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Page 1
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???????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????
????? ??? ?????
??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? (Food Safety and Standards Authority of India-
FSSAI) ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? (Genetically Modified
Organisms- GMO) ?? ???? ?? 1% ????????? ?? ???? ??? ????
z ???? ???? ???? 2020 ??? FSSAI ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? 24 ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????????? (Competent
Authority) ????? ‘???-???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???’ ( Non-GM-Origin-Cum-GM-free Certificate) ??
??????? ?? ?? ???? ????
?????? ?????:
???????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? (GMOs):
z ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????????
???? ??? ????
z ????? ?????, ?????, ????????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? (Combinations) ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???, ?? ????? ????????
????????????? ??????? (Traditional Crossbreeding Methods) ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????
???????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????:
z ???????? ???? ?????? (Conventional Plant Breeding) ??? ????-???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? (Desired Traits)
?? ??? ????? ( Offspring) ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? (Crossing) ????? ???? ????
? ???/???? ??????? ??????? (??????) ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????, ??? ???? ?????????
???? ???? ????
z ???? ???? (Bt Cotton) ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? (Genetically Modified-GM) ??? ????
?????? ???????????? (Bacillus thuringiensis- Bt) ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????
??? ?????? ????????? (Pink Bollworm) ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????
z ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???? (????? ????) (Herbicide Tolerant -Ht Bt) ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????
?? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???, ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????
z ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? (Shoot Borers) ?? ????? ?? ?????
???? ??? ???? ???? ????
z DMH-11 ????? ??? ???????? ??????, ??????? (Self-Pollinates) ?? ???? ?? ??????? (Cross-Pollination)
?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????
???? ??? GM ????? ?? ??????? ??????:
z ???? ??? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ????? (Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee- GEAC)
????? ????? ??? ?? GM ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????
z ???????? ?????? ???????, 1986 ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? GM ?????? ( GM Variant) ?? ????? ???? ?? 5 ???? ??
??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????
Page 2
?????? ???????? ?????? ????????
???????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????
????? ??? ?????
??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? (Food Safety and Standards Authority of India-
FSSAI) ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? (Genetically Modified
Organisms- GMO) ?? ???? ?? 1% ????????? ?? ???? ??? ????
z ???? ???? ???? 2020 ??? FSSAI ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? 24 ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????????? (Competent
Authority) ????? ‘???-???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???’ ( Non-GM-Origin-Cum-GM-free Certificate) ??
??????? ?? ?? ???? ????
?????? ?????:
???????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? (GMOs):
z ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????????
???? ??? ????
z ????? ?????, ?????, ????????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? (Combinations) ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???, ?? ????? ????????
????????????? ??????? (Traditional Crossbreeding Methods) ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????
???????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????:
z ???????? ???? ?????? (Conventional Plant Breeding) ??? ????-???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? (Desired Traits)
?? ??? ????? ( Offspring) ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? (Crossing) ????? ???? ????
? ???/???? ??????? ??????? (??????) ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????, ??? ???? ?????????
???? ???? ????
z ???? ???? (Bt Cotton) ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? (Genetically Modified-GM) ??? ????
?????? ???????????? (Bacillus thuringiensis- Bt) ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????
??? ?????? ????????? (Pink Bollworm) ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????
z ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???? (????? ????) (Herbicide Tolerant -Ht Bt) ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????
?? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???, ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????
z ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? (Shoot Borers) ?? ????? ?? ?????
???? ??? ???? ???? ????
z DMH-11 ????? ??? ???????? ??????, ??????? (Self-Pollinates) ?? ???? ?? ??????? (Cross-Pollination)
?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????
???? ??? GM ????? ?? ??????? ??????:
z ???? ??? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ????? (Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee- GEAC)
????? ????? ??? ?? GM ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????
z ???????? ?????? ???????, 1986 ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? GM ?????? ( GM Variant) ?? ????? ???? ?? 5 ???? ??
??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????
?????? ????? ?? ???????:
z ?????? ????? ????????? ??? GMO ?? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????? (Genetic
Engineering Appraisal Committee- GEAC) ????? ???? ???? ???
z ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????, 2006 ?? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? FSSAI ?? ??????
????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????
