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Page 1
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???? ?? ?????? ???? : ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????
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?????? ????? ( United Nations- UN) ????? ???? ??????? ‘????? ???? ????????????: ?? ??????? ????? ????’ (Ageing
Water Infrastructure: An Emerging Global Risk) ?? ??????, ???? ??? 1,000 ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? 2025 ???
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?? ?????? ( Dam Decommissioning or Ageing Case Studies) ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???
?????? ?????:
??????? ???????:
z ?????? ??? ?? 58,700 ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? 1930 ?? ???? 1970 ?? ??? 50 ?? 100 ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????
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z ?? ?? 5,200 ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? 1,100 ???? 50 ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? 120 ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??
???? ????
? ???? 2050 ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? 4,400 ?? ??????
z ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? 80% ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? 50- 150 ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???????
z ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? (Shelf Life) ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??
???
z ??????: ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? 1931 ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? 90 ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? 1934 ??? ????????
???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? 87 ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????
????
Page 2
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???? ?? ?????? ???? : ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????
????? ??? ?????
?????? ????? ( United Nations- UN) ????? ???? ??????? ‘????? ???? ????????????: ?? ??????? ????? ????’ (Ageing
Water Infrastructure: An Emerging Global Risk) ?? ??????, ???? ??? 1,000 ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? 2025 ???
???? 50 ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????
z ????? ???? ????????? ??? ????, ??????????? ??? ???? (Institute For Water, Environment and Health)
????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? (20??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????) ???? ??
????? ??? ???? ??, ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ???? 2025 ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???????
z ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????, ??????, ?????, ????, ?????, ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???
?? ?????? ( Dam Decommissioning or Ageing Case Studies) ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???
?????? ?????:
??????? ???????:
z ?????? ??? ?? 58,700 ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? 1930 ?? ???? 1970 ?? ??? 50 ?? 100 ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????
??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???
z ???? 2050 ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? 20??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????/???? (Downstream) ?????? ??? ?? ???
?????, ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????
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?? ???? ?? ????
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?????? ???????:
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???? ????
? ???? 2050 ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? 4,400 ?? ??????
z ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? 80% ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? 50- 150 ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???????
z ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? (Shelf Life) ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??
???
z ??????: ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? 1931 ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? 90 ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? 1934 ??? ????????
???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? 87 ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????
????
?????:
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z ??????????? ??????:
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??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????
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? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? (Dam Rehabilitation and
Improvement Project- DRIP) ?? ??? II ?? ??? III ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???
? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? 736 ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??????, 2019
(Dam Safety Bill, 2019) ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???
??? ?? ???:
z ???? 2050 ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? 21??? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????
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Page 3
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???? ?? ?????? ???? : ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????
????? ??? ?????
?????? ????? ( United Nations- UN) ????? ???? ??????? ‘????? ???? ????????????: ?? ??????? ????? ????’ (Ageing
Water Infrastructure: An Emerging Global Risk) ?? ??????, ???? ??? 1,000 ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? 2025 ???
???? 50 ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????
z ????? ???? ????????? ??? ????, ??????????? ??? ???? (Institute For Water, Environment and Health)
????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? (20??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????) ???? ??
????? ??? ???? ??, ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ???? 2025 ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???????
z ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????, ??????, ?????, ????, ?????, ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???
?? ?????? ( Dam Decommissioning or Ageing Case Studies) ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???
?????? ?????:
??????? ???????:
z ?????? ??? ?? 58,700 ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? 1930 ?? ???? 1970 ?? ??? 50 ?? 100 ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????
??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???
z ???? 2050 ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? 20??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????/???? (Downstream) ?????? ??? ?? ???
?????, ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????
? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? 50 ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???
z ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???- ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????, ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????, ?????
?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????
?? ???? ?? ????
z 32,716 ??? ???? (???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? 55%) ????? ??? ?????? ????? (???, ????, ????? ?? ????? ??????) ??? ???, ?????? ??
??????? ????? ?? 50 ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???????
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?????? ???????:
z ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???
z ?? ?? 5,200 ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? 1,100 ???? 50 ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? 120 ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??
???? ????
? ???? 2050 ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? 4,400 ?? ??????
z ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? 80% ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? 50- 150 ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???????
z ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? (Shelf Life) ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??
???
z ??????: ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? 1931 ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? 90 ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? 1934 ??? ????????
???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? 87 ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????
????
?????:
z ?????? ????? ??? ???:
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?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? 1900 ?? 1950 ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???
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z ??????????? ??????:
? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ???
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??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???
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? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? 2020 ??? ????, ???? 2018 ??? ???? ?? ???? 2015
??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????
z ???? ?? ???:
? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? (Dam Rehabilitation and
Improvement Project- DRIP) ?? ??? II ?? ??? III ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???
? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? 736 ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??????, 2019
(Dam Safety Bill, 2019) ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???
??? ?? ???:
z ???? 2050 ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? 21??? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????
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Page 4
????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???????
???? ?? ?????? ???? : ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????
????? ??? ?????
