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एनसीईआरटी पाठ्यपुस्तक: सत्ता के वैकल्पिक केंद्र | Must Read Old & New NCERTs for UPSC CSE (Hindi) PDF Download

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 Page 1


ifjp;
1990 osQ n'kd osQ 'qk: esa fo'o jktuhfr
esa nks&/qzoh; O;oLFkk osQ VwVus osQ ckn ;g
Li"V gks x;k fd jktuSfrd vkSj vkfFkZd
lÙkk osQ oSdfYid osaQæ oqQN gn rd vejhdk
osQ çHkqRo dks lhfer djsaxsA ;wjksi esa ;wjksih;
la?k vkSj ,f'k;k esa nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;kbZ jk"Vªksa
osQ laxBu (vkfl;ku) dk mn; nenkj
'kfDr osQ :i esas gqvkA ;wjksih; la?k vkSj
vkfl;ku] nksuksa us gh vius&vius bykosQ esa
pyus okyh ,sfrgkfld nq'efu;ksa vkSj
detksfj;ksa dk {ks=kh; Lrj ij lek/ku <wa<+kA
lkFk gh bUgksaus vius&vius bykdksa esa vf/d
'kkafriw.kZ vkSj lgdkjh {ks=kh; O;oLFkk fodflr
djus rFkk bl {ks=k osQ ns'kksa dh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa
dk lewg cukus dh fn'kk esa Hkh dke fd;kA
phu osQ vkfFkZd mHkkj us fo'o jktuhfr ij
dkiQh ukVdh; çHkko MkykA bl vè;k; esa
ge lÙkk osQ mHkjrs gq, oqQN oSdfYid
osQUæksa ij ,d u”kj Mkysaxs vkSj ;g tk¡pus
dh dksf'k'k djsaxs fd Hkfo"; esa mudh D;k
Hkwfedk gks ldrh gSA
vè;k; 4
lÙkk lÙkk 
lÙkk lÙkk lÙkk d d
d d d ss
sss oSdfYid  oSdfYid 
 oSdfYid  oSdfYid  oSdfYid d d
d d d ss
sss U U
U U Uæ æ
æ æ æ
1978 osQ fnlacj esa nsax ';kvksisax us ^vksisu Mksj* (eqDr }kj) dh uhfr
pyk;hA blosQ ckn ls phu us vn~Hkqr çxfr dh vkSj vxys lkyksa esa ,d cM+h
vkfFkZd rkdr osQ :i esa mHkjkA ;s rLohjsa phu esa fodkl dh rsth ls cnyrh
ço`fÙk;ksa dk irk nsrh gSaA igyh rLohj Økafr osQ rRdky ckn osQ phu dh gSA
blesa dgk x;k gS fd ^lektoknh jkLrk gh lcls O;kid jkLrk gS*A nwljh
rLohj 'ka?kkbZ dh gS tks phu dh ubZ vkfFkZd 'kfDr dk çrhd gSA
2018-19
Page 2


ifjp;
1990 osQ n'kd osQ 'qk: esa fo'o jktuhfr
esa nks&/qzoh; O;oLFkk osQ VwVus osQ ckn ;g
Li"V gks x;k fd jktuSfrd vkSj vkfFkZd
lÙkk osQ oSdfYid osaQæ oqQN gn rd vejhdk
osQ çHkqRo dks lhfer djsaxsA ;wjksi esa ;wjksih;
la?k vkSj ,f'k;k esa nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;kbZ jk"Vªksa
osQ laxBu (vkfl;ku) dk mn; nenkj
'kfDr osQ :i esas gqvkA ;wjksih; la?k vkSj
vkfl;ku] nksuksa us gh vius&vius bykosQ esa
pyus okyh ,sfrgkfld nq'efu;ksa vkSj
detksfj;ksa dk {ks=kh; Lrj ij lek/ku <wa<+kA
lkFk gh bUgksaus vius&vius bykdksa esa vf/d
'kkafriw.kZ vkSj lgdkjh {ks=kh; O;oLFkk fodflr
djus rFkk bl {ks=k osQ ns'kksa dh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa
dk lewg cukus dh fn'kk esa Hkh dke fd;kA
phu osQ vkfFkZd mHkkj us fo'o jktuhfr ij
dkiQh ukVdh; çHkko MkykA bl vè;k; esa
ge lÙkk osQ mHkjrs gq, oqQN oSdfYid
osQUæksa ij ,d u”kj Mkysaxs vkSj ;g tk¡pus
dh dksf'k'k djsaxs fd Hkfo"; esa mudh D;k
Hkwfedk gks ldrh gSA
vè;k; 4
lÙkk lÙkk 
lÙkk lÙkk lÙkk d d
d d d ss
sss oSdfYid  oSdfYid 
 oSdfYid  oSdfYid  oSdfYid d d
d d d ss
sss U U
U U Uæ æ
æ æ æ
1978 osQ fnlacj esa nsax ';kvksisax us ^vksisu Mksj* (eqDr }kj) dh uhfr
pyk;hA blosQ ckn ls phu us vn~Hkqr çxfr dh vkSj vxys lkyksa esa ,d cM+h
vkfFkZd rkdr osQ :i esa mHkjkA ;s rLohjsa phu esa fodkl dh rsth ls cnyrh
ço`fÙk;ksa dk irk nsrh gSaA igyh rLohj Økafr osQ rRdky ckn osQ phu dh gSA
blesa dgk x;k gS fd ^lektoknh jkLrk gh lcls O;kid jkLrk gS*A nwljh
rLohj 'ka?kkbZ dh gS tks phu dh ubZ vkfFkZd 'kfDr dk çrhd gSA
2018-19
ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr 52
;wjksih; la?k
tc nwljk fo'o ;q¼ lekIr gqvk rc ;wjksi
osQ vusd usrk ^;wjksi osQ lokyksa* dks ysdj
ijs'kku jgsA D;k ;wjksi dks viuh iqjkuh
nq'efu;ksaa dks fiQj ls 'kq: djuk pkfg,
;k varjkZ"Vªh; laca/ksa esa ldkjkRed ;ksxnku
djus okys fl¼karksa vkSj laLFkkvksa osQ vk/kj
ij mls vius laca/ksa dks u, fljs ls cukuk
