NCERT Textbook: शहरी क्षेत्र में आजीविका | भारतीय राजव्यवस्था (Indian Polity) for UPSC CSE in Hindi PDF Download

 Page 1


bl fp=k esa vki D;k
ns[k jgs gSa\
vki igys gh xzkeh.k
{ks=kksa osQ yksxksa osQ dk;ks±
osQ ckjs esa i<+ pqosQ gSaA
vc fiNys ikB esa fn,
x, xzkeh.k {ks=k osQ
dk;ks± osQ fp=k ls bl
fp=k dh rqyuk dhft,A
'kgj dk ,d Hkkx nwljs
Hkkx ls vyx gksrk gSA
vkius Åij okys fp=k
esa D;k fHkÂrk,¡ ns[kha\
'kgjh {ks=k esa
vkthfodk
vè;k; 9
*
*
*
Page 2


bl fp=k esa vki D;k
ns[k jgs gSa\
vki igys gh xzkeh.k
{ks=kksa osQ yksxksa osQ dk;ks±
osQ ckjs esa i<+ pqosQ gSaA
vc fiNys ikB esa fn,
x, xzkeh.k {ks=k osQ
dk;ks± osQ fp=k ls bl
fp=k dh rqyuk dhft,A
'kgj dk ,d Hkkx nwljs
Hkkx ls vyx gksrk gSA
vkius Åij okys fp=k
esa D;k fHkÂrk,¡ ns[kha\
'kgjh {ks=k esa
vkthfodk
vè;k; 9
*
*
*
'kgjh {ks=k esa vkthfodk / 89
lM+dksa ij dke djuk
g og 'kgj gS ftlesa esjh ekSlsjh cgu
jgrh gSA eSa ;gk¡ fxuh&pquh ckj gh vkbZ
gw¡A ;g cgqr cM+k 'kgj gSA ,d ckj tc eSa
;gk¡ vkbZ rks esjh ekSlsjh cgu eq>s ?kqekus osQ
fy, ys xbZ FkhA ge rM+osQ gh ?kj ls fudy
xbZ FkhaA tSls gh ge eq[; lM+d dh rjiQ
eqM+ha] geus ns[kk fd ogk¡ dki
+
Qh pgy&igy
;
Hkkjr esa ik¡p g”kkj ls ”;knk 'kgj gSa vkSj lÙkkbl egkuxj gSaA psUubZ] eqacbZ] fnYyh]
dksydkrk tSls izR;sd egkuxj esa nl yk[k ls Hkh T+;knk yksx jgrs gSa vkSj dke
djrs gSaA dgrs gSa fd 'kgj esa f”kanxh dHkh #drh ughaA pfy,] ,d 'kgj esa tkdj
ns[ksa fd ogk¡ yksx D;k dke djrs gSaA D;k os ukSdjh djrs gSa ;k vius jks”kxkj esa
yxs gSa\ os viuk thou dSls pykrs gSa\ D;k jks”kxkj vkSj dekbZ ds ekSds leku
:i ls lHkh dks feyrs gSa\
Page 3


bl fp=k esa vki D;k
ns[k jgs gSa\
vki igys gh xzkeh.k
{ks=kksa osQ yksxksa osQ dk;ks±
osQ ckjs esa i<+ pqosQ gSaA
vc fiNys ikB esa fn,
x, xzkeh.k {ks=k osQ
dk;ks± osQ fp=k ls bl
fp=k dh rqyuk dhft,A
'kgj dk ,d Hkkx nwljs
Hkkx ls vyx gksrk gSA
vkius Åij okys fp=k
esa D;k fHkÂrk,¡ ns[kha\
'kgjh {ks=k esa
vkthfodk
vè;k; 9
*
*
*
'kgjh {ks=k esa vkthfodk / 89
lM+dksa ij dke djuk
g og 'kgj gS ftlesa esjh ekSlsjh cgu
jgrh gSA eSa ;gk¡ fxuh&pquh ckj gh vkbZ
gw¡A ;g cgqr cM+k 'kgj gSA ,d ckj tc eSa
;gk¡ vkbZ rks esjh ekSlsjh cgu eq>s ?kqekus osQ
