National Health Policy 2017 | Science & Technology for UPSC 2024 (Pre & Mains) PDF Download

 Page 1


 
National Health Policy 2017 
•Objective: Improve health status through concerted policy action in all sectors and expand preventive, 
promotive, curative, palliative and rehabilitative services provided through the public health sector with 
focus on quality 
•Quantitative Goals and Objectives 
?Health Status and Programme Impact 
?
Increase life expectance at birth from 67.5 to 70 by 2025 
? Establish regular tracking of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DAL Y) index 
? Reduction of TFR to 2.1 by 2025 
?Mortality by Age and/or cause 
? Reduce under ?ve mortality to 23 by 2025 and MMR from current levels to 100 by 2020 
?
Reduce infant mortality rate to 28 by 2019 
? Reduce neo-natal to 16 and still birth rate to ’single digit’ by 2025 
?Reduction of disease prevalence/incidence 
?
Achieve global target of 2020 which is also termed as target of 90:90:90, for HIV/AIDS 
? Achieve and maintain elimination status of Leprosy by 2018, Kala-Azar by 2017 and Lymphatic 
Filariasis in endemic pockets by 2017 
? T o reduce incidence of new cases of TB and eliminate it by 2025 
? Reduce prevalence of blindness to 0.25/1000 by 2025 
?
Reduce premature mortality from cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes or chronic 
respiratory diseases by 25% by 2025 
?Health Systems strengthening 
? Increase health expenditure from 1.15% to 2.5% by 2025 
? Increase paramedics, doctors and community health volunteers as per Indian Public Health 
Standard (IPHS) 
? Establish primary and secondary care facility as per norms in high priority districts by 2025 
•7 priority areas 
?The Swachh Bharat Abhiyan 
?Balanced, healthy diets and regular exercises 
?Addressing tobacco, alcohol and substance abuse 
?Yatri Suraksha — preventing deaths due to rail and road traf?c accidents 
?Nirbhaya Nari — action against gender violence 
www.YouTube.com/SleepyClasses 
www.SleepyClasses.com 
!
Page 2


 
National Health Policy 2017 
•Objective: Improve health status through concerted policy action in all sectors and expand preventive, 
promotive, curative, palliative and rehabilitative services provided through the public health sector with 
focus on quality 
•Quantitative Goals and Objectives 
?Health Status and Programme Impact 
?
Increase life expectance at birth from 67.5 to 70 by 2025 
? Establish regular tracking of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DAL Y) index 
? Reduction of TFR to 2.1 by 2025 
?Mortality by Age and/or cause 
? Reduce under ?ve mortality to 23 by 2025 and MMR from current levels to 100 by 2020 
?
Reduce infant mortality rate to 28 by 2019 
? Reduce neo-natal to 16 and still birth rate to ’single digit’ by 2025 
?Reduction of disease prevalence/incidence 
?
Achieve global target of 2020 which is also termed as target of 90:90:90, for HIV/AIDS 
? Achieve and maintain elimination status of Leprosy by 2018, Kala-Azar by 2017 and Lymphatic 
Filariasis in endemic pockets by 2017 
? T o reduce incidence of new cases of TB and eliminate it by 2025 
? Reduce prevalence of blindness to 0.25/1000 by 2025 
?
Reduce premature mortality from cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes or chronic 
respiratory diseases by 25% by 2025 
?Health Systems strengthening 
? Increase health expenditure from 1.15% to 2.5% by 2025 
? Increase paramedics, doctors and community health volunteers as per Indian Public Health 
Standard (IPHS) 
? Establish primary and secondary care facility as per norms in high priority districts by 2025 
•7 priority areas 
?The Swachh Bharat Abhiyan 
?Balanced, healthy diets and regular exercises 
?Addressing tobacco, alcohol and substance abuse 
?Yatri Suraksha — preventing deaths due to rail and road traf?c accidents 
?Nirbhaya Nari — action against gender violence 
www.YouTube.com/SleepyClasses 
www.SleepyClasses.com 
! 
