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Page 1 ISSUES TO ADDRESS... • When we combine two elements... what is the resulting equilibrium state? • In particular, if we specify... -- the composition (e.g., wt% Cu - wt% Ni), and -- the temperature (T) then... How many phases form? What is the composition of each phase? What is the amount of each phase? Chapter 9: Phase Diagrams Phase B Phase A Nickel atom Copper atom Page 2 ISSUES TO ADDRESS... • When we combine two elements... what is the resulting equilibrium state? • In particular, if we specify... -- the composition (e.g., wt% Cu - wt% Ni), and -- the temperature (T) then... How many phases form? What is the composition of each phase? What is the amount of each phase? Chapter 9: Phase Diagrams Phase B Phase A Nickel atom Copper atom Phase Equilibria: Solubility Limit Question: What is the solubility limit for sugar in water at 20ºC? Answer: 65 wt% sugar. At 20ºC, if C < 65 wt% sugar: syrup At 20ºC, if C > 65 wt% sugar: syrup + sugar 65 • Solubility Limit: Maximum concentration for which only a single phase solution exists. Sugar/Water Phase Diagram Sugar Temperature (ºC) 0 20 40 60 80 100 C = Composition (wt% sugar) L (liquid solution i.e., syrup) Solubility Limit L (liquid) + S (solid sugar) 20 40 60 80 100 Water Adapted from Fig. 9.1, Callister & Rethwisch 8e. • Solution – solid, liquid, or gas solutions, single phase • Mixture – more than one phase Page 3 ISSUES TO ADDRESS... • When we combine two elements... what is the resulting equilibrium state? • In particular, if we specify... -- the composition (e.g., wt% Cu - wt% Ni), and -- the temperature (T) then... How many phases form? What is the composition of each phase? What is the amount of each phase? Chapter 9: Phase Diagrams Phase B Phase A Nickel atom Copper atom Phase Equilibria: Solubility Limit Question: What is the solubility limit for sugar in water at 20ºC? Answer: 65 wt% sugar. At 20ºC, if C < 65 wt% sugar: syrup At 20ºC, if C > 65 wt% sugar: syrup + sugar 65 • Solubility Limit: Maximum concentration for which only a single phase solution exists. Sugar/Water Phase Diagram Sugar Temperature (ºC) 0 20 40 60 80 100 C = Composition (wt% sugar) L (liquid solution i.e., syrup) Solubility Limit L (liquid) + S (solid sugar) 20 40 60 80 100 Water Adapted from Fig. 9.1, Callister & Rethwisch 8e. • Solution – solid, liquid, or gas solutions, single phase • Mixture – more than one phase • Components: The elements or compounds which are present in the alloy (e.g., Al and Cu) • Phases: The physically and chemically distinct material regions that form (e.g., a and b). Aluminum- Copper Alloy Components and Phases a (darker phase) b (lighter phase) Adapted from chapter- opening photograph, Chapter 9, Callister, Materials Science & Engineering: An Introduction, 3e. Page 4 ISSUES TO ADDRESS... • When we combine two elements... what is the resulting equilibrium state? • In particular, if we specify... -- the composition (e.g., wt% Cu - wt% Ni), and -- the temperature (T) then... How many phases form? What is the composition of each phase? What is the amount of each phase? Chapter 9: Phase Diagrams Phase B Phase A Nickel atom Copper atom Phase Equilibria: Solubility Limit Question: What is the solubility limit for sugar in water at 20ºC? Answer: 65 wt% sugar. At 20ºC, if C < 65 wt% sugar: syrup At 20ºC, if C > 65 wt% sugar: syrup + sugar 65 • Solubility Limit: Maximum concentration for which only a single phase solution exists. Sugar/Water Phase Diagram Sugar Temperature (ºC) 0 20 40 60 80 100 C = Composition (wt% sugar) L (liquid solution i.e., syrup) Solubility Limit L (liquid) + S (solid sugar) 20 40 60 80 100 Water Adapted from Fig. 9.1, Callister & Rethwisch 8e. • Solution – solid, liquid, or gas solutions, single phase • Mixture – more than one phase • Components: The elements or compounds which are present in the alloy (e.g., Al and Cu) • Phases: The physically and chemically distinct material regions that form (e.g., a and b). Aluminum- Copper Alloy Components and Phases a (darker phase) b (lighter phase) Adapted from chapter- opening photograph, Chapter 9, Callister, Materials Science & Engineering: An Introduction, 3e. 70 80 100 60 40 20 0 Temperature (ºC) C = Composition (wt% sugar) L (liquid solution i.e., syrup) 20 100 40 60 80 0 L (liquid) + S (solid sugar) Effect of Temperature & Composition • Altering T can change # of phases: path A to B. • Altering C can change # of phases: path B to D. water- sugar system Adapted from Fig. 9.1, Callister & Rethwisch 8e. D (100ºC,C = 90) 2 phases B (100ºC,C = 70) 1 phase A (20ºC,C = 70) 2 phases Page 5 ISSUES TO ADDRESS... • When we combine two elements... what is the resulting equilibrium state? • In particular, if we specify... -- the composition (e.g., wt% Cu - wt% Ni), and -- the temperature (T) then... How many phases form? What is the composition of each phase? What is the amount of each phase? Chapter 9: Phase Diagrams Phase B Phase A Nickel atom Copper atom