??????? ??????????? ????????? (FIT)
????? ??? ?????
?????? ?????? ???? (Reserve Bank of India- RBI) ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? (RCF) ?????? ???? 2020-21 ?? ??????? ???
??? ??? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? (4% +/- 2%) ???? 5 ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????
?????? ?????:
??????????? ?????????:
z ?????????? ???????? ?? ????:
? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????
????
? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????????
?????? ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????
z ???? ?????????? ???????? (Strict Inflation Targeting) ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??
?????????? ???? ?? ??-??? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ????
z ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????? (Flexible Inflation Targeting) ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???
?????? ????- ???? ???? ?? ???????, ?????? ??, ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????
???? ?? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ?????:
z ?????????:
? ???? 2015 ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????
??? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????
? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???? 2016 ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????? ????
????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????
? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????, 1934 ??? ?? FIT ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????
? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? RBI ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ????
z ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????:
? ???? ????? 4 (+/- 2) ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??????????
?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????
z ??????: ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ???????, ??????????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????
? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????
????
z ??????? ????????: ?? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?????
????
Page 3
?????? ???????? ?????? ????????
???????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????
????? ??? ?????
??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? (Food Safety and Standards Authority of India-
FSSAI) ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? (Genetically Modified
Organisms- GMO) ?? ???? ?? 1% ????????? ?? ???? ??? ????
z ???? ???? ???? 2020 ??? FSSAI ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? 24 ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????????? (Competent
Authority) ????? ‘???-???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???’ ( Non-GM-Origin-Cum-GM-free Certificate) ??
??????? ?? ?? ???? ????
?????? ?????:
???????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? (GMOs):
z ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????????
???? ??? ????
z ????? ?????, ?????, ????????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? (Combinations) ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???, ?? ????? ????????
????????????? ??????? (Traditional Crossbreeding Methods) ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????
???????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????:
z ???????? ???? ?????? (Conventional Plant Breeding) ??? ????-???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? (Desired Traits)
?? ??? ????? ( Offspring) ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? (Crossing) ????? ???? ????
? ???/???? ??????? ??????? (??????) ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????, ??? ???? ?????????
???? ???? ????
z ???? ???? (Bt Cotton) ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? (Genetically Modified-GM) ??? ????
?????? ???????????? (Bacillus thuringiensis- Bt) ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????
??? ?????? ????????? (Pink Bollworm) ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????
z ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???? (????? ????) (Herbicide Tolerant -Ht Bt) ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????
?? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???, ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????
z ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? (Shoot Borers) ?? ????? ?? ?????
???? ??? ???? ???? ????
z DMH-11 ????? ??? ???????? ??????, ??????? (Self-Pollinates) ?? ???? ?? ??????? (Cross-Pollination)
?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????
???? ??? GM ????? ?? ??????? ??????:
z ???? ??? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ????? (Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee- GEAC)
????? ????? ??? ?? GM ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????
z ???????? ?????? ???????, 1986 ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? GM ?????? ( GM Variant) ?? ????? ???? ?? 5 ???? ??
??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????
?????? ????? ?? ???????:
z ?????? ????? ????????? ??? GMO ?? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????? (Genetic
Engineering Appraisal Committee- GEAC) ????? ???? ???? ???
z ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????, 2006 ?? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? FSSAI ?? ??????
????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????
??????? ??????????? ????????? (FIT)
????? ??? ?????
?????? ?????? ???? (Reserve Bank of India- RBI) ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? (RCF) ?????? ???? 2020-21 ?? ??????? ???
??? ??? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? (4% +/- 2%) ???? 5 ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????
?????? ?????:
??????????? ?????????:
z ?????????? ???????? ?? ????:
? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????
????
? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????????
?????? ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????
z ???? ?????????? ???????? (Strict Inflation Targeting) ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??
?????????? ???? ?? ??-??? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ????
z ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????? (Flexible Inflation Targeting) ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???
?????? ????- ???? ???? ?? ???????, ?????? ??, ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????
???? ?? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ?????:
z ?????????:
? ???? 2015 ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????
??? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????
? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???? 2016 ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????? ????
????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????
? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????, 1934 ??? ?? FIT ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????
? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? RBI ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ????
z ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????:
? ???? ????? 4 (+/- 2) ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??????????