fy, ys xbZ FkhA ge rM+osQ gh ?kj ls fudy
xbZ FkhaA tSls gh ge eq[; lM+d dh rjiQ
eqM+ha] geus ns[kk fd ogk¡ dki
+
Qh pgy&igy
;
Hkkjr esa ik¡p g”kkj ls ”;knk 'kgj gSa vkSj lÙkkbl egkuxj gSaA psUubZ] eqacbZ] fnYyh]
dksydkrk tSls izR;sd egkuxj esa nl yk[k ls Hkh T+;knk yksx jgrs gSa vkSj dke
djrs gSaA dgrs gSa fd 'kgj esa f”kanxh dHkh #drh ughaA pfy,] ,d 'kgj esa tkdj
ns[ksa fd ogk¡ yksx D;k dke djrs gSaA D;k os ukSdjh djrs gSa ;k vius jks”kxkj esa
yxs gSa\ os viuk thou dSls pykrs gSa\ D;k jks”kxkj vkSj dekbZ ds ekSds leku
:i ls lHkh dks feyrs gSa\
FkhA lC”kh cspus okyh viuh jsgM+h ij
VekVj] xktj o [khjs dks ltkus esa O;Lr
Fkh rkfd yksx ns[k losaQ fd mlosQ ikl
cspus osQ fy, D;k&D;k gSA mldh cxy
esa iQqVikFk ij ,d iQwyokyh cSBh FkhA og
lqanj] jaxhu o rjg&rjg osQ iQwy csp jg
FkhA geus mlls yky vkSj ihyk xqykc
[kjhnkA
lM+d osQ nwljh rjiQ iVjh ij ,d
O;fDr v[kckj csp jgk Fkk vkSj og pkjksa
vksj ls yksxksa ls f?kjk gqvk FkkA gj dksbZ
v[kckj dks i<+uk pkgrk FkkA ogk¡ ls clsa
”kksj&”kksj ls gkWuZ ctkrh gqbZ xq”kj jgh FkhaA
vkWVksfjD'kk Ldwy osQ cPpksa ls BlkBl
Hkjs gq, FksA ikl osQ isM+ osQ uhps ,d eksph
NksVs ls fVu osQ cDls ls viuk lkeku
fudky jgk FkkA ogha lM+d osQ fdukjs ukbZ
viuk dke 'kq: dj pqdk Fkk] mlosQ ikl
,d xzkgd igys ls gh Fkk tks lqcg&lqcg
nk<+h cuokuk pkgrk FkkA lM+d ls FkksM+h
nwj tkdj ,d vkSjr BsykxkM+h esa IykfLVd
dh cksrysa] fMCcs] ckyksa dh fiu o fpeVh
ys tk jgh FkhA ogha ij ,d nwljk O;fDr
?kj&?kj cspus osQfy, lkbfdy ij lfC”k;k¡
ys tk jgk FkkA
ge ml txg ij vk xb± tgk¡
fjD'ksokys ,d drkj esa [kM+s gksdj xzkgd
dk bar”kkj dj jgs FksA geus ,d dks
ck”kkj tkus osQ fy, r; fd;kA ck”kkj ogk¡
ls nks fdyksehVj ij FkkA
cPpw ek¡>h & ,d fjD'kkokyk
eSa fcgkj osQ ,d xk¡o ls vk;k gw¡ tgk¡ eSa feL=kh dk dke
djrk FkkA esjh chch vkSj rhu cPps xk¡o esa gh jgrs gSaA
gekjs ikl ”kehu ugha gSA xk¡o esa feL=khfxjh dk dke
yxkrkj ugha feyrk FkkA tks dekbZ gksrh Fkh og ifjokj
osQ fy, iwjh ugh iM+rh FkhA tc eSa 'kgj igq¡pk rks eSaus
;g iqjkuk fjD'kk [kjhnk vkSj bldk iSlk fdLrksa esa pqdk;kA
;g dki
+
Qh lky igys dh ckr gSA
jks”k lqcg cl LVki ij igq¡p tkrk gw¡ vkSj xzkgd tgk¡