?Reduced stress and improved safety in the work place 
?Reducing indoor and outdoor air pollution 
Dengue 
•
It is a mosquito-borne viral infection  
•Severe dengue (previously known as dengue haemorrhagic fever) was ?rst recognised in 1950s during 
the epidemics in Philippines and Thailand 
?T oday it affects Asian and Latin American countries  
•
Dengue virus comprises four distinct serotypes which belong to the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae  
?Aedes aegypti mosquito is the main vector that transmits the viruses that cause dengue 
?Virus passed on to humans through the bites of an infective female Aedes mosquito, which mainly 
acquires the virus while feeding on the blood of an infected person 
?Cannot be spread directly from one person to another
•
Virus is related to the viruses that caused West Nile infection and yellow fever 
•
Classi?ed as Neglected Tropical Disease 
Poliomyelitis 
•It is an acute communicable disease of humans caused by human enterovirus of Picornaviridae family 
•
The 3 serotypes of poliovirus are antigenically distinct  
•Transmission 
?Transmitted from one person to another by oral contact with secretions or faecal material from an 
infected person 
•It was declared eradicated in 1999 
•
Polio Vaccines 
?OPV : attenuated (weakened) vaccine-virus  
?Two different kinds of vaccine are available,  
? an inactivated (killed) polio vaccine (IPV)  
?
A.k.a Salk vaccines 
? Introduced in 1955 and produced from wild-type poliovirus strain of each serotype that 
have been inactivated (killed) with formalin 
? As an injectable vaccine, it can be administered alone or in combination with other 
vaccines (e.g., diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B, and haemophilus in?uenza) 
www.YouTube.com/SleepyClasses 
www.SleepyClasses.com 
!
Page 3


 
National Health Policy 2017 
•Objective: Improve health status through concerted policy action in all sectors and expand preventive, 
promotive, curative, palliative and rehabilitative services provided through the public health sector with 
focus on quality 
•Quantitative Goals and Objectives 
?Health Status and Programme Impact 
?
Increase life expectance at birth from 67.5 to 70 by 2025 
? Establish regular tracking of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DAL Y) index 
? Reduction of TFR to 2.1 by 2025 
?Mortality by Age and/or cause 
? Reduce under ?ve mortality to 23 by 2025 and MMR from current levels to 100 by 2020 
?
Reduce infant mortality rate to 28 by 2019 
? Reduce neo-natal to 16 and still birth rate to ’single digit’ by 2025 
?Reduction of disease prevalence/incidence 
?
Achieve global target of 2020 which is also termed as target of 90:90:90, for HIV/AIDS 
? Achieve and maintain elimination status of Leprosy by 2018, Kala-Azar by 2017 and Lymphatic 
Filariasis in endemic pockets by 2017 
? T o reduce incidence of new cases of TB and eliminate it by 2025 
? Reduce prevalence of blindness to 0.25/1000 by 2025 
?
Reduce premature mortality from cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes or chronic 
respiratory diseases by 25% by 2025 
?Health Systems strengthening 
? Increase health expenditure from 1.15% to 2.5% by 2025 
? Increase paramedics, doctors and community health volunteers as per Indian Public Health 
Standard (IPHS) 
? Establish primary and secondary care facility as per norms in high priority districts by 2025 
•7 priority areas 
?The Swachh Bharat Abhiyan 
?Balanced, healthy diets and regular exercises 
?Addressing tobacco, alcohol and substance abuse 
?Yatri Suraksha — preventing deaths due to rail and road traf?c accidents 
?Nirbhaya Nari — action against gender violence 
www.YouTube.com/SleepyClasses 
www.SleepyClasses.com 
! 
