NCERT Textbook: समकालीन विश्व में सुरक्षा | भारतीय राजव्यवस्था (Indian Polity) for UPSC CSE in Hindi PDF Download

 Page 1


ifjp;
fo'o&jktuhfr osQ ckjs esa i<+rs gq, vDlj
gekjk lkeuk ^lqj{kk* vFkok ^jk"Vªh; lqj{kk*
tSls 'kCn ls gksrk gSA ge lksprs gSa fd bu
'kCnksa osQ vFkZ gesa ekywe gSA ysfdu] D;k
lpeqp gesa bu 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ ekywe gSa\
cgl ;k ppkZ dks jksduk gks rks vDlj bl
tqeys dk bLrseky gksrk gSA dgk tkrk gS fd
;g lqj{kk dk elyk gS vkSj ns'k dh HkykbZ
osQ fy, cM+k ”k:jh gSA ,slk dgus dk
edln ;g trkuk gksrk gS fd elyk cM+k
egÙoiw.kZ vFkok xqIr gS vkSj bl dkj.k ml
ij [kqyh ppkZ ugha gks ldrhA ge ,slh
fiQYesa ns[krs gSa ftlesa ^jk"Vªh; lqj{kk* ls tqM+k
lc oqQN cM+k <¡dk&Nqik vkSj [krjukd gksrk
gSA ,slk tku iM+rk gS fd ekuksa lqj{kk lkr
rkyksa osQ Hkhrj dh pht gks vkSj ftlls vke
ukxfjd dk oqQN ysuk&nsuk u gksA ysfdu
yksdra=k esa dksbZ Hkh ckr bruh <¡dh&Nqih
ugha j[kh tk ldrhA lqj{kk osQ ckjs esa gesa
vkSj ”;knk tkuus dh ”k:jr gSA lqj{kk D;k
gS] Hkkjr osQ lqj{kk ljksdkj D;k&D;k gSa\ ;g
vè;k; bu lokyksa ij cgl djrk gSA blesa
lqj{kk dks le>us osQ nks u”kfj;ksa dh ppkZ dh
xbZ gSA vè;k; esa bl ckr ij tksj fn;k x;k
gS fd fofHkUu lanHkZ vkSj fLFkfr;ksa dks è;ku
esa j[kuk ”k:jh gS D;ksafd blh ls lqj{kk osQ
ckjs esa gekjk u”kfj;k curk gSA
vè;k; 7
ledkyhu fo'o esa lqj{kk ledkyhu fo'o esa lqj{kk
ledkyhu fo'o esa lqj{kk ledkyhu fo'o esa lqj{kk ledkyhu fo'o esa lqj{kk
;s fp=k lqj{kk osQ nks fHkUu igyqvksa dks n'kkZrs gSaA oqQN fp=k XossVkekyk esa py
jgs x`g&;q¼ osQ gSaA vki ns[k ldrs gSa fd ekrk,¡ ;q¼ esa [kks, vius cPpksa
dk bartkj dj jgh gSa vkSj ;q¼ esa 'kghn gq, yksxksa dks ;kn fd;k tk jgk
gSA oqQN fp=k ckaXyksn'k osQ gSaA buesa ck<+ tSlh çkÑfrd vkink ls iSnk gqbZ
vlqj{kk dks fn[kk;k x;k gSA
Page 2


ifjp;
fo'o&jktuhfr osQ ckjs esa i<+rs gq, vDlj
gekjk lkeuk ^lqj{kk* vFkok ^jk"Vªh; lqj{kk*
tSls 'kCn ls gksrk gSA ge lksprs gSa fd bu
'kCnksa osQ vFkZ gesa ekywe gSA ysfdu] D;k
lpeqp gesa bu 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ ekywe gSa\
cgl ;k ppkZ dks jksduk gks rks vDlj bl
tqeys dk bLrseky gksrk gSA dgk tkrk gS fd
;g lqj{kk dk elyk gS vkSj ns'k dh HkykbZ
osQ fy, cM+k ”k:jh gSA ,slk dgus dk
edln ;g trkuk gksrk gS fd elyk cM+k
egÙoiw.kZ vFkok xqIr gS vkSj bl dkj.k ml
ij [kqyh ppkZ ugha gks ldrhA ge ,slh
fiQYesa ns[krs gSa ftlesa ^jk"Vªh; lqj{kk* ls tqM+k
lc oqQN cM+k <¡dk&Nqik vkSj [krjukd gksrk
gSA ,slk tku iM+rk gS fd ekuksa lqj{kk lkr
rkyksa osQ Hkhrj dh pht gks vkSj ftlls vke
ukxfjd dk oqQN ysuk&nsuk u gksA ysfdu
yksdra=k esa dksbZ Hkh ckr bruh <¡dh&Nqih
ugha j[kh tk ldrhA lqj{kk osQ ckjs esa gesa
vkSj ”;knk tkuus dh ”k:jr gSA lqj{kk D;k
gS] Hkkjr osQ lqj{kk ljksdkj D;k&D;k gSa\ ;g
vè;k; bu lokyksa ij cgl djrk gSA blesa
lqj{kk dks le>us osQ nks u”kfj;ksa dh ppkZ dh
xbZ gSA vè;k; esa bl ckr ij tksj fn;k x;k
gS fd fofHkUu lanHkZ vkSj fLFkfr;ksa dks è;ku
esa j[kuk ”k:jh gS D;ksafd blh ls lqj{kk osQ
ckjs esa gekjk u”kfj;k curk gSA
vè;k; 7
ledkyhu fo'o esa lqj{kk ledkyhu fo'o esa lqj{kk
ledkyhu fo'o esa lqj{kk ledkyhu fo'o esa lqj{kk ledkyhu fo'o esa lqj{kk
;s fp=k lqj{kk osQ nks fHkUu igyqvksa dks n'kkZrs gSaA oqQN fp=k XossVkekyk esa py
jgs x`g&;q¼ osQ gSaA vki ns[k ldrs gSa fd ekrk,¡ ;q¼ esa [kks, vius cPpksa
dk bartkj dj jgh gSa vkSj ;q¼ esa 'kghn gq, yksxksa dks ;kn fd;k tk jgk
gSA oqQN fp=k ckaXyksn'k osQ gSaA buesa ck<+ tSlh çkÑfrd vkink ls iSnk gqbZ
vlqj{kk dks fn[kk;k x;k gSA
ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr 100
lqj{kk D;k gS\
lqj{kk dk cqfu;knh vFkZ gS [krjs ls vk”kknhA
ekuo dk vfLrRo vkSj fdlh ns'k dk thou
[krjksa ls Hkjk gksrk gSA rc D;k bldk eryc
;g gS fd gj rjg osQ [+krjs dks lqj{kk ij
[krjk ekuk tk;\ vkneh tc Hkh vius ?kj
ls ckgj dne fudkyrk gS rks mlosQ vfLrRo
vFkok thou&;kiu osQ rjhdksa dks fdlh u
fdlh vFkZ esa [krjk ”k:j gksrk gSA ;fn geus
[krjs dk bruk O;kid vFkZ fy;k rks fiQj
gekjh nqfu;k esa gj ?kM+h vkSj gj txg lqj{kk
osQ gh loky u”kj vk;saxsA
blh dkj.k tks yksx lqj{kk fo"k;d vè;;u
djrs gSa mudk dguk gS fd osQoy mu phtksa
dks ^lqj{kk* ls tqM+h phtksa dk fo"k; cuk;k