Hkh tkuk pkgs] mUgsa ogk¡ NksM+ nsrk gw¡A fIkQj jkr dks
vkB&ukS cts rd fjD'kk pykrk gw¡A eSa 'kgj dh ,d
dkWyksuh esa vkl&ikl djhc N% fdyksehVj rd fjD'kk
pykrk gw¡A nwjh osQ fglkc ls gj xzkgd eq>s 5&10 #i,
rd nsrk gSA tc rch;r [kjkc gks tkrh gS rc eSa ;g
dke ugha dj ikrkA mu fnuksa dekbZ fcYdqy ugha gks ikrhA
eSa vius nksLrksa osQ lkFk fdjk, osQ dejs esa jgrk gw¡A os
lc ikl dh i+SQDVjh esa dke djrs gSaA jks”k 80&100 #i,
rd esjh dekbZ gks tkrh gS ftlesa ls 50&60 #i, [kkus
vkSj fdjk, ij [kpZ gks tkrs gSaA ckdh eSa ifjokj osQ fy,
cpk ysrk gw¡A lky esa nks rhu ckj eSa vius ifjokj ls
feyus xk¡o tkrk gw¡A tks iSlk 'kgj ls Hkstrk gw¡] esjk
ifjokj mlh ij thrk gSA dHkh&dHkkj esjh choh [ksrksa esa
e”knwjh djosQ FkksM+k&cgqr dek ysrh gSA
90 / lkekftd ,oa jktuhfrd thou
Page 4


bl fp=k esa vki D;k
ns[k jgs gSa\
vki igys gh xzkeh.k
{ks=kksa osQ yksxksa osQ dk;ks±
osQ ckjs esa i<+ pqosQ gSaA
vc fiNys ikB esa fn,
x, xzkeh.k {ks=k osQ
dk;ks± osQ fp=k ls bl
fp=k dh rqyuk dhft,A
'kgj dk ,d Hkkx nwljs
Hkkx ls vyx gksrk gSA
vkius Åij okys fp=k
esa D;k fHkÂrk,¡ ns[kha\
'kgjh {ks=k esa
vkthfodk
vè;k; 9
*
*
*
'kgjh {ks=k esa vkthfodk / 89
lM+dksa ij dke djuk
g og 'kgj gS ftlesa esjh ekSlsjh cgu
jgrh gSA eSa ;gk¡ fxuh&pquh ckj gh vkbZ
gw¡A ;g cgqr cM+k 'kgj gSA ,d ckj tc eSa
;gk¡ vkbZ rks esjh ekSlsjh cgu eq>s ?kqekus osQ
fy, ys xbZ FkhA ge rM+osQ gh ?kj ls fudy
xbZ FkhaA tSls gh ge eq[; lM+d dh rjiQ
eqM+ha] geus ns[kk fd ogk¡ dki
+
Qh pgy&igy
;
Hkkjr esa ik¡p g”kkj ls ”;knk 'kgj gSa vkSj lÙkkbl egkuxj gSaA psUubZ] eqacbZ] fnYyh]
dksydkrk tSls izR;sd egkuxj esa nl yk[k ls Hkh T+;knk yksx jgrs gSa vkSj dke
djrs gSaA dgrs gSa fd 'kgj esa f”kanxh dHkh #drh ughaA pfy,] ,d 'kgj esa tkdj
ns[ksa fd ogk¡ yksx D;k dke djrs gSaA D;k os ukSdjh djrs gSa ;k vius jks”kxkj esa
yxs gSa\ os viuk thou dSls pykrs gSa\ D;k jks”kxkj vkSj dekbZ ds ekSds leku
:i ls lHkh dks feyrs gSa\
FkhA lC”kh cspus okyh viuh jsgM+h ij
VekVj] xktj o [khjs dks ltkus esa O;Lr
Fkh rkfd yksx ns[k losaQ fd mlosQ ikl
cspus osQ fy, D;k&D;k gSA mldh cxy
esa iQqVikFk ij ,d iQwyokyh cSBh FkhA og
