Artificial Intelligence | Science & Technology for UPSC 2024 (Pre & Mains) PDF Download

 Page 1


Artificial Intelligence 
AI refers to the ability of machines to perform cognitive tasks like thinking, perceiving, learning, problem 
solving and decision making. Initially conceived as a technology that could mimic human intelligence, AI has 
evolved in ways that far exceed its original conception. With incredible advances made in data collection, 
processing and computation power, intelligent systems can now be deployed to take over a variety of tasks, 
enable connectivity and enhance productivity. 
AI is a constellation of technologies that enable machines to act with higher levels of intelligence and emulate 
the human capabilities of sense, comprehend and act. Thus, computer vision and audio processing can 
actively perceive the world around them by acquiring and processing images, sound and speech. 
Machine Learning 
Ability to learn without being explicitly programmed. Machine Learning involves the use of algorithms to 
parse data and learn from it, and making a determination or prediction as a result. Instead of hand coding 
www.YouTube.com/SleepyClasses 
www.SleepyClasses.com 
Page 2


Artificial Intelligence 
AI refers to the ability of machines to perform cognitive tasks like thinking, perceiving, learning, problem 
solving and decision making. Initially conceived as a technology that could mimic human intelligence, AI has 
evolved in ways that far exceed its original conception. With incredible advances made in data collection, 
processing and computation power, intelligent systems can now be deployed to take over a variety of tasks, 
enable connectivity and enhance productivity. 
AI is a constellation of technologies that enable machines to act with higher levels of intelligence and emulate 
the human capabilities of sense, comprehend and act. Thus, computer vision and audio processing can 
actively perceive the world around them by acquiring and processing images, sound and speech. 
Machine Learning 
Ability to learn without being explicitly programmed. Machine Learning involves the use of algorithms to 
parse data and learn from it, and making a determination or prediction as a result. Instead of hand coding 
www.YouTube.com/SleepyClasses 
www.SleepyClasses.com 
software libraries with well-de?ned speci?c instructions for a particular task, the machine gets “trained” 
using large amounts of data and algorithms, and in turn gains the capability to perform speci?c tasks. 
Deep Learning 
Deep Learning is a technique for implementing Machine Learning. Deep Learning was inspired by the 
structure and function of the brain, speci?cally the interconnecting of many neurons. Arti?cial Neural 
Networks (ANNs) are algorithms that are based on the biological structure of the brain. In ANNs, there are 
‘neurons’ which have discrete layers and connections to other “neurons” . Each layer picks out a speci?c 
feature to learn. It’s this layering that gives deep learning its name, depth is created by using multiple layers 
as opposed to a single layer  
 
AI & India 
A national AI strategy needs to be premised on a framework which is adapted to India’s unique needs and 
aspirations, while at the same time, is capable of achieving the country’s full potential of leveraging AI 
developments. Such a framework could be seen as an aggregation of the following three distinct, yet inter-
related components: 
A. Opportunity: the economic impact of AI for India  
AI is emerging as a new factor of production, augmenting the traditional factors of production viz. labor, 
capital and innovation and technological changes captured in total factor productivity. AI has the potential to 
overcome the physical limitations of capital and labour, and open up new sources of value and growth. From 
an economic impact perspective, AI has the potential to drive growth through enabling:  
•
intelligent automation i.e. ability to automate complex physical world tasks that require adaptability and 
agility across industries 
www.YouTube.com/SleepyClasses 
www.SleepyClasses.com 
Page 3