?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????
z ??????: ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ???????, ??????????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????
? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????
????
z ??????? ????????: ?? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?????
????
? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? RBI ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????
?????? ???? ?? ??? (RCF ??????? ?? ???? ?????)
z ?????????? FIT ?? ????? 9 ??????? ?? ?? ???? FIT ?? ?????? 3.8 ?? 4.3 ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???, ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????
?? ???? 4 ??????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????
z ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???, ???? ??? ???? ???? 5 ?? 6 ??????? ?? ???? ???, ?? ??????? ??? ??
6% ?? ?????????? ??, ?????????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?? 2 ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??
???????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???? ???, ???? 2 ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????, ??
??????? ??? ?? 2 ??????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????
? FIT ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???, ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???,
???? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???, ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????
??? ????? ?? ???? ????
???????? ?????:
z ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ???, ?? ??????????, ???,
????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????
z ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??
??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????
z RBI ???? ????? ?? ????????, ???? ?? ????, ?????? ???????, ?? ??????? ????, ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??
??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????
????????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????
z ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ??
?????????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?? ???? ????-???? ??????? ??? ???? ????
? ?? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???, ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????
????
? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????
? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????
? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????????
???? ????? ????
???????? ????? ?????
z RBI ?? ‘??????? ???? ?????’ ‘?????? ?????? ???? ???????, 1934’ ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????
?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????
? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????
z ?? ?????????? ??, 4% ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? (???? ???) ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????
? ???? 2014 ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??
??????? ?? ???
??? ?? ???
z ?? ???? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???????, ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???; ?????? ?????
?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????
Page 4
?????? ???????? ?????? ????????
???????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????
????? ??? ?????
??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? (Food Safety and Standards Authority of India-
FSSAI) ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? (Genetically Modified
Organisms- GMO) ?? ???? ?? 1% ????????? ?? ???? ??? ????
z ???? ???? ???? 2020 ??? FSSAI ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? 24 ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????????? (Competent
Authority) ????? ‘???-???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???’ ( Non-GM-Origin-Cum-GM-free Certificate) ??
??????? ?? ?? ???? ????
?????? ?????:
???????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? (GMOs):
z ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????????
???? ??? ????
z ????? ?????, ?????, ????????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? (Combinations) ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???, ?? ????? ????????
????????????? ??????? (Traditional Crossbreeding Methods) ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????
???????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????:
z ???????? ???? ?????? (Conventional Plant Breeding) ??? ????-???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? (Desired Traits)
?? ??? ????? ( Offspring) ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? (Crossing) ????? ???? ????
? ???/???? ??????? ??????? (??????) ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????, ??? ???? ?????????
???? ???? ????
z ???? ???? (Bt Cotton) ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? (Genetically Modified-GM) ??? ????
?????? ???????????? (Bacillus thuringiensis- Bt) ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????
??? ?????? ????????? (Pink Bollworm) ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????
z ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???? (????? ????) (Herbicide Tolerant -Ht Bt) ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????
?? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???, ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????
z ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? (Shoot Borers) ?? ????? ?? ?????
???? ??? ???? ???? ????
z DMH-11 ????? ??? ???????? ??????, ??????? (Self-Pollinates) ?? ???? ?? ??????? (Cross-Pollination)
?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????
???? ??? GM ????? ?? ??????? ??????:
z ???? ??? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ????? (Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee- GEAC)
????? ????? ??? ?? GM ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????
z ???????? ?????? ???????, 1986 ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? GM ?????? ( GM Variant) ?? ????? ???? ?? 5 ???? ??
??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????
?????? ????? ?? ???????:
z ?????? ????? ????????? ??? GMO ?? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????? (Genetic
Engineering Appraisal Committee- GEAC) ????? ???? ???? ???
z ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????, 2006 ?? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? FSSAI ?? ??????
????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????
??????? ??????????? ????????? (FIT)
????? ??? ?????
?????? ?????? ???? (Reserve Bank of India- RBI) ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? (RCF) ?????? ???? 2020-21 ?? ??????? ???
??? ??? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? (4% +/- 2%) ???? 5 ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????
?????? ?????:
??????????? ?????????:
z ?????????? ???????? ?? ????:
? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????
????
? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????????
