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Page 1
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z ???-????? ??????? ?? ????:
? ????? ?? ???? ????: ???? 2015 ?? ???? 2019 ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????????? (?????? ??? ?? 35 ???????? ?? ???? ??) ??
??? ?????? 34-35 ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ???
? ???? ?? ???: ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???-????? ??????? ???? ??? ????
z ?????? ???:
? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????
? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??
??????? ?? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ????
? ???? 1981 ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ???
? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? (Irrawaddy Dolphins) ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????
? ????? ????? ??? ???? 16 ???? ????. ??? ???? ?????? ???? (?????? ?? ????) ?? ???? 1987 ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???
???
? ?????? ?????- ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????
z ????????? ??????? ?????:
? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???????, ??????? ???????, ??????, ???????
????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????
? ????????? ??? 3 ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? (Bhitarkanika National Park),
????????? ?????? ??????? (Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary) ?? ???????? ?????? ???????
(Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary) ????? ????
? ????????? ??????, ??????, ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????
? ?? ??? ?? 70% ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? 1975 ??? ???? ???? ??? ???
Page 2
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z ???-????? ??????? ?? ????:
? ????? ?? ???? ????: ???? 2015 ?? ???? 2019 ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????????? (?????? ??? ?? 35 ???????? ?? ???? ??) ??
??? ?????? 34-35 ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ???
? ???? ?? ???: ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???-????? ??????? ???? ??? ????
z ?????? ???:
? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????
? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??
??????? ?? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ????
? ???? 1981 ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ???
? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? (Irrawaddy Dolphins) ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????
? ????? ????? ??? ???? 16 ???? ????. ??? ???? ?????? ???? (?????? ?? ????) ?? ???? 1987 ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???
???
? ?????? ?????- ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????
z ????????? ??????? ?????:
? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???????, ??????? ???????, ??????, ???????
????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????
? ????????? ??? 3 ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? (Bhitarkanika National Park),
????????? ?????? ??????? (Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary) ?? ???????? ?????? ???????
(Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary) ????? ????
? ????????? ??????, ??????, ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????
? ?? ??? ?? 70% ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? 1975 ??? ???? ???? ??? ???
???? ??? ???????? ???????????:
z ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????
z ????? ?? ???? ?????? (Amur Falcons), ???-????? ??? (Bar-Headed Geese), ????-???? ????? (Black-
Necked Cranes), ???? ????? (Marine Turtles), ?????? (Dugongs), ?????? ???? (Humpback
Whales) ??? ????? ????
z ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ???, ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? (Central Asian Flyway-
CAF) ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????
z ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? (Central Asian Flyway) ?? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????
(National Action Plan) ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????’ (Convention on
Migratory Species-CMS) ?? ?? ?????? ????
???????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? NGT ?? ?????
????? ??? ?????
??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???????? (NGT) ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ??????
?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????
????
?????? ?????
?????????
z ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? (CPCB) ?? ????
? ??????? ? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? (CPCB) ?? ???? 2016-17 ?? ???? ?? ??????, ??? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????
351 ?? ?? ???, ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? 302 ?? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? (???? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???)
?? ????? 34 ?? ???? 45 ?? ?? ????
? ????? ?? ?????? 117 ????? ????? ???, ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ????
? CPCB ???????? ?? ????:
? 1990 ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? (CPCB) ???? ??? ?? ??????????? ?????? ?????? (BOD)
?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???? BOD ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??
???? ???? ???? ????
? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???, BOD ??????
????
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???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????
? ??????? ??????
? ????? ???? ???????? (NGT) ?? ??? ?? ??? 350 ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????
????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ??
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Page 3
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z ???-????? ??????? ?? ????:
? ????? ?? ???? ????: ???? 2015 ?? ???? 2019 ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????????? (?????? ??? ?? 35 ???????? ?? ???? ??) ??
??? ?????? 34-35 ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ???
? ???? ?? ???: ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???-????? ??????? ???? ??? ????
z ?????? ???:
? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????
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??????? ?? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ????
? ???? 1981 ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ???
? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? (Irrawaddy Dolphins) ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????
? ????? ????? ??? ???? 16 ???? ????. ??? ???? ?????? ???? (?????? ?? ????) ?? ???? 1987 ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???
???
? ?????? ?????- ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????
z ????????? ??????? ?????:
? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???????, ??????? ???????, ??????, ???????