lqanj] jaxhu o rjg&rjg osQ iQwy csp jg
FkhA geus mlls yky vkSj ihyk xqykc
[kjhnkA
lM+d osQ nwljh rjiQ iVjh ij ,d
O;fDr v[kckj csp jgk Fkk vkSj og pkjksa
vksj ls yksxksa ls f?kjk gqvk FkkA gj dksbZ
v[kckj dks i<+uk pkgrk FkkA ogk¡ ls clsa
”kksj&”kksj ls gkWuZ ctkrh gqbZ xq”kj jgh FkhaA
vkWVksfjD'kk Ldwy osQ cPpksa ls BlkBl
Hkjs gq, FksA ikl osQ isM+ osQ uhps ,d eksph
NksVs ls fVu osQ cDls ls viuk lkeku
fudky jgk FkkA ogha lM+d osQ fdukjs ukbZ
viuk dke 'kq: dj pqdk Fkk] mlosQ ikl
,d xzkgd igys ls gh Fkk tks lqcg&lqcg
nk<+h cuokuk pkgrk FkkA lM+d ls FkksM+h
nwj tkdj ,d vkSjr BsykxkM+h esa IykfLVd
dh cksrysa] fMCcs] ckyksa dh fiu o fpeVh
ys tk jgh FkhA ogha ij ,d nwljk O;fDr
?kj&?kj cspus osQfy, lkbfdy ij lfC”k;k¡
ys tk jgk FkkA
ge ml txg ij vk xb± tgk¡
fjD'ksokys ,d drkj esa [kM+s gksdj xzkgd
dk bar”kkj dj jgs FksA geus ,d dks
ck”kkj tkus osQ fy, r; fd;kA ck”kkj ogk¡
ls nks fdyksehVj ij FkkA
cPpw ek¡>h & ,d fjD'kkokyk
eSa fcgkj osQ ,d xk¡o ls vk;k gw¡ tgk¡ eSa feL=kh dk dke
djrk FkkA esjh chch vkSj rhu cPps xk¡o esa gh jgrs gSaA
gekjs ikl ”kehu ugha gSA xk¡o esa feL=khfxjh dk dke
yxkrkj ugha feyrk FkkA tks dekbZ gksrh Fkh og ifjokj
osQ fy, iwjh ugh iM+rh FkhA tc eSa 'kgj igq¡pk rks eSaus
;g iqjkuk fjD'kk [kjhnk vkSj bldk iSlk fdLrksa esa pqdk;kA
;g dki
+
Qh lky igys dh ckr gSA
jks”k lqcg cl LVki ij igq¡p tkrk gw¡ vkSj xzkgd tgk¡
Hkh tkuk pkgs] mUgsa ogk¡ NksM+ nsrk gw¡A fIkQj jkr dks
vkB&ukS cts rd fjD'kk pykrk gw¡A eSa 'kgj dh ,d
dkWyksuh esa vkl&ikl djhc N% fdyksehVj rd fjD'kk
pykrk gw¡A nwjh osQ fglkc ls gj xzkgd eq>s 5&10 #i,
rd nsrk gSA tc rch;r [kjkc gks tkrh gS rc eSa ;g
dke ugha dj ikrkA mu fnuksa dekbZ fcYdqy ugha gks ikrhA
eSa vius nksLrksa osQ lkFk fdjk, osQ dejs esa jgrk gw¡A os
lc ikl dh i+SQDVjh esa dke djrs gSaA jks”k 80&100 #i,
rd esjh dekbZ gks tkrh gS ftlesa ls 50&60 #i, [kkus
vkSj fdjk, ij [kpZ gks tkrs gSaA ckdh eSa ifjokj osQ fy,
cpk ysrk gw¡A lky esa nks rhu ckj eSa vius ifjokj ls
feyus xk¡o tkrk gw¡A tks iSlk 'kgj ls Hkstrk gw¡] esjk
ifjokj mlh ij thrk gSA dHkh&dHkkj esjh choh [ksrksa esa
e”knwjh djosQ FkksM+k&cgqr dek ysrh gSA
90 / lkekftd ,oa jktuhfrd thou
