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Page 1
?????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ??? ????????????
?????? ???????? ??? ????????
????? ??? ?????
?????? ???????? ??? ????????? (Square Kilometre Array Observatory- SKAO) ????? ?? ???? ??????
???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????????/?????? (Radio Telescope) ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???
z ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ( Arecibo) ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??
??? ?? ?? ?????/????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?? ??? ???
z SKAO ?? ??? ????-?????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? (Radio Astronomy) ?? ??????? ??, ???? ???????
?????? ??? ???
? ??????? ??? SKAO ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????
? ????? ?????????, ?????, ???, ????, ????, ?????????, ????? ??????, ?????, ???????? ?? ??.??. ????? ????
?????? ?????:
?????? ????????:
z ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? 10
???? (30 ?????????) ?? ?????????? ?? 1 ????. (300 ????????? ?? ??? ??????-??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???
????-???? (Stars), ???????? (Galaxies) ?? ????? (Quasars)?
z ?????? ???????? (Optical Telescopes) ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??, ??????
?? ??????? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ??? (Cosmic Dust) ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????
? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????
z ?????? 1930 ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??, ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????
?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???
z ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? (National Aeronautics and Space Administration- NASA) ??
??????, ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???????
??? ?? ?? ?? ????
??????? ????????:
z ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????????, ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????-??? ?????? ???????? (Single-Dish Radio
Telescope) ?? ?? ?????? 2020 ??? ??? ????
? ??? ?? ???? ?? (Sky Eye) ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???
z ???? ??????? ???? 1963 ??? ?? ???
z ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????, ?????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????
???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?? ??, ????? ??? ???? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ???, ???? ?????????? ?? ????-
????????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???
Page 2
?????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ??? ????????????
?????? ???????? ??? ????????
????? ??? ?????
?????? ???????? ??? ????????? (Square Kilometre Array Observatory- SKAO) ????? ?? ???? ??????
???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????????/?????? (Radio Telescope) ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???
z ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ( Arecibo) ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??
??? ?? ?? ?????/????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?? ??? ???
z SKAO ?? ??? ????-?????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? (Radio Astronomy) ?? ??????? ??, ???? ???????
?????? ??? ???
? ??????? ??? SKAO ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????
? ????? ?????????, ?????, ???, ????, ????, ?????????, ????? ??????, ?????, ???????? ?? ??.??. ????? ????
?????? ?????:
?????? ????????:
z ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? 10
???? (30 ?????????) ?? ?????????? ?? 1 ????. (300 ????????? ?? ??? ??????-??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???
????-???? (Stars), ???????? (Galaxies) ?? ????? (Quasars)?
z ?????? ???????? (Optical Telescopes) ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??, ??????
?? ??????? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ??? (Cosmic Dust) ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????
? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????
z ?????? 1930 ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??, ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????
?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???
z ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? (National Aeronautics and Space Administration- NASA) ??
??????, ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???????
??? ?? ?? ?? ????
??????? ????????:
z ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????????, ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????-??? ?????? ???????? (Single-Dish Radio
Telescope) ?? ?? ?????? 2020 ??? ??? ????
? ??? ?? ???? ?? (Sky Eye) ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???
z ???? ??????? ???? 1963 ??? ?? ???
z ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????, ?????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????
???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?? ??, ????? ??? ???? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ???, ???? ?????????? ?? ????-
????????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???
?????? ???????? ??? (SKA) ????????:
z ?????:
? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??, ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ?????
z ?????:
? SKA ?? ????? ‘?????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????????’ (Australian Square Kilometre Array
Pathfinder- ASKAP) ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ????
???? ???
? ASKAP, ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ‘????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????’ (Commonwealth
Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation- CSIRO) ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???
? ASKAP ????????, ????? 2019 ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???
? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? 300 ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????
?????????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ???
? ASKAP ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??, ?? ?? ??????????
?? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?
z ??????:
? ???? ??????, ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???-??? SKAO ????? ?? ??????
z ???? ?? ???????:
? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? 1.8 ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???
z ?????:
? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???
? ?????? ?? ???????
? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???
? ???????? ?? ????-????
? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????
? ?? ????? ?? ???????????? ?????? (Gravitational Waves) ???? ?? ??? ????
z ?????:
? ???? ?? ??????, ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??????
??????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????
???? ???? ?????????
????? ??? ?????
??? ?? ??? ?????? ???????????? ??????, ?????? (IIT-D) ?? ???????????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ????
?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???
z ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????????? ??? ???
z ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??