?????? ????? ( United Nations- UN) ????? ???? ??????? ‘????? ???? ????????????: ?? ??????? ????? ????’ (Ageing
Water Infrastructure: An Emerging Global Risk) ?? ??????, ???? ??? 1,000 ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? 2025 ???
???? 50 ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????
z ????? ???? ????????? ??? ????, ??????????? ??? ???? (Institute For Water, Environment and Health)
????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? (20??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????) ???? ??
????? ??? ???? ??, ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ???? 2025 ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???????
z ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????, ??????, ?????, ????, ?????, ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???
?? ?????? ( Dam Decommissioning or Ageing Case Studies) ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???
?????? ?????:
??????? ???????:
z ?????? ??? ?? 58,700 ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? 1930 ?? ???? 1970 ?? ??? 50 ?? 100 ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????
??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???
z ???? 2050 ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? 20??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????/???? (Downstream) ?????? ??? ?? ???
?????, ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????
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???? ????
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z ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? 80% ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? 50- 150 ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???????
z ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? (Shelf Life) ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??
???
z ??????: ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? 1931 ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? 90 ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? 1934 ??? ????????
???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? 87 ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????
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? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????, ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????????
???? ???
? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????/??? ?? ???? ?? ????
??? ???? ?????
z ??? ?? ?????????:
? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???
? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? 2020 ??? ????, ???? 2018 ??? ???? ?? ???? 2015
??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????
z ???? ?? ???:
? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? (Dam Rehabilitation and
Improvement Project- DRIP) ?? ??? II ?? ??? III ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???
? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? 736 ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??????, 2019
(Dam Safety Bill, 2019) ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???
??? ?? ???:
z ???? 2050 ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? 21??? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????
??: ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????, ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???-??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ? ???? ?????
??? ????????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???
z ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?????
???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???
z ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????????
???? ???? ???????
z ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???-??? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ????????????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???
???
????????? ??? ???? ???
????? ??? ?????
??? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????-???? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??
???? ??? (Flash Flood) ?? ???? ???? ??, ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???
z ????????? ??? ??? 2013 ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???-??? ?? ???? ?? ???
?????? ?????
????????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????:
z ?? ???? ??? ???? (Rishi Ganga) ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??, ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????
????? ?? ???
? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ? ???
?????? ?????? ??????????? ????????:
z ??? ???? ???? ????????:
? ?? 130MW ?? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ???
z ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????:
? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? 520 ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???
z ?????-?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?????????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????
???? ???:
z ???? ??? ?? ???? ???:
? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???
? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??, ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??
???? ???? ???
? ???? ???, ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???
z ????:
? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????, ?????, ???????????? ?????, ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???
? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??/?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????
? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ????????? ??, ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ??-??? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??
????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????
? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???????, ????? ?? ?????, ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????, ?????? ?????? ??? ?????/
????, ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ????
???????
z ??????? ?? ???? ???:
? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????????
???? ????
? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????
? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? 10% ????? ?? ??? ???? ????
? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? (?????? ???????) ?? ????????? ??????? (??? ????)
?? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???
? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??, ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????
z ??????? ?? ???:
? ??????? ???:
? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??, ?????? ?????????? ??? (Proglacial Lake) ??? ????
?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???
? ???:
? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??, ?????
????? ???????? ??? ??? ? ???? ???
??????? ???????? ?? ??????:
z ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ??, ????? ????????, ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??
???
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?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???
?????????
???????:
z ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? (Vasudhara Tal) ?? ???? ???
?????????:
z ???????? (Dhauliganga), ??????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??, ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????????,
?????, ???????? ?? ??????? ????
? ????????, ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???
z ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???????????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???
? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ?????, ????, ?????????, ?????????? ?? ???? ?????-????? ?? ?? ???? ??
???????? ??? ?? ????? ???
? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???
z ???????, ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??????, ??????? ????
????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???
Page 5
????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???????
???? ?? ?????? ???? : ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????
????? ??? ?????
?????? ????? ( United Nations- UN) ????? ???? ??????? ‘????? ???? ????????????: ?? ??????? ????? ????’ (Ageing
Water Infrastructure: An Emerging Global Risk) ?? ??????, ???? ??? 1,000 ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? 2025 ???
???? 50 ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????
z ????? ???? ????????? ??? ????, ??????????? ??? ???? (Institute For Water, Environment and Health)
????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? (20??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????) ???? ??
????? ??? ???? ??, ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ???? 2025 ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???????
z ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????, ??????, ?????, ????, ?????, ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???
?? ?????? ( Dam Decommissioning or Ageing Case Studies) ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???
?????? ?????:
??????? ???????:
z ?????? ??? ?? 58,700 ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? 1930 ?? ???? 1970 ?? ??? 50 ?? 100 ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????
??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???
z ???? 2050 ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? 20??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????/???? (Downstream) ?????? ??? ?? ???
?????, ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????
? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? 50 ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???
z ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???- ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????, ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????, ?????
?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????
?? ???? ?? ????
z 32,716 ??? ???? (???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? 55%) ????? ??? ?????? ????? (???, ????, ????? ?? ????? ??????) ??? ???, ?????? ??
??????? ????? ?? 50 ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???????