????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????
? ????????? ??? 3 ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? (Bhitarkanika National Park),
????????? ?????? ??????? (Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary) ?? ???????? ?????? ???????
(Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary) ????? ????
? ????????? ??????, ??????, ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????
? ?? ??? ?? 70% ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? 1975 ??? ???? ???? ??? ???
???? ??? ???????? ???????????:
z ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????
z ????? ?? ???? ?????? (Amur Falcons), ???-????? ??? (Bar-Headed Geese), ????-???? ????? (Black-
Necked Cranes), ???? ????? (Marine Turtles), ?????? (Dugongs), ?????? ???? (Humpback
Whales) ??? ????? ????
z ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ???, ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? (Central Asian Flyway-
CAF) ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????
z ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? (Central Asian Flyway) ?? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????
(National Action Plan) ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????’ (Convention on
Migratory Species-CMS) ?? ?? ?????? ????
???????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? NGT ?? ?????
????? ??? ?????
??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???????? (NGT) ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ??????
?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????
????
?????? ?????
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z ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? (CPCB) ?? ????
? ??????? ? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? (CPCB) ?? ???? 2016-17 ?? ???? ?? ??????, ??? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????
351 ?? ?? ???, ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? 302 ?? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? (???? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???)
?? ????? 34 ?? ???? 45 ?? ?? ????
? ????? ?? ?????? 117 ????? ????? ???, ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ????
? CPCB ???????? ?? ????:
? 1990 ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? (CPCB) ???? ??? ?? ??????????? ?????? ?????? (BOD)
?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???? BOD ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??
???? ???? ???? ????
? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???, BOD ??????
????
? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? (CPCB) 3 ????????/???? ?? ?? ??????????? ?????? ?????? (BOD) ?? ????? ???
???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????
? ??????? ??????
? ????? ???? ???????? (NGT) ?? ??? ?? ??? 350 ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????
????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ??
????? ???? ????? ???? ????
z ?????? ????
? ??????
? ???? 1974 ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????
? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???
? NRRM ?? ??????:
? NGT ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????, ?? ???? ?? ‘??????? ??? ??????? ????’ (NRRM) ??? ?? ???? ???? NRRM
?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???????, ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????
????
? NRRM ?? ????? ?? ??????:
? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? 351 ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???????, ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????, ????
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z ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????
? ??????? ?? ???? (2012)
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Page 4
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z ???-????? ??????? ?? ????:
? ????? ?? ???? ????: ???? 2015 ?? ???? 2019 ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????????? (?????? ??? ?? 35 ???????? ?? ???? ??) ??
??? ?????? 34-35 ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ???
? ???? ?? ???: ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???-????? ??????? ???? ??? ????
z ?????? ???:
? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????
? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??
??????? ?? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ????
? ???? 1981 ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ???
? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? (Irrawaddy Dolphins) ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????
? ????? ????? ??? ???? 16 ???? ????. ??? ???? ?????? ???? (?????? ?? ????) ?? ???? 1987 ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???
???
? ?????? ?????- ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????
z ????????? ??????? ?????:
? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???????, ??????? ???????, ??????, ???????
????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????
? ????????? ??? 3 ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? (Bhitarkanika National Park),
????????? ?????? ??????? (Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary) ?? ???????? ?????? ???????
(Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary) ????? ????
? ????????? ??????, ??????, ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????
? ?? ??? ?? 70% ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? 1975 ??? ???? ???? ??? ???
???? ??? ???????? ???????????:
z ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????
z ????? ?? ???? ?????? (Amur Falcons), ???-????? ??? (Bar-Headed Geese), ????-???? ????? (Black-
Necked Cranes), ???? ????? (Marine Turtles), ?????? (Dugongs), ?????? ???? (Humpback
Whales) ??? ????? ????
z ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ???, ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? (Central Asian Flyway-
CAF) ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????
z ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? (Central Asian Flyway) ?? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????
(National Action Plan) ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????’ (Convention on
Migratory Species-CMS) ?? ?? ?????? ????
???????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? NGT ?? ?????
????? ??? ?????
??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???????? (NGT) ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ??????
?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????
????
?????? ?????
?????????
z ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? (CPCB) ?? ????
? ??????? ? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? (CPCB) ?? ???? 2016-17 ?? ???? ?? ??????, ??? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????