?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???
Page 3
?????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ??? ????????????
?????? ???????? ??? ????????
????? ??? ?????
?????? ???????? ??? ????????? (Square Kilometre Array Observatory- SKAO) ????? ?? ???? ??????
???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????????/?????? (Radio Telescope) ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???
z ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ( Arecibo) ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??
??? ?? ?? ?????/????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?? ??? ???
z SKAO ?? ??? ????-?????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? (Radio Astronomy) ?? ??????? ??, ???? ???????
?????? ??? ???
? ??????? ??? SKAO ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????
? ????? ?????????, ?????, ???, ????, ????, ?????????, ????? ??????, ?????, ???????? ?? ??.??. ????? ????
?????? ?????:
?????? ????????:
z ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? 10
???? (30 ?????????) ?? ?????????? ?? 1 ????. (300 ????????? ?? ??? ??????-??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???
????-???? (Stars), ???????? (Galaxies) ?? ????? (Quasars)?
z ?????? ???????? (Optical Telescopes) ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??, ??????
?? ??????? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ??? (Cosmic Dust) ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????
? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????
z ?????? 1930 ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??, ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????
?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???
z ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? (National Aeronautics and Space Administration- NASA) ??
??????, ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???????
??? ?? ?? ?? ????
??????? ????????:
z ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????????, ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????-??? ?????? ???????? (Single-Dish Radio
Telescope) ?? ?? ?????? 2020 ??? ??? ????
? ??? ?? ???? ?? (Sky Eye) ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???
z ???? ??????? ???? 1963 ??? ?? ???
z ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????, ?????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????
???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?? ??, ????? ??? ???? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ???, ???? ?????????? ?? ????-
????????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???
?????? ???????? ??? (SKA) ????????:
z ?????:
? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??, ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ?????
z ?????:
? SKA ?? ????? ‘?????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????????’ (Australian Square Kilometre Array
Pathfinder- ASKAP) ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ????
???? ???
? ASKAP, ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ‘????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????’ (Commonwealth
Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation- CSIRO) ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???
? ASKAP ????????, ????? 2019 ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???
? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? 300 ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????
?????????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ???
? ASKAP ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??, ?? ?? ??????????
?? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?
z ??????:
? ???? ??????, ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???-??? SKAO ????? ?? ??????
z ???? ?? ???????:
? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? 1.8 ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???
z ?????:
? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???
? ?????? ?? ???????
? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???
? ???????? ?? ????-????
? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????
? ?? ????? ?? ???????????? ?????? (Gravitational Waves) ???? ?? ??? ????
z ?????:
? ???? ?? ??????, ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??????
??????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????
???? ???? ?????????
????? ??? ?????
??? ?? ??? ?????? ???????????? ??????, ?????? (IIT-D) ?? ???????????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ????
?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???
z ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????????? ??? ???
z ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??
?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???
?????? ?????
???? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ???:
z ??????-?????? ?? ???????????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????, ????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????-??????
(Sulphur-Iodine- SI) ?????????? ???????? ??? (SI Cycle) ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ??
??????????? ??????? ???? ???
z ???????? SI Cycle ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???-???????? ?????? ????- ?????, ??? ?? ????????? ???
?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???-????????
?? ???????? ?? ????????? ????? ???
z ??? ?????, ????-????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????????
?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????
????-?????? ????
?????????:
z ????-?????? ??? (SI ???) ?? ????-????? ?????????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????
??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????????????? ???? ???? ??? ????-?????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ????
???
z ???, ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ???-?????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? (High Temperature
Endothermic Chemical Reactions) ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????????
?????????? (Low-Temperature Exothermic Reaction) ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???
????-????? ?????????? ????
z ????? ???-
? ???? ????????? (SO2) ?? ??? ??????? (I2) ?? ?????????? ?? ??? ????????? ???? (Hydriodic acid- HI)
?? ???????? ???? (H2SO4) ?? ?????? ???? ???
? I2 + SO2 + 2H2O ? 2HI + H2SO4
z ?????? ???
? ??, SO2 ?? ??????? H2SO4 ?? ????????? ???? (HI) ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???
???? ???? ???
? 2H2SO4 ? 2SO2 + 2H2O + O2
z ????? ???
? ????????? ???? (HI) ?? ???????? ??? (H2) ?????? ?? ???? ???
? 2HI ? I2 + H2
? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????, ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????
?????? ???
z ????-?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?? ???? ??
????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????
z ???????? ??? ?? ????-?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ????