'kgjh {ks=k esa vkthfodk / 91
cPpw ek¡>h dh rjg gh 'kgj esa dbZ lkjs
yksx lM+dksa ij dke djrs gSaA os ph”ksa csprs
gSa] mudh ejEer djrs gSa ;k dksbZ lsok nsrs gSaA
os Lo&jks”kxkj esa yxs gSaA mudks dksbZ nwljk
O;fDr jks”kxkj ugha nsrk gS blhfy,A mUgsa viuk
dke [kqn gh l¡Hkkyuk iM+rk gSA os [kqn ;kstuk
cukrs gSa fd fdruk eky [kjhnsa vkSj dgk¡ o
dSls viuh nqdku yxk,¡A mudh nqdkusa vLFkk;h
gksrh gSaA dHkh&dHkh rks VwVs&iQwVs xÙks osQ fMCcksa
;k cDlksa ij dkx”k iQSykdj nqdku cu tkrh
gS ;k [kacksa ij frjiky ;k IykfLVd p<+k ysrs
gSaA os vius Bsys ;k lM+d dh iVjh ij
IykfLVd fcNk dj Hkh dke pykrs gSaA mudks
iqfyl dHkh Hkh viuh nqdku gVkus dks dg
nsrh gSA muosQ ikl dksbZ
lqj{kk ugha gksrhA dbZ
,slh Hkh txgsa gSa tgk¡
Bsysokyksa dks ?kqlus gh
ugha fn;k tkrkA
Bsysokys tks ph”ksa csprs
gSa os vDlj ?kj ij
muosQ ifjokjokys cukrs
gSaA ifjokjokys ph”kksa
dks [+kjhn dj lkiQ
djosQ] Nk¡V djosQ
cspus osQ fy, rS;kj
djrs gSaA mnkgj.k osQ
fy, tks lM+dksa ij
[kkuk ;k uk'rk csprs gSa
og ”;knkrj ?kj ij
gh cuk;k tkrk gSA
vgenkckn 'kgj osQ
,d losZ{k.k esa ik;k
cPpw ek¡>h 'kgj D;ksa vk;k Fkk\
cPpw vius ifjokj ds lkFk D;ksa ugha jg
ldrk\
fdlh lC”kh cspus okyh ;k Bsys okys ls
ckr dfj, vkSj irk yxkb, fd os viuk
dke dSls djrs gS & rS;kjh] [kjhnuk]
cspuk bR;kfnA
cPpw dks ,d fnu dh NqV~Vh ysus ls igys
Hkh lkspuk iM+rk gSA D;ksa\
*
*
*
*
vDlj 'kgj esa dke djosQ vkthfodk pykus okys dkexkjksa dks etcwju lM+dksa ij gh jguk iM+rk
gSA fp=k esa ,slh txg fn[k jgh gS tgk¡ fnu ds oD+r dkexkj viuk lkeku j[k tkrs gSa vkSj jkr esa
ogha [kkuk cukrs gSaA
Page 5


bl fp=k esa vki D;k
ns[k jgs gSa\
vki igys gh xzkeh.k
{ks=kksa osQ yksxksa osQ dk;ks±
osQ ckjs esa i<+ pqosQ gSaA
vc fiNys ikB esa fn,
x, xzkeh.k {ks=k osQ
dk;ks± osQ fp=k ls bl
fp=k dh rqyuk dhft,A
'kgj dk ,d Hkkx nwljs
Hkkx ls vyx gksrk gSA
vkius Åij okys fp=k
esa D;k fHkÂrk,¡ ns[kha\
'kgjh {ks=k esa
vkthfodk
vè;k; 9
*
*
*
'kgjh {ks=k esa vkthfodk / 89
lM+dksa ij dke djuk
g og 'kgj gS ftlesa esjh ekSlsjh cgu
jgrh gSA eSa ;gk¡ fxuh&pquh ckj gh vkbZ
gw¡A ;g cgqr cM+k 'kgj gSA ,d ckj tc eSa
;gk¡ vkbZ rks esjh ekSlsjh cgu eq>s ?kqekus osQ