351 ?? ?? ???, ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? 302 ?? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? (???? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???)
?? ????? 34 ?? ???? 45 ?? ?? ????
? ????? ?? ?????? 117 ????? ????? ???, ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ????
? CPCB ???????? ?? ????:
? 1990 ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? (CPCB) ???? ??? ?? ??????????? ?????? ?????? (BOD)
?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???? BOD ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??
???? ???? ???? ????
? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???, BOD ??????
????
? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? (CPCB) 3 ????????/???? ?? ?? ??????????? ?????? ?????? (BOD) ?? ????? ???
???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????
? ??????? ??????
? ????? ???? ???????? (NGT) ?? ??? ?? ??? 350 ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????
????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ??
????? ???? ????? ???? ????
z ?????? ????
? ??????
? ???? 1974 ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????
? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???
? NRRM ?? ??????:
? NGT ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????, ?? ???? ?? ‘??????? ??? ??????? ????’ (NRRM) ??? ?? ???? ???? NRRM
?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???????, ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????
????
? NRRM ?? ????? ?? ??????:
? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? 351 ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???????, ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????, ????
? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????
? ??????????
? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???????
?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????????
? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??-??-?? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???????
???? ?????
? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????-???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????
z ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????
? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????
? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???????
? ???? ?????????? ??? ??? ????
z ??????? ?? ??????
? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??? GDP ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????
? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ?? 80 ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??-????? ????? ?? ???? ??-???? ????????? ???????? ????
? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ????, ????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????????? ?? ????
????? ??? ???, ????? 140 ?? ???? ????? ??????????, 90 ?????? ??????????, ?????? ???? ?? ???????, ?? ??????? ????- ?????
?????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ????
z ??????? ????????? ????????
? ???????? 21: ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???
????
? ???????? 51-A (G): ????, ?????, ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ? ????? ????? ???? ???????
?????? ?? ?????? ????
z ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????
? ??????? ?? ???? (2012)
? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ???????
?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????
? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???-??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??
?????? ????? ????
? ?? ??????, ???????, ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ????
????
? ??????? ?? ???? (2010): ?? ?? ?? ??????, ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????
???? ????
? ??????? ????? ???? ????: ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????, ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????
???????, ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ????
? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ????
? ????? ???? ????????: ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ????
PSLV ?? 53??? ?????
????? ??? ?????
??? ?? ??? ???? ????? PSLV-C51 ?? ??????????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ?? 53??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??
???? ?? ????????? ????, ‘??? ???? ?????? ???????’ (NSIL) ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???
z ?? ????? ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????? (SHAR) ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? 5, ??????? ?? 13, ?????? ?? ???????
?????? ?????? ????? ?????????-1 (Amazonia-1) ?? 18 ??-????? ??????? (Co-Passenger Satellites) ??
??????????? ?????? ???? ???? ????
? SHAR, ?????????? ???? ?? ????????? (Spaceport) ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????????????
???? ?????? ???? ????
?????? ?????:
z ?????? ?? ????? ?????????-1:
? ?????????-1 ?? ???? ???:
? 637 ???????? ???? ?????????-1, ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????1 ????????? ????? (Earth
Observation Satellite) ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? (Sun-Synchronous Polar
Orbit) ??? 758 ????. ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????
? ??????:
? ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??? ????????????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???????????
?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????
z 5 ?????? ?????:
? UNITYsat:
? UNITYsat ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ????
? UNITYsat ?? ????????? ????????? ?? ??????????, ??????????? (JITsat), ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???????????,
?????? (GHRCEsat) ?? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ??? ??????????, ???????? (Sri Shakthi Sat)
????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????
? SDSAT:
? ???? ??? ????? (SDSAT) ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????/??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???
???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ????
? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? (????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????) ?????
??????? ??? ????
Page 5
???????????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ??? ????????
???????? ????? ?? ????? ????
????? ??? ?????
????? ??? (?????? ??? ?? ????) ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???????
??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? (????? ???) ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????
z ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????
???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? 39 ????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ????
?????? ?????:
z ??????? ??????????: ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????
???? ??????? ???? ?????????( ????? ???????, ?????? ????? ??? ????? ) ??? ??? ????