tk; ftuls thou osQ ^osaQæh; ewY;ksa* dks
[krjk gksA rks fiQj loky curk gS fd fdlosQ
esjh lqj{kk osQ ckjs esa
fdlus iQSlyk fd;k\
oqQN usrkvksa vkSj
fo'ks"kKksa us\ D;k eSa
viuh lqj{kk dk iQSlyk
ugha dj ldrh\
vkius ^'kkafr&lsuk* osQ ckjs esa lquk gksxkA D;k vkidks yxrk gS fd
^'kkafr&lsuk* dk gksuk Lo;a esa ,d fojks/kHkklh ckr gS\
osaQæh; ewY;\ D;k iwjs ns'k osQ ^osaQæh; ewY;*\
vke L=kh&iq#"kksa osQ osaQæh; ewY; \ D;k
ukxfjdksa dh uqekbanxh djus okyh ljdkj
ges'kk ^osaQæh; ewY;ksa* dk ogh vFkZ xzg.k
djrh gS tks dksbZ lk/kj.k ukxfjd\
blosQ vfrfjDr tc ge osaQæh; ewY;ksa
ij eaMjkrs [+krjksa dh ckr dgrs gSa rks ;g
loky Hkh mBrk gS fd ;s [+krjs fdrus
xgjs gksus pkfg,\ tks ewY; gesa I;kjs gSa
dekscs'k mu lHkh dks cM+s ;k NksVs [+krjs
gksrs gSaA D;k gj [+krjs dks lqj{kk dh
le> esa 'kkfey fd;k tk ldrk gS\
tc Hkh dksbZ jk"Vª oqQN djrk gS vFkok
oqQN djus esa vliQy gksrk gS rks laHko
gS blls fdlh vU; ns'k osQ osaQæh; ewY;ksa
dks gkfu igq¡prh gksA tc Hkh jkgxhj
viuh jkg esa ywVk tkrk gS rks vke
vkneh osQ jkstejkZ osQ thou dks {kfr
igq¡prh gSA fiQj Hkh] vxj ge lqj{kk dk
bruk O;kid vFkZ djsa rks gkFk&ikao
fgykuk Hkh eqf'dy gks tk,xk_ gj txg
gesa [+krjs u”kj vk,¡xsA
bl rjg ns[ksa rks ge bu ckrksa ls
,d fu"d"kZ fudky ldrs gSaA lqj{kk dk
fj'rk fiQj cM+s xaHkhj [krjksa ls gS_ ,sls
[krjs ftudks jksdus osQ mik; u fd,
x, rks gekjs osaQæh; ewY;ksa dks viwj.kh;
{kfr igq¡psxhA
;s ckrsa rks Bhd gSa] fiQj Hkh gesa ;g
Lohdkj djuk pkfg, fd ^lqj{kk* vius
vki esa HkqyS;knkj /kj.kk gSA felky osQ
fy, ge ;g iwN ldrs gSa fd D;k
lfn;ksa vFkok n'kdksa  ls fofHkUu lektksa
esa lqj{kk dh ,dleku /kj.kk pyh vk
jgh gS\ ,slk gks rks vk'p;Ztud gS
D;ksafd lalkj esa fdruh gh ckrsa jkst
,jsl] osQxYl dkVZwu
Page 3


ifjp;
fo'o&jktuhfr osQ ckjs esa i<+rs gq, vDlj
gekjk lkeuk ^lqj{kk* vFkok ^jk"Vªh; lqj{kk*
tSls 'kCn ls gksrk gSA ge lksprs gSa fd bu
'kCnksa osQ vFkZ gesa ekywe gSA ysfdu] D;k
lpeqp gesa bu 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ ekywe gSa\
cgl ;k ppkZ dks jksduk gks rks vDlj bl
tqeys dk bLrseky gksrk gSA dgk tkrk gS fd
;g lqj{kk dk elyk gS vkSj ns'k dh HkykbZ
osQ fy, cM+k ”k:jh gSA ,slk dgus dk
edln ;g trkuk gksrk gS fd elyk cM+k
egÙoiw.kZ vFkok xqIr gS vkSj bl dkj.k ml
ij [kqyh ppkZ ugha gks ldrhA ge ,slh
fiQYesa ns[krs gSa ftlesa ^jk"Vªh; lqj{kk* ls tqM+k
lc oqQN cM+k <¡dk&Nqik vkSj [krjukd gksrk
gSA ,slk tku iM+rk gS fd ekuksa lqj{kk lkr
rkyksa osQ Hkhrj dh pht gks vkSj ftlls vke
ukxfjd dk oqQN ysuk&nsuk u gksA ysfdu
yksdra=k esa dksbZ Hkh ckr bruh <¡dh&Nqih
ugha j[kh tk ldrhA lqj{kk osQ ckjs esa gesa
vkSj ”;knk tkuus dh ”k:jr gSA lqj{kk D;k
gS] Hkkjr osQ lqj{kk ljksdkj D;k&D;k gSa\ ;g
vè;k; bu lokyksa ij cgl djrk gSA blesa
lqj{kk dks le>us osQ nks u”kfj;ksa dh ppkZ dh
xbZ gSA vè;k; esa bl ckr ij tksj fn;k x;k
gS fd fofHkUu lanHkZ vkSj fLFkfr;ksa dks è;ku
esa j[kuk ”k:jh gS D;ksafd blh ls lqj{kk osQ
ckjs esa gekjk u”kfj;k curk gSA
vè;k; 7
ledkyhu fo'o esa lqj{kk ledkyhu fo'o esa lqj{kk
ledkyhu fo'o esa lqj{kk ledkyhu fo'o esa lqj{kk ledkyhu fo'o esa lqj{kk
;s fp=k lqj{kk osQ nks fHkUu igyqvksa dks n'kkZrs gSaA oqQN fp=k XossVkekyk esa py
jgs x`g&;q¼ osQ gSaA vki ns[k ldrs gSa fd ekrk,¡ ;q¼ esa [kks, vius cPpksa
dk bartkj dj jgh gSa vkSj ;q¼ esa 'kghn gq, yksxksa dks ;kn fd;k tk jgk
gSA oqQN fp=k ckaXyksn'k osQ gSaA buesa ck<+ tSlh çkÑfrd vkink ls iSnk gqbZ
vlqj{kk dks fn[kk;k x;k gSA
ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr 100
lqj{kk D;k gS\
lqj{kk dk cqfu;knh vFkZ gS [krjs ls vk”kknhA
ekuo dk vfLrRo vkSj fdlh ns'k dk thou
[krjksa ls Hkjk gksrk gSA rc D;k bldk eryc
;g gS fd gj rjg osQ [+krjs dks lqj{kk ij
[krjk ekuk tk;\ vkneh tc Hkh vius ?kj
ls ckgj dne fudkyrk gS rks mlosQ vfLrRo
vFkok thou&;kiu osQ rjhdksa dks fdlh u
fdlh vFkZ esa [krjk ”k:j gksrk gSA ;fn geus
[krjs dk bruk O;kid vFkZ fy;k rks fiQj
gekjh nqfu;k esa gj ?kM+h vkSj gj txg lqj{kk
osQ gh loky u”kj vk;saxsA
blh dkj.k tks yksx lqj{kk fo"k;d vè;;u
djrs gSa mudk dguk gS fd osQoy mu phtksa
dks ^lqj{kk* ls tqM+h phtksa dk fo"k; cuk;k
tk; ftuls thou osQ ^osaQæh; ewY;ksa* dks
