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NCERT Textbook - रामचंद्र शुक्ल | NCERT Books & Solutions for Humanities - Humanities/Arts PDF Download

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2024-25
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2024-25 2024-25
jkepanz 'kqDy
(lu~ 1884&1941)
jkepanz 'kqDy dk tUe mÙkj izns'k osQ cLrh f”kys osQ vxksuk xk¡o
esa gqvk FkkA mudh vkjafHkd f'k{kk mnwZ&vaxzs”kh vkSj I
+
kQkjlh esa
gqbZ FkhA mudh fof/or f'k{kk baVjehfM,V rd gh gks ikbZA ckn
esa mUgksaus Lokè;k; }kjk laLÑr] vaxzss”kh] ck¡Xyk vkSj ¯gnh osQ
izkphu rFkk uohu lkfgR; dk xaHkhjrk ls vè;;u fd;kA oqQN le; rd os fetkZiqj osQ fe'ku gkbZ
LowQy esa fp=kdyk osQ vè;kid jgsA lu~ 1905 esa os dk'kh ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk esa ¯gnh 'kCn
lkxj osQ fuekZ.k dk;Z esa lgk;d laiknd osQ in ij fu;qDr gksdj dk'kh vk x, vkSj ckn esa dk'kh
¯gnw fo'ofo|ky; esa ¯gnh osQ izkè;kid cusA ckcw ';kelqanj nkl osQ vodk'k xzg.k osQ ckn os
¯gnh foHkkx osQ vè;{k in ij dk;Z djrs jgs vkSj blh in ij dk;Z djrs gq, ;gha mudk fuèku
gqvkA dk'kh gh mudh deZLFkyh jghA
vkpk;Z 'kqDy ¯gnh osQ mPpdksfV osQ vkykspd] bfrgkldkj vkSj lkfgR;&¯prd gSaA foKku]
n'kZu] bfrgkl] Hkk"kk foKku] lkfgR; vkSj lekt osQ fofHkUu i{kksa ls lacaf/r ys[kksa] iqLrdksa osQ
ekSfyd ys[ku] laiknu vkSj vuqoknksa osQ chp ls mudk tks Kku laiUu O;kid O;fDrRo mHkjrk gS]
og cstksM+ gSA mUgksaus Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dh u;h vo/kj.kk izLrqr dh vkSj ¯gnh vkykspuk dk u;k
Lo:i fodflr fd;kA ¯gnh lkfgR; osQ bfrgkl dks O;ofLFkr djrs gq, mUgksaus ¯gnh dfo;ksa dh
lE;d leh{kk dh rFkk bfrgkl esa mudk LFkku fu/kZfjr fd;kA vkykspukRed ys[ku osQ vykok
mUgksaus Hkko vkSj euksfodkj laca/h mPpdksfV osQ fuca/ksa dh Hkh jpuk dhA
'kqDy th dh x| 'kSyh foospukRed gS] ftlesa fopkj'khyrk] lw{e roZQ&;kstuk rFkk lân;rk
dk ;ksx gSA O;aX; vkSj fouksn dk iz;ksx djrs gq, os viuh x| 'kSyh dks thoar vkSj izHkko'kkyh
cukrs gSaA muosQ ys[ku esa fopkjksa dh n`<+rk] fuHkhZdrk vkSj vkRefo'okl dh ,drk feyrh gSA
mudk 'kCn&p;u vkSj 'kCn&la;kstu O;kid gS] ftlesa rRle 'kCnksa ls ysdj izpfyr mnwZ 'kCnksa rd
dk iz;ksx fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA vR;ar lkjxfHZkr] fopkj iz/ku] lw=kkRed okD;&jpuk mudh x| 'kSyh dh
,d cM+h fo'ks"krk gSA
jkepanz 'kqDy@59
2024-25
Page 4


2024-25 2024-25
jkepanz 'kqDy
(lu~ 1884&1941)
jkepanz 'kqDy dk tUe mÙkj izns'k osQ cLrh f”kys osQ vxksuk xk¡o
esa gqvk FkkA mudh vkjafHkd f'k{kk mnwZ&vaxzs”kh vkSj I
+
kQkjlh esa