pkfg,\ nwljs fo'o;q¼ us mu vusd ekU;rkvksa
vkSj O;oLFkkvksa dks èoLr dj fn;k ftlosQ
vk/kj ij ;wjksih; ns'kksa osQ vkilh laca/ cus
FksA 1945 rd ;wjksih; ns'kksa us viuh
vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dh cckZnh rks >syh gh] mu
ekU;rkvksa vkSj O;oLFkkvksa dks èoLr gksrs Hkh
ns[k fy;k ftu ij ;wjksi [kM+k gqvk FkkA
1945 osQ ckn ;wjksi osQ ns'kksa esa esy&feyki
dks 'khr;q¼ ls Hkh enn feyhA vejhdk us
;wjksi dh vFkZO;oLFkk osQ iquxZBu osQ fy,
tcjnLr enn dhA bls ek'kZy ;kstuk osQ
uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA vesfjdk us ^ukVks* osQ
rgr ,d lkewfgd lqj{kk O;oLFkk dks tUe
fn;kA ek'kZy ;kstuk osQ rgr gh 1948 esa
;wjksih; vkfFkZd lg;ksx laxBu dh LFkkiuk
dh xbZ ftlosQ ekè;e ls if'peh ;wjksi osQ
ns'kksa dks vkfFkZd enn nh xbZA ;g ,d ,slk
eap cu x;k ftlosQ ekè;e ls if'peh
;wjksi osQ ns'kksa us O;kikj vkSj vkfFkZd ekeyksa
esa ,d&nwljs dh enn 'kq: dhA 1949 esa
xfBr ;wjksih; ifj"kn~ jktuSfrd lg;ksx osQ
ekeys esa ,d vxyk dne lkfcr gqbZA ;wjksi
osQ iwathoknh ns'kksa dh vFkZO;oLFkk osQ vkilh
,dhdj.k dh çfØ;k pj.kc¼ <ax ls vkxs
c<+h (bl ,dhdj.k dk dkyØe ns[ksa) vkSj
blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i 1957 esa ;wjksih;u
bdkWukfed dE;qfuVh dk xBu gqvkA ;wjksih;u
ikfyZ;kesaV osQ xBu osQ ckn bl çfØ;k us
jktuhfrd Lo:i çkIr dj fy;kA lksfo;r
xqV osQ iru osQ ckn bl çfØ;k esa rsth
vk;h vkSj 1992 esa bl çfØ;k dh ifj.kfr
;wjksih; la?k dh LFkkiuk osQ :i esa gqbZA
;wjksih; la?k osQ :i esa leku fons'k vkSj
lqj{kk uhfr] vkarfjd ekeyksa rFkk U;k; ls
tqM+s eqíksa ij lg;ksx vkSj ,dleku eqæk osQ
pyu osQ fy, jkLrk rS;kj gks x;kA
,d yEcs le; esa cuk ;wjksih; la?k
vkfFkZd lg;ksx okyh O;oLFkk ls cnydj
T;knk ls T;knk jktuSfrd :i ysrk x;k gSA
vc ;wjksih; la?k Lo;a dkiQh gn rd ,d
fo'kky jk"Vª&jkT; dh rjg gh dke djus
yxk gSA gk¡ykfd ;wjksih; la?k dk ,d
lafo/ku cukus dh dksf'k'k rks vliQy gks
xbZ ysfdu bldk viuk >aMk] xku]
LFkkiuk&fnol vkSj viuh eqæk gSA vU;
ns'kksa ls laca/ksa osQ ekeys esa blus dkiQh gn
rd lk>h fons'k vkSj lqj{kk uhfr Hkh cuk
yh gSA u;s lnL;ksa dks 'kkfey djrs gq,
;wjksih; la?k us lg;ksx osQ nk;js esa foLrkj
dh dksf'k'k dhA u;s lnL; eq[;r% HkwriwoZ
lksfo;r [kses osQ FksA ;g çfØ;k vklku
ugha jghA vusd ns'kksa osQ yksx bl ckr dks
ysdj oqQN [+kkl mRlkfgr ugha Fks fd tks
;wjksih; la?k dk >aMk
lksus osQ jax osQ flrkjksa dk ?ksjk ;wjksi osQ yksxksa dh ,drk vkSj esyfeyki dk
çrhd gSA blesa 12 flrkjsa gSa D;ksafd ckjg dh la[;k dks ogk¡ ikjaifjd :i ls
iw.kZrk] lexzrk vkSj ,drk dk çrhd ekuk tkrk gSA
lzksr% http:// europa.eu/abc/symbols/emblem/index_en.htm
2018-19
Page 3


ifjp;
1990 osQ n'kd osQ 'qk: esa fo'o jktuhfr
esa nks&/qzoh; O;oLFkk osQ VwVus osQ ckn ;g
Li"V gks x;k fd jktuSfrd vkSj vkfFkZd
lÙkk osQ oSdfYid osaQæ oqQN gn rd vejhdk
osQ çHkqRo dks lhfer djsaxsA ;wjksi esa ;wjksih;
la?k vkSj ,f'k;k esa nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;kbZ jk"Vªksa
osQ laxBu (vkfl;ku) dk mn; nenkj
'kfDr osQ :i esas gqvkA ;wjksih; la?k vkSj
vkfl;ku] nksuksa us gh vius&vius bykosQ esa
pyus okyh ,sfrgkfld nq'efu;ksa vkSj
detksfj;ksa dk {ks=kh; Lrj ij lek/ku <wa<+kA
lkFk gh bUgksaus vius&vius bykdksa esa vf/d
'kkafriw.kZ vkSj lgdkjh {ks=kh; O;oLFkk fodflr
djus rFkk bl {ks=k osQ ns'kksa dh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa
dk lewg cukus dh fn'kk esa Hkh dke fd;kA
phu osQ vkfFkZd mHkkj us fo'o jktuhfr ij
dkiQh ukVdh; çHkko MkykA bl vè;k; esa
ge lÙkk osQ mHkjrs gq, oqQN oSdfYid
osQUæksa ij ,d u”kj Mkysaxs vkSj ;g tk¡pus
dh dksf'k'k djsaxs fd Hkfo"; esa mudh D;k
Hkwfedk gks ldrh gSA
vè;k; 4
lÙkk lÙkk 
lÙkk lÙkk lÙkk d d
d d d ss
sss oSdfYid  oSdfYid 
 oSdfYid  oSdfYid  oSdfYid d d
d d d ss
sss U U