[krjk gksA rks fiQj loky curk gS fd fdlosQ
esjh lqj{kk osQ ckjs esa
fdlus iQSlyk fd;k\
oqQN usrkvksa vkSj
fo'ks"kKksa us\ D;k eSa
viuh lqj{kk dk iQSlyk
ugha dj ldrh\
vkius ^'kkafr&lsuk* osQ ckjs esa lquk gksxkA D;k vkidks yxrk gS fd
^'kkafr&lsuk* dk gksuk Lo;a esa ,d fojks/kHkklh ckr gS\
osaQæh; ewY;\ D;k iwjs ns'k osQ ^osaQæh; ewY;*\
vke L=kh&iq#"kksa osQ osaQæh; ewY; \ D;k
ukxfjdksa dh uqekbanxh djus okyh ljdkj
ges'kk ^osaQæh; ewY;ksa* dk ogh vFkZ xzg.k
djrh gS tks dksbZ lk/kj.k ukxfjd\
blosQ vfrfjDr tc ge osaQæh; ewY;ksa
ij eaMjkrs [+krjksa dh ckr dgrs gSa rks ;g
loky Hkh mBrk gS fd ;s [+krjs fdrus
xgjs gksus pkfg,\ tks ewY; gesa I;kjs gSa
dekscs'k mu lHkh dks cM+s ;k NksVs [+krjs
gksrs gSaA D;k gj [+krjs dks lqj{kk dh
le> esa 'kkfey fd;k tk ldrk gS\
tc Hkh dksbZ jk"Vª oqQN djrk gS vFkok
oqQN djus esa vliQy gksrk gS rks laHko
gS blls fdlh vU; ns'k osQ osaQæh; ewY;ksa
dks gkfu igq¡prh gksA tc Hkh jkgxhj
viuh jkg esa ywVk tkrk gS rks vke
vkneh osQ jkstejkZ osQ thou dks {kfr
igq¡prh gSA fiQj Hkh] vxj ge lqj{kk dk
bruk O;kid vFkZ djsa rks gkFk&ikao
fgykuk Hkh eqf'dy gks tk,xk_ gj txg
gesa [+krjs u”kj vk,¡xsA
bl rjg ns[ksa rks ge bu ckrksa ls
,d fu"d"kZ fudky ldrs gSaA lqj{kk dk
fj'rk fiQj cM+s xaHkhj [krjksa ls gS_ ,sls
[krjs ftudks jksdus osQ mik; u fd,
x, rks gekjs osaQæh; ewY;ksa dks viwj.kh;
{kfr igq¡psxhA
;s ckrsa rks Bhd gSa] fiQj Hkh gesa ;g
Lohdkj djuk pkfg, fd ^lqj{kk* vius
vki esa HkqyS;knkj /kj.kk gSA felky osQ
fy, ge ;g iwN ldrs gSa fd D;k
lfn;ksa vFkok n'kdksa  ls fofHkUu lektksa
esa lqj{kk dh ,dleku /kj.kk pyh vk
jgh gS\ ,slk gks rks vk'p;Ztud gS
D;ksafd lalkj esa fdruh gh ckrsa jkst
,jsl] osQxYl dkVZwu
ledkyhu fo'o esa lqj{kk 101
;q¼ dk eryc gS
vlqj{kk] foèoal vkSj
e`R;q! ;q¼ fdlh dks
D;k lqj{kk ns ik,xk\
;q¼ dh vFkZO;oLFkk
cnyrh jgrh gSaA fiQj ge ;g loky Hkh
dj ldrs gSa fd D;k fdlh [+kkl le;
esa fo'o osQ lHkh lektksa esa lqj{kk dh
,d tSlh /kj.kk jgrh gS\ ;g ckr Hkh
gte ugha gksrh vkSj vk'p;Ztud yxrh
gS fd djhc 200 eqYdksa osQ 7 vjc yksx
lqj{kk dh ,d tSlh /kj.kk j[krs gksa\ ,sls
esa vkidks ;g tkudkj dksbZ /Ddk ugha
yxsxk fd lqj{kk ,d fooknxzLr /kj.kk
gSA vkb,] lqj{kk dh fofHk /kj.kkvksa dks
nks dksfV;ksa esa j[kdj le>us dh dksf'k'k
djrs gSa ;kuh lqj{kk dh ikjaifjd vkSj
vikjaifjd /kj.kkA
ikjaifjd /kj.kk µ ckgjh lqj{kk
vf/dka'kr;k tc ge lqj{kk osQ ckjs esa
oqQN i<+ ;k lqu jgs gksrs gSa rks gekjk
lkeuk lqj{kk dh ikjaifjd vFkkZr~ jk"Vªh;
lqj{kk dh /kj.kk ls gksrk gSA lqj{kk dh
ikjaifjd vo/kj.kk esa lSU; [+krjs dks
fdlh ns'k osQ fy, lcls ”;knk [+krjukd
ekuk tkrk gSA bl [+krjs dk lzksr dksbZ
nwljk eqYd gksrk gS tks lSU; geys dh
/edh nsdj laçHkqrk] Lora=krk vkSj {ks=kh;
v[kaMrk tSls fdlh ns'k osQ osaQæh; ewY;ksa
osQ fy, [+krjk iSnk djrk gSA lSU; dkjZokbZ
ls vke ukxfjdksa osQ thou dks Hkh
[+krjk gksrk gSA 'kk;n gh dHkh ,slk
gksrk gks fd fdlh ;q¼ esa fliQZ lSfud
?kk;y gksa vFkok ekjs tk;saA vke
L=kh&iq#"k dks Hkh ;q¼ esa gkfu mBkuh
iM+rh gSA vDlj fugRFks vkSj vke
vkSjr&enZ dks tax dk fu'kkuk cuk;k
tkrk gS_ mudk vkSj mudh ljdkj dk
gkSlyk rksM+us dh dksf'k'k gksrh gSA
cqfu;knh rkSj ij fdlh ljdkj osQ ikl
;q¼ dh fLFkfr esa rhu fodYi gksrs gSa µ
vkReleiZ.k djuk rFkk nwljs i{k dh ckr
dks fcuk ;q¼ fd, eku ysuk vFkok ;q¼ ls
gksus okys uk'k dks bl gn rd c<+kus osQ
laosQr nsuk fd nwljk i{k lgedj geyk
djus ls ckt vk;s ;k ;q¼ Bu tk; rks
viuh j{kk djuk rkfd geykoj ns'k vius
edln esa dke;kc u gks losQ vkSj ihNs gV
tk, vFkok geykokj dks ijkftr dj nsukA
;q¼ esa dksbZ ljdkj Hkys gh vkReleiZ.k dj
ns ysfdu og bls vius ns'k dh uhfr osQ
:i esa dHkh çpkfjr ugha djuk pkgsxhA bl
dkj.k] lqj{kk&uhfr dk laca/ ;q¼ dh vk'kadk
dks jksdus esa gksrk gS ftls ^vijks/* dgk
tkrk gS vkSj ;q¼ dks lhfer j[kus vFkok
mldks lekIr djus ls gksrk gS ftls j{kk
dgk tkrk gSA
ijaijkxr lqj{kk&uhfr dk ,d rÙo vkSj
gSA bls 'kfDr&larqyu dgrs gSaA dksbZ ns'k
,jsl] osQxYl dkVZwu
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ifjp;
fo'o&jktuhfr osQ ckjs esa i<+rs gq, vDlj
gekjk lkeuk ^lqj{kk* vFkok ^jk"Vªh; lqj{kk*
tSls 'kCn ls gksrk gSA ge lksprs gSa fd bu
'kCnksa osQ vFkZ gesa ekywe gSA ysfdu] D;k