?????? ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????
z ???? ?????????? ???????? (Strict Inflation Targeting) ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??
?????????? ???? ?? ??-??? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ????
z ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????? (Flexible Inflation Targeting) ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???
?????? ????- ???? ???? ?? ???????, ?????? ??, ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????
???? ?? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ?????:
z ?????????:
? ???? 2015 ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????
??? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????
? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???? 2016 ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????? ????
????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????
? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????, 1934 ??? ?? FIT ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????
? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? RBI ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ????
z ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????:
? ???? ????? 4 (+/- 2) ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??????????
?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????
z ??????: ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ???????, ??????????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????
? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????
????
z ??????? ????????: ?? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?????
????
? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? RBI ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????
?????? ???? ?? ??? (RCF ??????? ?? ???? ?????)
z ?????????? FIT ?? ????? 9 ??????? ?? ?? ???? FIT ?? ?????? 3.8 ?? 4.3 ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???, ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????
?? ???? 4 ??????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????
z ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???, ???? ??? ???? ???? 5 ?? 6 ??????? ?? ???? ???, ?? ??????? ??? ??
6% ?? ?????????? ??, ?????????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?? 2 ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??
???????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???? ???, ???? 2 ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????, ??
??????? ??? ?? 2 ??????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????
? FIT ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???, ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???,
???? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???, ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????
??? ????? ?? ???? ????
???????? ?????:
z ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ???, ?? ??????????, ???,
????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????
z ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??
??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????
z RBI ???? ????? ?? ????????, ???? ?? ????, ?????? ???????, ?? ??????? ????, ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??
??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????
????????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????
z ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ??
?????????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?? ???? ????-???? ??????? ??? ???? ????
? ?? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???, ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????
????
? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????
? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????
? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????????
???? ????? ????
???????? ????? ?????
z RBI ?? ‘??????? ???? ?????’ ‘?????? ?????? ???? ???????, 1934’ ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????
?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????
? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????
z ?? ?????????? ??, 4% ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? (???? ???) ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????
? ???? 2014 ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??
??????? ?? ???
??? ?? ???
z ?? ???? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???????, ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???; ?????? ?????
?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????
z ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???????? (FIT) ?? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????
??????????????? ?? ???? ????? ????
???? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????
?????? ???? 2020-21 ?? ????? (??????-??????) ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? 0.4% ?? ????? ?? ????????? ???
???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? (Technical Recession) ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?
z ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? 2020-21 ?? ??????-??? ?? ?????-?????? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? (GDP) ???
?????? 24.4% ??? 7.3% ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???
z ?????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???, ?? ?? ??????
?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????
?????? ?????:
????? ??????:
z ??????? ????????? ???????? (NSO) ?? ???? ?????? ???? (2020-21) ?? ???? 8% ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??????
??????? (7.7%) ?? ?????? ?????? ???? (7.5%) ?? ????????????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????
z ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? (2020-21) ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? 0.4% ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??
??? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??? 3.3% ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???
z ??????-??? ?????? (Q1) ?? ?????-?????? (Q2) ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? 23.9% ?? 24.4% ?? 7.5%
?? 7.3% ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???
?????? ???????? ??? ??????:
z ????? ?? ???? ?????:
? ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???
2.6% ?? ????? ?? ???? ???
? ??????? ?????? ??? 57% ?? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? 0.9% ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??
?????? ??? ??? ????
? ??????, ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? 6.6% ???, ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? 9.5% ??????? ??? ?????? ????
?? ??? ???? ??? 5.5% ?? ????? ???? ?? ???
? ???, ??????, ????, ??????, ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????
??????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????
z ??? ????? ??????:
? ????? 2021 ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? 0.1% ?? ????? ???? ??, ????? ?????? ????? ??? 5.1% ?? ?????, ???????? ???
2.7% ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? 2.6% ?? ????? ???, ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????
? ?????, ????? ???, ????????? ???, ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ???
? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? 40.27% ????
z ????:
? ??????-?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? 3.9% ???, ?????? ?????-?????? ??? 3% ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??
?????? 3.4% ?? ????? ???? ??? ???
Page 5
?????? ???????? ?????? ????????
???????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????
????? ??? ?????
