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Page 1
?????????/????????? ??????? ?????????/????????? ???????
SARS-CoV-2 ?? ??? ???
????? ??? ?????
??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? SARS-CoV-2 ?? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?????
???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????????? (Mutatition) ?? ??? ??, ?? COVID-19 ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????????? ??
???? ???
z SARS-CoV-2 ?? ????? ?? ?? COVID-19 ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ???
?????? ?????
?????????? ?? ????:
z ?????????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??????
?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???
z ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ???? (Deoxyribonucleic Acid- DNA) ?? ??? ???? ???,
???? ????? ????? ?? ???????? DNA ?? ????? ??????? ???? (Ribo Nucleic Acid- RNA) ?? ??? ?? ???? ????
RNA ?????????? ???? DNA ??????????:
z ?? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? DNA ???????? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ???????
?? ????? ????????? ????????? ?? ?? DNA ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???
z RNA ????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???
? ??? ??????????/??????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????
?? ???? ???
?????????? ?? ?????:
z ?????:
? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??, ?? ?? ?????
????????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???
? ??????????: D614G ???? ?? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? 2020 ??? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???
???????? ???
? ?? ?? ??????????? ??????????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??????????? ????? ??
?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????????? ?? 99% ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ???
? ?? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???
? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????, ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????
?? ?? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????
Page 2
?????????/????????? ??????? ?????????/????????? ???????
SARS-CoV-2 ?? ??? ???
????? ??? ?????
??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? SARS-CoV-2 ?? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?????
???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????????? (Mutatition) ?? ??? ??, ?? COVID-19 ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????????? ??
???? ???
z SARS-CoV-2 ?? ????? ?? ?? COVID-19 ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ???
?????? ?????
?????????? ?? ????:
z ?????????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??????
?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???
z ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ???? (Deoxyribonucleic Acid- DNA) ?? ??? ???? ???,
???? ????? ????? ?? ???????? DNA ?? ????? ??????? ???? (Ribo Nucleic Acid- RNA) ?? ??? ?? ???? ????
RNA ?????????? ???? DNA ??????????:
z ?? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? DNA ???????? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ???????
?? ????? ????????? ????????? ?? ?? DNA ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???
z RNA ????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???
? ??? ??????????/??????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????
?? ???? ???
?????????? ?? ?????:
z ?????:
? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??, ?? ?? ?????
????????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???
? ??????????: D614G ???? ?? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? 2020 ??? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???
???????? ???
? ?? ?? ??????????? ??????????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??????????? ????? ??
?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????????? ?? 99% ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ???
? ?? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???
? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????, ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????
?? ?? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????
??????????? ?? RNA ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????:
z ??????????? ??? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ?? RNA ????? ???? ??:
? ???? ??? ?????:
RNA ????? ?? 30,000 ????????????? (??????? ???? ?????) ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???
? ??????:
??????????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???, ?? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???, ?? ?? ????
??? ?? ???? ???????? RNA ????? ?? ????
??????????? ???????? ??? ?????? RBD ??????????:
z ??????????? ?? ??? ?????? ‘???????-???????? ?????’ (RBD) ?????????? ??? K417N /T, E484K ?? N501Y ????? ??????
?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????
? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? N501Y, P681H ?????????? ???? ??? ???
z ????? ??????? ?? ‘???????-???????? ?????’ ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ????
???? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ???
z ‘???????-???????? ?????’ ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ‘?????? ???????’ ????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??
‘????-?????? ???????? ?????’ ?? ???????? ???? ???
????? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????:
z ???????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??
??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ???
? COVID-19 ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? (??? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???) ?????? ?? ??? ?????
?? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????
???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?? ???? ????
? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ??????????? ‘????????? ???????’ (????) ?? ‘???? ?????? ???????????? ?????’ (PRNT)
???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???
? IC50 ?? PRNT50 ???? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? 50% ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???
????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????????????:
z ??????? ?? ?????/??????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???
??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????
z ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????
???? ?? ?????? ???:
z ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????
???? ?? ????
z ????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ??? ?? ???? ???????????? ??
???
? ????????-????? ????????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????
???? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????
? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????
Page 3
?????????/????????? ??????? ?????????/????????? ???????
SARS-CoV-2 ?? ??? ???
????? ??? ?????
??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? SARS-CoV-2 ?? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?????
???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????????? (Mutatition) ?? ??? ??, ?? COVID-19 ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????????? ??