U U Uæ æ
æ æ æ
1978 osQ fnlacj esa nsax ';kvksisax us ^vksisu Mksj* (eqDr }kj) dh uhfr
pyk;hA blosQ ckn ls phu us vn~Hkqr çxfr dh vkSj vxys lkyksa esa ,d cM+h
vkfFkZd rkdr osQ :i esa mHkjkA ;s rLohjsa phu esa fodkl dh rsth ls cnyrh
ço`fÙk;ksa dk irk nsrh gSaA igyh rLohj Økafr osQ rRdky ckn osQ phu dh gSA
blesa dgk x;k gS fd ^lektoknh jkLrk gh lcls O;kid jkLrk gS*A nwljh
rLohj 'ka?kkbZ dh gS tks phu dh ubZ vkfFkZd 'kfDr dk çrhd gSA
2018-19
ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr 52
;wjksih; la?k
tc nwljk fo'o ;q¼ lekIr gqvk rc ;wjksi
osQ vusd usrk ^;wjksi osQ lokyksa* dks ysdj
ijs'kku jgsA D;k ;wjksi dks viuh iqjkuh
nq'efu;ksaa dks fiQj ls 'kq: djuk pkfg,
;k varjkZ"Vªh; laca/ksa esa ldkjkRed ;ksxnku
djus okys fl¼karksa vkSj laLFkkvksa osQ vk/kj
ij mls vius laca/ksa dks u, fljs ls cukuk
pkfg,\ nwljs fo'o;q¼ us mu vusd ekU;rkvksa
vkSj O;oLFkkvksa dks èoLr dj fn;k ftlosQ
vk/kj ij ;wjksih; ns'kksa osQ vkilh laca/ cus
FksA 1945 rd ;wjksih; ns'kksa us viuh
vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dh cckZnh rks >syh gh] mu
ekU;rkvksa vkSj O;oLFkkvksa dks èoLr gksrs Hkh
ns[k fy;k ftu ij ;wjksi [kM+k gqvk FkkA
1945 osQ ckn ;wjksi osQ ns'kksa esa esy&feyki
dks 'khr;q¼ ls Hkh enn feyhA vejhdk us
;wjksi dh vFkZO;oLFkk osQ iquxZBu osQ fy,
tcjnLr enn dhA bls ek'kZy ;kstuk osQ
uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA vesfjdk us ^ukVks* osQ
rgr ,d lkewfgd lqj{kk O;oLFkk dks tUe
fn;kA ek'kZy ;kstuk osQ rgr gh 1948 esa
;wjksih; vkfFkZd lg;ksx laxBu dh LFkkiuk
dh xbZ ftlosQ ekè;e ls if'peh ;wjksi osQ
ns'kksa dks vkfFkZd enn nh xbZA ;g ,d ,slk
eap cu x;k ftlosQ ekè;e ls if'peh
;wjksi osQ ns'kksa us O;kikj vkSj vkfFkZd ekeyksa
esa ,d&nwljs dh enn 'kq: dhA 1949 esa
xfBr ;wjksih; ifj"kn~ jktuSfrd lg;ksx osQ
ekeys esa ,d vxyk dne lkfcr gqbZA ;wjksi
osQ iwathoknh ns'kksa dh vFkZO;oLFkk osQ vkilh
,dhdj.k dh çfØ;k pj.kc¼ <ax ls vkxs
c<+h (bl ,dhdj.k dk dkyØe ns[ksa) vkSj
blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i 1957 esa ;wjksih;u
bdkWukfed dE;qfuVh dk xBu gqvkA ;wjksih;u
ikfyZ;kesaV osQ xBu osQ ckn bl çfØ;k us
jktuhfrd Lo:i çkIr dj fy;kA lksfo;r
xqV osQ iru osQ ckn bl çfØ;k esa rsth
vk;h vkSj 1992 esa bl çfØ;k dh ifj.kfr
;wjksih; la?k dh LFkkiuk osQ :i esa gqbZA
;wjksih; la?k osQ :i esa leku fons'k vkSj
lqj{kk uhfr] vkarfjd ekeyksa rFkk U;k; ls
tqM+s eqíksa ij lg;ksx vkSj ,dleku eqæk osQ
pyu osQ fy, jkLrk rS;kj gks x;kA
,d yEcs le; esa cuk ;wjksih; la?k
vkfFkZd lg;ksx okyh O;oLFkk ls cnydj
T;knk ls T;knk jktuSfrd :i ysrk x;k gSA
vc ;wjksih; la?k Lo;a dkiQh gn rd ,d
fo'kky jk"Vª&jkT; dh rjg gh dke djus
yxk gSA gk¡ykfd ;wjksih; la?k dk ,d
lafo/ku cukus dh dksf'k'k rks vliQy gks
xbZ ysfdu bldk viuk >aMk] xku]
LFkkiuk&fnol vkSj viuh eqæk gSA vU;
ns'kksa ls laca/ksa osQ ekeys esa blus dkiQh gn
rd lk>h fons'k vkSj lqj{kk uhfr Hkh cuk
yh gSA u;s lnL;ksa dks 'kkfey djrs gq,
;wjksih; la?k us lg;ksx osQ nk;js esa foLrkj
dh dksf'k'k dhA u;s lnL; eq[;r% HkwriwoZ
lksfo;r [kses osQ FksA ;g çfØ;k vklku
ugha jghA vusd ns'kksa osQ yksx bl ckr dks
ysdj oqQN [+kkl mRlkfgr ugha Fks fd tks
;wjksih; la?k dk >aMk
lksus osQ jax osQ flrkjksa dk ?ksjk ;wjksi osQ yksxksa dh ,drk vkSj esyfeyki dk
çrhd gSA blesa 12 flrkjsa gSa D;ksafd ckjg dh la[;k dks ogk¡ ikjaifjd :i ls
iw.kZrk] lexzrk vkSj ,drk dk çrhd ekuk tkrk gSA
lzksr% http:// europa.eu/abc/symbols/emblem/index_en.htm
2018-19
53 lÙkk osQ oSdfYid osQUæ
rkdr muosQ ns'k dh ljdkj dks gkfly Fkh
og vc ;wjksih; la?k dks ns nh tk,A
;wjksih; la?k esa oqQN ns'kksa dks 'kkfey djus
osQ loky ij Hkh vlgefr gSA
;wjksih; la?k dk vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd]
owQVuhfrd rFkk lSfud çHkko cgqr ”kcjnLr