Phase Equilibria: Solubility Limit Question: What is the solubility limit for sugar in water at 20ºC? Answer: 65 wt% sugar. At 20ºC, if C < 65 wt% sugar: syrup At 20ºC, if C > 65 wt% sugar: syrup + sugar 65 • Solubility Limit: Maximum concentration for which only a single phase solution exists. Sugar/Water Phase Diagram Sugar Temperature (ºC) 0 20 40 60 80 100 C = Composition (wt% sugar) L (liquid solution i.e., syrup) Solubility Limit L (liquid) + S (solid sugar) 20 40 60 80 100 Water Adapted from Fig. 9.1, Callister & Rethwisch 8e. • Solution – solid, liquid, or gas solutions, single phase • Mixture – more than one phase • Components: The elements or compounds which are present in the alloy (e.g., Al and Cu) • Phases: The physically and chemically distinct material regions that form (e.g., a and b). Aluminum- Copper Alloy Components and Phases a (darker phase) b (lighter phase) Adapted from chapter- opening photograph, Chapter 9, Callister, Materials Science & Engineering: An Introduction, 3e. 70 80 100 60 40 20 0 Temperature (ºC) C = Composition (wt% sugar) L (liquid solution i.e., syrup) 20 100 40 60 80 0 L (liquid) + S (solid sugar) Effect of Temperature & Composition • Altering T can change # of phases: path A to B. • Altering C can change # of phases: path B to D. water- sugar system Adapted from Fig. 9.1, Callister & Rethwisch 8e. D (100ºC,C = 90) 2 phases B (100ºC,C = 70) 1 phase A (20ºC,C = 70) 2 phases Criteria for Solid Solubility Crystal Structure electroneg r (nm) Ni FCC 1.9 0.1246 Cu FCC 1.8 0.1278 • Both have the same crystal structure (FCC) and have similar electronegativities and atomic radii (W. Hume – Rothery rules) suggesting high mutual solubility. Simple system (e.g., Ni-Cu solution) • Ni and Cu are totally soluble in one another for all proportions.Read More
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FAQs on PPT: Phase Diagrams - Engineering Materials - Mechanical Engineering
| 1. What is a phase diagram in mechanical engineering? |  |
A phase diagram in mechanical engineering is a graphical representation of the different phases or states of a substance under different conditions of temperature and pressure. It shows the boundaries between solid, liquid, and gas phases, as well as any phase transitions that occur. It is essential for understanding the behavior and properties of materials in various engineering applications.
| 2. How can phase diagrams be used in mechanical engineering design? | |
Phase diagrams are crucial in mechanical engineering design as they provide valuable information about the phase stability and transformation of materials. By analyzing phase diagrams, engineers can select materials with desired properties, predict the behavior of materials under different conditions, and design components or systems that can withstand specific temperature and pressure ranges. Phase diagrams also aid in the optimization of manufacturing processes and the identification of potential issues related to material compatibility.
| 3. What are the major components of a phase diagram? | |
The major components of a phase diagram are the axes, the phase boundary lines, and the phase regions. The axes represent temperature and pressure, while the phase boundary lines separate different phases or phase regions. The phase regions indicate the conditions under which a particular phase is stable. The phase diagram may also include other features such as triple points, critical points, and eutectic points, depending on the system being represented.
| 4. How do phase diagrams help in understanding material behavior? | |
Phase diagrams help in understanding material behavior by providing insights into phase transformations, such as melting, solidification, and vaporization. They show the temperature and pressure ranges at which these transformations occur and the corresponding changes in the material's properties. Engineers can use phase diagrams to determine the optimal processing conditions for materials and predict their response to different environments. Furthermore, phase diagrams help identify the existence of solid solutions, eutectics, and other important microstructural features in materials.
| 5. Can phase diagrams be used to study non-metallic materials in mechanical engineering? | |
Yes, phase diagrams can be used to study non-metallic materials in mechanical engineering. While phase diagrams are commonly associated with metallic systems, they are also applicable to non-metallic materials such as polymers, ceramics, and composites. These phase diagrams may have different features and phase transitions compared to metallic systems but still provide valuable information about the behavior and stability of non-metallic materials under varying conditions. Understanding phase diagrams of non-metallic materials is essential for designing and engineering components in various industries, including aerospace, automotive, and electronics.
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