fy, ys xbZ FkhA ge rM+osQ gh ?kj ls fudy
xbZ FkhaA tSls gh ge eq[; lM+d dh rjiQ
eqM+ha] geus ns[kk fd ogk¡ dki
+
Qh pgy&igy
;
Hkkjr esa ik¡p g”kkj ls ”;knk 'kgj gSa vkSj lÙkkbl egkuxj gSaA psUubZ] eqacbZ] fnYyh]
dksydkrk tSls izR;sd egkuxj esa nl yk[k ls Hkh T+;knk yksx jgrs gSa vkSj dke
djrs gSaA dgrs gSa fd 'kgj esa f”kanxh dHkh #drh ughaA pfy,] ,d 'kgj esa tkdj
ns[ksa fd ogk¡ yksx D;k dke djrs gSaA D;k os ukSdjh djrs gSa ;k vius jks”kxkj esa
yxs gSa\ os viuk thou dSls pykrs gSa\ D;k jks”kxkj vkSj dekbZ ds ekSds leku
:i ls lHkh dks feyrs gSa\
FkhA lC”kh cspus okyh viuh jsgM+h ij
VekVj] xktj o [khjs dks ltkus esa O;Lr
Fkh rkfd yksx ns[k losaQ fd mlosQ ikl
cspus osQ fy, D;k&D;k gSA mldh cxy
esa iQqVikFk ij ,d iQwyokyh cSBh FkhA og
lqanj] jaxhu o rjg&rjg osQ iQwy csp jg
FkhA geus mlls yky vkSj ihyk xqykc
[kjhnkA
lM+d osQ nwljh rjiQ iVjh ij ,d
O;fDr v[kckj csp jgk Fkk vkSj og pkjksa
vksj ls yksxksa ls f?kjk gqvk FkkA gj dksbZ
v[kckj dks i<+uk pkgrk FkkA ogk¡ ls clsa
”kksj&”kksj ls gkWuZ ctkrh gqbZ xq”kj jgh FkhaA
vkWVksfjD'kk Ldwy osQ cPpksa ls BlkBl
Hkjs gq, FksA ikl osQ isM+ osQ uhps ,d eksph
NksVs ls fVu osQ cDls ls viuk lkeku
fudky jgk FkkA ogha lM+d osQ fdukjs ukbZ
viuk dke 'kq: dj pqdk Fkk] mlosQ ikl
,d xzkgd igys ls gh Fkk tks lqcg&lqcg
nk<+h cuokuk pkgrk FkkA lM+d ls FkksM+h
nwj tkdj ,d vkSjr BsykxkM+h esa IykfLVd
dh cksrysa] fMCcs] ckyksa dh fiu o fpeVh
ys tk jgh FkhA ogha ij ,d nwljk O;fDr
?kj&?kj cspus osQfy, lkbfdy ij lfC”k;k¡
ys tk jgk FkkA
ge ml txg ij vk xb± tgk¡
fjD'ksokys ,d drkj esa [kM+s gksdj xzkgd
dk bar”kkj dj jgs FksA geus ,d dks
ck”kkj tkus osQ fy, r; fd;kA ck”kkj ogk¡
ls nks fdyksehVj ij FkkA
cPpw ek¡>h & ,d fjD'kkokyk
eSa fcgkj osQ ,d xk¡o ls vk;k gw¡ tgk¡ eSa feL=kh dk dke
djrk FkkA esjh chch vkSj rhu cPps xk¡o esa gh jgrs gSaA
gekjs ikl ”kehu ugha gSA xk¡o esa feL=khfxjh dk dke
yxkrkj ugha feyrk FkkA tks dekbZ gksrh Fkh og ifjokj
osQ fy, iwjh ugh iM+rh FkhA tc eSa 'kgj igq¡pk rks eSaus
;g iqjkuk fjD'kk [kjhnk vkSj bldk iSlk fdLrksa esa pqdk;kA
;g dki
+
Qh lky igys dh ckr gSA
jks”k lqcg cl LVki ij igq¡p tkrk gw¡ vkSj xzkgd tgk¡