gSA 2016 esa ;g nqfu;k dh nwljh lcls cM+h
vFkZO;oLFkk Fkh vkSj bldk ldy ?kjsyw
mRiknu 17000 vjc Mkyj ls ”;knk Fkk tks
vejhdk osQ gh yxHkx gSA bldh eqæk ;wjks
vejhdh Mkyj osQ çHkqRo osQ fy, [krjk
cu ldrh gSA fo'o O;kikj esa bldh
fgLlsnkjh vejhdk ls rhu xquh ”;knk gS vkSj
blh osQ pyrs ;g vejhdk vkSj phu ls
O;kikfjd fooknksa esa iwjh /kSal osQ lkFk ckr
djrk gSA bldh vkfFkZd 'kfDr dk çHkko
blosQ u”knhdh ns'kksas ij gh ugha] cfYd
,f'k;k vkSj vÚhdk osQ nwj&njkt osQ eqYo
+
Qksa
ij Hkh gSA ;g fo'o O;kikj laxBu tSls
varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj laxBuksas osQ vanj ,d
egÙoiw.kZ lewg osQ :i esa dke djrk gSA
;wjksih; la?k osQ nks lnL; ns'k fczVsu
vkSj Úkal lqj{kk ifj"kn~ osQ LFkk;h lnL; gSaA
;wjksih; la?k osQ dbZ vkSj ns'k lqj{kk ifj"kn~
vks! vc le> esa vk;k
'kkaxsu ohtk dk erycA
ftl le>kSrs ij 'kkaxsu
esa nLr[+kr gq, mlosQ
vuqlkj vkidks fliZQ
,d ns'k dk ohtk ysuk
gksxk vkSj bl ohtk osQ
cwrs vki ;wjksih; la?k esa
'kkfey vf/dka'k ns'kksa
esa tk losaQxsA
;wjksih; la?k dk ekufp=k
vk;jySaM ;wukbVsM
fdaxMe
MsuekoZQ
LohMu
fiQuySaM
,LVksfu;k
yrkfo;k
fyFkqvkfu;k
iksySaM
psd fjifCyd
Lyksokfd;k
gaxjh
Lyksosfu;k
vkfLVª;k
teZuh
uhnjySaM
csfYt;e
yDlecxZ
Úkal
Lisu
iqrZX
+
kky
bVyh
ekYVk
xzhl
lkbçl
iqjkus lnL;
u, lnL;
ozQks,f'k;k jksekfu;k
cqYxkfj;k
2018-19
Page 4


ifjp;
1990 osQ n'kd osQ 'qk: esa fo'o jktuhfr
esa nks&/qzoh; O;oLFkk osQ VwVus osQ ckn ;g
Li"V gks x;k fd jktuSfrd vkSj vkfFkZd
lÙkk osQ oSdfYid osaQæ oqQN gn rd vejhdk
osQ çHkqRo dks lhfer djsaxsA ;wjksi esa ;wjksih;
la?k vkSj ,f'k;k esa nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;kbZ jk"Vªksa
osQ laxBu (vkfl;ku) dk mn; nenkj
'kfDr osQ :i esas gqvkA ;wjksih; la?k vkSj
vkfl;ku] nksuksa us gh vius&vius bykosQ esa
pyus okyh ,sfrgkfld nq'efu;ksa vkSj
detksfj;ksa dk {ks=kh; Lrj ij lek/ku <wa<+kA
lkFk gh bUgksaus vius&vius bykdksa esa vf/d
'kkafriw.kZ vkSj lgdkjh {ks=kh; O;oLFkk fodflr
djus rFkk bl {ks=k osQ ns'kksa dh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa
dk lewg cukus dh fn'kk esa Hkh dke fd;kA
phu osQ vkfFkZd mHkkj us fo'o jktuhfr ij
dkiQh ukVdh; çHkko MkykA bl vè;k; esa
ge lÙkk osQ mHkjrs gq, oqQN oSdfYid
osQUæksa ij ,d u”kj Mkysaxs vkSj ;g tk¡pus
dh dksf'k'k djsaxs fd Hkfo"; esa mudh D;k
Hkwfedk gks ldrh gSA
vè;k; 4
lÙkk lÙkk 
lÙkk lÙkk lÙkk d d
d d d ss
sss oSdfYid  oSdfYid 
 oSdfYid  oSdfYid  oSdfYid d d
d d d ss
sss U U
U U Uæ æ
æ æ æ
1978 osQ fnlacj esa nsax ';kvksisax us ^vksisu Mksj* (eqDr }kj) dh uhfr
pyk;hA blosQ ckn ls phu us vn~Hkqr çxfr dh vkSj vxys lkyksa esa ,d cM+h
vkfFkZd rkdr osQ :i esa mHkjkA ;s rLohjsa phu esa fodkl dh rsth ls cnyrh
ço`fÙk;ksa dk irk nsrh gSaA igyh rLohj Økafr osQ rRdky ckn osQ phu dh gSA
blesa dgk x;k gS fd ^lektoknh jkLrk gh lcls O;kid jkLrk gS*A nwljh
rLohj 'ka?kkbZ dh gS tks phu dh ubZ vkfFkZd 'kfDr dk çrhd gSA
2018-19
ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr 52
;wjksih; la?k
tc nwljk fo'o ;q¼ lekIr gqvk rc ;wjksi
osQ vusd usrk ^;wjksi osQ lokyksa* dks ysdj
ijs'kku jgsA D;k ;wjksi dks viuh iqjkuh
nq'efu;ksaa dks fiQj ls 'kq: djuk pkfg,
;k varjkZ"Vªh; laca/ksa esa ldkjkRed ;ksxnku
djus okys fl¼karksa vkSj laLFkkvksa osQ vk/kj
ij mls vius laca/ksa dks u, fljs ls cukuk
pkfg,\ nwljs fo'o;q¼ us mu vusd ekU;rkvksa
vkSj O;oLFkkvksa dks èoLr dj fn;k ftlosQ
vk/kj ij ;wjksih; ns'kksa osQ vkilh laca/ cus
FksA 1945 rd ;wjksih; ns'kksa us viuh
vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dh cckZnh rks >syh gh] mu
ekU;rkvksa vkSj O;oLFkkvksa dks èoLr gksrs Hkh
ns[k fy;k ftu ij ;wjksi [kM+k gqvk FkkA
1945 osQ ckn ;wjksi osQ ns'kksa esa esy&feyki
dks 'khr;q¼ ls Hkh enn feyhA vejhdk us