?Reduced stress and improved safety in the work place 
?Reducing indoor and outdoor air pollution 
Dengue 
•
It is a mosquito-borne viral infection  
•Severe dengue (previously known as dengue haemorrhagic fever) was ?rst recognised in 1950s during 
the epidemics in Philippines and Thailand 
?T oday it affects Asian and Latin American countries  
•
Dengue virus comprises four distinct serotypes which belong to the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae  
?Aedes aegypti mosquito is the main vector that transmits the viruses that cause dengue 
?Virus passed on to humans through the bites of an infective female Aedes mosquito, which mainly 
acquires the virus while feeding on the blood of an infected person 
?Cannot be spread directly from one person to another
•
Virus is related to the viruses that caused West Nile infection and yellow fever 
•
Classi?ed as Neglected Tropical Disease 
Poliomyelitis 
•It is an acute communicable disease of humans caused by human enterovirus of Picornaviridae family 
•
The 3 serotypes of poliovirus are antigenically distinct  
•Transmission 
?Transmitted from one person to another by oral contact with secretions or faecal material from an 
infected person 
•It was declared eradicated in 1999 
•
Polio Vaccines 
?OPV : attenuated (weakened) vaccine-virus  
?Two different kinds of vaccine are available,  
? an inactivated (killed) polio vaccine (IPV)  
?
A.k.a Salk vaccines 
? Introduced in 1955 and produced from wild-type poliovirus strain of each serotype that 
have been inactivated (killed) with formalin 
? As an injectable vaccine, it can be administered alone or in combination with other 
vaccines (e.g., diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B, and haemophilus in?uenza) 
www.YouTube.com/SleepyClasses 
www.SleepyClasses.com 
! 
?
Adverse events following administration of IPV are very mild and transient, and because it 
is a killed vaccine, there is no risk of the live-virus-associated risks associated with OPV 
use 
?
 a live attenuated (weakened) oral polio vaccine (OPV) 
? Introduced in 1961 and consists of a mixture of the three live attenuated poliovirus 
serotypes (Sabin types 1, 2 and 3), selected for their lower neurovirulence and reduced 
transmissibility 
? Following oral administration OPV strains produce a local immune response in the lining of 
the intestines which is the primary site for poliovirus replication 
? Although OPV is safe vaccine, on rare occasions adverse events such as Vaccine-
associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) may occur 
Bisphenol A (BPA) 
•
A synthetic hydrophobic chemical used to make plastics that often contaminates water 
•
Used to coat insides of food cans, bottle tops and water supply lines 
•Considered safe in low doses, prolonged exposure suspected of affecting health of children and 
contributing high blood pressure  
•The size of particles is less than 100 nanometers (1000 times smaller than human hair). Because of their 
very small size, they’re dif?cult to recover from suspension in water 
•
Scientists have developed micron-sized spheres that resemble tiny ?ower-like collections of titanium 
dioxide petals to anchor Cyclodextrin (sugar-based molecule in food and drugs), which has two-faced 
surface with hydrophilic and hydrophobic cavity 
?BPA is hydrophobic and naturally attracted to the cavity. Once trapped, reactive oxygen species 
(ROS) that degrades BPA into harmless chemicals 
Alzheimer’s Disease 
•
It is the most common form of dementia and also most common in older individuals 
•Alzheimer’s disease is an irreversible, progressive brain disease that slowly destroys memory and 
thinking skills and eventually the ability to carry out the simplest tasks of daily living 
•Although scientists are learning more every day, right now, they still do not know what causes 
Alzheimer’s disease. Thus it is an Idiopathic disease 
•
Prevention 
?Staying mentally healthy by  
? Reading & writing for pleasure 
?
Learning foreign languages 
? Playing musical instruments 
www.YouTube.com/SleepyClasses 
www.SleepyClasses.com 
!
Page 4


 
National Health Policy 2017 
•Objective: Improve health status through concerted policy action in all sectors and expand preventive, 
promotive, curative, palliative and rehabilitative services provided through the public health sector with 
focus on quality 
•Quantitative Goals and Objectives 
?Health Status and Programme Impact 
?
Increase life expectance at birth from 67.5 to 70 by 2025 
? Establish regular tracking of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DAL Y) index 
? Reduction of TFR to 2.1 by 2025 
?Mortality by Age and/or cause 
? Reduce under ?ve mortality to 23 by 2025 and MMR from current levels to 100 by 2020 
?