lpeqp gesa bu 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ ekywe gSa\
cgl ;k ppkZ dks jksduk gks rks vDlj bl
tqeys dk bLrseky gksrk gSA dgk tkrk gS fd
;g lqj{kk dk elyk gS vkSj ns'k dh HkykbZ
osQ fy, cM+k ”k:jh gSA ,slk dgus dk
edln ;g trkuk gksrk gS fd elyk cM+k
egÙoiw.kZ vFkok xqIr gS vkSj bl dkj.k ml
ij [kqyh ppkZ ugha gks ldrhA ge ,slh
fiQYesa ns[krs gSa ftlesa ^jk"Vªh; lqj{kk* ls tqM+k
lc oqQN cM+k <¡dk&Nqik vkSj [krjukd gksrk
gSA ,slk tku iM+rk gS fd ekuksa lqj{kk lkr
rkyksa osQ Hkhrj dh pht gks vkSj ftlls vke
ukxfjd dk oqQN ysuk&nsuk u gksA ysfdu
yksdra=k esa dksbZ Hkh ckr bruh <¡dh&Nqih
ugha j[kh tk ldrhA lqj{kk osQ ckjs esa gesa
vkSj ”;knk tkuus dh ”k:jr gSA lqj{kk D;k
gS] Hkkjr osQ lqj{kk ljksdkj D;k&D;k gSa\ ;g
vè;k; bu lokyksa ij cgl djrk gSA blesa
lqj{kk dks le>us osQ nks u”kfj;ksa dh ppkZ dh
xbZ gSA vè;k; esa bl ckr ij tksj fn;k x;k
gS fd fofHkUu lanHkZ vkSj fLFkfr;ksa dks è;ku
esa j[kuk ”k:jh gS D;ksafd blh ls lqj{kk osQ
ckjs esa gekjk u”kfj;k curk gSA
vè;k; 7
ledkyhu fo'o esa lqj{kk ledkyhu fo'o esa lqj{kk
ledkyhu fo'o esa lqj{kk ledkyhu fo'o esa lqj{kk ledkyhu fo'o esa lqj{kk
;s fp=k lqj{kk osQ nks fHkUu igyqvksa dks n'kkZrs gSaA oqQN fp=k XossVkekyk esa py
jgs x`g&;q¼ osQ gSaA vki ns[k ldrs gSa fd ekrk,¡ ;q¼ esa [kks, vius cPpksa
dk bartkj dj jgh gSa vkSj ;q¼ esa 'kghn gq, yksxksa dks ;kn fd;k tk jgk
gSA oqQN fp=k ckaXyksn'k osQ gSaA buesa ck<+ tSlh çkÑfrd vkink ls iSnk gqbZ
vlqj{kk dks fn[kk;k x;k gSA
ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr 100
lqj{kk D;k gS\
lqj{kk dk cqfu;knh vFkZ gS [krjs ls vk”kknhA
ekuo dk vfLrRo vkSj fdlh ns'k dk thou
[krjksa ls Hkjk gksrk gSA rc D;k bldk eryc
;g gS fd gj rjg osQ [+krjs dks lqj{kk ij
[krjk ekuk tk;\ vkneh tc Hkh vius ?kj
ls ckgj dne fudkyrk gS rks mlosQ vfLrRo
vFkok thou&;kiu osQ rjhdksa dks fdlh u
fdlh vFkZ esa [krjk ”k:j gksrk gSA ;fn geus
[krjs dk bruk O;kid vFkZ fy;k rks fiQj
gekjh nqfu;k esa gj ?kM+h vkSj gj txg lqj{kk
osQ gh loky u”kj vk;saxsA
blh dkj.k tks yksx lqj{kk fo"k;d vè;;u
djrs gSa mudk dguk gS fd osQoy mu phtksa
dks ^lqj{kk* ls tqM+h phtksa dk fo"k; cuk;k
tk; ftuls thou osQ ^osaQæh; ewY;ksa* dks
[krjk gksA rks fiQj loky curk gS fd fdlosQ
esjh lqj{kk osQ ckjs esa
fdlus iQSlyk fd;k\
oqQN usrkvksa vkSj
fo'ks"kKksa us\ D;k eSa
viuh lqj{kk dk iQSlyk
ugha dj ldrh\
vkius ^'kkafr&lsuk* osQ ckjs esa lquk gksxkA D;k vkidks yxrk gS fd
^'kkafr&lsuk* dk gksuk Lo;a esa ,d fojks/kHkklh ckr gS\
osaQæh; ewY;\ D;k iwjs ns'k osQ ^osaQæh; ewY;*\
vke L=kh&iq#"kksa osQ osaQæh; ewY; \ D;k
ukxfjdksa dh uqekbanxh djus okyh ljdkj
ges'kk ^osaQæh; ewY;ksa* dk ogh vFkZ xzg.k
djrh gS tks dksbZ lk/kj.k ukxfjd\
blosQ vfrfjDr tc ge osaQæh; ewY;ksa
ij eaMjkrs [+krjksa dh ckr dgrs gSa rks ;g
loky Hkh mBrk gS fd ;s [+krjs fdrus
xgjs gksus pkfg,\ tks ewY; gesa I;kjs gSa
dekscs'k mu lHkh dks cM+s ;k NksVs [+krjs
gksrs gSaA D;k gj [+krjs dks lqj{kk dh
le> esa 'kkfey fd;k tk ldrk gS\
tc Hkh dksbZ jk"Vª oqQN djrk gS vFkok
oqQN djus esa vliQy gksrk gS rks laHko
gS blls fdlh vU; ns'k osQ osaQæh; ewY;ksa
dks gkfu igq¡prh gksA tc Hkh jkgxhj
viuh jkg esa ywVk tkrk gS rks vke
vkneh osQ jkstejkZ osQ thou dks {kfr
igq¡prh gSA fiQj Hkh] vxj ge lqj{kk dk
bruk O;kid vFkZ djsa rks gkFk&ikao
fgykuk Hkh eqf'dy gks tk,xk_ gj txg
gesa [+krjs u”kj vk,¡xsA
bl rjg ns[ksa rks ge bu ckrksa ls
,d fu"d"kZ fudky ldrs gSaA lqj{kk dk
fj'rk fiQj cM+s xaHkhj [krjksa ls gS_ ,sls
[krjs ftudks jksdus osQ mik; u fd,
x, rks gekjs osaQæh; ewY;ksa dks viwj.kh;
{kfr igq¡psxhA
;s ckrsa rks Bhd gSa] fiQj Hkh gesa ;g
Lohdkj djuk pkfg, fd ^lqj{kk* vius
vki esa HkqyS;knkj /kj.kk gSA felky osQ
fy, ge ;g iwN ldrs gSa fd D;k
lfn;ksa vFkok n'kdksa  ls fofHkUu lektksa
esa lqj{kk dh ,dleku /kj.kk pyh vk
jgh gS\ ,slk gks rks vk'p;Ztud gS
D;ksafd lalkj esa fdruh gh ckrsa jkst
,jsl] osQxYl dkVZwu
ledkyhu fo'o esa lqj{kk 101
;q¼ dk eryc gS
vlqj{kk] foèoal vkSj
e`R;q! ;q¼ fdlh dks
D;k lqj{kk ns ik,xk\
;q¼ dh vFkZO;oLFkk
cnyrh jgrh gSaA fiQj ge ;g loky Hkh
dj ldrs gSa fd D;k fdlh [+kkl le;
esa fo'o osQ lHkh lektksa esa lqj{kk dh