gqbZ FkhA mudh fof/or f'k{kk baVjehfM,V rd gh gks ikbZA ckn
esa mUgksaus Lokè;k; }kjk laLÑr] vaxzss”kh] ck¡Xyk vkSj ¯gnh osQ
izkphu rFkk uohu lkfgR; dk xaHkhjrk ls vè;;u fd;kA oqQN le; rd os fetkZiqj osQ fe'ku gkbZ
LowQy esa fp=kdyk osQ vè;kid jgsA lu~ 1905 esa os dk'kh ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk esa ¯gnh 'kCn
lkxj osQ fuekZ.k dk;Z esa lgk;d laiknd osQ in ij fu;qDr gksdj dk'kh vk x, vkSj ckn esa dk'kh
¯gnw fo'ofo|ky; esa ¯gnh osQ izkè;kid cusA ckcw ';kelqanj nkl osQ vodk'k xzg.k osQ ckn os
¯gnh foHkkx osQ vè;{k in ij dk;Z djrs jgs vkSj blh in ij dk;Z djrs gq, ;gha mudk fuèku
gqvkA dk'kh gh mudh deZLFkyh jghA
vkpk;Z 'kqDy ¯gnh osQ mPpdksfV osQ vkykspd] bfrgkldkj vkSj lkfgR;&¯prd gSaA foKku]
n'kZu] bfrgkl] Hkk"kk foKku] lkfgR; vkSj lekt osQ fofHkUu i{kksa ls lacaf/r ys[kksa] iqLrdksa osQ
ekSfyd ys[ku] laiknu vkSj vuqoknksa osQ chp ls mudk tks Kku laiUu O;kid O;fDrRo mHkjrk gS]
og cstksM+ gSA mUgksaus Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dh u;h vo/kj.kk izLrqr dh vkSj ¯gnh vkykspuk dk u;k
Lo:i fodflr fd;kA ¯gnh lkfgR; osQ bfrgkl dks O;ofLFkr djrs gq, mUgksaus ¯gnh dfo;ksa dh
lE;d leh{kk dh rFkk bfrgkl esa mudk LFkku fu/kZfjr fd;kA vkykspukRed ys[ku osQ vykok
mUgksaus Hkko vkSj euksfodkj laca/h mPpdksfV osQ fuca/ksa dh Hkh jpuk dhA
'kqDy th dh x| 'kSyh foospukRed gS] ftlesa fopkj'khyrk] lw{e roZQ&;kstuk rFkk lân;rk
dk ;ksx gSA O;aX; vkSj fouksn dk iz;ksx djrs gq, os viuh x| 'kSyh dks thoar vkSj izHkko'kkyh
cukrs gSaA muosQ ys[ku esa fopkjksa dh n`<+rk] fuHkhZdrk vkSj vkRefo'okl dh ,drk feyrh gSA
mudk 'kCn&p;u vkSj 'kCn&la;kstu O;kid gS] ftlesa rRle 'kCnksa ls ysdj izpfyr mnwZ 'kCnksa rd
dk iz;ksx fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA vR;ar lkjxfHZkr] fopkj iz/ku] lw=kkRed okD;&jpuk mudh x| 'kSyh dh
,d cM+h fo'ks"krk gSA
jkepanz 'kqDy@59
2024-25
60@varjk
vkpk;Z 'kqDy dh dhfrZ dk v{k; lzksr muosQ }kjk fyf[kr ¯gnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl gSA bls
mUgksaus igys ¯gnh 'kCn lkxj dh Hkwfedk osQ :i esa fy[kk Fkk tks ckn esa ifj"Ñr vkSj la'kksfèkr
:i esa iqLrdkdkj izdkf'kr gqvkA muosQ oqQN vU; egÙoiw.kZ xzaFk gSaµxksLokeh rqylhnkl]
lwjnkl] ¯prkef.k (pkj [kaM) vkSj jl ehekalk vkfnA blosQ vykok mUgksaus tk;lh xazFkkoyh
,oa Hkzejxhr lkj dk laiknu fd;k rFkk mudh yach Hkwfedk fy[khA
laLej.kkRed fucaèk izse?ku dh Nk;k Le`fr esa 'kqDy th us ¯gnh Hkk"kk ,oa lkfgR; osQ izfr
vius izkjafHkd #>kuksa dk cM+k jkspd o.kZu fd;k gSA mudk cpiu lkfgfR;d ifjos'k ls