Reduce infant mortality rate to 28 by 2019 
? Reduce neo-natal to 16 and still birth rate to ’single digit’ by 2025 
?Reduction of disease prevalence/incidence 
?
Achieve global target of 2020 which is also termed as target of 90:90:90, for HIV/AIDS 
? Achieve and maintain elimination status of Leprosy by 2018, Kala-Azar by 2017 and Lymphatic 
Filariasis in endemic pockets by 2017 
? T o reduce incidence of new cases of TB and eliminate it by 2025 
? Reduce prevalence of blindness to 0.25/1000 by 2025 
?
Reduce premature mortality from cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes or chronic 
respiratory diseases by 25% by 2025 
?Health Systems strengthening 
? Increase health expenditure from 1.15% to 2.5% by 2025 
? Increase paramedics, doctors and community health volunteers as per Indian Public Health 
Standard (IPHS) 
? Establish primary and secondary care facility as per norms in high priority districts by 2025 
•7 priority areas 
?The Swachh Bharat Abhiyan 
?Balanced, healthy diets and regular exercises 
?Addressing tobacco, alcohol and substance abuse 
?Yatri Suraksha — preventing deaths due to rail and road traf?c accidents 
?Nirbhaya Nari — action against gender violence 
www.YouTube.com/SleepyClasses 
www.SleepyClasses.com 
! 
?Reduced stress and improved safety in the work place 
?Reducing indoor and outdoor air pollution 
Dengue 
•
It is a mosquito-borne viral infection  
•Severe dengue (previously known as dengue haemorrhagic fever) was ?rst recognised in 1950s during 
the epidemics in Philippines and Thailand 
?T oday it affects Asian and Latin American countries  
•
Dengue virus comprises four distinct serotypes which belong to the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae  
?Aedes aegypti mosquito is the main vector that transmits the viruses that cause dengue 
?Virus passed on to humans through the bites of an infective female Aedes mosquito, which mainly 
acquires the virus while feeding on the blood of an infected person 
?Cannot be spread directly from one person to another
•
Virus is related to the viruses that caused West Nile infection and yellow fever 
•
Classi?ed as Neglected Tropical Disease 
Poliomyelitis 
•It is an acute communicable disease of humans caused by human enterovirus of Picornaviridae family 
•
The 3 serotypes of poliovirus are antigenically distinct  
•Transmission 
?Transmitted from one person to another by oral contact with secretions or faecal material from an 
infected person 
•It was declared eradicated in 1999 
•
Polio Vaccines 
?OPV : attenuated (weakened) vaccine-virus  
?Two different kinds of vaccine are available,  
? an inactivated (killed) polio vaccine (IPV)  
?
A.k.a Salk vaccines 
? Introduced in 1955 and produced from wild-type poliovirus strain of each serotype that 
have been inactivated (killed) with formalin 
? As an injectable vaccine, it can be administered alone or in combination with other 
vaccines (e.g., diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B, and haemophilus in?uenza) 
www.YouTube.com/SleepyClasses 
www.SleepyClasses.com 
! 
?
Adverse events following administration of IPV are very mild and transient, and because it 
is a killed vaccine, there is no risk of the live-virus-associated risks associated with OPV 
use 
?