,d tSlh /kj.kk jgrh gS\ ;g ckr Hkh
gte ugha gksrh vkSj vk'p;Ztud yxrh
gS fd djhc 200 eqYdksa osQ 7 vjc yksx
lqj{kk dh ,d tSlh /kj.kk j[krs gksa\ ,sls
esa vkidks ;g tkudkj dksbZ /Ddk ugha
yxsxk fd lqj{kk ,d fooknxzLr /kj.kk
gSA vkb,] lqj{kk dh fofHk /kj.kkvksa dks
nks dksfV;ksa esa j[kdj le>us dh dksf'k'k
djrs gSa ;kuh lqj{kk dh ikjaifjd vkSj
vikjaifjd /kj.kkA
ikjaifjd /kj.kk µ ckgjh lqj{kk
vf/dka'kr;k tc ge lqj{kk osQ ckjs esa
oqQN i<+ ;k lqu jgs gksrs gSa rks gekjk
lkeuk lqj{kk dh ikjaifjd vFkkZr~ jk"Vªh;
lqj{kk dh /kj.kk ls gksrk gSA lqj{kk dh
ikjaifjd vo/kj.kk esa lSU; [+krjs dks
fdlh ns'k osQ fy, lcls ”;knk [+krjukd
ekuk tkrk gSA bl [+krjs dk lzksr dksbZ
nwljk eqYd gksrk gS tks lSU; geys dh
/edh nsdj laçHkqrk] Lora=krk vkSj {ks=kh;
v[kaMrk tSls fdlh ns'k osQ osaQæh; ewY;ksa
osQ fy, [+krjk iSnk djrk gSA lSU; dkjZokbZ
ls vke ukxfjdksa osQ thou dks Hkh
[+krjk gksrk gSA 'kk;n gh dHkh ,slk
gksrk gks fd fdlh ;q¼ esa fliQZ lSfud
?kk;y gksa vFkok ekjs tk;saA vke
L=kh&iq#"k dks Hkh ;q¼ esa gkfu mBkuh
iM+rh gSA vDlj fugRFks vkSj vke
vkSjr&enZ dks tax dk fu'kkuk cuk;k
tkrk gS_ mudk vkSj mudh ljdkj dk
gkSlyk rksM+us dh dksf'k'k gksrh gSA
cqfu;knh rkSj ij fdlh ljdkj osQ ikl
;q¼ dh fLFkfr esa rhu fodYi gksrs gSa µ
vkReleiZ.k djuk rFkk nwljs i{k dh ckr
dks fcuk ;q¼ fd, eku ysuk vFkok ;q¼ ls
gksus okys uk'k dks bl gn rd c<+kus osQ
laosQr nsuk fd nwljk i{k lgedj geyk
djus ls ckt vk;s ;k ;q¼ Bu tk; rks
viuh j{kk djuk rkfd geykoj ns'k vius
edln esa dke;kc u gks losQ vkSj ihNs gV
tk, vFkok geykokj dks ijkftr dj nsukA
;q¼ esa dksbZ ljdkj Hkys gh vkReleiZ.k dj
ns ysfdu og bls vius ns'k dh uhfr osQ
:i esa dHkh çpkfjr ugha djuk pkgsxhA bl
dkj.k] lqj{kk&uhfr dk laca/ ;q¼ dh vk'kadk
dks jksdus esa gksrk gS ftls ^vijks/* dgk
tkrk gS vkSj ;q¼ dks lhfer j[kus vFkok
mldks lekIr djus ls gksrk gS ftls j{kk
dgk tkrk gSA
ijaijkxr lqj{kk&uhfr dk ,d rÙo vkSj
gSA bls 'kfDr&larqyu dgrs gSaA dksbZ ns'k
,jsl] osQxYl dkVZwu
ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr 102
tc dksbZ u;k ns'k ijek.kq 'kfDr&laiUu gksus dh nkosnkjh djrk gS rks cM+h rkdrsa
D;k joS;k vf[r;kj djrh gSa\ gekjs ikl ;g dgus osQ D;k vk/kj gSa fd
ijekf.od gfFk;kjksa ls ySl oqQN ns'kksa ij rks fo'okl fd;k tk ldrk gS ijarq  oqQN
ij ugha\
vius vM+ksl&iM+ksl esa ns[kus ij ikrk gS fd
oqQN eqYd NksVs gSa rks oqQN cM+sA blls b'kkjk
fey tkrk gS fd Hkfo"; esa fdl ns'k ls mls
[krjk gks ldrk gSA felky osQ fy, dksbZ
iM+kslh ns'k laHko gS ;g u dgs fd og
geys dh rS;kjh esa tqVk gSA geys dk dksbZ
çdV dkj.k Hkh ugha tku iM+rk gksA fiQj Hkh
;g ns[kdj fd dksbZ ns'k cgqr rkdroj gS
;g Hkkaik tk ldrk gS fd Hkfo"; esa og
geykoj gks ldrk gSA bl otg ls gj
ljdkj nwljs ns'k ls vius 'kfDr&larqyu dks
ysdj cgqr laosnu'khy jgrh gSA dksbZ ljdkj
nwljs ns'kksa ls 'kfDr&larqyu dk iyM+k vius
i{k esa cSBkus osQ fy, th&rksM+ dksf'k'k
djrh gSA tks ns'k utnhd gksa] ftuosQ lkFk
vucu gks ;k ftu ns'kksa osQ lkFk vrhr esa
yM+kbZ gks pqdh gks muosQ lkFk 'kfDr&larqyu
dks vius i{k esa djus ij [+kkl rkSj ij tksj
fn;k tkrk gSA 'kfDr&larqyu cuk;s j[kus dh
;g dok;n ”;knkrj viuh lSU;&'kfDr
c<+kus dh gksrh gS ysfdu vkfFkZd vkSj
çkS|ksfxdh dh rkdr Hkh egÙoiw.kZ gS D;ksafd
lSU;&'kfDr dk ;gh vk/kj gSA
ikjaifjd lqj{kk&uhfr dk pkSFkk rÙo gS
xBca/u cukukA xBca/u esa dbZ ns'k 'kkfey
gksrs gSa vkSj lSU; geys dks jksdus vFkok
mlls j{kk djus osQ fy, leosr dne mBkrs
gSaA vf/dka'k xBca/uksa dks fyf[kr laf/ ls
,d vkSipkfjd :i feyrk gS vkSj ,sls
xBca/uksa dks ;g ckr fcyoqQy Li"V jgrh
gS fd [krjk fdlls gSA fdlh ns'k vFkok
xBca/u dh rqyuk esa viuh rkdr dk vlj
c<+kus osQ fy, ns'k xBca/u cukrs gSaA xBcaèku
jk"Vªh; fgrksa ij vk/kfjr gksrs gSa vkSj jk"Vªh;
fgrksa osQ cnyus ij xBca/u Hkh cny tkrs
gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] la;qDr jkT; vejhdk
us  lu~ 1980 osQ n'kd esa lksfo;r la?k osQ
f[kykiQ bLykeh mxzokfn;ksa dks leFkZu fn;k
ysfdu vkslkek fcu yknsu osQ usr`Ro esa
vy&dk;nk uked lewg osQ vkradokfn;ksa
us tc 11 flracj 2001 osQ fnu ml ij
geyk fd;k rks mlus bLykeh mxzokfn;ksa osQ
f[kykiQ ekspkZ [kksy fn;kA
lqj{kk dh ijaijkxr /kj.kk esa ekuk
tkrk gS fd fdlh ns'k dh lqj{kk dks