? ??? ????? ??????, ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???
?????? ???????:
z ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???
z ?? ?? 5,200 ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? 1,100 ???? 50 ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? 120 ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??
???? ????
? ???? 2050 ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? 4,400 ?? ??????
z ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? 80% ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? 50- 150 ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???????
z ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? (Shelf Life) ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??
???
z ??????: ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? 1931 ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? 90 ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? 1934 ??? ????????
???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? 87 ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????
????
?????:
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? ????-???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??, ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????
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z ??????????? ??????:
? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ???
? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? (Sedimentation Science) ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??
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?? ?? ????????? ???, ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???
??????:
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?? ???? ??, ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???
z ???? ?? ??????:
? ???? ??? ?? ‘???? (????) ???? ??? ??????’ ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??, ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??
???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???
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? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????, ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????????
???? ???
? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????/??? ?? ???? ?? ????
??? ???? ?????
z ??? ?? ?????????:
? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???
? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? 2020 ??? ????, ???? 2018 ??? ???? ?? ???? 2015
??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????
z ???? ?? ???:
? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? (Dam Rehabilitation and
Improvement Project- DRIP) ?? ??? II ?? ??? III ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???
? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? 736 ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??????, 2019
(Dam Safety Bill, 2019) ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???
??? ?? ???:
z ???? 2050 ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? 21??? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????
??: ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????, ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???-??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ? ???? ?????
??? ????????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???
z ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?????
???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???
z ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????????
???? ???? ???????
z ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???-??? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ????????????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???
???
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????? ??? ?????
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???? ??? (Flash Flood) ?? ???? ???? ??, ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???
z ????????? ??? ??? 2013 ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???-??? ?? ???? ?? ???
?????? ?????
????????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????:
z ?? ???? ??? ???? (Rishi Ganga) ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??, ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????
????? ?? ???
? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ? ???
?????? ?????? ??????????? ????????:
z ??? ???? ???? ????????:
? ?? 130MW ?? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ???
z ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????:
? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? 520 ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???
z ?????-?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?????????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????
???? ???:
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???? ???? ???
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? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????, ?????, ???????????? ?????, ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???
? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??/?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????
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????, ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ????
???????
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? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????????
???? ????
? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????
? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? 10% ????? ?? ??? ???? ????
? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? (?????? ???????) ?? ????????? ??????? (??? ????)
?? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???
? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??, ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????
z ??????? ?? ???:
? ??????? ???:
? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??, ?????? ?????????? ??? (Proglacial Lake) ??? ????
?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???
? ???:
? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??, ?????
????? ???????? ??? ??? ? ???? ???
??????? ???????? ?? ??????:
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???
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?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???
?????????
???????:
z ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? (Vasudhara Tal) ?? ???? ???
?????????:
z ???????? (Dhauliganga), ??????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??, ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????????,
?????, ???????? ?? ??????? ????
? ????????, ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???
z ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???????????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???
? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ?????, ????, ?????????, ?????????? ?? ???? ?????-????? ?? ?? ???? ??
???????? ??? ?? ????? ???
? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???
z ???????, ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??????, ??????? ????
????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???
???? ???? ??????? ?????
????????:
z ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? 7,817 ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???
???? ???? ??????? ?????:
z ?????? ??? ???????? ???????, ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???
??????:
z ?? ?????? ?? ???? 1982 ??? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??, ????? ??? ??? ???? ???
???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????
z ??? ???? 1988 ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????
?? ????? ?? ?????????:
z ???? ???? 312 ?????? ?? ?????????? (?????? 17 ?????? ?????????? ????? ???) ?? ??????, ?????, ???????????, ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????
????
????-?????:
z ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????, ??? ??????, ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???-???? ??? ???? ????
????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???????
????? ??? ?????
??? ?? ??? ?????????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??, ????? ?????? ?????? ???
????? ????? (Sadiya Earthquake) ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????
???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???
z ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??????-?????? ????? ??? (Tuting-Tidding Suture Zone) ?? ??? ??, ????
?????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????-????? ???? ?? ????? ???
?????? ?????
z ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? (Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology- WIHG) ?? ?????????? ?? ???????
?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? 1697 ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????
?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????
? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????????? ????? (Department of Science and Technology- DST) ?? ???
WIHG ?? ??????? ?????? ???
z ?????????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???-??? ?????? ?? ??????? (????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????-????? ???
???? 145 ????. ??? ????) ??? ?????, ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????
?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???
? ??-????? (Aggradation) ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???
???? ???? ???
? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???
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Document Description: Geography and Disaster Management (भूगोल एवं आपदा प्रबंधन): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs for UPSC 2024 is part of Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly preparation.
The notes and questions for Geography and Disaster Management (भूगोल एवं आपदा प्रबंधन): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs have been prepared according to the UPSC exam syllabus. Information about Geography and Disaster Management (भूगोल एवं आपदा प्रबंधन): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs covers topics
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Introduction of Geography and Disaster Management (भूगोल एवं आपदा प्रबंधन): February 2021 UPSC Current Affairs in English is available as part of our Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly
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