Artificial Intelligence 
AI refers to the ability of machines to perform cognitive tasks like thinking, perceiving, learning, problem 
solving and decision making. Initially conceived as a technology that could mimic human intelligence, AI has 
evolved in ways that far exceed its original conception. With incredible advances made in data collection, 
processing and computation power, intelligent systems can now be deployed to take over a variety of tasks, 
enable connectivity and enhance productivity. 
AI is a constellation of technologies that enable machines to act with higher levels of intelligence and emulate 
the human capabilities of sense, comprehend and act. Thus, computer vision and audio processing can 
actively perceive the world around them by acquiring and processing images, sound and speech. 
Machine Learning 
Ability to learn without being explicitly programmed. Machine Learning involves the use of algorithms to 
parse data and learn from it, and making a determination or prediction as a result. Instead of hand coding 
www.YouTube.com/SleepyClasses 
www.SleepyClasses.com 
software libraries with well-de?ned speci?c instructions for a particular task, the machine gets “trained” 
using large amounts of data and algorithms, and in turn gains the capability to perform speci?c tasks. 
Deep Learning 
Deep Learning is a technique for implementing Machine Learning. Deep Learning was inspired by the 
structure and function of the brain, speci?cally the interconnecting of many neurons. Arti?cial Neural 
Networks (ANNs) are algorithms that are based on the biological structure of the brain. In ANNs, there are 
‘neurons’ which have discrete layers and connections to other “neurons” . Each layer picks out a speci?c 
feature to learn. It’s this layering that gives deep learning its name, depth is created by using multiple layers 
as opposed to a single layer  
 
AI & India 
A national AI strategy needs to be premised on a framework which is adapted to India’s unique needs and 
aspirations, while at the same time, is capable of achieving the country’s full potential of leveraging AI 
developments. Such a framework could be seen as an aggregation of the following three distinct, yet inter-
related components: 
A. Opportunity: the economic impact of AI for India  
AI is emerging as a new factor of production, augmenting the traditional factors of production viz. labor, 
capital and innovation and technological changes captured in total factor productivity. AI has the potential to 
overcome the physical limitations of capital and labour, and open up new sources of value and growth. From 
an economic impact perspective, AI has the potential to drive growth through enabling:  
•
intelligent automation i.e. ability to automate complex physical world tasks that require adaptability and 
agility across industries 
www.YouTube.com/SleepyClasses 
www.SleepyClasses.com 
•labour and capital augmentation: enabling humans to focus on parts of their role that add the most 
value, complementing human capabilities and improving capital ef?ciency 
•
innovation diffusion i.e. propelling innovations as it diffuses through the economy 
AI innovations in one sector will have positive consequences in another, as industry sectors are 
interdependent based on value chain. Economic value is expected to be created from the new goods, services 
and innovations that AI will enable.  
B. AI for Greater Good: social development and inclusive growth  
AI needs to be seen from the perspective of the transformative impact it could have on the greater good – 
improving the quality of life and access of choice to a large section of the country. In that sense, the recent 
advancements in AI seem to be custom-made for the unique opportunities and challenges that India faces. 
•
Increased access to quality health facilities (including addressing the locational access barriers) 
•inclusive ?nancial growth for large sections of population that have hitherto been excluded from formal 
?nancial products 
•providing real-time advisory to farmers and help address unforeseen factors towards increasing 
productivity 
•
building smart and ef?cient cities and infrastructure to meet the demands of rapidly urbanising 
population  
are some of the examples that can be most effectively solved through the non-incremental advantages that a 
technology such as AI can provide  
C. AI Garage for 40% of the world: solution provider of choice for the emerging and 
developing economies (ex-China) across the globe  
In addition to providing unique opportunities, India provides a perfect “playground” for enterprises and 
institutions globally to develop scalable solutions which can be easily implemented in the rest of the 
developing and emerging economies.  
•Solve for India means solve for 40% or more of the world. An advanced AI based solution for early 
diagnosis of tuberculosis (one of the top-10 causes of deaths worldwide), for example, could easily be 
rolled out to countries in South East Asia or Africa, once developed and re?ned in India.  
•Beyond healthcare, AI technologies in the other sectors including agriculture, education and mobility are 
set to transform the world. The commonality of issues with regard to the above sectors across 
developing countries provides the ideal use case of developing AI solutions that could be adapted for 
multiple markets.  
•
AI technologies suited for the Indian agricultural sector could easily be customised for other developing 
nations based on their local climatic conditions.  
•
Education continues to be a major concern in almost all developing countries. AI technologies that are 
capable of imparting quality education to India’s linguistically diverse population could prove very useful 
in other developing nations. 
www.YouTube.com/SleepyClasses 
www.SleepyClasses.com 
Page 4