Hkh tkuk pkgs] mUgsa ogk¡ NksM+ nsrk gw¡A fIkQj jkr dks
vkB&ukS cts rd fjD'kk pykrk gw¡A eSa 'kgj dh ,d
dkWyksuh esa vkl&ikl djhc N% fdyksehVj rd fjD'kk
pykrk gw¡A nwjh osQ fglkc ls gj xzkgd eq>s 5&10 #i,
rd nsrk gSA tc rch;r [kjkc gks tkrh gS rc eSa ;g
dke ugha dj ikrkA mu fnuksa dekbZ fcYdqy ugha gks ikrhA
eSa vius nksLrksa osQ lkFk fdjk, osQ dejs esa jgrk gw¡A os
lc ikl dh i+SQDVjh esa dke djrs gSaA jks”k 80&100 #i,
rd esjh dekbZ gks tkrh gS ftlesa ls 50&60 #i, [kkus
vkSj fdjk, ij [kpZ gks tkrs gSaA ckdh eSa ifjokj osQ fy,
cpk ysrk gw¡A lky esa nks rhu ckj eSa vius ifjokj ls
feyus xk¡o tkrk gw¡A tks iSlk 'kgj ls Hkstrk gw¡] esjk
ifjokj mlh ij thrk gSA dHkh&dHkkj esjh choh [ksrksa esa
e”knwjh djosQ FkksM+k&cgqr dek ysrh gSA
90 / lkekftd ,oa jktuhfrd thou
'kgjh {ks=k esa vkthfodk / 91
cPpw ek¡>h dh rjg gh 'kgj esa dbZ lkjs
yksx lM+dksa ij dke djrs gSaA os ph”ksa csprs
gSa] mudh ejEer djrs gSa ;k dksbZ lsok nsrs gSaA
os Lo&jks”kxkj esa yxs gSaA mudks dksbZ nwljk
O;fDr jks”kxkj ugha nsrk gS blhfy,A mUgsa viuk
dke [kqn gh l¡Hkkyuk iM+rk gSA os [kqn ;kstuk
cukrs gSa fd fdruk eky [kjhnsa vkSj dgk¡ o
dSls viuh nqdku yxk,¡A mudh nqdkusa vLFkk;h
gksrh gSaA dHkh&dHkh rks VwVs&iQwVs xÙks osQ fMCcksa
;k cDlksa ij dkx”k iQSykdj nqdku cu tkrh
gS ;k [kacksa ij frjiky ;k IykfLVd p<+k ysrs
gSaA os vius Bsys ;k lM+d dh iVjh ij
IykfLVd fcNk dj Hkh dke pykrs gSaA mudks
iqfyl dHkh Hkh viuh nqdku gVkus dks dg
nsrh gSA muosQ ikl dksbZ
lqj{kk ugha gksrhA dbZ
,slh Hkh txgsa gSa tgk¡
Bsysokyksa dks ?kqlus gh
ugha fn;k tkrkA
Bsysokys tks ph”ksa csprs
gSa os vDlj ?kj ij
muosQ ifjokjokys cukrs
gSaA ifjokjokys ph”kksa
dks [+kjhn dj lkiQ
djosQ] Nk¡V djosQ
cspus osQ fy, rS;kj
djrs gSaA mnkgj.k osQ
fy, tks lM+dksa ij
[kkuk ;k uk'rk csprs gSa
og ”;knkrj ?kj ij
gh cuk;k tkrk gSA
vgenkckn 'kgj osQ
,d losZ{k.k esa ik;k
cPpw ek¡>h 'kgj D;ksa vk;k Fkk\
cPpw vius ifjokj ds lkFk D;ksa ugha jg
ldrk\
fdlh lC”kh cspus okyh ;k Bsys okys ls
ckr dfj, vkSj irk yxkb, fd os viuk
dke dSls djrs gS & rS;kjh] [kjhnuk]
cspuk bR;kfnA
cPpw dks ,d fnu dh NqV~Vh ysus ls igys
Hkh lkspuk iM+rk gSA D;ksa\
