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Page 1
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???? 75% ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????-???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????
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?????? ????? ?????? (Northern Sea Route-NSR) ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????
??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????????
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z ???? ??????: ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? 1900 ?? ?????? ??? 7 ?? 8 ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????
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???? ????? ???, ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??? 20 ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???
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???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??, ??? ?? ??????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ????
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Page 2
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???? 75% ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????-???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????
??? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????????
?????? ????? ?????? (Northern Sea Route-NSR) ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????
??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????????
??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???? 2050 ?? ???????? ??
??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???
z ????????? NSR ?? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????
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???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ???????
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Page 3
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???? 75% ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????-???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????
??? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????????
?????? ????? ?????? (Northern Sea Route-NSR) ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????
??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????????
??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???? 2050 ?? ???????? ??
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????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? (NSR):
z NSR ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???? (????? ??? ?? ??????, ??????, ???? ????? ??
???? ????????? ?? ????? ???) ??????? ????? ???
? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? (????????) ?? ???????????? (???????) ?? ????? ??? 40% ?? ?????? (???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???) ??????
? ?? ??????? ?? ???????, ???? ??? ??? ?? ? ????? ?? ?? ?????????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ?? 22% ??????? ????? ??? ???, ????
?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? 25% ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????????
???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ???????
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z NSR ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????????: ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???, ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????,
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z ??????? ????? ?? ????: ????????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????????????? ????? ???
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z ??-??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???,
???????, ????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???
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??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? NSR ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???
? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ????????????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???
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??????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ‘??????? ???? ????’ ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????????, ??????, ????????? ??????
??? ??? ???????????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???
???? ?? ??????:
z ???? ?? ???: ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????
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? ????? ???? ?? ???????: ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ?????????, ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??, ????? ?????
(???????) ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???????
? ??????? ?????: ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????
??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ??, ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???
? ????? ???: ????? ??? ??????? ????? (Arctic Council) ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??, ??? ??????? ????????? ??
?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????-??????? ??? ???
F ???????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????, ???????????, ????????? ?? ?????????
?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????
???????:
??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ??????????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???, ???????
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?????? ?????? ???? -2020
????? ??? ?????
???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? (Bombay Natural History Society- BNHS) ?? ????????? ??
??????????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????-2020 (Asian Waterbird Census-2020) ????? ????
?????? ?????:
z ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????????????? (Wetlands) ?? ??????? ??
????? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??????????/????????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? (Citizen Science
Programme) ??? ??????? ?????? ????? (AWC) ???? ?????? ???
z AWC, ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? (Global Waterbird Monitoring programme) ???? ?????????
???????? ????? ( International Waterbird Census-IWC) ??? ?? ????? ??? ??, ??? ???????? ?????????
(Wetlands International) ??????? ??????? ???
? IWC ??? ??????? 143 ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??, ?? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ??
??????? ???
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?? ?????????? ?????? ???
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???????, ?????-?????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?? ??? ???? ???
Page 4
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???? 75% ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????-???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????
??? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????????
?????? ????? ?????? (Northern Sea Route-NSR) ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????
??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????????
??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???? 2050 ?? ???????? ??
??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???
z ????????? NSR ?? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????
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? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ????, ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? (Heatwave)
?? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???????
? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????????????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ????-???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????
?????? ??????, ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????????
z ???? ??????: ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? 1900 ?? ?????? ??? 7 ?? 8 ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????
????? ??? ??? ???
? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???????
??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???
? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?????-??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????????? ???????? ??, ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??
???? ????? ???, ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??? 20 ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???
z ???? ??????: ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????, ??? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??????????? ??? ????? ?? ?????
???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??, ??? ?? ??????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ????
? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???????
z ?????????? ?? ????? ???????: ??????? ????? ??? ??????????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????????? ??? ?????
?? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ???
? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????, ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????
? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?????, ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????????? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????
??? ?? ????????? ???????
z ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????: ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???
? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????, ???? ?? ???? ??????? ? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????
????? ?? ??????, ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???????????? ?? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ???, ??? ?? ????????? ?? ??????????? ??? ????? ??
?? ???????????? ????? ?? ???? ???????????? ???? ???
? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????, ??????, ??????? ??????????, ?????? ?????, ???? ?? ?? ???
??????????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???
? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????, ??????????? ?? ?????, ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??
???????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???
????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? (NSR):
z NSR ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???? (????? ??? ?? ??????, ??????, ???? ????? ??
???? ????????? ?? ????? ???) ??????? ????? ???
? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? (????????) ?? ???????????? (???????) ?? ????? ??? 40% ?? ?????? (???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???) ??????
? ?? ??????? ?? ???????, ???? ??? ??? ?? ? ????? ?? ?? ?????????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ?? 22% ??????? ????? ??? ???, ????
?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? 25% ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????????
???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ???????
??????????:
z NSR ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????????: ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???, ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????,
??????? ???????????? ?? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ?????????? ??? ????????
???
? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ???? ????? ???
z ??????? ????? ?? ????: ????????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????????????? ????? ???
????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ???? [?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? (UNCLOS) ??? ????????] ?? ???? ???
? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????- ???, ???????, ?????, ????????? (????????) ?? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??
????????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???
? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ????
z ??-??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???,
???????, ????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???
? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??, ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??, ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????
??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? NSR ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???
? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ????????????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???
? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ‘???? ??? ???? ????????? ??????????’ (Belt and Road initiative- BRI) ??
??????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ‘??????? ???? ????’ ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????????, ??????, ????????? ??????
??? ??? ???????????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???
???? ?? ??????:
z ???? ?? ???: ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????
? ???? ?? ??????: ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????????, ????? ?? ??????, ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????
???????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ???
? ????? ???? ?? ???????: ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ?????????, ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??, ????? ?????
(???????) ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???????
? ??????? ?????: ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????
??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ??, ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???
? ????? ???: ????? ??? ??????? ????? (Arctic Council) ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??, ??? ??????? ????????? ??
?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????-??????? ??? ???
F ???????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????, ???????????, ????????? ?? ?????????
?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????
???????:
??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ??????????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???, ???????
?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???????
??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????
?????? ?????? ???? -2020
????? ??? ?????
???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? (Bombay Natural History Society- BNHS) ?? ????????? ??
??????????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????-2020 (Asian Waterbird Census-2020) ????? ????
?????? ?????:
z ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????????????? (Wetlands) ?? ??????? ??
????? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??????????/????????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? (Citizen Science
Programme) ??? ??????? ?????? ????? (AWC) ???? ?????? ???
z AWC, ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? (Global Waterbird Monitoring programme) ???? ?????????
???????? ????? ( International Waterbird Census-IWC) ??? ?? ????? ??? ??, ??? ???????? ?????????
(Wetlands International) ??????? ??????? ???
? IWC ??? ??????? 143 ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??, ?? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ??
??????? ???
? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???-???-??????? ???????????? ?? ??? ????????????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???
? ????? ??????? ???????, ???????, ?????? ??????, ??????????????? ?? ???????? ??? ????????????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????????
?? ?????????? ?????? ???
??????:
z ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? 1987 ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??
???????, ?????-?????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?? ??? ???? ???
z ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? - ???????????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???
? ?????? ??????- ??????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???
??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????-?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ??????
????
? ??? ??????? ??????? (Central Asian Flyway- CAF) ??????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ?? ????? ???? ????????
?? ??? ?????????? ?? ?? ???? ?????????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???
???:
z ????? ?? ? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ??, ????????
????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? , ??????? ?? ????? ????, ????????? (Roosting)
?? ???????? (Foraging) ???? ???????? ????
z ???? ?? ?? ????????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????, ?????? ??????, ?????? ??????? - ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????, ?????????? ????
?? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ????????????? ??????????? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???
z ?? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?????? (Convention on Migratory Species- CMS) ?? ??????? ?? ????????????
??????????? (Convention on Biological Diversity‘s- CBD) ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???
???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????:
z ????? ??? AWC ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???
? BNHS ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??, ??? ???? 1883 ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ???
z ????? ??? ????????????? ??? ?? ??????????? AWC ??????? ?? ??????? IBA ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???
? ????? ??? ??? 42 ?????? ??? ???, ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???
? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ????? (Important Bird and Biodiversity Area- IBA)
????????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????, ???????? ?? ??????? ?????
??? ????? ??? ??? 450 ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ????
? ????? 2020 ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ????????? ??? ‘???????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ?? ?????? (Conservation of Migratory
Species of Wild Animals-CMS) ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? (COP) ?? 13??? ??? ???
?????? ????? ?????
F COP13 ??? CMS ???????? ??? ?? ?? ????????????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ( Asian Elephant), ?????
(Jaguar), ???? ?????? ?????? (Great Indian Bustard), ?????? ???????? (Bengal Florican) ???????
???? ???? ??????????? ??? ????????-1 (??? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??) ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????
? ????? ??????? ?????? 2018 ??? ??? ???????? ?????? (Convention on Biological Diversity- CBD) ?? ????