;wjksi dh vFkZO;oLFkk osQ iquxZBu osQ fy,
tcjnLr enn dhA bls ek'kZy ;kstuk osQ
uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA vesfjdk us ^ukVks* osQ
rgr ,d lkewfgd lqj{kk O;oLFkk dks tUe
fn;kA ek'kZy ;kstuk osQ rgr gh 1948 esa
;wjksih; vkfFkZd lg;ksx laxBu dh LFkkiuk
dh xbZ ftlosQ ekè;e ls if'peh ;wjksi osQ
ns'kksa dks vkfFkZd enn nh xbZA ;g ,d ,slk
eap cu x;k ftlosQ ekè;e ls if'peh
;wjksi osQ ns'kksa us O;kikj vkSj vkfFkZd ekeyksa
esa ,d&nwljs dh enn 'kq: dhA 1949 esa
xfBr ;wjksih; ifj"kn~ jktuSfrd lg;ksx osQ
ekeys esa ,d vxyk dne lkfcr gqbZA ;wjksi
osQ iwathoknh ns'kksa dh vFkZO;oLFkk osQ vkilh
,dhdj.k dh çfØ;k pj.kc¼ <ax ls vkxs
c<+h (bl ,dhdj.k dk dkyØe ns[ksa) vkSj
blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i 1957 esa ;wjksih;u
bdkWukfed dE;qfuVh dk xBu gqvkA ;wjksih;u
ikfyZ;kesaV osQ xBu osQ ckn bl çfØ;k us
jktuhfrd Lo:i çkIr dj fy;kA lksfo;r
xqV osQ iru osQ ckn bl çfØ;k esa rsth
vk;h vkSj 1992 esa bl çfØ;k dh ifj.kfr
;wjksih; la?k dh LFkkiuk osQ :i esa gqbZA
;wjksih; la?k osQ :i esa leku fons'k vkSj
lqj{kk uhfr] vkarfjd ekeyksa rFkk U;k; ls
tqM+s eqíksa ij lg;ksx vkSj ,dleku eqæk osQ
pyu osQ fy, jkLrk rS;kj gks x;kA
,d yEcs le; esa cuk ;wjksih; la?k
vkfFkZd lg;ksx okyh O;oLFkk ls cnydj
T;knk ls T;knk jktuSfrd :i ysrk x;k gSA
vc ;wjksih; la?k Lo;a dkiQh gn rd ,d
fo'kky jk"Vª&jkT; dh rjg gh dke djus
yxk gSA gk¡ykfd ;wjksih; la?k dk ,d
lafo/ku cukus dh dksf'k'k rks vliQy gks
xbZ ysfdu bldk viuk >aMk] xku]
LFkkiuk&fnol vkSj viuh eqæk gSA vU;
ns'kksa ls laca/ksa osQ ekeys esa blus dkiQh gn
rd lk>h fons'k vkSj lqj{kk uhfr Hkh cuk
yh gSA u;s lnL;ksa dks 'kkfey djrs gq,
;wjksih; la?k us lg;ksx osQ nk;js esa foLrkj
dh dksf'k'k dhA u;s lnL; eq[;r% HkwriwoZ
lksfo;r [kses osQ FksA ;g çfØ;k vklku
ugha jghA vusd ns'kksa osQ yksx bl ckr dks
ysdj oqQN [+kkl mRlkfgr ugha Fks fd tks
;wjksih; la?k dk >aMk
lksus osQ jax osQ flrkjksa dk ?ksjk ;wjksi osQ yksxksa dh ,drk vkSj esyfeyki dk
çrhd gSA blesa 12 flrkjsa gSa D;ksafd ckjg dh la[;k dks ogk¡ ikjaifjd :i ls
iw.kZrk] lexzrk vkSj ,drk dk çrhd ekuk tkrk gSA
lzksr% http:// europa.eu/abc/symbols/emblem/index_en.htm
2018-19
53 lÙkk osQ oSdfYid osQUæ
rkdr muosQ ns'k dh ljdkj dks gkfly Fkh
og vc ;wjksih; la?k dks ns nh tk,A
;wjksih; la?k esa oqQN ns'kksa dks 'kkfey djus
osQ loky ij Hkh vlgefr gSA
;wjksih; la?k dk vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd]
owQVuhfrd rFkk lSfud çHkko cgqr ”kcjnLr
gSA 2016 esa ;g nqfu;k dh nwljh lcls cM+h
vFkZO;oLFkk Fkh vkSj bldk ldy ?kjsyw
mRiknu 17000 vjc Mkyj ls ”;knk Fkk tks
vejhdk osQ gh yxHkx gSA bldh eqæk ;wjks
vejhdh Mkyj osQ çHkqRo osQ fy, [krjk
cu ldrh gSA fo'o O;kikj esa bldh
fgLlsnkjh vejhdk ls rhu xquh ”;knk gS vkSj
blh osQ pyrs ;g vejhdk vkSj phu ls
O;kikfjd fooknksa esa iwjh /kSal osQ lkFk ckr
djrk gSA bldh vkfFkZd 'kfDr dk çHkko
blosQ u”knhdh ns'kksas ij gh ugha] cfYd
,f'k;k vkSj vÚhdk osQ nwj&njkt osQ eqYo
+
Qksa
ij Hkh gSA ;g fo'o O;kikj laxBu tSls
varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj laxBuksas osQ vanj ,d
egÙoiw.kZ lewg osQ :i esa dke djrk gSA
;wjksih; la?k osQ nks lnL; ns'k fczVsu
vkSj Úkal lqj{kk ifj"kn~ osQ LFkk;h lnL; gSaA
;wjksih; la?k osQ dbZ vkSj ns'k lqj{kk ifj"kn~
vks! vc le> esa vk;k
'kkaxsu ohtk dk erycA
ftl le>kSrs ij 'kkaxsu
esa nLr[+kr gq, mlosQ
vuqlkj vkidks fliZQ
,d ns'k dk ohtk ysuk
gksxk vkSj bl ohtk osQ
cwrs vki ;wjksih; la?k esa
'kkfey vf/dka'k ns'kksa
esa tk losaQxsA
;wjksih; la?k dk ekufp=k
vk;jySaM ;wukbVsM
fdaxMe
MsuekoZQ
LohMu
fiQuySaM
,LVksfu;k
yrkfo;k
fyFkqvkfu;k
iksySaM
psd fjifCyd
Lyksokfd;k
gaxjh
Lyksosfu;k
vkfLVª;k
teZuh
uhnjySaM
csfYt;e
yDlecxZ
Úkal
Lisu
iqrZX
+
kky
bVyh
ekYVk
xzhl
lkbçl
iqjkus lnL;