???? ??? ???
Page 4
?????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ??? ????????????
?????? ???????? ??? ????????
????? ??? ?????
?????? ???????? ??? ????????? (Square Kilometre Array Observatory- SKAO) ????? ?? ???? ??????
???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????????/?????? (Radio Telescope) ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???
z ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ( Arecibo) ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??
??? ?? ?? ?????/????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?? ??? ???
z SKAO ?? ??? ????-?????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? (Radio Astronomy) ?? ??????? ??, ???? ???????
?????? ??? ???
? ??????? ??? SKAO ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????
? ????? ?????????, ?????, ???, ????, ????, ?????????, ????? ??????, ?????, ???????? ?? ??.??. ????? ????
?????? ?????:
?????? ????????:
z ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? 10
???? (30 ?????????) ?? ?????????? ?? 1 ????. (300 ????????? ?? ??? ??????-??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???
????-???? (Stars), ???????? (Galaxies) ?? ????? (Quasars)?
z ?????? ???????? (Optical Telescopes) ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??, ??????
?? ??????? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ??? (Cosmic Dust) ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????
? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????
z ?????? 1930 ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??, ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????
?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???
z ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? (National Aeronautics and Space Administration- NASA) ??
??????, ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???????
??? ?? ?? ?? ????
??????? ????????:
z ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????????, ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????-??? ?????? ???????? (Single-Dish Radio
Telescope) ?? ?? ?????? 2020 ??? ??? ????
? ??? ?? ???? ?? (Sky Eye) ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???
z ???? ??????? ???? 1963 ??? ?? ???
z ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????, ?????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????
???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?? ??, ????? ??? ???? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ???, ???? ?????????? ?? ????-
????????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???
?????? ???????? ??? (SKA) ????????:
z ?????:
? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??, ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ?????
z ?????:
? SKA ?? ????? ‘?????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????????’ (Australian Square Kilometre Array
Pathfinder- ASKAP) ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ????
???? ???
? ASKAP, ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ‘????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????’ (Commonwealth
Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation- CSIRO) ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???
? ASKAP ????????, ????? 2019 ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???
? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? 300 ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????
?????????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ???
? ASKAP ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??, ?? ?? ??????????
?? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?
z ??????:
? ???? ??????, ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???-??? SKAO ????? ?? ??????
z ???? ?? ???????:
? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? 1.8 ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???
z ?????:
? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???
? ?????? ?? ???????
? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???
? ???????? ?? ????-????
? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????
? ?? ????? ?? ???????????? ?????? (Gravitational Waves) ???? ?? ??? ????
z ?????:
? ???? ?? ??????, ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??????
??????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????
???? ???? ?????????
????? ??? ?????
??? ?? ??? ?????? ???????????? ??????, ?????? (IIT-D) ?? ???????????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ????
?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???
z ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????????? ??? ???
z ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??
?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???
?????? ?????
???? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ???:
z ??????-?????? ?? ???????????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????, ????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????-??????
(Sulphur-Iodine- SI) ?????????? ???????? ??? (SI Cycle) ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ??
??????????? ??????? ???? ???
z ???????? SI Cycle ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???-???????? ?????? ????- ?????, ??? ?? ????????? ???
?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???-????????
?? ???????? ?? ????????? ????? ???
z ??? ?????, ????-????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????????
?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????
????-?????? ????
?????????:
z ????-?????? ??? (SI ???) ?? ????-????? ?????????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????
??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????????????? ???? ???? ??? ????-?????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ????
???
z ???, ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ???-?????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? (High Temperature
Endothermic Chemical Reactions) ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????????
?????????? (Low-Temperature Exothermic Reaction) ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???
????-????? ?????????? ????
z ????? ???-
? ???? ????????? (SO2) ?? ??? ??????? (I2) ?? ?????????? ?? ??? ????????? ???? (Hydriodic acid- HI)
?? ???????? ???? (H2SO4) ?? ?????? ???? ???
? I2 + SO2 + 2H2O ? 2HI + H2SO4
z ?????? ???
? ??, SO2 ?? ??????? H2SO4 ?? ????????? ???? (HI) ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???
???? ???? ???
? 2H2SO4 ? 2SO2 + 2H2O + O2
z ????? ???
? ????????? ???? (HI) ?? ???????? ??? (H2) ?????? ?? ???? ???
? 2HI ? I2 + H2
? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????, ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????
?????? ???
z ????-?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?? ???? ??