Artificial Intelligence 
AI refers to the ability of machines to perform cognitive tasks like thinking, perceiving, learning, problem 
solving and decision making. Initially conceived as a technology that could mimic human intelligence, AI has 
evolved in ways that far exceed its original conception. With incredible advances made in data collection, 
processing and computation power, intelligent systems can now be deployed to take over a variety of tasks, 
enable connectivity and enhance productivity. 
AI is a constellation of technologies that enable machines to act with higher levels of intelligence and emulate 
the human capabilities of sense, comprehend and act. Thus, computer vision and audio processing can 
actively perceive the world around them by acquiring and processing images, sound and speech. 
Machine Learning 
Ability to learn without being explicitly programmed. Machine Learning involves the use of algorithms to 
parse data and learn from it, and making a determination or prediction as a result. Instead of hand coding 
www.YouTube.com/SleepyClasses 
www.SleepyClasses.com 
software libraries with well-de?ned speci?c instructions for a particular task, the machine gets “trained” 
using large amounts of data and algorithms, and in turn gains the capability to perform speci?c tasks. 
Deep Learning 
Deep Learning is a technique for implementing Machine Learning. Deep Learning was inspired by the 
structure and function of the brain, speci?cally the interconnecting of many neurons. Arti?cial Neural 
Networks (ANNs) are algorithms that are based on the biological structure of the brain. In ANNs, there are 
‘neurons’ which have discrete layers and connections to other “neurons” . Each layer picks out a speci?c 
feature to learn. It’s this layering that gives deep learning its name, depth is created by using multiple layers 
as opposed to a single layer  
 
AI & India 
A national AI strategy needs to be premised on a framework which is adapted to India’s unique needs and 
aspirations, while at the same time, is capable of achieving the country’s full potential of leveraging AI 
developments. Such a framework could be seen as an aggregation of the following three distinct, yet inter-
related components: 
A. Opportunity: the economic impact of AI for India  
AI is emerging as a new factor of production, augmenting the traditional factors of production viz. labor, 
capital and innovation and technological changes captured in total factor productivity. AI has the potential to 
overcome the physical limitations of capital and labour, and open up new sources of value and growth. From 
an economic impact perspective, AI has the potential to drive growth through enabling:  
•
intelligent automation i.e. ability to automate complex physical world tasks that require adaptability and 
agility across industries 
www.YouTube.com/SleepyClasses 
www.SleepyClasses.com 
•labour and capital augmentation: enabling humans to focus on parts of their role that add the most 
value, complementing human capabilities and improving capital ef?ciency 
•
innovation diffusion i.e. propelling innovations as it diffuses through the economy 
AI innovations in one sector will have positive consequences in another, as industry sectors are 
interdependent based on value chain. Economic value is expected to be created from the new goods, services 
and innovations that AI will enable.  
B. AI for Greater Good: social development and inclusive growth  
AI needs to be seen from the perspective of the transformative impact it could have on the greater good – 
improving the quality of life and access of choice to a large section of the country. In that sense, the recent 
advancements in AI seem to be custom-made for the unique opportunities and challenges that India faces. 
•
Increased access to quality health facilities (including addressing the locational access barriers) 
•inclusive ?nancial growth for large sections of population that have hitherto been excluded from formal 
?nancial products 
•providing real-time advisory to farmers and help address unforeseen factors towards increasing 
productivity 
•
building smart and ef?cient cities and infrastructure to meet the demands of rapidly urbanising 
population  
are some of the examples that can be most effectively solved through the non-incremental advantages that a 
technology such as AI can provide  
C. AI Garage for 40% of the world: solution provider of choice for the emerging and 
developing economies (ex-China) across the globe  
In addition to providing unique opportunities, India provides a perfect “playground” for enterprises and 
institutions globally to develop scalable solutions which can be easily implemented in the rest of the 
developing and emerging economies.  
•Solve for India means solve for 40% or more of the world. An advanced AI based solution for early 
diagnosis of tuberculosis (one of the top-10 causes of deaths worldwide), for example, could easily be 
rolled out to countries in South East Asia or Africa, once developed and re?ned in India.  
•Beyond healthcare, AI technologies in the other sectors including agriculture, education and mobility are 
set to transform the world. The commonality of issues with regard to the above sectors across 
developing countries provides the ideal use case of developing AI solutions that could be adapted for 
multiple markets.  
•
AI technologies suited for the Indian agricultural sector could easily be customised for other developing 
nations based on their local climatic conditions.  
•
Education continues to be a major concern in almost all developing countries. AI technologies that are 
capable of imparting quality education to India’s linguistically diverse population could prove very useful 
in other developing nations. 
www.YouTube.com/SleepyClasses 
www.SleepyClasses.com 
•Another aspect of India’s potential as a leader in AI is it proven track record in technology solution 
provider of choice.  
•Solved in India (or more accurately, solved by Indian IT companies) could be the model going forward for 
Arti?cial Intelligence as a Service (AIaaS). Indian IT companies have been pioneers in bringing technology 
products and developments as solutions across the globe. As AI matures and generalised applications 
become common place, its advantage India when it comes to large scale implementation. Furthermore, 
India’s competence in IT combined with opportunities, such as interoperability between multiple 
languages, provides the much needed impetus for ?nding scalable solutions for problems that have 
global implications, such as NLP .  
Impact Across Sectors 
Arti?cial Intelligence has the potential to provide large incremental value to a wide range of sectors globally, 
and is expected to be the key source of competitive advantage for ?rms.  
1. Healthcare: Application of AI in healthcare can help address issues of high barriers to access to 
healthcare facilities, particularly in rural areas that suffer from poor connectivity and limited supply of 
healthcare professionals. This can be achieved through implementation of use cases such as AI driven 
diagnostics, personalised treatment, early identi?cation of potential pandemics, and imaging 
diagnostics, among others.   
2. Agriculture: AI holds the promise of driving a food revolution and meeting the increased demand for 
food (global need to produce 50% more food and cater to an additional 2 billion people by 2050 as 
compared to today). It also has the potential to address challenges such as inadequate demand 
prediction, lack of assured irrigation, and overuse / misuse of pesticides and fertilisers. Some use cases 
include improvement in crop yield through real time advisory, advanced detection of pest attacks, and 
prediction of crop prices to inform sowing practices.   
www.YouTube.com/SleepyClasses 
www.SleepyClasses.com 
Page 5