u, lnL;
ozQks,f'k;k jksekfu;k
cqYxkfj;k
2018-19
ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr 54
dks gky osQ fnuksa esa çHkkfor djuk bldk
,d mnkgj.k gSA phu osQ lkFk ekuokfèkdkjksa
osQ mYya?ku vkSj i;kZoj.k fouk'k osQ ekeyksa
ij /edh ;k lSfud 'kfDr dk mi;ksx djus
dh txg owQVuhfr] vkfFkZd fuos'k vkSj
ckrphr dh bldh uhfr T;knk çHkkoh lkfcr
gqbZ gSA
lSfud rkdr osQ fglkc ls ;wjksih; la?k
osQ ikl nqfu;k dh nwljh lcls cM+h lsuk gSA
bldk oqQy j{kk ctV vejhdk osQ ckn
lcls vf/d gSA ;wjksih; la?k osQ nks ns'kksa µ
fczVsu vkSj Úkal osQ ikl ijek.kq gfFk;kj gSa
vkSj vuqeku gS fd buosQ ”k[khjs esa djhc
550 ijek.kq gfFk;kj gSaA varfj{k foKku vkSj
lapkj çkS|ksfxdh osQ ekeys esa Hkh ;wjksih;
la?k dk nqfu;k esa nwljk LFkku gSA
vf/jk"Vªh; laxBu osQ rkSj ij ;wjkssih;
la?k vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd vkSj lkekftd ekeyksa
esa n[ky nsus esa l{ke gSA ysfdu vusd
ekeyksa esa blosQ lnL; ns'kksa dh viuh
fons'k vkSj j{kk uhfr gS tks dbZ ckj ,d&nwljs
osQ f[kykiQ Hkh gksrh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd
bjkd ij vejhdh geys esa fczVsu osQ
çèkkuea=kh Vksuh Cys;j rks mlosQ lkFk Fks
ysfdu teZuh vkSj Úkal bl geys osQ
f[kykiQ FksA ;wjksih; la?k osQ dbZ u, lnL;
ns'k Hkh vejhdh xBca/u esa FksA ;wjksi osQ
oqQN fgLlksa esa ;wjks dks ykxw djus osQ
dk;ZØe dks ysdj dkiQh ukjktxh gSA ;gh
dkj.k gS fd fczVsu dh iwoZ ç/kuea=kh
ekxZjsV FkSpj us fczVsu dks ;wjksih; ck”kkj ls
vyx j[kkA MsuekoZQ vkSj LohMu us ekfLVªLV
laf/ vkSj lk>h ;wjksih; eqæk ;wjks dks ekuus
dk çfrjks/ fd;kA blls fons'kh vkSj j{kk
ekeyksa esa dke djus dh ;wjksih; la?k dh
{kerk lhfer gksrh gSA
;wjksih; ,drk osQ egÙoiw.kZ iM+ko
vçSy 1951 % if'peh ;wjksi osQ Ng ns'kksa µ Úkal] if'pe teZuh]
bVyh] csfYt;e] uhnjySaM vkSj yDtecxZ us isfjl
laf/ ij nLr[kr djosQ ;wjksih; dks;yk vkSj bLikr
leqnk; dk xBu fd;kA
ekpZ 1957 % bUgha Ng ns'kksa us jkse dh laf/ osQ ekè;e ls ;wjksih;
vkfFkZd leqnk; (EEC) vkSj ;wjksih; ,Veh ÅtkZ
leqnk; (Euratom) dk xBu fd;kA
tuojh 1973 % MsuekoZQ] vk;jySaM vkSj fczVsu us Hkh ;wjksih; leqnk;
dh lnL;rk yhA
twu 1979 % ;wjksih; laln osQ fy, igyk çR;{k pqukoA
tuojh 1981 % ;wuku (xzhl) us ;wjksih; leqnk; dh lnL;rk yhA
twu 1985 % 'kkaxsu laf/ us ;wjksih; leqnk; osQ ns'kksa osQ chp lhek
fu;a=k.k lekIr fd;kA
tuojh 1986 % Lisu vkSj iqrZxky Hkh ;wjksih; leqnk; esa 'kkfey gq,A
vDVwcj 1990 % teZuh dk ,dhdj.kA
iQjojh 1992 % ;wjksih; la?k osQ xBu osQ fy, ekfLVªLV laf/ ij nLr[krA
tuojh 1993 % ,dhÑr cktkj dk xBuA
tuojh 2002 % ubZ eqæk ;wjks dks 12 lnL; ns'kksa us viuk;kA
ebZ 2004 % lkbçl] psd x.kjkT;] ,LVksfu;k] gaxjh] yrkfo;k]
fyFkqvkfu;k] ekYVk] iksySaM] Lyksokfd;k vkSj Lyksosfu;k
Hkh ;wjksih; la?k esa 'kkfeyA
tuojh 2007 % cqYxkfj;k vkSj jksekfu;k ;wjksih; la?k esa 'kkfeyA
Lyksosfu;k us ;wjks dks viuk;kA
fnlacj 2009 % fyLcu laf/ ykxw gqbZA
2012 % ;wjksih; la?k dks ukscsy 'kkafr iq#LdkjA
2013 % ozQks,f'k;k ;wjksih; la?k dk 28oka lnL; cukA
2016 % fczVsu esa tuer laxzg] 51-9 izfr'kr ernkrkvksa us
iSQlyk fd;k fd fczVsu ;wjksih; la?k ls ckgj (Brexit)
gks tk,A
osQ vLFkk;h lnL;ksa esa 'kkfey gSaA blosQ
pyrs ;wjksih; la?k vejhdk lesr lHkh eqYdksa
dh uhfr;ksa dks çHkkfor djrk gSA bZjku osQ
ijek.kq dk;ZØe ls lacaf/r vejhdh uhfr;ksa
2018-19
Page 5


ifjp;
1990 osQ n'kd osQ 'qk: esa fo'o jktuhfr
esa nks&/qzoh; O;oLFkk osQ VwVus osQ ckn ;g
Li"V gks x;k fd jktuSfrd vkSj vkfFkZd
lÙkk osQ oSdfYid osaQæ oqQN gn rd vejhdk
osQ çHkqRo dks lhfer djsaxsA ;wjksi esa ;wjksih;
la?k vkSj ,f'k;k esa nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;kbZ jk"Vªksa
osQ laxBu (vkfl;ku) dk mn; nenkj
'kfDr osQ :i esas gqvkA ;wjksih; la?k vkSj
vkfl;ku] nksuksa us gh vius&vius bykosQ esa