????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????
z ???????? ??? ?? ????-?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ????
???? ??? ???
???? ?? ?????:
z ???????? ???? ??? ???????????? ?? ?????:
? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????????? ?? ????????? ???
????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ????, ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????, ????????
??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????????-???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????
???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????
? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?? ??-??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ??
?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???
z ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????
? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????????? ?????? (????????) ???? ?? ???? ????
??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????
z FAME ?????? ????? ?? ???????:
? ?? ???????/???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??
FAME ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????
???? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ???:
z ???????? ?? ???????:
? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??
????? ?? ??????? ???? ????
? ???????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ??????????? ????? ???? ???? ????
z ??? ??????
? ???????? ?? ???-?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???
?????? ???? ???? ???
z ?????? ????:
? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???
z ????? ?????????? ????:
? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??
????? ????? ??? ???? ???
???? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ????
z ??? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??, ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???
z ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??, ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????
???? ???
?????? ??? ?????? ?? ‘???’ ????
????? ??? ?????
?????? ??? ?????? (UAE) ?? ???? ???????????? ‘???’ ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???
Page 5
?????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ??? ????????????
?????? ???????? ??? ????????
????? ??? ?????
?????? ???????? ??? ????????? (Square Kilometre Array Observatory- SKAO) ????? ?? ???? ??????
???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????????/?????? (Radio Telescope) ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???
z ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ( Arecibo) ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??
??? ?? ?? ?????/????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?? ??? ???
z SKAO ?? ??? ????-?????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? (Radio Astronomy) ?? ??????? ??, ???? ???????
?????? ??? ???
? ??????? ??? SKAO ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????
? ????? ?????????, ?????, ???, ????, ????, ?????????, ????? ??????, ?????, ???????? ?? ??.??. ????? ????
?????? ?????:
?????? ????????:
z ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? 10
???? (30 ?????????) ?? ?????????? ?? 1 ????. (300 ????????? ?? ??? ??????-??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???
????-???? (Stars), ???????? (Galaxies) ?? ????? (Quasars)?
z ?????? ???????? (Optical Telescopes) ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??, ??????
?? ??????? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ??? (Cosmic Dust) ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????
? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????
z ?????? 1930 ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??, ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????
?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???
z ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? (National Aeronautics and Space Administration- NASA) ??
??????, ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???????
??? ?? ?? ?? ????
??????? ????????:
z ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????????, ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????-??? ?????? ???????? (Single-Dish Radio
Telescope) ?? ?? ?????? 2020 ??? ??? ????
? ??? ?? ???? ?? (Sky Eye) ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???
z ???? ??????? ???? 1963 ??? ?? ???
z ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????, ?????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????
???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?? ??, ????? ??? ???? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ???, ???? ?????????? ?? ????-
????????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???
?????? ???????? ??? (SKA) ????????:
z ?????:
? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??, ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ?????
z ?????:
? SKA ?? ????? ‘?????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????????’ (Australian Square Kilometre Array
Pathfinder- ASKAP) ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ????
???? ???
? ASKAP, ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ‘????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????’ (Commonwealth
Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation- CSIRO) ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???
? ASKAP ????????, ????? 2019 ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???
? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? 300 ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????
?????????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ???
? ASKAP ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??, ?? ?? ??????????
?? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?
z ??????:
? ???? ??????, ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???-??? SKAO ????? ?? ??????
z ???? ?? ???????:
? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? 1.8 ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???
z ?????:
? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???
? ?????? ?? ???????
? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???
? ???????? ?? ????-????
? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????
? ?? ????? ?? ???????????? ?????? (Gravitational Waves) ???? ?? ??? ????
z ?????:
? ???? ?? ??????, ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??????
??????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????
???? ???? ?????????
????? ??? ?????
??? ?? ??? ?????? ???????????? ??????, ?????? (IIT-D) ?? ???????????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ????
?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???
z ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????????? ??? ???
z ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??
?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???
?????? ?????
???? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ???:
z ??????-?????? ?? ???????????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????, ????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????-??????
(Sulphur-Iodine- SI) ?????????? ???????? ??? (SI Cycle) ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ??
??????????? ??????? ???? ???
z ???????? SI Cycle ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???-???????? ?????? ????- ?????, ??? ?? ????????? ???
?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???-????????
?? ???????? ?? ????????? ????? ???
z ??? ?????, ????-????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????????
?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????
????-?????? ????
?????????:
z ????-?????? ??? (SI ???) ?? ????-????? ?????????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????