 a live attenuated (weakened) oral polio vaccine (OPV) 
? Introduced in 1961 and consists of a mixture of the three live attenuated poliovirus 
serotypes (Sabin types 1, 2 and 3), selected for their lower neurovirulence and reduced 
transmissibility 
? Following oral administration OPV strains produce a local immune response in the lining of 
the intestines which is the primary site for poliovirus replication 
? Although OPV is safe vaccine, on rare occasions adverse events such as Vaccine-
associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) may occur 
Bisphenol A (BPA) 
•
A synthetic hydrophobic chemical used to make plastics that often contaminates water 
•
Used to coat insides of food cans, bottle tops and water supply lines 
•Considered safe in low doses, prolonged exposure suspected of affecting health of children and 
contributing high blood pressure  
•The size of particles is less than 100 nanometers (1000 times smaller than human hair). Because of their 
very small size, they’re dif?cult to recover from suspension in water 
•
Scientists have developed micron-sized spheres that resemble tiny ?ower-like collections of titanium 
dioxide petals to anchor Cyclodextrin (sugar-based molecule in food and drugs), which has two-faced 
surface with hydrophilic and hydrophobic cavity 
?BPA is hydrophobic and naturally attracted to the cavity. Once trapped, reactive oxygen species 
(ROS) that degrades BPA into harmless chemicals 
Alzheimer’s Disease 
•
It is the most common form of dementia and also most common in older individuals 
•Alzheimer’s disease is an irreversible, progressive brain disease that slowly destroys memory and 
thinking skills and eventually the ability to carry out the simplest tasks of daily living 
•Although scientists are learning more every day, right now, they still do not know what causes 
Alzheimer’s disease. Thus it is an Idiopathic disease 
•
Prevention 
?Staying mentally healthy by  
? Reading & writing for pleasure 
?
Learning foreign languages 
? Playing musical instruments 
www.YouTube.com/SleepyClasses 
www.SleepyClasses.com 
! 
?
Playing games & Walking  
? Swimming  
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder 
•
A disorder that develops in some people who have experienced a shocking, scary or dangerous event 
•People who suffer from PTSD may feel stressed or frightened even when they are not in danger  
•
British armed forces are suffering increased rate of PTSD, principally among those who served in 
Afghanistan and Iraq 
Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) 
•
Named after John Langdon Down, a British doctor, it is one of the most common chromosome 
abnormalities in humans which occurs in about one per 1000 babies born each year
•Genetic disorder due to presence of third copy of chromosome 21 
•
Associated with physical growth delays, characteristic facial features and mild to moderate intellectual 
disability  
•
The average IQ of a young adult with Down syndrome is 50, equivalent to 8 or 9 year-old child, but it can 
vary widely 
•The parents of the affected individual are typically genetically normal
•
It can be identi?ed during pregnancy or after birth as of now, there is no cure for it  
Fixed Dose Combination (FDC) Drugs 
•2 or more drugs combined in a ?xed ratio into a single dosage form  
•
The reason behind FDCs is to improve adherence, simplify therapy and/or to maximise bene?t for the 
patient courtesy the added effects of the multiple medicinal products given together
?can target single as well as multiple diseases  
•
Section 26A of Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940 
?if Central gov is satis?ed, that use of any drug involves risk to humans or animals or it doesn’t have 
therapeutic value claimed or it is necessary in public interest, it can regulate, restrict or prohibit the 
manufacture, sale or distribution of the drug 
Leptospirosis (a.k.a. Eli Pani) 
•It is an infection in rodents and other wild and domesticated species  
?Rodents are implicated most often in human cases 
•Infection in humans is contracted through skin abrasions and the mucosa of the nose, mouth and eyes 
www.YouTube.com/SleepyClasses 
www.SleepyClasses.com 
!
Page 5


 
National Health Policy 2017 
•Objective: Improve health status through concerted policy action in all sectors and expand preventive, 
promotive, curative, palliative and rehabilitative services provided through the public health sector with 
focus on quality 
•Quantitative Goals and Objectives 
?Health Status and Programme Impact 
?
Increase life expectance at birth from 67.5 to 70 by 2025 
? Establish regular tracking of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DAL Y) index 
? Reduction of TFR to 2.1 by 2025 
?Mortality by Age and/or cause 
? Reduce under ?ve mortality to 23 by 2025 and MMR from current levels to 100 by 2020 
?
Reduce infant mortality rate to 28 by 2019 
? Reduce neo-natal to 16 and still birth rate to ’single digit’ by 2025 
?Reduction of disease prevalence/incidence 
?