”;knkrj [+krjk mldh lhek osQ ckgj ls
gksrk gSA bldh o”kg gS varjkZ"Vªh; O;oLFkkA
bl fueZe eSnku esa ,slh dksbZ osaQæh; rkdr
ugha tks ns'kksa osQ O;ogkj&cjrko ij vaoqQ'k
j[kus esa l{ke gksA fdlh ns'k osQ Hkhrj
fgalk osQ [+krjksa ls fuiVus osQ fy, ,d
tkuh&igpkuh O;oLFkk gksrh gS µ bls
ljdkj dgrs gSaA ysfdu] fo'o&jktuhfr esa
,slh dksbZ osaQæh; lÙkk ugha tks lcosQ Åij
gksA ;g lkspus dk ykyp gks ldrk gS fd
fxzLVks dksej] osQxYl dkVZwu
ijek.kq
'kfDr&laiUu
fcjknjh
Page 5


ifjp;
fo'o&jktuhfr osQ ckjs esa i<+rs gq, vDlj
gekjk lkeuk ^lqj{kk* vFkok ^jk"Vªh; lqj{kk*
tSls 'kCn ls gksrk gSA ge lksprs gSa fd bu
'kCnksa osQ vFkZ gesa ekywe gSA ysfdu] D;k
lpeqp gesa bu 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ ekywe gSa\
cgl ;k ppkZ dks jksduk gks rks vDlj bl
tqeys dk bLrseky gksrk gSA dgk tkrk gS fd
;g lqj{kk dk elyk gS vkSj ns'k dh HkykbZ
osQ fy, cM+k ”k:jh gSA ,slk dgus dk
edln ;g trkuk gksrk gS fd elyk cM+k
egÙoiw.kZ vFkok xqIr gS vkSj bl dkj.k ml
ij [kqyh ppkZ ugha gks ldrhA ge ,slh
fiQYesa ns[krs gSa ftlesa ^jk"Vªh; lqj{kk* ls tqM+k
lc oqQN cM+k <¡dk&Nqik vkSj [krjukd gksrk
gSA ,slk tku iM+rk gS fd ekuksa lqj{kk lkr
rkyksa osQ Hkhrj dh pht gks vkSj ftlls vke
ukxfjd dk oqQN ysuk&nsuk u gksA ysfdu
yksdra=k esa dksbZ Hkh ckr bruh <¡dh&Nqih
ugha j[kh tk ldrhA lqj{kk osQ ckjs esa gesa
vkSj ”;knk tkuus dh ”k:jr gSA lqj{kk D;k
gS] Hkkjr osQ lqj{kk ljksdkj D;k&D;k gSa\ ;g
vè;k; bu lokyksa ij cgl djrk gSA blesa
lqj{kk dks le>us osQ nks u”kfj;ksa dh ppkZ dh
xbZ gSA vè;k; esa bl ckr ij tksj fn;k x;k
gS fd fofHkUu lanHkZ vkSj fLFkfr;ksa dks è;ku
esa j[kuk ”k:jh gS D;ksafd blh ls lqj{kk osQ
ckjs esa gekjk u”kfj;k curk gSA
vè;k; 7
ledkyhu fo'o esa lqj{kk ledkyhu fo'o esa lqj{kk
ledkyhu fo'o esa lqj{kk ledkyhu fo'o esa lqj{kk ledkyhu fo'o esa lqj{kk
;s fp=k lqj{kk osQ nks fHkUu igyqvksa dks n'kkZrs gSaA oqQN fp=k XossVkekyk esa py
jgs x`g&;q¼ osQ gSaA vki ns[k ldrs gSa fd ekrk,¡ ;q¼ esa [kks, vius cPpksa
dk bartkj dj jgh gSa vkSj ;q¼ esa 'kghn gq, yksxksa dks ;kn fd;k tk jgk
gSA oqQN fp=k ckaXyksn'k osQ gSaA buesa ck<+ tSlh çkÑfrd vkink ls iSnk gqbZ
vlqj{kk dks fn[kk;k x;k gSA
ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr 100
lqj{kk D;k gS\
lqj{kk dk cqfu;knh vFkZ gS [krjs ls vk”kknhA
ekuo dk vfLrRo vkSj fdlh ns'k dk thou
[krjksa ls Hkjk gksrk gSA rc D;k bldk eryc
;g gS fd gj rjg osQ [+krjs dks lqj{kk ij
[krjk ekuk tk;\ vkneh tc Hkh vius ?kj
ls ckgj dne fudkyrk gS rks mlosQ vfLrRo
vFkok thou&;kiu osQ rjhdksa dks fdlh u
fdlh vFkZ esa [krjk ”k:j gksrk gSA ;fn geus
[krjs dk bruk O;kid vFkZ fy;k rks fiQj
gekjh nqfu;k esa gj ?kM+h vkSj gj txg lqj{kk
osQ gh loky u”kj vk;saxsA
blh dkj.k tks yksx lqj{kk fo"k;d vè;;u
djrs gSa mudk dguk gS fd osQoy mu phtksa
dks ^lqj{kk* ls tqM+h phtksa dk fo"k; cuk;k
tk; ftuls thou osQ ^osaQæh; ewY;ksa* dks
[krjk gksA rks fiQj loky curk gS fd fdlosQ
esjh lqj{kk osQ ckjs esa
fdlus iQSlyk fd;k\
oqQN usrkvksa vkSj
fo'ks"kKksa us\ D;k eSa
viuh lqj{kk dk iQSlyk
ugha dj ldrh\
vkius ^'kkafr&lsuk* osQ ckjs esa lquk gksxkA D;k vkidks yxrk gS fd
^'kkafr&lsuk* dk gksuk Lo;a esa ,d fojks/kHkklh ckr gS\
osaQæh; ewY;\ D;k iwjs ns'k osQ ^osaQæh; ewY;*\
vke L=kh&iq#"kksa osQ osaQæh; ewY; \ D;k
ukxfjdksa dh uqekbanxh djus okyh ljdkj
ges'kk ^osaQæh; ewY;ksa* dk ogh vFkZ xzg.k
djrh gS tks dksbZ lk/kj.k ukxfjd\
blosQ vfrfjDr tc ge osaQæh; ewY;ksa
ij eaMjkrs [+krjksa dh ckr dgrs gSa rks ;g
loky Hkh mBrk gS fd ;s [+krjs fdrus
xgjs gksus pkfg,\ tks ewY; gesa I;kjs gSa
dekscs'k mu lHkh dks cM+s ;k NksVs [+krjs
gksrs gSaA D;k gj [+krjs dks lqj{kk dh
le> esa 'kkfey fd;k tk ldrk gS\
tc Hkh dksbZ jk"Vª oqQN djrk gS vFkok
oqQN djus esa vliQy gksrk gS rks laHko
gS blls fdlh vU; ns'k osQ osaQæh; ewY;ksa
dks gkfu igq¡prh gksA tc Hkh jkgxhj
viuh jkg esa ywVk tkrk gS rks vke
vkneh osQ jkstejkZ osQ thou dks {kfr
igq¡prh gSA fiQj Hkh] vxj ge lqj{kk dk
bruk O;kid vFkZ djsa rks gkFk&ikao
fgykuk Hkh eqf'dy gks tk,xk_ gj txg
gesa [+krjs u”kj vk,¡xsA
bl rjg ns[ksa rks ge bu ckrksa ls
,d fu"d"kZ fudky ldrs gSaA lqj{kk dk
fj'rk fiQj cM+s xaHkhj [krjksa ls gS_ ,sls