???? ???
z SARS-CoV-2 ?? ????? ?? ?? COVID-19 ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ???
?????? ?????
?????????? ?? ????:
z ?????????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??????
?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???
z ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ???? (Deoxyribonucleic Acid- DNA) ?? ??? ???? ???,
???? ????? ????? ?? ???????? DNA ?? ????? ??????? ???? (Ribo Nucleic Acid- RNA) ?? ??? ?? ???? ????
RNA ?????????? ???? DNA ??????????:
z ?? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? DNA ???????? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ???????
?? ????? ????????? ????????? ?? ?? DNA ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???
z RNA ????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???
? ??? ??????????/??????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????
?? ???? ???
?????????? ?? ?????:
z ?????:
? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??, ?? ?? ?????
????????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???
? ??????????: D614G ???? ?? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? 2020 ??? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???
???????? ???
? ?? ?? ??????????? ??????????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??????????? ????? ??
?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????????? ?? 99% ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ???
? ?? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???
? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????, ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????
?? ?? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????
??????????? ?? RNA ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????:
z ??????????? ??? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ?? RNA ????? ???? ??:
? ???? ??? ?????:
RNA ????? ?? 30,000 ????????????? (??????? ???? ?????) ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???
? ??????:
??????????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???, ?? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???, ?? ?? ????
??? ?? ???? ???????? RNA ????? ?? ????
??????????? ???????? ??? ?????? RBD ??????????:
z ??????????? ?? ??? ?????? ‘???????-???????? ?????’ (RBD) ?????????? ??? K417N /T, E484K ?? N501Y ????? ??????
?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????
? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? N501Y, P681H ?????????? ???? ??? ???
z ????? ??????? ?? ‘???????-???????? ?????’ ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ????
???? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ???
z ‘???????-???????? ?????’ ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ‘?????? ???????’ ????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??
‘????-?????? ???????? ?????’ ?? ???????? ???? ???
????? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????:
z ???????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??
??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ???
? COVID-19 ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? (??? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???) ?????? ?? ??? ?????
?? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????
???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?? ???? ????
? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ??????????? ‘????????? ???????’ (????) ?? ‘???? ?????? ???????????? ?????’ (PRNT)
???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???
? IC50 ?? PRNT50 ???? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? 50% ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???
????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????????????:
z ??????? ?? ?????/??????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???
??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????
z ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????
???? ?? ?????? ???:
z ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????
???? ?? ????
z ????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ??? ?? ???? ???????????? ??
???
? ????????-????? ????????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????
???? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????
? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????
z ?? ?? ??? COVID-19 ?????? ?? ???-??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???-???
?? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???????
z ???? ?? ??????? 2020 ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? 2020 ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???????
z ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????-????????? ???? ‘?????? SARS-CoV-2 ???????? ??????????’ (INSACOG) ??
?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???
? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??
????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???
?????-19 ???????? ???????
????? ??? ?????
98 ????? ?? ‘?????-19 ???????? ???????’ (Covid-19 Performance Index) ??? ???? ?? 86??? ???? ???
?????? ?????:
??????? ?? ???? ???:
z ????? ??????:
? ?????-19 ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? (Sydney-based Lowy Institute) ?? ?? ?? ??????????
???? ???? ??, ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ???? ????
? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?????, ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????
z ????? ????????:
? ??? ??????:
1. ????????? ?????? ?? ??????
2. ????????? ????? ?? ??????
3. ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????
4. ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????
5. ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????
6. ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ??????
? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????, ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????
? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???
? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????-19 ?? ????? (Transmission of Covid-19) ?? ????-??-???? ????????
?? ????? ???? ???
z ???????? ?? ????:
? 36 ????? ??? 98 ????? ????? ???? ???? 100 ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????
? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? (Testing Rates) ????????? ??? ?? ?????
???? ????
? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???-??? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? 0 (????
???? ????????) ?? 100 (?????????? ????????) ?? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????
Page 4
?????????/????????? ??????? ?????????/????????? ???????
SARS-CoV-2 ?? ??? ???
????? ??? ?????
??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? SARS-CoV-2 ?? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?????
???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????????? (Mutatition) ?? ??? ??, ?? COVID-19 ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????????? ??
???? ???
z SARS-CoV-2 ?? ????? ?? ?? COVID-19 ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ???
?????? ?????
?????????? ?? ????:
z ?????????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??????