*
*
*
*
vDlj 'kgj esa dke djosQ vkthfodk pykus okys dkexkjksa dks etcwju lM+dksa ij gh jguk iM+rk
gSA fp=k esa ,slh txg fn[k jgh gS tgk¡ fnu ds oD+r dkexkj viuk lkeku j[k tkrs gSa vkSj jkr esa
ogha [kkuk cukrs gSaA
92 / lkekftd ,oa jktuhfrd thou
x;k fd dke djus okyksa esa ls 12 izfr'kr
yksx lM+dksa ij dke dj jgs FksA
gekjs ns'k osQ 'kgjh bykdksa esa yxHkx ,d
djksM+ yksx iqQVikFk vkSj Bsyksa ij lkeku csprs
gSaSA vHkh gky&fiQygky rd xfy;ksa vkSj
iqQVikFk ij bl dke dks ;krk;kr vkSj iSny
pyusokys yksxksa osQ fy, ,d #dkoV dh rjg
ns[kk tkrk FkkA ysfdu dbZ laLFkkvksa osQ iz;kl
ls vc bldks lHkh osQ fy, mi;ksxh vkSj
vkthfodk dekus osQ vf/dkj osQ :i esa
ns[kk tk jgk gSA ljdkj Hkh ml dkuwu dks
cnyus ij fopkj dj jgh gS ftlls muij
izfrca/ yxk gqvk FkkA dkuwu esa cnyko vkus
ls muosQ ikl dke djus dh txg gksxh vkSj
;krk;kr ,oa yksxksa dk vkokxeu Hkh lgt
:i ls gks ik,xkA ,slk lq>ko gS fd 'kgjksa esa
oqQN bykosQ iqQVikFk vkSj Bsyksa ij lkeku
cspus okyksa osQ fy, r; dj fn, tk,¡A ;g
Hkh lq>ko gS fd mUgsa [kqys :i ls
vkus&tkus dh vuqefr gks vkSj os yksx
mu lfefr;ksa esa j[ks tk,¡ tks bu eqíksa
ij fu.kZ; ysrh gSaA
ck”kkj esa
tc ge ckt+kj igq¡pha rks nqdkusa vHkh
[kqyuh 'kq: gh gqbZ FkhaA ysfdu R;ksgkj
osQ dkj.k ogk¡ cgqr HkhM+ gks pqdh FkhA
ogk¡ feBkbZ] f[kykSus] diM+s] pIiy]
crZu] fctyh osQ lkeku bR;kfn dh
nqdkuksa dh drkj ij drkj FkhA ,d
dksus esa nk¡rksa osQ MkDVj dk Dyhfud
FkkA esjh ekSlsjh cgu us muls igys ls
gh le; ys j[kk FkkA ge ogk¡ igys igq¡p xb±
ftlls gekjh ckjh u pyh tk,A gesa FkksM+h nsj
,d dejs esa bartkj djuk iM+kA MkDVj us
mlosQ nk¡rksa dk ijh{k.k fd;k vkSj nk¡r dk
Nsn Hkjokus osQ fy, vxys fnu vkus dks dgkA
og cgqr Mj xbZ Fkh D;ksafd mlus lkspk fd
,d rks viuk nk¡r [kjkc gksus fn;k vkSj Åij
ls bruk nnZ lgu djuk iM+sxkA
MkDVj osQ ;gk¡ ls ge flys gq, diM+ksa
osQ ,d 'kks:e ij xb± D;ksafd eSa dqN
flys&flyk, diM+s [kjhnuk pkgrh FkhA bl
'kks:e dh rhu eaf”kysa Fkha vkSj gj eaft+y
ij vyx rjhosQ osQ diM+s FksA ge rhljh
eaft+y ij igq¡pha tgk¡ yM+fd;ksa osQ diM++s j[ks
gq, FksA
cM+h nqdku esa
gjizhr% igys esjs ikik vkSj pkpk ,d
NksVh&lh nqdku ij dke djrs FksA brokj dks