pyus okyh ,sfrgkfld nq'efu;ksa vkSj
detksfj;ksa dk {ks=kh; Lrj ij lek/ku <wa<+kA
lkFk gh bUgksaus vius&vius bykdksa esa vf/d
'kkafriw.kZ vkSj lgdkjh {ks=kh; O;oLFkk fodflr
djus rFkk bl {ks=k osQ ns'kksa dh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa
dk lewg cukus dh fn'kk esa Hkh dke fd;kA
phu osQ vkfFkZd mHkkj us fo'o jktuhfr ij
dkiQh ukVdh; çHkko MkykA bl vè;k; esa
ge lÙkk osQ mHkjrs gq, oqQN oSdfYid
osQUæksa ij ,d u”kj Mkysaxs vkSj ;g tk¡pus
dh dksf'k'k djsaxs fd Hkfo"; esa mudh D;k
Hkwfedk gks ldrh gSA
vè;k; 4
lÙkk lÙkk 
lÙkk lÙkk lÙkk d d
d d d ss
sss oSdfYid  oSdfYid 
 oSdfYid  oSdfYid  oSdfYid d d
d d d ss
sss U U
U U Uæ æ
æ æ æ
1978 osQ fnlacj esa nsax ';kvksisax us ^vksisu Mksj* (eqDr }kj) dh uhfr
pyk;hA blosQ ckn ls phu us vn~Hkqr çxfr dh vkSj vxys lkyksa esa ,d cM+h
vkfFkZd rkdr osQ :i esa mHkjkA ;s rLohjsa phu esa fodkl dh rsth ls cnyrh
ço`fÙk;ksa dk irk nsrh gSaA igyh rLohj Økafr osQ rRdky ckn osQ phu dh gSA
blesa dgk x;k gS fd ^lektoknh jkLrk gh lcls O;kid jkLrk gS*A nwljh
rLohj 'ka?kkbZ dh gS tks phu dh ubZ vkfFkZd 'kfDr dk çrhd gSA
2018-19
ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr 52
;wjksih; la?k
tc nwljk fo'o ;q¼ lekIr gqvk rc ;wjksi
osQ vusd usrk ^;wjksi osQ lokyksa* dks ysdj
ijs'kku jgsA D;k ;wjksi dks viuh iqjkuh
nq'efu;ksaa dks fiQj ls 'kq: djuk pkfg,
;k varjkZ"Vªh; laca/ksa esa ldkjkRed ;ksxnku
djus okys fl¼karksa vkSj laLFkkvksa osQ vk/kj
ij mls vius laca/ksa dks u, fljs ls cukuk
pkfg,\ nwljs fo'o;q¼ us mu vusd ekU;rkvksa
vkSj O;oLFkkvksa dks èoLr dj fn;k ftlosQ
vk/kj ij ;wjksih; ns'kksa osQ vkilh laca/ cus
FksA 1945 rd ;wjksih; ns'kksa us viuh
vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dh cckZnh rks >syh gh] mu
ekU;rkvksa vkSj O;oLFkkvksa dks èoLr gksrs Hkh
ns[k fy;k ftu ij ;wjksi [kM+k gqvk FkkA
1945 osQ ckn ;wjksi osQ ns'kksa esa esy&feyki
dks 'khr;q¼ ls Hkh enn feyhA vejhdk us
;wjksi dh vFkZO;oLFkk osQ iquxZBu osQ fy,
tcjnLr enn dhA bls ek'kZy ;kstuk osQ
uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA vesfjdk us ^ukVks* osQ
rgr ,d lkewfgd lqj{kk O;oLFkk dks tUe
fn;kA ek'kZy ;kstuk osQ rgr gh 1948 esa
;wjksih; vkfFkZd lg;ksx laxBu dh LFkkiuk
dh xbZ ftlosQ ekè;e ls if'peh ;wjksi osQ
ns'kksa dks vkfFkZd enn nh xbZA ;g ,d ,slk
eap cu x;k ftlosQ ekè;e ls if'peh
;wjksi osQ ns'kksa us O;kikj vkSj vkfFkZd ekeyksa
esa ,d&nwljs dh enn 'kq: dhA 1949 esa
xfBr ;wjksih; ifj"kn~ jktuSfrd lg;ksx osQ
ekeys esa ,d vxyk dne lkfcr gqbZA ;wjksi
osQ iwathoknh ns'kksa dh vFkZO;oLFkk osQ vkilh
,dhdj.k dh çfØ;k pj.kc¼ <ax ls vkxs
c<+h (bl ,dhdj.k dk dkyØe ns[ksa) vkSj
blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i 1957 esa ;wjksih;u
bdkWukfed dE;qfuVh dk xBu gqvkA ;wjksih;u
ikfyZ;kesaV osQ xBu osQ ckn bl çfØ;k us
jktuhfrd Lo:i çkIr dj fy;kA lksfo;r
xqV osQ iru osQ ckn bl çfØ;k esa rsth
vk;h vkSj 1992 esa bl çfØ;k dh ifj.kfr
;wjksih; la?k dh LFkkiuk osQ :i esa gqbZA
;wjksih; la?k osQ :i esa leku fons'k vkSj
lqj{kk uhfr] vkarfjd ekeyksa rFkk U;k; ls
tqM+s eqíksa ij lg;ksx vkSj ,dleku eqæk osQ
pyu osQ fy, jkLrk rS;kj gks x;kA
,d yEcs le; esa cuk ;wjksih; la?k
vkfFkZd lg;ksx okyh O;oLFkk ls cnydj
T;knk ls T;knk jktuSfrd :i ysrk x;k gSA
vc ;wjksih; la?k Lo;a dkiQh gn rd ,d
fo'kky jk"Vª&jkT; dh rjg gh dke djus
yxk gSA gk¡ykfd ;wjksih; la?k dk ,d
lafo/ku cukus dh dksf'k'k rks vliQy gks
xbZ ysfdu bldk viuk >aMk] xku]
LFkkiuk&fnol vkSj viuh eqæk gSA vU;
ns'kksa ls laca/ksa osQ ekeys esa blus dkiQh gn
rd lk>h fons'k vkSj lqj{kk uhfr Hkh cuk
yh gSA u;s lnL;ksa dks 'kkfey djrs gq,
;wjksih; la?k us lg;ksx osQ nk;js esa foLrkj
dh dksf'k'k dhA u;s lnL; eq[;r% HkwriwoZ
lksfo;r [kses osQ FksA ;g çfØ;k vklku
ugha jghA vusd ns'kksa osQ yksx bl ckr dks