[krjs ftudks jksdus osQ mik; u fd,
x, rks gekjs osaQæh; ewY;ksa dks viwj.kh;
{kfr igq¡psxhA
;s ckrsa rks Bhd gSa] fiQj Hkh gesa ;g
Lohdkj djuk pkfg, fd ^lqj{kk* vius
vki esa HkqyS;knkj /kj.kk gSA felky osQ
fy, ge ;g iwN ldrs gSa fd D;k
lfn;ksa vFkok n'kdksa  ls fofHkUu lektksa
esa lqj{kk dh ,dleku /kj.kk pyh vk
jgh gS\ ,slk gks rks vk'p;Ztud gS
D;ksafd lalkj esa fdruh gh ckrsa jkst
,jsl] osQxYl dkVZwu
ledkyhu fo'o esa lqj{kk 101
;q¼ dk eryc gS
vlqj{kk] foèoal vkSj
e`R;q! ;q¼ fdlh dks
D;k lqj{kk ns ik,xk\
;q¼ dh vFkZO;oLFkk
cnyrh jgrh gSaA fiQj ge ;g loky Hkh
dj ldrs gSa fd D;k fdlh [+kkl le;
esa fo'o osQ lHkh lektksa esa lqj{kk dh
,d tSlh /kj.kk jgrh gS\ ;g ckr Hkh
gte ugha gksrh vkSj vk'p;Ztud yxrh
gS fd djhc 200 eqYdksa osQ 7 vjc yksx
lqj{kk dh ,d tSlh /kj.kk j[krs gksa\ ,sls
esa vkidks ;g tkudkj dksbZ /Ddk ugha
yxsxk fd lqj{kk ,d fooknxzLr /kj.kk
gSA vkb,] lqj{kk dh fofHk /kj.kkvksa dks
nks dksfV;ksa esa j[kdj le>us dh dksf'k'k
djrs gSa ;kuh lqj{kk dh ikjaifjd vkSj
vikjaifjd /kj.kkA
ikjaifjd /kj.kk µ ckgjh lqj{kk
vf/dka'kr;k tc ge lqj{kk osQ ckjs esa
oqQN i<+ ;k lqu jgs gksrs gSa rks gekjk
lkeuk lqj{kk dh ikjaifjd vFkkZr~ jk"Vªh;
lqj{kk dh /kj.kk ls gksrk gSA lqj{kk dh
ikjaifjd vo/kj.kk esa lSU; [+krjs dks
fdlh ns'k osQ fy, lcls ”;knk [+krjukd
ekuk tkrk gSA bl [+krjs dk lzksr dksbZ
nwljk eqYd gksrk gS tks lSU; geys dh
/edh nsdj laçHkqrk] Lora=krk vkSj {ks=kh;
v[kaMrk tSls fdlh ns'k osQ osaQæh; ewY;ksa
osQ fy, [+krjk iSnk djrk gSA lSU; dkjZokbZ
ls vke ukxfjdksa osQ thou dks Hkh
[+krjk gksrk gSA 'kk;n gh dHkh ,slk
gksrk gks fd fdlh ;q¼ esa fliQZ lSfud
?kk;y gksa vFkok ekjs tk;saA vke
L=kh&iq#"k dks Hkh ;q¼ esa gkfu mBkuh
iM+rh gSA vDlj fugRFks vkSj vke
vkSjr&enZ dks tax dk fu'kkuk cuk;k
tkrk gS_ mudk vkSj mudh ljdkj dk
gkSlyk rksM+us dh dksf'k'k gksrh gSA
cqfu;knh rkSj ij fdlh ljdkj osQ ikl
;q¼ dh fLFkfr esa rhu fodYi gksrs gSa µ
vkReleiZ.k djuk rFkk nwljs i{k dh ckr
dks fcuk ;q¼ fd, eku ysuk vFkok ;q¼ ls
gksus okys uk'k dks bl gn rd c<+kus osQ
laosQr nsuk fd nwljk i{k lgedj geyk
djus ls ckt vk;s ;k ;q¼ Bu tk; rks
viuh j{kk djuk rkfd geykoj ns'k vius
edln esa dke;kc u gks losQ vkSj ihNs gV
tk, vFkok geykokj dks ijkftr dj nsukA
;q¼ esa dksbZ ljdkj Hkys gh vkReleiZ.k dj
ns ysfdu og bls vius ns'k dh uhfr osQ
:i esa dHkh çpkfjr ugha djuk pkgsxhA bl
dkj.k] lqj{kk&uhfr dk laca/ ;q¼ dh vk'kadk
dks jksdus esa gksrk gS ftls ^vijks/* dgk
tkrk gS vkSj ;q¼ dks lhfer j[kus vFkok
mldks lekIr djus ls gksrk gS ftls j{kk
dgk tkrk gSA
ijaijkxr lqj{kk&uhfr dk ,d rÙo vkSj
gSA bls 'kfDr&larqyu dgrs gSaA dksbZ ns'k
,jsl] osQxYl dkVZwu
ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr 102
tc dksbZ u;k ns'k ijek.kq 'kfDr&laiUu gksus dh nkosnkjh djrk gS rks cM+h rkdrsa
D;k joS;k vf[r;kj djrh gSa\ gekjs ikl ;g dgus osQ D;k vk/kj gSa fd
ijekf.od gfFk;kjksa ls ySl oqQN ns'kksa ij rks fo'okl fd;k tk ldrk gS ijarq  oqQN
ij ugha\
vius vM+ksl&iM+ksl esa ns[kus ij ikrk gS fd
oqQN eqYd NksVs gSa rks oqQN cM+sA blls b'kkjk
fey tkrk gS fd Hkfo"; esa fdl ns'k ls mls
[krjk gks ldrk gSA felky osQ fy, dksbZ
iM+kslh ns'k laHko gS ;g u dgs fd og
geys dh rS;kjh esa tqVk gSA geys dk dksbZ
çdV dkj.k Hkh ugha tku iM+rk gksA fiQj Hkh
;g ns[kdj fd dksbZ ns'k cgqr rkdroj gS
;g Hkkaik tk ldrk gS fd Hkfo"; esa og
geykoj gks ldrk gSA bl otg ls gj
ljdkj nwljs ns'k ls vius 'kfDr&larqyu dks
ysdj cgqr laosnu'khy jgrh gSA dksbZ ljdkj
nwljs ns'kksa ls 'kfDr&larqyu dk iyM+k vius
i{k esa cSBkus osQ fy, th&rksM+ dksf'k'k
djrh gSA tks ns'k utnhd gksa] ftuosQ lkFk
vucu gks ;k ftu ns'kksa osQ lkFk vrhr esa
yM+kbZ gks pqdh gks muosQ lkFk 'kfDr&larqyu
dks vius i{k esa djus ij [+kkl rkSj ij tksj
fn;k tkrk gSA 'kfDr&larqyu cuk;s j[kus dh
;g dok;n ”;knkrj viuh lSU;&'kfDr
c<+kus dh gksrh gS ysfdu vkfFkZd vkSj
çkS|ksfxdh dh rkdr Hkh egÙoiw.kZ gS D;ksafd
lSU;&'kfDr dk ;gh vk/kj gSA
ikjaifjd lqj{kk&uhfr dk pkSFkk rÙo gS
xBca/u cukukA xBca/u esa dbZ ns'k 'kkfey
gksrs gSa vkSj lSU; geys dks jksdus vFkok
mlls j{kk djus osQ fy, leosr dne mBkrs
gSaA vf/dka'k xBca/uksa dks fyf[kr laf/ ls
,d vkSipkfjd :i feyrk gS vkSj ,sls
