrs gS & I;wjhUl (,Msuhu o Xokuhu) o ik;fjfeMhu (lkbVkslhu]
;wjsfly o Fkkbehu)A lkbVkslhu Mh,u, o vkj,u, nksuksa esa feyrk gS tcfd Fkkbehu
Mh,u, esa feyrk gSA Fkkbehu osQ LFkku ij ;wjslhy vkj,u, esa feyrk gSA ukbVªkstuh
{kkj ukbVªkstu XykbdksflfMd oaQèk }kjk isaVksl 'koZQjk ls tqM+dj U;wfDy;kslkbM cukrk
gS tSls & ,Mhukslhu ;k MhvkWDlh ,Mhukslhu] Xokukslhu ;k MhvkWDlh Xokuksyhu]
lkbVhMhu ;k MhvkWDlhlkbVhMhu o ;wjhMhu ;k MhvkWDlh FkkbehMhuA tc iQkWLisQV
lewg iQkWLiQks,LVj caèk }kjk U;wDyh;kslkbM osQ 5^gkbMªkWWDlhy lewg ls tqM+ tkrk gS rc
lacafèkr U;wfDy;ksVkbM~l (MhvkWDlh U;wfDy;ksVkbM~l mifLFkr 'koZQjk osQ izdkj ij
fuHkZj gS) dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA nks &U;wfDy;ksVkbM~l 3*&5* iQkWLiQksMkbLVj caèk }kjk
tqM+dj MkbZU;wfDy;ksVkbM dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA bl rjg lss dbZ U;wfDy;ksVkbM~l
tqM+dj ,d ikWyhU;wfDy;ksVkbM~l  Ük`a[kyk dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA bl rjg ls fufeZr
cgqyd osQ jkbckst 'koZQjk osQ 5^ fdukjs ij Lora=k iQkWLisQV lewg feyrk gS ftls
ikWyhU;wfDy;ksVkbM Ük`a[kyk dk 5^ fdukjk dgrs gSaA Bhd blh rjg ls cgqyd osQ nwljs
fdukjs ij jkbckst eqDr 3^ & gkbMªkWDlhy lewg ls tqM+k gksrk gSA ikWyhU;wfDy;ksVkbM
105
oa'kkxfr dk vk.kfod vkèkkj
Ük`a[kyk dk 3^ fdukjk dgrs gSaA ikWyhU;wfDy;ksVkbM  Ük`a[kyk osQ vkèkkj dk fuekZ.k 'koZQjk
o iQkWLisQV~l ls gksrk gSA ukbVªkstuh {kkj 'koZQjk va'k ls tqM+k gksrk gS tks vkèkkj ls
iz{ksfir gksrk gS (fp=k 6-1)
vkj,u, esa izR;sd U;wfDy;ksVkbM vo'ks"k osQ jkbckst dh 2^ txg ij ,d
vfrfjDr gkbMªkWDlhy lewg fLFkr gksrk gSA vkj,u, esa Fkkbehu (5^&efFky ;wjslhy
Fkkbehu dk nwljk jklk;fud uke gS) dh txg ij ;wjslhy feyrk gSA
izsQMjhp esLpj us 1869 esa osaQnzd esa feyus okys vEyh; inkFkZ Mh,u, dh [kkst
dh FkhA mlus bldk uke ^U;wfDyu* fn;kA ,sls yacs laiw.kZ cgqyd dks rduhdh
dfe;ksa osQ dkj.k foyfxr djuk dfBu Fkk] bl dkj.k ls cgqr yacs le; rd Mh,u,
dh lajpuk osQ ckjs esa Li"V tkudkjh ugha FkhA ekSfjl fofYdUl o jkstfyaM iSzaQdfyu
}kjk fn, x, ,Dl&js fuorZu vkadM+s osQ vkèkkj ij 1953 esa tsEl okV~lu o izQk¡fUll
Øhd us Mh,u, dh lajpuk dk f}oqaQMyh uewuk izLrqr fd;kA muosQ izLRkkoksa esa
ikWyhU;wfDy;ksVkbM  Ük`a[kykvksa osQ nks yfM+;ksa osQ chp {kkj ;qXeu dh mifLFkfr ,d
cgqr izekf.kr  Ük`a[kyk (psu) FkhA mijksDr izLrko f}oqaQMyh Mh,u, osQ bfoZu pkjxkI
+
kQ
osQ ijh{k.k osQ vkèkkj ij Hkh Fkk ftlesa blus crk;k fd ,Mfuu o Fkkbfeu rFkk
Xokfuu o lkbVkslhu osQ chp vuqikr fLFkr o ,d nwljs osQ cjkcj jgrk gSA
{kkj ;qXeu ikWyhU;wfDy;ksVkbM  Ük`a[kykvksa dh ,d [kkl fo'ks"krk gSA ;s  Ük`a[kyk,¡