Hkjkiwjk FkkA ckY;koLFkk esa gh fdl izdkj Hkkjrsanq ,oa muosQ eaMy osQ vU; jpukdkjkas
fo'ks"kr% izse?ku osQ lkfUuè; esa 'kqDy th dk lkfgR;dkj vkdkj xzg.k djrk gS] mldh
vR;ar euksgkjh >k¡dh ;gk¡ izLrqr gqbZ gSA izse?ku osQ O;fDrRo us 'kqDy th dh leo;Ld
eaMyh dks fdl rjg izHkkfor fd;k] ¯gnh osQ izfr fdl izdkj vkdf"kZr fd;k rFkk fdlh
jpukdkj osQ O;fDrRo fuekZ.k vkfn ls lacaf/r igyqvksa dk cM+k fpÙkkd"kZd fp=k.k bl
fuca/ eas fd;k x;k gSA
2024-25
Page 5


2024-25 2024-25
jkepanz 'kqDy
(lu~ 1884&1941)
jkepanz 'kqDy dk tUe mÙkj izns'k osQ cLrh f”kys osQ vxksuk xk¡o
esa gqvk FkkA mudh vkjafHkd f'k{kk mnwZ&vaxzs”kh vkSj I
+
kQkjlh esa
gqbZ FkhA mudh fof/or f'k{kk baVjehfM,V rd gh gks ikbZA ckn
esa mUgksaus Lokè;k; }kjk laLÑr] vaxzss”kh] ck¡Xyk vkSj ¯gnh osQ
izkphu rFkk uohu lkfgR; dk xaHkhjrk ls vè;;u fd;kA oqQN le; rd os fetkZiqj osQ fe'ku gkbZ
LowQy esa fp=kdyk osQ vè;kid jgsA lu~ 1905 esa os dk'kh ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk esa ¯gnh 'kCn
lkxj osQ fuekZ.k dk;Z esa lgk;d laiknd osQ in ij fu;qDr gksdj dk'kh vk x, vkSj ckn esa dk'kh
¯gnw fo'ofo|ky; esa ¯gnh osQ izkè;kid cusA ckcw ';kelqanj nkl osQ vodk'k xzg.k osQ ckn os
¯gnh foHkkx osQ vè;{k in ij dk;Z djrs jgs vkSj blh in ij dk;Z djrs gq, ;gha mudk fuèku
gqvkA dk'kh gh mudh deZLFkyh jghA
vkpk;Z 'kqDy ¯gnh osQ mPpdksfV osQ vkykspd] bfrgkldkj vkSj lkfgR;&¯prd gSaA foKku]
n'kZu] bfrgkl] Hkk"kk foKku] lkfgR; vkSj lekt osQ fofHkUu i{kksa ls lacaf/r ys[kksa] iqLrdksa osQ
ekSfyd ys[ku] laiknu vkSj vuqoknksa osQ chp ls mudk tks Kku laiUu O;kid O;fDrRo mHkjrk gS]
og cstksM+ gSA mUgksaus Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dh u;h vo/kj.kk izLrqr dh vkSj ¯gnh vkykspuk dk u;k
Lo:i fodflr fd;kA ¯gnh lkfgR; osQ bfrgkl dks O;ofLFkr djrs gq, mUgksaus ¯gnh dfo;ksa dh
lE;d leh{kk dh rFkk bfrgkl esa mudk LFkku fu/kZfjr fd;kA vkykspukRed ys[ku osQ vykok
mUgksaus Hkko vkSj euksfodkj laca/h mPpdksfV osQ fuca/ksa dh Hkh jpuk dhA
'kqDy th dh x| 'kSyh foospukRed gS] ftlesa fopkj'khyrk] lw{e roZQ&;kstuk rFkk lân;rk
dk ;ksx gSA O;aX; vkSj fouksn dk iz;ksx djrs gq, os viuh x| 'kSyh dks thoar vkSj izHkko'kkyh
cukrs gSaA muosQ ys[ku esa fopkjksa dh n`<+rk] fuHkhZdrk vkSj vkRefo'okl dh ,drk feyrh gSA
mudk 'kCn&p;u vkSj 'kCn&la;kstu O;kid gS] ftlesa rRle 'kCnksa ls ysdj izpfyr mnwZ 'kCnksa rd
dk iz;ksx fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA vR;ar lkjxfHZkr] fopkj iz/ku] lw=kkRed okD;&jpuk mudh x| 'kSyh dh
,d cM+h fo'ks"krk gSA
jkepanz 'kqDy@59
2024-25
60@varjk