? ??????? ?? ?? ?????????? ?????????, ??????????, ????, ????, ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????
z ???-????? ??????? ?? ????:
? ????? ?? ???? ????: ???? 2015 ?? ???? 2019 ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????????? (?????? ??? ?? 35 ???????? ?? ???? ??) ??
??? ?????? 34-35 ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ???
? ???? ?? ???: ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???-????? ??????? ???? ??? ????
z ?????? ???:
? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????
? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??
??????? ?? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ????
? ???? 1981 ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ???
? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? (Irrawaddy Dolphins) ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????
? ????? ????? ??? ???? 16 ???? ????. ??? ???? ?????? ???? (?????? ?? ????) ?? ???? 1987 ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???
???
? ?????? ?????- ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????
z ????????? ??????? ?????:
? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???????, ??????? ???????, ??????, ???????
????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????
? ????????? ??? 3 ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? (Bhitarkanika National Park),
????????? ?????? ??????? (Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary) ?? ???????? ?????? ???????
(Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary) ????? ????
? ????????? ??????, ??????, ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????
? ?? ??? ?? 70% ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? 1975 ??? ???? ???? ??? ???
???? ??? ???????? ???????????:
z ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????
z ????? ?? ???? ?????? (Amur Falcons), ???-????? ??? (Bar-Headed Geese), ????-???? ????? (Black-
Necked Cranes), ???? ????? (Marine Turtles), ?????? (Dugongs), ?????? ???? (Humpback
Whales) ??? ????? ????
z ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ???, ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? (Central Asian Flyway-
CAF) ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????
z ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? (Central Asian Flyway) ?? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????
(National Action Plan) ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????’ (Convention on
Migratory Species-CMS) ?? ?? ?????? ????
???????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? NGT ?? ?????
????? ??? ?????
??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???????? (NGT) ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ??????
?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????
????
?????? ?????
?????????
z ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? (CPCB) ?? ????
? ??????? ? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? (CPCB) ?? ???? 2016-17 ?? ???? ?? ??????, ??? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????
351 ?? ?? ???, ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? 302 ?? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? (???? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???)
?? ????? 34 ?? ???? 45 ?? ?? ????
? ????? ?? ?????? 117 ????? ????? ???, ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ????
? CPCB ???????? ?? ????:
? 1990 ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? (CPCB) ???? ??? ?? ??????????? ?????? ?????? (BOD)
?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???? BOD ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??
???? ???? ???? ????
? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???, BOD ??????
????
? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? (CPCB) 3 ????????/???? ?? ?? ??????????? ?????? ?????? (BOD) ?? ????? ???
???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????
? ??????? ??????
? ????? ???? ???????? (NGT) ?? ??? ?? ??? 350 ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????
????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ??
????? ???? ????? ???? ????
z ?????? ????
? ??????
? ???? 1974 ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????
? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???
? NRRM ?? ??????:
? NGT ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????, ?? ???? ?? ‘??????? ??? ??????? ????’ (NRRM) ??? ?? ???? ???? NRRM
?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???????, ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????
????
? NRRM ?? ????? ?? ??????:
? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? 351 ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???????, ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????, ????
? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????
? ??????????
? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???????
?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????????
? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??-??-?? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???????
???? ?????
? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????-???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????
z ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????
? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????
? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???????
? ???? ?????????? ??? ??? ????
z ??????? ?? ??????
? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??? GDP ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????
? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ?? 80 ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??-????? ????? ?? ???? ??-???? ????????? ???????? ????
? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ????, ????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????????? ?? ????
????? ??? ???, ????? 140 ?? ???? ????? ??????????, 90 ?????? ??????????, ?????? ???? ?? ???????, ?? ??????? ????- ?????
?????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ????
z ??????? ????????? ????????
? ???????? 21: ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???
????
? ???????? 51-A (G): ????, ?????, ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ? ????? ????? ???? ???????
?????? ?? ?????? ????
z ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????
? ??????? ?? ???? (2012)
? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ???????
?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????
? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???-??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??
?????? ????? ????
? ?? ??????, ???????, ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ????
????
? ??????? ?? ???? (2010): ?? ?? ?? ??????, ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????
???? ????
? ??????? ????? ???? ????: ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????, ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????
???????, ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ????
? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ????
? ????? ???? ????????: ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ????
PSLV ?? 53??? ?????
????? ??? ?????
??? ?? ??? ???? ????? PSLV-C51 ?? ??????????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ?? 53??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??