??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? (Food Safety and Standards Authority of India-
FSSAI) ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? (Genetically Modified
Organisms- GMO) ?? ???? ?? 1% ????????? ?? ???? ??? ????
z ???? ???? ???? 2020 ??? FSSAI ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? 24 ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????????? (Competent
Authority) ????? ‘???-???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???’ ( Non-GM-Origin-Cum-GM-free Certificate) ??
??????? ?? ?? ???? ????
?????? ?????:
???????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? (GMOs):
z ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????????
???? ??? ????
z ????? ?????, ?????, ????????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? (Combinations) ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???, ?? ????? ????????
????????????? ??????? (Traditional Crossbreeding Methods) ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????
???????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????:
z ???????? ???? ?????? (Conventional Plant Breeding) ??? ????-???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? (Desired Traits)
?? ??? ????? ( Offspring) ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? (Crossing) ????? ???? ????
? ???/???? ??????? ??????? (??????) ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????, ??? ???? ?????????
???? ???? ????
z ???? ???? (Bt Cotton) ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? (Genetically Modified-GM) ??? ????
?????? ???????????? (Bacillus thuringiensis- Bt) ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????
??? ?????? ????????? (Pink Bollworm) ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????
z ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???? (????? ????) (Herbicide Tolerant -Ht Bt) ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????
?? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???, ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????
z ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? (Shoot Borers) ?? ????? ?? ?????
???? ??? ???? ???? ????
z DMH-11 ????? ??? ???????? ??????, ??????? (Self-Pollinates) ?? ???? ?? ??????? (Cross-Pollination)
?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????
???? ??? GM ????? ?? ??????? ??????:
z ???? ??? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ????? (Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee- GEAC)
????? ????? ??? ?? GM ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????
z ???????? ?????? ???????, 1986 ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? GM ?????? ( GM Variant) ?? ????? ???? ?? 5 ???? ??
??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????
?????? ????? ?? ???????:
z ?????? ????? ????????? ??? GMO ?? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????? (Genetic
Engineering Appraisal Committee- GEAC) ????? ???? ???? ???
z ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????, 2006 ?? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? FSSAI ?? ??????
????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????
??????? ??????????? ????????? (FIT)
????? ??? ?????
?????? ?????? ???? (Reserve Bank of India- RBI) ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? (RCF) ?????? ???? 2020-21 ?? ??????? ???
??? ??? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? (4% +/- 2%) ???? 5 ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????
?????? ?????:
??????????? ?????????:
z ?????????? ???????? ?? ????:
? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????
????
? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????????
?????? ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????
z ???? ?????????? ???????? (Strict Inflation Targeting) ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??
?????????? ???? ?? ??-??? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ????
z ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????? (Flexible Inflation Targeting) ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???
?????? ????- ???? ???? ?? ???????, ?????? ??, ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????
???? ?? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ?????:
z ?????????:
? ???? 2015 ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????
??? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????
? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???? 2016 ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????? ????
????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????
? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????, 1934 ??? ?? FIT ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????
? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? RBI ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ????
z ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????:
? ???? ????? 4 (+/- 2) ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??????????
?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????
z ??????: ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ???????, ??????????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????
? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????
????
z ??????? ????????: ?? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?????
????
? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? RBI ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????
?????? ???? ?? ??? (RCF ??????? ?? ???? ?????)
z ?????????? FIT ?? ????? 9 ??????? ?? ?? ???? FIT ?? ?????? 3.8 ?? 4.3 ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???, ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????
?? ???? 4 ??????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????
z ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???, ???? ??? ???? ???? 5 ?? 6 ??????? ?? ???? ???, ?? ??????? ??? ??
6% ?? ?????????? ??, ?????????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?? 2 ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??
???????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???? ???, ???? 2 ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????, ??
??????? ??? ?? 2 ??????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????
? FIT ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???, ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???,
???? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???, ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????
??? ????? ?? ???? ????
???????? ?????:
z ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ???, ?? ??????????, ???,
????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????
z ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??
??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????
z RBI ???? ????? ?? ????????, ???? ?? ????, ?????? ???????, ?? ??????? ????, ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??
??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????
????????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????
z ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ??
?????????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?? ???? ????-???? ??????? ??? ???? ????
? ?? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???, ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????
????
? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????
? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????
? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????????
???? ????? ????
???????? ????? ?????
z RBI ?? ‘??????? ???? ?????’ ‘?????? ?????? ???? ???????, 1934’ ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????
?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????
? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????
z ?? ?????????? ??, 4% ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? (???? ???) ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????
? ???? 2014 ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??
??????? ?? ???
??? ?? ???
z ?? ???? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???????, ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???; ?????? ?????
?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????
z ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???????? (FIT) ?? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????
??????????????? ?? ???? ????? ????
???? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????
?????? ???? 2020-21 ?? ????? (??????-??????) ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? 0.4% ?? ????? ?? ????????? ???
???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? (Technical Recession) ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?
z ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? 2020-21 ?? ??????-??? ?? ?????-?????? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? (GDP) ???
?????? 24.4% ??? 7.3% ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???
z ?????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???, ?? ?? ??????
?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????
?????? ?????:
????? ??????:
z ??????? ????????? ???????? (NSO) ?? ???? ?????? ???? (2020-21) ?? ???? 8% ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??????
??????? (7.7%) ?? ?????? ?????? ???? (7.5%) ?? ????????????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????
z ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? (2020-21) ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? 0.4% ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??
??? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??? 3.3% ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???
z ??????-??? ?????? (Q1) ?? ?????-?????? (Q2) ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? 23.9% ?? 24.4% ?? 7.5%
?? 7.3% ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???
?????? ???????? ??? ??????:
z ????? ?? ???? ?????:
? ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???
2.6% ?? ????? ?? ???? ???
? ??????? ?????? ??? 57% ?? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? 0.9% ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??
?????? ??? ??? ????
? ??????, ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? 6.6% ???, ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? 9.5% ??????? ??? ?????? ????
?? ??? ???? ??? 5.5% ?? ????? ???? ?? ???
? ???, ??????, ????, ??????, ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????
??????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????
z ??? ????? ??????:
? ????? 2021 ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? 0.1% ?? ????? ???? ??, ????? ?????? ????? ??? 5.1% ?? ?????, ???????? ???
2.7% ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? 2.6% ?? ????? ???, ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????
? ?????, ????? ???, ????????? ???, ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ???
? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? 40.27% ????
z ????:
? ??????-?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? 3.9% ???, ?????? ?????-?????? ??? 3% ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??
?????? 3.4% ?? ????? ???? ??? ???
????:
z ??? ?????:
? ????? ?? ???? (??? ????? ????? ???????- GFCF) ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? 2.6% ????
? GFCF: ?? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????
? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ????
? ??????? ??? 2021-22 ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? '??????-????? ?????????' (Production-Linked Incentive-
PLI) ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????
z ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?????:
? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? (GFCE) ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??
?????? ??? 129%, ????? ??? 249% ?? ?????? ??? 62% ?? ????? ????
? GFCE ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ???-??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??????????? ????
???, ??? ???????? ????????? (???????? ???) ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ????
????? ???? ???? ????
z V-???? ??????:
? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ???? "??????? ?? ????” (lives over livelihood) ??
????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ‘V-???? ??????’ ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? (PFCE) ?? ‘????? ????? ?????? ????????’
(GFCF) ????? ?? ?? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ????
? PFCE: ??? ????????? ?? ???-??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??
????? ?? ?????? ???? ???, ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????
??? ?????? ??????:.
z ????? ?????: ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? 58.6% ?? ? ??, ????
?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? 60.2% ???
z ?????? ???: ???? ?? GFCE ??? ??????? ??? ???, ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? 10% ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? 9.8%
?? ????
z GVA ??????: ??? ??????????? (GVA) ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??, ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??
?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???, ?????? ???? ?? 7.2% ?? 3.9% ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? 2020-21 ??? 6.5% ????
?? ?? ????
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????? ??? ?????
???? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ??? (Discussion Paper) ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? (NFSA), 2013 ?? ???
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z ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???, ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???? 2011 ?? ??????
?? ?????? ????
???????? ???? ?????? ??????? (NFSA), 2013
????????: 10 ??????, 2013
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Document Description: Economic Development (आर्थिक घटनाक्रम): March 2021 UPSC Current Affairs for UPSC 2024 is part of Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly preparation.
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