?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???
z ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ???? (Deoxyribonucleic Acid- DNA) ?? ??? ???? ???,
???? ????? ????? ?? ???????? DNA ?? ????? ??????? ???? (Ribo Nucleic Acid- RNA) ?? ??? ?? ???? ????
RNA ?????????? ???? DNA ??????????:
z ?? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? DNA ???????? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ???????
?? ????? ????????? ????????? ?? ?? DNA ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???
z RNA ????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???
? ??? ??????????/??????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????
?? ???? ???
?????????? ?? ?????:
z ?????:
? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??, ?? ?? ?????
????????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???
? ??????????: D614G ???? ?? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? 2020 ??? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???
???????? ???
? ?? ?? ??????????? ??????????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??????????? ????? ??
?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????????? ?? 99% ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ???
? ?? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???
? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????, ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????
?? ?? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????
??????????? ?? RNA ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????:
z ??????????? ??? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ?? RNA ????? ???? ??:
? ???? ??? ?????:
RNA ????? ?? 30,000 ????????????? (??????? ???? ?????) ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???
? ??????:
??????????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???, ?? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???, ?? ?? ????
??? ?? ???? ???????? RNA ????? ?? ????
??????????? ???????? ??? ?????? RBD ??????????:
z ??????????? ?? ??? ?????? ‘???????-???????? ?????’ (RBD) ?????????? ??? K417N /T, E484K ?? N501Y ????? ??????
?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????
? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? N501Y, P681H ?????????? ???? ??? ???
z ????? ??????? ?? ‘???????-???????? ?????’ ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ????
???? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ???
z ‘???????-???????? ?????’ ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ‘?????? ???????’ ????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??
‘????-?????? ???????? ?????’ ?? ???????? ???? ???
????? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????:
z ???????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??
??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ???
? COVID-19 ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? (??? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???) ?????? ?? ??? ?????
?? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????
???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?? ???? ????
? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ??????????? ‘????????? ???????’ (????) ?? ‘???? ?????? ???????????? ?????’ (PRNT)
???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???
? IC50 ?? PRNT50 ???? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? 50% ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???
????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????????????:
z ??????? ?? ?????/??????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???
??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????
z ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????
???? ?? ?????? ???:
z ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????
???? ?? ????
z ????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ??? ?? ???? ???????????? ??
???
? ????????-????? ????????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????
???? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????
? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????
z ?? ?? ??? COVID-19 ?????? ?? ???-??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???-???
?? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???????
z ???? ?? ??????? 2020 ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? 2020 ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???????
z ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????-????????? ???? ‘?????? SARS-CoV-2 ???????? ??????????’ (INSACOG) ??
?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???
? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??
????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???
?????-19 ???????? ???????
????? ??? ?????
98 ????? ?? ‘?????-19 ???????? ???????’ (Covid-19 Performance Index) ??? ???? ?? 86??? ???? ???
?????? ?????:
??????? ?? ???? ???:
z ????? ??????:
? ?????-19 ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? (Sydney-based Lowy Institute) ?? ?? ?? ??????????
???? ???? ??, ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ???? ????
? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?????, ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????
z ????? ????????:
? ??? ??????:
1. ????????? ?????? ?? ??????
2. ????????? ????? ?? ??????
3. ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????
4. ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????
5. ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????
6. ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ??????
? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????, ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????
? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???
? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????-19 ?? ????? (Transmission of Covid-19) ?? ????-??-???? ????????
?? ????? ???? ???
z ???????? ?? ????:
? 36 ????? ??? 98 ????? ????? ???? ???? 100 ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????
? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? (Testing Rates) ????????? ??? ?? ?????
???? ????
? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???-??? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? 0 (????
???? ????????) ?? 100 (?????????? ????????) ?? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????
??????:
z ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???:
? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???????, ??????, ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???
z ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ???:
? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? 98 ??? ?? 94??? ???? ?? ????
z ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????:
? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ???, ?? ??????? ??? 10?? ???? ?? ???, ???? ??????? ??? ?????? 25??? ???? ??,
???????? 69??? ???? ??, ????? 70??? ???? ?? ?? ????????? 84??? ???? ?? ????
z ???? ?? ????????:
? ?????-19 ???????? ??????? ??? ???? 98 ????? ??? 86??? ???? ?? ????
? ?????-??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? 24.3 ??, ?? ?? ?????? (?????-???????) ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??, ??????