???? ?? ????????? ????, ‘??? ???? ?????? ???????’ (NSIL) ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???
z ?? ????? ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????? (SHAR) ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? 5, ??????? ?? 13, ?????? ?? ???????
?????? ?????? ????? ?????????-1 (Amazonia-1) ?? 18 ??-????? ??????? (Co-Passenger Satellites) ??
??????????? ?????? ???? ???? ????
? SHAR, ?????????? ???? ?? ????????? (Spaceport) ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????????????
???? ?????? ???? ????
?????? ?????:
z ?????? ?? ????? ?????????-1:
? ?????????-1 ?? ???? ???:
? 637 ???????? ???? ?????????-1, ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????1 ????????? ????? (Earth
Observation Satellite) ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? (Sun-Synchronous Polar
Orbit) ??? 758 ????. ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????
? ??????:
? ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??? ????????????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???????????
?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????
z 5 ?????? ?????:
? UNITYsat:
? UNITYsat ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ????
? UNITYsat ?? ????????? ????????? ?? ??????????, ??????????? (JITsat), ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???????????,
?????? (GHRCEsat) ?? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ??? ??????????, ???????? (Sri Shakthi Sat)
????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????
? SDSAT:
? ???? ??? ????? (SDSAT) ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????/??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???
???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ????
? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? (????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????) ?????
??????? ??? ????
? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????
?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? SDSAT ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????
? ???? ??? ?? ?? SD ????? ??? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???, ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????
????? ????
? ????? ???? (Sindhu Netra):
? ??? ??????? ????? PES ???????????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????
(DRDO) ????? 2.2 ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???
? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????
z ??????? ?? ?????:
? PSLV-C51 ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?? 13 ????? ??????? ?? ???, ?????? ?? ???????????? ???????? ????? (SAI-1 ???? ????? 2)
??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? (SpaceBEEs) ?? ??????? ????
z ?????:
? ????-?????? ??????? ?? ???:
? 2000 ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?? (???? 2004) ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ?? (????
2002 ??? ISRO ?? ?????????? ??????? ?????? AEB ?? ???) ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????? ????
????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ????
? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? (?????????-1) ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????
????? ???? ???????? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????
? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????????:
? PSLV-C51 ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???
???
? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???????
? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? 4 ?? ???????? ?? ???? ??-???? (IN-SPACe) ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? 14 ??????? ?? ?????????
???????? ?? ???? NSIL ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???
? IN-SPACe: ?? ??????? ????? (DOS) ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????
???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???????
? NSIL: ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? (ISRO) ?? ????????? ???? ???, ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????
?? ???? ???????????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???
????????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ????
? ??????? ???????????? ?? ?????????:
? ?? ??? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ?? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ???, ?? ‘???????? ??
?????? ???? ?? ?????’ ?????? ???? ????
??????? ?????? ??????? ????:
z ???? ?? ‘??????? ????? ???????? ????’ (PSLV) ????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ????
z ?? ?? ????-?????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????
?? ????? ???? ???? ????
z ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????
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Document Description: Environment and Ecology (पर्यावरण और पारिस्थितिकी): March 2021 UPSC Current Affairs for UPSC 2024 is part of Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly preparation.
The notes and questions for Environment and Ecology (पर्यावरण और पारिस्थितिकी): March 2021 UPSC Current Affairs have been prepared according to the UPSC exam syllabus. Information about Environment and Ecology (पर्यावरण और पारिस्थितिकी): March 2021 UPSC Current Affairs covers topics
like and Environment and Ecology (पर्यावरण और पारिस्थितिकी): March 2021 UPSC Current Affairs Example, for UPSC 2024 Exam. Find important definitions, questions, notes, meanings, examples, exercises and tests below for Environment and Ecology (पर्यावरण और पारिस्थितिकी): March 2021 UPSC Current Affairs.
Introduction of Environment and Ecology (पर्यावरण और पारिस्थितिकी): March 2021 UPSC Current Affairs in English is available as part of our Current Affairs (Hindi): Daily, Weekly & Monthly
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Additional Information about Environment and Ecology (पर्यावरण और पारिस्थितिकी): March 2021 UPSC Current Affairs for UPSC Preparation
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Environment and Ecology (पर्यावरण और पारिस्थितिकी): March 2021 UPSC Current Affairs Notes
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