,d nwljs osQ iwjd gS blfy, ,d jTtqd esa fLFkr {kkj Øeksa osQ ckjs tkudkjh gksus ij
nwljh jTtqd osQ {kkj Øeksa dh dYiuk dj ldrs gSaA ;fn Mh,u, (bls iSr`d Mh,u,
dgrs gSa) dh izR;sd jTtqd u, jTtqd osQ la'ys"k.k gsrq VsEiysV dk dk;Z djrs gSaA
bl rjg ls nks f}jTtqdh; Mh,u, (ftls larfr Mh,u, dgrs gSa) dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS
tks iSr`d Mh,u, v.kq osQ leku gksrs gSaA bl dkj.k ls vkuqoaf'kd Mh,u, dh lajpuk
osQ ckjs esa cgqr Li"V tkudkjh fey ldhA
f}oqaQMyh Mh,u, dh lajpuk dh [kkl fo'ks"krk,¡ fuEu gSa —
(d) ;g nks ikWyhU;wfDy;ksVkbM Ük`a[kykvksa dk cuk gksrk gS ftldk vkèkkj
'koZQjk&iQkWLisQV dk cuk gksrk gS o {kkj Hkhrj dh vksj iz{ksih gksrk gSA
([k) nksuksa  Ük`a[kyk,¡ izfr lekukarj èkzqo.krk j[krh gSA bldk eryc ,d  Ük`a[kyk dks
èkzqo.krk 5^ ls 3^ dh vksj gks rks nwljs dh èkzqo.krk 3^ ls 5^ dh rjg gksxhA
(x) nksuksa jTtqdksa osQ {kkj vkil esa gkbMªkstu caèk }kjk ;qfXer gksdj {kkj ;qXed
cukrs gSaA ,Msfuu o Fkkbfeu tks foijhr jTtqdksa esa gksrs gSaA vkil esa nks
fp=k 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.1  ,d ikWfyU;wfDy;ksVkbM  Ük`a[kyk
5* iQkWLisQV
3^ gkbMªkWDlhy
106
tho foKku
gkbMªkstu caèk cukrs gSaA Bhd blh rjg ls Xokuhu
lkbVkslyhu ls rhu&gkbMªkstu caèk }kjk c¡èkk jgrk
gS ftlosQ iQyLo:i lnSo ;wjhu osQ foijhr fn'kk
esa ihjhfeMu gksrk gSA blls oqaQMyh osQ nksuksa
jTtqdksa osQ chp yxHkx leku nwjh cuh jgrh gS
(fp=k 6-2)A
(?k) nksuksa  Ük`a[kyk,¡ nf{k.korhZ oqaQMfyr gksrh gSaA
oqaQMyh dk fip 3-4 uSuksehVj (,d uSuksehVj ,d
ehVj dk 10 djksM++ok¡ Hkkx gksrk gS og 10
&9
 ehVj
osQ cjkcj gS) o izR;sd ?kqeko esa yxHkx 10 {kkj
;qXed feyrs gSaA ifj.kkeLo:i ,d oqaQMyh esa
,d {kkj ;qXed osQ chp yxHkx 0-34 uSuksehVj
dh nwjh gksrh gSA
(Ä) f}oqaQMyh esa ,d {kkj ;qXe dh lrg osQ
mQij nwljs fLFkr gksrs gSaA blosQ vfrfjDr gkbMªkstu
caèk oqaQMfyuh lajpuk dks LFkkf;Ro iznku djrs gSaA
I;wjhu o ihfjehMhu dh lajpukRed rqyuk
djksA D;k vki crk ldrs gSa fd Mh,u, esa nks
ikWyhU;wfDy;ksVkbM  Ük`a[kykvksa osQ chp dh nwjh
ges'kk yxHkx leku D;ksa jgrh gS\ (fp=k 6.3)A
Mh,u, dh f}oqaQMyh lajpuk dk izLrko ;w ifjØeh gS fd vkuqoakf'kd my>ko
dks ljy rjhosQ ls O;k[;k djus esa l{ke gSA 'kh?kz gh vk.kfod tho foKku esa izaQkfll
fØd us ewy fl¼kar (lsaVªy MksXek) dk fopkj izLrqr fd;k ftlls Li"V gS fd
fp=k 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2  f}jTtqdh; ikWyhU;qfDy;ksVkbM  Ük`a[kyk
gkbMªkstu caèk
csl tksM+k
,Msuhu Fkkbehu
Xokuhu lkbVkslhu
'koZQjk iQkWLisQV
vkèkkj (cSd cksu)
fp=k 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3  f}oqaQMyh Mh,u,