????????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?????-??????? ?? ???? 58.2 ??, ?? ?? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???
???????:
z ????? ????? ?? ????? ????????: ?????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???, ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????
?? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???
? 10 ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? 2020 ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? (Larger Counterparts) ?? ????? ????
?????
z ?????? ?? ?????: ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????
???
? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??, ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????
???? ???, ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????
z ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ‘????-??????’
z ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???
? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???
???? ???? 2021
????? ??? ?????
?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? 26 ?? 31 ?????, 2021 ?? ??????? ???????? ‘???? ???? 2021’ ?? ?????
???? ????
z ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??, ?????? ‘???? ???? ???’, ‘????? ?? ??????’ ?? ‘?????
????’ ????? ????
?????? ?????
???? ????
z ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??
????????? ???? ???
z ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? 2016 ?? ??????? ???? 26 ?? 31 ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???
???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???
Page 5
?????????/????????? ??????? ?????????/????????? ???????
SARS-CoV-2 ?? ??? ???
????? ??? ?????
??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? SARS-CoV-2 ?? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?????
???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????????? (Mutatition) ?? ??? ??, ?? COVID-19 ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????????? ??
???? ???
z SARS-CoV-2 ?? ????? ?? ?? COVID-19 ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ???
?????? ?????
?????????? ?? ????:
z ?????????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??????
?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???
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???? ????? ????? ?? ???????? DNA ?? ????? ??????? ???? (Ribo Nucleic Acid- RNA) ?? ??? ?? ???? ????
RNA ?????????? ???? DNA ??????????:
z ?? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? DNA ???????? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ???????
?? ????? ????????? ????????? ?? ?? DNA ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???
z RNA ????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???
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?? ???? ???
?????????? ?? ?????:
z ?????:
? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??, ?? ?? ?????
????????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???
? ??????????: D614G ???? ?? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? 2020 ??? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???
???????? ???
? ?? ?? ??????????? ??????????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??????????? ????? ??
?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????????? ?? 99% ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ???
? ?? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???
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?? ?? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????
??????????? ?? RNA ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????:
z ??????????? ??? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ?? RNA ????? ???? ??:
? ???? ??? ?????:
RNA ????? ?? 30,000 ????????????? (??????? ???? ?????) ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???
? ??????:
??????????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???, ?? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???, ?? ?? ????
??? ?? ???? ???????? RNA ????? ?? ????
??????????? ???????? ??? ?????? RBD ??????????:
z ??????????? ?? ??? ?????? ‘???????-???????? ?????’ (RBD) ?????????? ??? K417N /T, E484K ?? N501Y ????? ??????
?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????
? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? N501Y, P681H ?????????? ???? ??? ???
z ????? ??????? ?? ‘???????-???????? ?????’ ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ????
???? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ???
z ‘???????-???????? ?????’ ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ‘?????? ???????’ ????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??
‘????-?????? ???????? ?????’ ?? ???????? ???? ???
????? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????:
z ???????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??
??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ???
? COVID-19 ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? (??? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???) ?????? ?? ??? ?????
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???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?? ???? ????
? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ??????????? ‘????????? ???????’ (????) ?? ‘???? ?????? ???????????? ?????’ (PRNT)
???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???
? IC50 ?? PRNT50 ???? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? 50% ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???
????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????????????:
z ??????? ?? ?????/??????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???
??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????
z ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????
???? ?? ?????? ???:
z ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????
???? ?? ????
z ????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ??? ?? ???? ???????????? ??
???
? ????????-????? ????????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????
???? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????
? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????
z ?? ?? ??? COVID-19 ?????? ?? ???-??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???-???
?? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???????
z ???? ?? ??????? 2020 ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? 2020 ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???????
z ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????-????????? ???? ‘?????? SARS-CoV-2 ???????? ??????????’ (INSACOG) ??
?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???
? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??
????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???
?????-19 ???????? ???????
????? ??? ?????
98 ????? ?? ‘?????-19 ???????? ???????’ (Covid-19 Performance Index) ??? ???? ?? 86??? ???? ???
?????? ?????:
??????? ?? ???? ???:
z ????? ??????:
? ?????-19 ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? (Sydney-based Lowy Institute) ?? ?? ?? ??????????
???? ???? ??, ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ???? ????
? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?????, ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????
z ????? ????????:
? ??? ??????:
1. ????????? ?????? ?? ??????