??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????????????? ???? ???? ??? ????-?????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ????
???
z ???, ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ???-?????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? (High Temperature
Endothermic Chemical Reactions) ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????????
?????????? (Low-Temperature Exothermic Reaction) ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???
????-????? ?????????? ????
z ????? ???-
? ???? ????????? (SO2) ?? ??? ??????? (I2) ?? ?????????? ?? ??? ????????? ???? (Hydriodic acid- HI)
?? ???????? ???? (H2SO4) ?? ?????? ???? ???
? I2 + SO2 + 2H2O ? 2HI + H2SO4
z ?????? ???
? ??, SO2 ?? ??????? H2SO4 ?? ????????? ???? (HI) ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???
???? ???? ???
? 2H2SO4 ? 2SO2 + 2H2O + O2
z ????? ???
? ????????? ???? (HI) ?? ???????? ??? (H2) ?????? ?? ???? ???
? 2HI ? I2 + H2
? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????, ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????
?????? ???
z ????-?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?? ???? ??
????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????
z ???????? ??? ?? ????-?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ????
???? ??? ???
???? ?? ?????:
z ???????? ???? ??? ???????????? ?? ?????:
? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????????? ?? ????????? ???
????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ????, ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????, ????????
??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????????-???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????
???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????
? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?? ??-??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ??
?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???
z ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????
? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????????? ?????? (????????) ???? ?? ???? ????
??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????
z FAME ?????? ????? ?? ???????:
? ?? ???????/???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??
FAME ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????
???? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ???:
z ???????? ?? ???????:
? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??
????? ?? ??????? ???? ????
? ???????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ??????????? ????? ???? ???? ????
z ??? ??????
? ???????? ?? ???-?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???
?????? ???? ???? ???
z ?????? ????:
? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???
z ????? ?????????? ????:
? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??
????? ????? ??? ???? ???
???? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ????
z ??? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??, ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???
z ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??, ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????
???? ???
?????? ??? ?????? ?? ‘???’ ????
????? ??? ?????
?????? ??? ?????? (UAE) ?? ???? ???????????? ‘???’ ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???
?????? ?????
z ‘??? ?????’ ????
? ?????? ??? ?????? (UAE) ?? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? 2015 ??? ‘???’
???? ‘????? ????’ ?? ????? ?? ???
? ?????? ??? ?????? (UAE) ?? ?????????? ????? ‘??? ?????’ ?? ?????? ???? ??????? (USA) ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??
??? ????? 2020 ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???
z ???????
? ???? 1.5 ?? ??? ???? ?? ‘??? ?????’ ?????? 55 ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??????
? ?????? ???? ??????? (USA) ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ‘???????? ????’ ?? ??-??? ??, ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????
687 ??? ?? ????? ???
z ???????? ?????: ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??:
? ??????? ?????????? ????? (EXI): ?? ???-????????? ???? ??????
? ??????? ????? ??????????? ??????????? (EMUS): ?? ???-???? ??????? ???????????
? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????????? (EMIRS): ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??????, ????, ?? ????? ?? ??? ???
?? ???? ??????
z ??????? ???
? ?????? ??? ?????? (UAE) ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??
?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???
? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???-???
?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????
? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????- ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ????
??? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????
?????
z ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? (????, ?????? ???, ???????
??????? ?????? ?? ????) ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???
z ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? (UAE) ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ??? ??????, ????? ??????,
????????????, ??????????? ?? ???? (STEM) ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????
z ???? 2021 ??? ?? UAE ???? ?????? ?? 50??? ???????? ??? ??? ???
z ‘???’ ???? ? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????, ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????????? ??, ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??
???? ???????????? ???? ???
???? ??? ?????? ??? ????
z ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ‘???’ ???? ?????, ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????
????
? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???
? ??? ?? ???? ‘????????-1’ ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???????
???? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ???????
? ‘?????????’ ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????
???????-??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????, ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????
?? ???? ?? ??????
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Document Description: Science and Technology (विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs for UPSC 2024 is part of Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly preparation.
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Study Science and Technology (विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs on the App
Students of UPSC can study Science and Technology (विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs alongwith tests & analysis from the EduRev app,
which will help them while preparing for their exam. Apart from the Science and Technology (विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs,
students can also utilize the EduRev App for other study materials such as previous year question papers, syllabus, important questions, etc.
The EduRev App will make your learning easier as you can access it from anywhere you want.
The content of Science and Technology (विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs is prepared as per the latest UPSC syllabus.
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