Artificial Intelligence 
AI refers to the ability of machines to perform cognitive tasks like thinking, perceiving, learning, problem 
solving and decision making. Initially conceived as a technology that could mimic human intelligence, AI has 
evolved in ways that far exceed its original conception. With incredible advances made in data collection, 
processing and computation power, intelligent systems can now be deployed to take over a variety of tasks, 
enable connectivity and enhance productivity. 
AI is a constellation of technologies that enable machines to act with higher levels of intelligence and emulate 
the human capabilities of sense, comprehend and act. Thus, computer vision and audio processing can 
actively perceive the world around them by acquiring and processing images, sound and speech. 
Machine Learning 
Ability to learn without being explicitly programmed. Machine Learning involves the use of algorithms to 
parse data and learn from it, and making a determination or prediction as a result. Instead of hand coding 
www.YouTube.com/SleepyClasses 
www.SleepyClasses.com 
software libraries with well-de?ned speci?c instructions for a particular task, the machine gets “trained” 
using large amounts of data and algorithms, and in turn gains the capability to perform speci?c tasks. 
Deep Learning 
Deep Learning is a technique for implementing Machine Learning. Deep Learning was inspired by the 
structure and function of the brain, speci?cally the interconnecting of many neurons. Arti?cial Neural 
Networks (ANNs) are algorithms that are based on the biological structure of the brain. In ANNs, there are 
‘neurons’ which have discrete layers and connections to other “neurons” . Each layer picks out a speci?c 
feature to learn. It’s this layering that gives deep learning its name, depth is created by using multiple layers 
as opposed to a single layer  
 