Achieve global target of 2020 which is also termed as target of 90:90:90, for HIV/AIDS 
? Achieve and maintain elimination status of Leprosy by 2018, Kala-Azar by 2017 and Lymphatic 
Filariasis in endemic pockets by 2017 
? T o reduce incidence of new cases of TB and eliminate it by 2025 
? Reduce prevalence of blindness to 0.25/1000 by 2025 
?
Reduce premature mortality from cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes or chronic 
respiratory diseases by 25% by 2025 
?Health Systems strengthening 
? Increase health expenditure from 1.15% to 2.5% by 2025 
? Increase paramedics, doctors and community health volunteers as per Indian Public Health 
Standard (IPHS) 
? Establish primary and secondary care facility as per norms in high priority districts by 2025 
•7 priority areas 
?The Swachh Bharat Abhiyan 
?Balanced, healthy diets and regular exercises 
?Addressing tobacco, alcohol and substance abuse 
?Yatri Suraksha — preventing deaths due to rail and road traf?c accidents 
?Nirbhaya Nari — action against gender violence 
www.YouTube.com/SleepyClasses 
www.SleepyClasses.com 
! 
?Reduced stress and improved safety in the work place 
?Reducing indoor and outdoor air pollution 
Dengue 
•
It is a mosquito-borne viral infection  
•Severe dengue (previously known as dengue haemorrhagic fever) was ?rst recognised in 1950s during 
the epidemics in Philippines and Thailand 
?T oday it affects Asian and Latin American countries  
•
Dengue virus comprises four distinct serotypes which belong to the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae  
?Aedes aegypti mosquito is the main vector that transmits the viruses that cause dengue 
?Virus passed on to humans through the bites of an infective female Aedes mosquito, which mainly 
acquires the virus while feeding on the blood of an infected person 
?Cannot be spread directly from one person to another
•
Virus is related to the viruses that caused West Nile infection and yellow fever 
•
Classi?ed as Neglected Tropical Disease 
Poliomyelitis 
•It is an acute communicable disease of humans caused by human enterovirus of Picornaviridae family 
•
The 3 serotypes of poliovirus are antigenically distinct  
•Transmission 
?Transmitted from one person to another by oral contact with secretions or faecal material from an 
infected person 
•It was declared eradicated in 1999 
•
Polio Vaccines 
?OPV : attenuated (weakened) vaccine-virus  
?Two different kinds of vaccine are available,  
? an inactivated (killed) polio vaccine (IPV)  
?
A.k.a Salk vaccines 
? Introduced in 1955 and produced from wild-type poliovirus strain of each serotype that 
have been inactivated (killed) with formalin 
? As an injectable vaccine, it can be administered alone or in combination with other 
vaccines (e.g., diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B, and haemophilus in?uenza) 
www.YouTube.com/SleepyClasses 
www.SleepyClasses.com 
! 
?
Adverse events following administration of IPV are very mild and transient, and because it 
is a killed vaccine, there is no risk of the live-virus-associated risks associated with OPV 
use 
?
 a live attenuated (weakened) oral polio vaccine (OPV) 
? Introduced in 1961 and consists of a mixture of the three live attenuated poliovirus 
serotypes (Sabin types 1, 2 and 3), selected for their lower neurovirulence and reduced 
transmissibility 
? Following oral administration OPV strains produce a local immune response in the lining of 
the intestines which is the primary site for poliovirus replication 
? Although OPV is safe vaccine, on rare occasions adverse events such as Vaccine-
associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) may occur 
Bisphenol A (BPA) 
•
A synthetic hydrophobic chemical used to make plastics that often contaminates water 
•
Used to coat insides of food cans, bottle tops and water supply lines 
•Considered safe in low doses, prolonged exposure suspected of affecting health of children and 
contributing high blood pressure  
•The size of particles is less than 100 nanometers (1000 times smaller than human hair). Because of their 
very small size, they’re dif?cult to recover from suspension in water 
•
Scientists have developed micron-sized spheres that resemble tiny ?ower-like collections of titanium 
dioxide petals to anchor Cyclodextrin (sugar-based molecule in food and drugs), which has two-faced 
surface with hydrophilic and hydrophobic cavity 
?BPA is hydrophobic and naturally attracted to the cavity. Once trapped, reactive oxygen species 
(ROS) that degrades BPA into harmless chemicals 
Alzheimer’s Disease 
•
It is the most common form of dementia and also most common in older individuals 
•Alzheimer’s disease is an irreversible, progressive brain disease that slowly destroys memory and 
thinking skills and eventually the ability to carry out the simplest tasks of daily living 
•Although scientists are learning more every day, right now, they still do not know what causes 
Alzheimer’s disease. Thus it is an Idiopathic disease 
•
Prevention 
?Staying mentally healthy by  
? Reading & writing for pleasure 
?