???? ???????? ???????? (NR6) ??????? ?? ???
????? ????????? ??????? ????
????? ??? ?????
???? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ????????
???? ??, ???????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ‘?????????? ??? ????’ (Unworkable Time Schedule) ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???
????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????
Page 5
????????????? ??? ????????? ????????????? ??? ?????????
??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????
??????:
z ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??, ???????
?? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???
???? 75% ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????-???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????
??? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????????
?????? ????? ?????? (Northern Sea Route-NSR) ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????
??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????????
??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???? 2050 ?? ???????? ??
??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???
z ????????? NSR ?? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????
??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????????
??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??????:
z ??????? ??????: ??????? ?? ??????????? ???? ?? ?????????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???
???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?? (??????? ???????), ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???
???????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????
? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???, ?????? ?? ???, ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????
? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ????, ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? (Heatwave)
?? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???????
? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????????????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ????-???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????
?????? ??????, ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????????
z ???? ??????: ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? 1900 ?? ?????? ??? 7 ?? 8 ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????
????? ??? ??? ???
? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???????
??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???
? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?????-??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????????? ???????? ??, ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??
???? ????? ???, ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??? 20 ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???
z ???? ??????: ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????, ??? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??????????? ??? ????? ?? ?????
???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??, ??? ?? ??????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ????
? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???????
z ?????????? ?? ????? ???????: ??????? ????? ??? ??????????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????????? ??? ?????
?? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ???
? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????, ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????
? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?????, ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????????? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????
??? ?? ????????? ???????
z ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????: ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???
? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????, ???? ?? ???? ??????? ? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????
????? ?? ??????, ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???????????? ?? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ???, ??? ?? ????????? ?? ??????????? ??? ????? ??
?? ???????????? ????? ?? ???? ???????????? ???? ???
? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????, ??????, ??????? ??????????, ?????? ?????, ???? ?? ?? ???
??????????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???
? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????, ??????????? ?? ?????, ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??
???????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???
????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? (NSR):
z NSR ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???? (????? ??? ?? ??????, ??????, ???? ????? ??
???? ????????? ?? ????? ???) ??????? ????? ???
? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? (????????) ?? ???????????? (???????) ?? ????? ??? 40% ?? ?????? (???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???) ??????
? ?? ??????? ?? ???????, ???? ??? ??? ?? ? ????? ?? ?? ?????????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ?? 22% ??????? ????? ??? ???, ????
?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? 25% ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????????
???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ???????
??????????:
z NSR ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????????: ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???, ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????,
??????? ???????????? ?? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ?????????? ??? ????????
???
? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ???? ????? ???
z ??????? ????? ?? ????: ????????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????????????? ????? ???
????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ???? [?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? (UNCLOS) ??? ????????] ?? ???? ???
? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????- ???, ???????, ?????, ????????? (????????) ?? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??
????????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???
? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ????
z ??-??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???,
???????, ????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???
? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??, ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??, ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????
??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? NSR ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???
? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ????????????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???
? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ‘???? ??? ???? ????????? ??????????’ (Belt and Road initiative- BRI) ??
??????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ‘??????? ???? ????’ ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????????, ??????, ????????? ??????
??? ??? ???????????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???
???? ?? ??????:
z ???? ?? ???: ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????
? ???? ?? ??????: ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????????, ????? ?? ??????, ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????
???????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ???
? ????? ???? ?? ???????: ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ?????????, ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??, ????? ?????
(???????) ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???????
? ??????? ?????: ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????
??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ??, ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???
? ????? ???: ????? ??? ??????? ????? (Arctic Council) ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??, ??? ??????? ????????? ??
?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????-??????? ??? ???
F ???????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????, ???????????, ????????? ?? ?????????
?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????
???????:
??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ??????????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???, ???????
?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???????
??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????
?????? ?????? ???? -2020
????? ??? ?????
???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? (Bombay Natural History Society- BNHS) ?? ????????? ??
??????????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????-2020 (Asian Waterbird Census-2020) ????? ????
?????? ?????:
z ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????????????? (Wetlands) ?? ??????? ??
????? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??????????/????????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? (Citizen Science
Programme) ??? ??????? ?????? ????? (AWC) ???? ?????? ???
z AWC, ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? (Global Waterbird Monitoring programme) ???? ?????????
???????? ????? ( International Waterbird Census-IWC) ??? ?? ????? ??? ??, ??? ???????? ?????????
(Wetlands International) ??????? ??????? ???
? IWC ??? ??????? 143 ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??, ?? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ??
??????? ???
? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???-???-??????? ???????????? ?? ??? ????????????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???
? ????? ??????? ???????, ???????, ?????? ??????, ??????????????? ?? ???????? ??? ????????????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????????
?? ?????????? ?????? ???
??????:
z ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? 1987 ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??
???????, ?????-?????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?? ??? ???? ???
z ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? - ???????????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???
? ?????? ??????- ??????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???
??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????-?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ??????
????
? ??? ??????? ??????? (Central Asian Flyway- CAF) ??????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ?? ????? ???? ????????
?? ??? ?????????? ?? ?? ???? ?????????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???
???:
z ????? ?? ? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ??, ????????
????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? , ??????? ?? ????? ????, ????????? (Roosting)
?? ???????? (Foraging) ???? ???????? ????
z ???? ?? ?? ????????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????, ?????? ??????, ?????? ??????? - ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????, ?????????? ????
?? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ????????????? ??????????? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???
z ?? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?????? (Convention on Migratory Species- CMS) ?? ??????? ?? ????????????
??????????? (Convention on Biological Diversity‘s- CBD) ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???
???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????:
z ????? ??? AWC ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???
? BNHS ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??, ??? ???? 1883 ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ???
z ????? ??? ????????????? ??? ?? ??????????? AWC ??????? ?? ??????? IBA ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???
? ????? ??? ??? 42 ?????? ??? ???, ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???
? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ????? (Important Bird and Biodiversity Area- IBA)
????????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????, ???????? ?? ??????? ?????
??? ????? ??? ??? 450 ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ????
? ????? 2020 ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ????????? ??? ‘???????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ?? ?????? (Conservation of Migratory
Species of Wild Animals-CMS) ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? (COP) ?? 13??? ??? ???
?????? ????? ?????
F COP13 ??? CMS ???????? ??? ?? ?? ????????????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ( Asian Elephant), ?????
(Jaguar), ???? ?????? ?????? (Great Indian Bustard), ?????? ???????? (Bengal Florican) ???????
???? ???? ??????????? ??? ????????-1 (??? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??) ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????
? ????? ??????? ?????? 2018 ??? ??? ???????? ?????? (Convention on Biological Diversity- CBD) ?? ????
???? ???????? ???????? (NR6) ??????? ?? ???
????? ????????? ??????? ????
????? ??? ?????
???? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ????????
???? ??, ???????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ‘?????????? ??? ????’ (Unworkable Time Schedule) ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???
????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????
?????? ?????
?????????
z ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? 2017 ?? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ?? ???????
??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????????????? (Flue Gas Desulphurization- FGD) ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???????
??????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????
? ??? ???? ??? ???? 2022 ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???-??? ???????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ????
????? ??? ????????????? (FED):
z ????? ??? ?????????????, ???? ???????????? (Sulfur Dioxide) ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ???????????? ??? ????????
????? SO2 ?? ?
z ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???, ??? ????????,
??????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????????? ??? ????? SO2 ??? ??? ????????
?????? ???????? ?? ???????:
z ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? “?????? ????? ?????” ??? ???????? ????? ????, ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????
???????, ????? ?????-1 ????? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ????? 5 ???? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ???
z ???? ?? “?????? ????? ?????” ?????????? ????? ??, ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???, ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????
????????
? ?????-1 ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????
? ?????-2 ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????-1 ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???
? ???????? ??? ?????-3, 4 ?? 5 ?? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???
z ???????? ?? ???????, ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???????, ? ?? ????-?????? ????????
?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????
? ?? ??? ?? ??????, ?????????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????????
?? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???
????? ????????? ???????
z ?????:
? ????????? ??? SO
2
??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???
? SO
2
??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????????, ?????????? ????? ????- ??????????? ???????, ????,
????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???
z ??????: SO
2
???????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ???
z SO
2
??? ??????? ???? ??? SO
2
?? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??, ?????????: ?? ???? ?? ??? ???????? (SOx) ??? ????????
???? ??? (SOx) ????????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???????
(Particulate Matter- PM) ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????
? SO
2
?? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????
??????? ????? SO
2
?? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ????
F ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ????
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Document Description: Environment and Ecology (पर्यावरण और पारिस्थितिकी): January 2021 UPSC Current Affairs for UPSC 2024 is part of Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly preparation.
The notes and questions for Environment and Ecology (पर्यावरण और पारिस्थितिकी): January 2021 UPSC Current Affairs have been prepared according to the UPSC exam syllabus. Information about Environment and Ecology (पर्यावरण और पारिस्थितिकी): January 2021 UPSC Current Affairs covers topics
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