AI & India 
A national AI strategy needs to be premised on a framework which is adapted to India’s unique needs and 
aspirations, while at the same time, is capable of achieving the country’s full potential of leveraging AI 
developments. Such a framework could be seen as an aggregation of the following three distinct, yet inter-
related components: 
A. Opportunity: the economic impact of AI for India  
AI is emerging as a new factor of production, augmenting the traditional factors of production viz. labor, 
capital and innovation and technological changes captured in total factor productivity. AI has the potential to 
overcome the physical limitations of capital and labour, and open up new sources of value and growth. From 
an economic impact perspective, AI has the potential to drive growth through enabling:  
•
intelligent automation i.e. ability to automate complex physical world tasks that require adaptability and 
agility across industries 
www.YouTube.com/SleepyClasses 
www.SleepyClasses.com 
•labour and capital augmentation: enabling humans to focus on parts of their role that add the most 
value, complementing human capabilities and improving capital ef?ciency 
•
innovation diffusion i.e. propelling innovations as it diffuses through the economy 
AI innovations in one sector will have positive consequences in another, as industry sectors are 
interdependent based on value chain. Economic value is expected to be created from the new goods, services 
and innovations that AI will enable.  
B. AI for Greater Good: social development and inclusive growth  
AI needs to be seen from the perspective of the transformative impact it could have on the greater good – 
improving the quality of life and access of choice to a large section of the country. In that sense, the recent 
advancements in AI seem to be custom-made for the unique opportunities and challenges that India faces. 
•
Increased access to quality health facilities (including addressing the locational access barriers) 
•inclusive ?nancial growth for large sections of population that have hitherto been excluded from formal 
?nancial products 
•providing real-time advisory to farmers and help address unforeseen factors towards increasing 
productivity 
•
building smart and ef?cient cities and infrastructure to meet the demands of rapidly urbanising 
population  
are some of the examples that can be most effectively solved through the non-incremental advantages that a 
technology such as AI can provide  
C. AI Garage for 40% of the world: solution provider of choice for the emerging and 
developing economies (ex-China) across the globe  
In addition to providing unique opportunities, India provides a perfect “playground” for enterprises and 
institutions globally to develop scalable solutions which can be easily implemented in the rest of the 
developing and emerging economies.  
•Solve for India means solve for 40% or more of the world. An advanced AI based solution for early 
diagnosis of tuberculosis (one of the top-10 causes of deaths worldwide), for example, could easily be 
rolled out to countries in South East Asia or Africa, once developed and re?ned in India.  
•Beyond healthcare, AI technologies in the other sectors including agriculture, education and mobility are 
set to transform the world. The commonality of issues with regard to the above sectors across 
developing countries provides the ideal use case of developing AI solutions that could be adapted for 
multiple markets.  
•
AI technologies suited for the Indian agricultural sector could easily be customised for other developing 
nations based on their local climatic conditions.  
•
Education continues to be a major concern in almost all developing countries. AI technologies that are 
capable of imparting quality education to India’s linguistically diverse population could prove very useful 
in other developing nations. 
www.YouTube.com/SleepyClasses 
www.SleepyClasses.com 
•Another aspect of India’s potential as a leader in AI is it proven track record in technology solution 
provider of choice.  
•Solved in India (or more accurately, solved by Indian IT companies) could be the model going forward for 
Arti?cial Intelligence as a Service (AIaaS). Indian IT companies have been pioneers in bringing technology 
products and developments as solutions across the globe. As AI matures and generalised applications 
become common place, its advantage India when it comes to large scale implementation. Furthermore, 
India’s competence in IT combined with opportunities, such as interoperability between multiple 
languages, provides the much needed impetus for ?nding scalable solutions for problems that have 
global implications, such as NLP .  
Impact Across Sectors 
Arti?cial Intelligence has the potential to provide large incremental value to a wide range of sectors globally, 
and is expected to be the key source of competitive advantage for ?rms.  
1. Healthcare: Application of AI in healthcare can help address issues of high barriers to access to 
healthcare facilities, particularly in rural areas that suffer from poor connectivity and limited supply of 
healthcare professionals. This can be achieved through implementation of use cases such as AI driven 
diagnostics, personalised treatment, early identi?cation of potential pandemics, and imaging 
diagnostics, among others.   
2. Agriculture: AI holds the promise of driving a food revolution and meeting the increased demand for 
food (global need to produce 50% more food and cater to an additional 2 billion people by 2050 as 
compared to today). It also has the potential to address challenges such as inadequate demand 
prediction, lack of assured irrigation, and overuse / misuse of pesticides and fertilisers. Some use cases 
include improvement in crop yield through real time advisory, advanced detection of pest attacks, and 
prediction of crop prices to inform sowing practices.   
www.YouTube.com/SleepyClasses 
www.SleepyClasses.com 
www.YouTube.com/SleepyClasses 
www.SleepyClasses.com