Learning foreign languages 
? Playing musical instruments 
www.YouTube.com/SleepyClasses 
www.SleepyClasses.com 
! 
?
Playing games & Walking  
? Swimming  
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder 
•
A disorder that develops in some people who have experienced a shocking, scary or dangerous event 
•People who suffer from PTSD may feel stressed or frightened even when they are not in danger  
•
British armed forces are suffering increased rate of PTSD, principally among those who served in 
Afghanistan and Iraq 
Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) 
•
Named after John Langdon Down, a British doctor, it is one of the most common chromosome 
abnormalities in humans which occurs in about one per 1000 babies born each year
•Genetic disorder due to presence of third copy of chromosome 21 
•
Associated with physical growth delays, characteristic facial features and mild to moderate intellectual 
disability  
•
The average IQ of a young adult with Down syndrome is 50, equivalent to 8 or 9 year-old child, but it can 
vary widely 
•The parents of the affected individual are typically genetically normal
•
It can be identi?ed during pregnancy or after birth as of now, there is no cure for it  
Fixed Dose Combination (FDC) Drugs 
•2 or more drugs combined in a ?xed ratio into a single dosage form  
•
The reason behind FDCs is to improve adherence, simplify therapy and/or to maximise bene?t for the 
patient courtesy the added effects of the multiple medicinal products given together
?can target single as well as multiple diseases  
•
Section 26A of Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940 
?if Central gov is satis?ed, that use of any drug involves risk to humans or animals or it doesn’t have 
therapeutic value claimed or it is necessary in public interest, it can regulate, restrict or prohibit the 
manufacture, sale or distribution of the drug 
Leptospirosis (a.k.a. Eli Pani) 
•It is an infection in rodents and other wild and domesticated species  
?Rodents are implicated most often in human cases 
•Infection in humans is contracted through skin abrasions and the mucosa of the nose, mouth and eyes 
www.YouTube.com/SleepyClasses 
www.SleepyClasses.com 
! 
•Exposure through water contaminated by urine from infected animals is the most common route of 
infection 
?Human-to-human transmission is rare 
•Bacterial disease transmitted from animals (in Kerala’s case from Rats) to Humans 
•
Carried through collected water contaminated by urine of bacteria-host mammals like rodents, cats or 
dogs 
•
Humans in prolonged contact with such water particularly with cuts and or gashes on hands and feet are 
susceptible 
•Symptoms : high fever, headaches, chills, abdominal pain, rashes 
•
Easy to detect and curable 
•Doxycycline — prophylactic medicine to prevent incidence and spread 
Uterus Transplant 
•
Usually, women related to the recipient are potential donors  
?may be either living or deceased 
?Chosen from among women upto age 60 
•
 Peculiarities 
?Intended to be removed after the woman has gone through one or two childbirths 
?Normal reproduction is not possible with it — childbirth happens through surgical intervention (no 
labour pain)  
•First successful implant in Saudi Arabia in 2002 but didn’t result in pregnancy  
•
First birth after transplant in 2014 in Sweden 
•Uterus 
?Major female hormone- responsive secondary sex organ of the reproductive system 
?Function : to nourish the developing foetus prior to birth  
www.YouTube.com/SleepyClasses 
www.SleepyClasses.com 
!