vkpk;Z 'kqDy dh dhfrZ dk v{k; lzksr muosQ }kjk fyf[kr ¯gnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl gSA bls
mUgksaus igys ¯gnh 'kCn lkxj dh Hkwfedk osQ :i esa fy[kk Fkk tks ckn esa ifj"Ñr vkSj la'kksfèkr
:i esa iqLrdkdkj izdkf'kr gqvkA muosQ oqQN vU; egÙoiw.kZ xzaFk gSaµxksLokeh rqylhnkl]
lwjnkl] ¯prkef.k (pkj [kaM) vkSj jl ehekalk vkfnA blosQ vykok mUgksaus tk;lh xazFkkoyh
,oa Hkzejxhr lkj dk laiknu fd;k rFkk mudh yach Hkwfedk fy[khA
laLej.kkRed fucaèk izse?ku dh Nk;k Le`fr esa 'kqDy th us ¯gnh Hkk"kk ,oa lkfgR; osQ izfr
vius izkjafHkd #>kuksa dk cM+k jkspd o.kZu fd;k gSA mudk cpiu lkfgfR;d ifjos'k ls
Hkjkiwjk FkkA ckY;koLFkk esa gh fdl izdkj Hkkjrsanq ,oa muosQ eaMy osQ vU; jpukdkjkas
fo'ks"kr% izse?ku osQ lkfUuè; esa 'kqDy th dk lkfgR;dkj vkdkj xzg.k djrk gS] mldh
vR;ar euksgkjh >k¡dh ;gk¡ izLrqr gqbZ gSA izse?ku osQ O;fDrRo us 'kqDy th dh leo;Ld
eaMyh dks fdl rjg izHkkfor fd;k] ¯gnh osQ izfr fdl izdkj vkdf"kZr fd;k rFkk fdlh
jpukdkj osQ O;fDrRo fuekZ.k vkfn ls lacaf/r igyqvksa dk cM+k fpÙkkd"kZd fp=k.k bl
fuca/ eas fd;k x;k gSA
2024-25
jkepanz 'kqDy@61
izse?ku dh Nk;k&Le`fr
esjs firkth I
+
kQkjlh osQ vPNs Kkrk vkSj iqjkuh ¯gnh dfork osQ cM+s izseh FksA I
+
kQkjlh dfo;ksa dh
mfDr;ksa dks ¯gnh dfo;ksa dh mfDr;ksa osQ lkFk feykus esa mUgsa cM+k vkuan vkrk FkkA os jkr dks
izk;% jkepfjrekul vkSj jkepafnzdk] ?kj osQ lc yksxksa dks ,d=k djosQ cM+s fpÙkkd"kZd <ax ls i<+k
djrs FksA vkèkqfud ¯gnh&lkfgR; esa Hkkjrsanq th osQ ukVd mUgsa cgqr fiz; FksA mUgsa Hkh os dHkh&dHkh
lquk;k djrs FksA tc mudh cnyh gehjiqj f”kys dh jkB rglhy ls fetkZiqj gqbZ rc esjh voLFkk
vkB o"kZ dh FkhA mlosQ ifgys gh ls Hkkjrsanq osQ lacaèk esa ,d viwoZ eèkqj Hkkouk esjs eu esa txh
jgrh FkhA ^lR; gfj'panz* ukVd osQ uk;d
jktk gfj'panz vkSj dfo gfj'panz esa esjh
cky&cqf¼ dksbZ Hksn ugha dj ikrh FkhA
^gfj'panz* 'kCn ls nksuksa dh ,d feyhtqyh
Hkkouk ,d viwoZ ekèkq;Z dk lapkj esjs eu
esa djrh FkhA fetkZiqj vkus ij oqQN fnuksa
esa lqukbZ iM+us yxk fd Hkkjrsanq gfj'panz
osQ ,d fe=k ;gk¡ jgrs gSa] tks ¯gnh osQ
,d izfl¼ dfo gSa vkSj ftudk uke gS
mikè;k; cnjhukjk;.k pkSèkjhA
Hkkjrsanq&eaMy dh fdlh ltho Le`fr
osQ izfr esjh fdruh mRoaQBk jgh gksxh]
;g vuqeku djus dh ckr gSA eSa uxj ls
ckgj jgrk FkkA ,d fnu ckydksa dh
eaMyh tksM+h xbZA tks pkSèkjh lkgc osQ
edku ls ifjfpr Fks] os vxqvk gq,A ehy
Ms<+ dk liQj rS gqvkA iRFkj osQ ,d cM+s
edku osQ lkeus ge yksx tk [kMs+ gq,A
uhps dk cjkenk [kkyh FkkA Åij dk
2024-25
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