2. ????????? ????? ?? ??????
3. ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????
4. ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????
5. ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????
6. ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ??????
? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????, ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????
? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???
? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????-19 ?? ????? (Transmission of Covid-19) ?? ????-??-???? ????????
?? ????? ???? ???
z ???????? ?? ????:
? 36 ????? ??? 98 ????? ????? ???? ???? 100 ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????
? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? (Testing Rates) ????????? ??? ?? ?????
???? ????
? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???-??? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? 0 (????
???? ????????) ?? 100 (?????????? ????????) ?? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????
??????:
z ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???:
? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???????, ??????, ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???
z ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ???:
? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? 98 ??? ?? 94??? ???? ?? ????
z ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????:
? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ???, ?? ??????? ??? 10?? ???? ?? ???, ???? ??????? ??? ?????? 25??? ???? ??,
???????? 69??? ???? ??, ????? 70??? ???? ?? ?? ????????? 84??? ???? ?? ????
z ???? ?? ????????:
? ?????-19 ???????? ??????? ??? ???? 98 ????? ??? 86??? ???? ?? ????
? ?????-??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? 24.3 ??, ?? ?? ?????? (?????-???????) ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??, ??????
????????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?????-??????? ?? ???? 58.2 ??, ?? ?? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???
???????:
z ????? ????? ?? ????? ????????: ?????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???, ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????
?? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???
? 10 ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? 2020 ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? (Larger Counterparts) ?? ????? ????
?????
z ?????? ?? ?????: ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????
???
? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??, ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????
???? ???, ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????
z ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ‘????-??????’
z ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???
? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???
???? ???? 2021
????? ??? ?????
?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? 26 ?? 31 ?????, 2021 ?? ??????? ???????? ‘???? ???? 2021’ ?? ?????
???? ????
z ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??, ?????? ‘???? ???? ???’, ‘????? ?? ??????’ ?? ‘?????
????’ ????? ????
?????? ?????
???? ????
z ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??
????????? ???? ???
z ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? 2016 ?? ??????? ???? 26 ?? 31 ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???
???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???
z ???? ???? 2021 ??? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????, ???? ????-???? ?? ??????, ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????/????????
???? ??????, ???????, ??????, ??? ????????, ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?? ?? ???????
??? ???
‘???? ???? ???’ ??????
z ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? 2020 ??? ???? ???? ??? ???
z ?? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ??,
????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????
z ???????? ????? ?????? ?????, ??????, ??????????, ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???
????? ?? ??????
z ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ???
z ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ‘????? ?? ??????’ 182 ???? ?? ????? ?? ???
?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???
z ?? ???? ‘?? ???? ?????? ????’ ?? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ??:
? ?????? ??????/?????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ?????-?????? ?? ????? ?????
? ???? ?????, ???????, ???????? ?? ?????, ?????? ??? ????, ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ? ??????
????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????
????? ???? ????
z ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???
z ???? ??? 38 ???? ????? ??? ???, ?????? 30 ?????????, 7 ????????? ?? 1 ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???
??????? ?? ????? ??? ???
?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????-??????
????? ??? ?????
??? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? (???????) ???????, 2010 ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????-?????? ???? ???? ???,
????? ??? ???-?????? ??????? (NGOs) ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? (?????) ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? (??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???
?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??) ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????
?????? ?????
?? ????-??????
z ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????: ?? ?????? ?? ???????, ???? ?? ??????/?????? ????, ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????-
?????? ?????? ?? ?????? (OCI) ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? (PIO) ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???
?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????
z FATF ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????: ????-???????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???-?????? ??????? (NGOs) ????? ?????? ??????? ??????- ???????
???????? ????? ?? (FATF) ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???????
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Document Description: Constitutional/Administrative (संवैधानिक/प्रशासनिक): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs for UPSC 2024 is part of Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly preparation.
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Study Constitutional/Administrative (संवैधानिक/प्रशासनिक): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs on the App
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which will help them while preparing for their exam. Apart from the Constitutional/Administrative (संवैधानिक/प्रशासनिक): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs,
students can also utilize the EduRev App for other study materials such as previous year question papers, syllabus, important questions, etc.
The EduRev App will make your learning easier as you can access it from anywhere you want.
The content of Constitutional/Administrative (संवैधानिक/प्रशासनिक): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs is prepared as per the latest UPSC syllabus.
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