xBca/uksa dks ;g ckr fcyoqQy Li"V jgrh
gS fd [krjk fdlls gSA fdlh ns'k vFkok
xBca/u dh rqyuk esa viuh rkdr dk vlj
c<+kus osQ fy, ns'k xBca/u cukrs gSaA xBcaèku
jk"Vªh; fgrksa ij vk/kfjr gksrs gSa vkSj jk"Vªh;
fgrksa osQ cnyus ij xBca/u Hkh cny tkrs
gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] la;qDr jkT; vejhdk
us  lu~ 1980 osQ n'kd esa lksfo;r la?k osQ
f[kykiQ bLykeh mxzokfn;ksa dks leFkZu fn;k
ysfdu vkslkek fcu yknsu osQ usr`Ro esa
vy&dk;nk uked lewg osQ vkradokfn;ksa
us tc 11 flracj 2001 osQ fnu ml ij
geyk fd;k rks mlus bLykeh mxzokfn;ksa osQ
f[kykiQ ekspkZ [kksy fn;kA
lqj{kk dh ijaijkxr /kj.kk esa ekuk
tkrk gS fd fdlh ns'k dh lqj{kk dks
”;knkrj [+krjk mldh lhek osQ ckgj ls
gksrk gSA bldh o”kg gS varjkZ"Vªh; O;oLFkkA
bl fueZe eSnku esa ,slh dksbZ osaQæh; rkdr
ugha tks ns'kksa osQ O;ogkj&cjrko ij vaoqQ'k
j[kus esa l{ke gksA fdlh ns'k osQ Hkhrj
fgalk osQ [+krjksa ls fuiVus osQ fy, ,d
tkuh&igpkuh O;oLFkk gksrh gS µ bls
ljdkj dgrs gSaA ysfdu] fo'o&jktuhfr esa
,slh dksbZ osaQæh; lÙkk ugha tks lcosQ Åij
gksA ;g lkspus dk ykyp gks ldrk gS fd
fxzLVks dksej] osQxYl dkVZwu
ijek.kq
'kfDr&laiUu
fcjknjh
ledkyhu fo'o esa lqj{kk 103
,d gÝrs osQ v[kckj
ij u”kj nkSM+k,¡ vkSj
iwjs fo'o esa py jgs
van:uh rFkk ckgjh
la?k"kks± dh lwph
cuk,¡A
la;qDr jk"Vªla?k ,slh lÙkk gS vFkok ,slk
cu ldrk gSA cgjgky] fiQygky viuh
cukoV osQ vuq:i la;qDr jk"Vªla?k vius
lnL; ns'kksa dk nkl gS vkSj blosQ  lnL;
ns'k ftruh lÙkk bldks lkSairs vkSj Lohdkjrs
gSa mruh gh lÙkk bls gkfly gksrh gSA vr%
fo'o&jktuhfr esa gj ns'k dks viuh lqj{kk
dh ftEesnkjh [kqn mBkuh gksrh gSA
ikjaifjd /kj.kk& vkarfjd lqj{kk
bruh ckrksa dks i<+us osQ ckn vkiosQ
tsgu esa ;g loky ”k:j dkSa/k gksxk
fd D;k lqj{kk vkarfjd 'kkafr vkSj
dkuwu&O;oLFkk ij fuHkZj ugha djrh\
vxj fdlh ns'k osQ Hkhrj jDrikr gks
jgk gks vFkok gksus dh vk'kadk gks rks
og ns'k lqjf{kr dSls gks ldrk gS\ ;g
ckgj osQ geyksa ls fuiVus dh rS;kjh
dSls djsxk tcfd [kqn viuh lhek osQ
Hkhrj lqjf{kr ugha gS\
blh dkj.k lqj{kk dh ijaijkxr /kj.kk
dk ”k:jh fj'rk van:uh lqj{kk ls Hkh gSA
nwljs fo'o;q¼ osQ ckn ls bl igyw ij
”;knk tksj ugha fn;k x;k rks bldk dkj.k
;gh Fkk fd nqfu;k osQ vf/dka'k rkdroj
ns'k viuh van:uh lqj{kk osQ çfr dekscs'k
vk'oLr FksA geus igys dgk Fkk fd lanHkZ
vkSj fLFkfr dks u”kj esa j[kuk ”k:jh gSA
vkarfjd lqj{kk ,sfrgkfld :i ls ljdkjksa
dk ljksdkj cuh pyh vk jgh Fkh ysfdu
nwljs fo'o;q¼ osQ ckn ,sls gkykr vkSj
lanHkZ lkeus vk;s fd vkarfjd lqj{kk igys
dh rqyuk esa dgha de egÙo dh pht cu
xbZA lu~ 1945 osQ ckn ,slk tku iM+k fd
la;qDr jkT; vejhdk vkSj lksfo;r la?k
viuh lhek osQ vanj ,dhÑr vkSj 'kkafr
laiUu gSaA vf/dka'k ;wjksih; ns'kksa] [kkldj
rkdroj if'peh eqYdksa osQ lkeus viuh
lhek osQ Hkhrj cls leqnk;ksa vFkok oxksZa ls
dksbZ xaHkhj [krjk ugha FkkA bl dkj.k bu
ns'kksa us viuk è;ku lhekikj osQ [krjksa ij
osaQzfær fd;kA
bu ns'kksa osQ lkeus ckgjh [krjs D;k Fks\
;gk¡ ij fiQj gesa lanHkZ vkSj fLFkfr ij è;ku
nsuk gksxkA ge bl ckr dks tkurs gSa fd nwljs
fo'o;q¼ osQ ckn 'khr;q¼ dk nkSj pyk vkSj
bl nkSj esa la;qDr jk"Vª vejhdk osQ usr`Ro
okyk if'peh xqV rFkk lksfo;r la?k dh
vxqvkbZ okyk lkE;oknh xqV ,d&nwljs osQ
vkeus&lkeus FksA lcls cM+h ckr ;g fd
nksuksa xqVksa dks vius Åij ,d&nwljs ls lSU;
geys dk Hk; FkkA blosQ vfrfjDr] oqQN
;wjksih; ns'kksa dks vius mifuos'kksa esa
mifuos'khÑr turk ls [kwu&[kjkcs dh fpark
lrk jgh FkhA vc ;s yksx vk”kknh pkgrs FksA
bl flyflys esa ge ;kn djsa fd 1950 osQ
n'kd esa çQkal dks for;uke vFkok lu~
1950 vkSj 1960 osQ n'kd esa fczVsu dks
osQU;k esa tw>uk iM+kA
mifuos'kksa us 1940 osQ n'kd osQ mÙkjk¼Z
ls vktkn gksuk 'kq: fd;k vkSj muosQ
lqj{kk&ljksdkj vDlj ;wjksih; rkdrksa  osQ
leku gh FksA oqQN uo Lora=k ns'k ;wjksih;
rkdrksa osQ leku 'khr;q¼dkyhu xqVksa esa ,d
u ,d osQ lnL; cu x,A ,sls esa bu ns'kksa
dks tksj idM+rs 'khr;q¼ dh fpark djuh Fkh
vkSj nwljs [kses esa tkus okys vius iM+kslh ns'k
vFkok nwljs xqV osQ usrk (la;qDr jkT; vejhdk
vFkok lksfo;r la?k) ls nq'euh Bkuuh Fkh
;k vejhdk vFkok lksfo;r la?k osQ fdlh
lkFkh ns'k  ls oSj eksyuk FkkA nwljs fo'o;q¼
osQ ckn ftrus ;q¼ gq, mlesa ,d frgkbZ