ysdj oqQN [+kkl mRlkfgr ugha Fks fd tks
;wjksih; la?k dk >aMk
lksus osQ jax osQ flrkjksa dk ?ksjk ;wjksi osQ yksxksa dh ,drk vkSj esyfeyki dk
çrhd gSA blesa 12 flrkjsa gSa D;ksafd ckjg dh la[;k dks ogk¡ ikjaifjd :i ls
iw.kZrk] lexzrk vkSj ,drk dk çrhd ekuk tkrk gSA
lzksr% http:// europa.eu/abc/symbols/emblem/index_en.htm
2018-19
53 lÙkk osQ oSdfYid osQUæ
rkdr muosQ ns'k dh ljdkj dks gkfly Fkh
og vc ;wjksih; la?k dks ns nh tk,A
;wjksih; la?k esa oqQN ns'kksa dks 'kkfey djus
osQ loky ij Hkh vlgefr gSA
;wjksih; la?k dk vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd]
owQVuhfrd rFkk lSfud çHkko cgqr ”kcjnLr
gSA 2016 esa ;g nqfu;k dh nwljh lcls cM+h
vFkZO;oLFkk Fkh vkSj bldk ldy ?kjsyw
mRiknu 17000 vjc Mkyj ls ”;knk Fkk tks
vejhdk osQ gh yxHkx gSA bldh eqæk ;wjks
vejhdh Mkyj osQ çHkqRo osQ fy, [krjk
cu ldrh gSA fo'o O;kikj esa bldh
fgLlsnkjh vejhdk ls rhu xquh ”;knk gS vkSj
blh osQ pyrs ;g vejhdk vkSj phu ls
O;kikfjd fooknksa esa iwjh /kSal osQ lkFk ckr
djrk gSA bldh vkfFkZd 'kfDr dk çHkko
blosQ u”knhdh ns'kksas ij gh ugha] cfYd
,f'k;k vkSj vÚhdk osQ nwj&njkt osQ eqYo
+
Qksa
ij Hkh gSA ;g fo'o O;kikj laxBu tSls
varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj laxBuksas osQ vanj ,d
egÙoiw.kZ lewg osQ :i esa dke djrk gSA
;wjksih; la?k osQ nks lnL; ns'k fczVsu
vkSj Úkal lqj{kk ifj"kn~ osQ LFkk;h lnL; gSaA
;wjksih; la?k osQ dbZ vkSj ns'k lqj{kk ifj"kn~
vks! vc le> esa vk;k
'kkaxsu ohtk dk erycA
ftl le>kSrs ij 'kkaxsu
esa nLr[+kr gq, mlosQ
vuqlkj vkidks fliZQ
,d ns'k dk ohtk ysuk
gksxk vkSj bl ohtk osQ
cwrs vki ;wjksih; la?k esa
'kkfey vf/dka'k ns'kksa
esa tk losaQxsA
;wjksih; la?k dk ekufp=k
vk;jySaM ;wukbVsM
fdaxMe
MsuekoZQ
LohMu
fiQuySaM
,LVksfu;k
yrkfo;k
fyFkqvkfu;k
iksySaM
psd fjifCyd
Lyksokfd;k
gaxjh
Lyksosfu;k
vkfLVª;k
teZuh
uhnjySaM
csfYt;e
yDlecxZ
Úkal
Lisu
iqrZX
+
kky
bVyh
ekYVk
xzhl
lkbçl
iqjkus lnL;
u, lnL;
ozQks,f'k;k jksekfu;k
cqYxkfj;k
2018-19
ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr 54
dks gky osQ fnuksa esa çHkkfor djuk bldk
,d mnkgj.k gSA phu osQ lkFk ekuokfèkdkjksa
osQ mYya?ku vkSj i;kZoj.k fouk'k osQ ekeyksa
ij /edh ;k lSfud 'kfDr dk mi;ksx djus
dh txg owQVuhfr] vkfFkZd fuos'k vkSj
ckrphr dh bldh uhfr T;knk çHkkoh lkfcr
gqbZ gSA
lSfud rkdr osQ fglkc ls ;wjksih; la?k
osQ ikl nqfu;k dh nwljh lcls cM+h lsuk gSA
bldk oqQy j{kk ctV vejhdk osQ ckn
lcls vf/d gSA ;wjksih; la?k osQ nks ns'kksa µ
fczVsu vkSj Úkal osQ ikl ijek.kq gfFk;kj gSa
vkSj vuqeku gS fd buosQ ”k[khjs esa djhc
550 ijek.kq gfFk;kj gSaA varfj{k foKku vkSj
lapkj çkS|ksfxdh osQ ekeys esa Hkh ;wjksih;
la?k dk nqfu;k esa nwljk LFkku gSA
vf/jk"Vªh; laxBu osQ rkSj ij ;wjkssih;
la?k vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd vkSj lkekftd ekeyksa
esa n[ky nsus esa l{ke gSA ysfdu vusd
ekeyksa esa blosQ lnL; ns'kksa dh viuh
fons'k vkSj j{kk uhfr gS tks dbZ ckj ,d&nwljs
osQ f[kykiQ Hkh gksrh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd
bjkd ij vejhdh geys esa fczVsu osQ
çèkkuea=kh Vksuh Cys;j rks mlosQ lkFk Fks
ysfdu teZuh vkSj Úkal bl geys osQ
f[kykiQ FksA ;wjksih; la?k osQ dbZ u, lnL;
ns'k Hkh vejhdh xBca/u esa FksA ;wjksi osQ
oqQN fgLlksa esa ;wjks dks ykxw djus osQ
dk;ZØe dks ysdj dkiQh ukjktxh gSA ;gh
dkj.k gS fd fczVsu dh iwoZ ç/kuea=kh
ekxZjsV FkSpj us fczVsu dks ;wjksih; ck”kkj ls
vyx j[kkA MsuekoZQ vkSj LohMu us ekfLVªLV
laf/ vkSj lk>h ;wjksih; eqæk ;wjks dks ekuus
dk çfrjks/ fd;kA blls fons'kh vkSj j{kk
ekeyksa esa dke djus dh ;wjksih; la?k dh
{kerk lhfer gksrh gSA
;wjksih; ,drk osQ egÙoiw.kZ iM+ko
vçSy 1951 % if'peh ;wjksi osQ Ng ns'kksa µ Úkal] if'pe teZuh]
bVyh] csfYt;e] uhnjySaM vkSj yDtecxZ us isfjl
laf/ ij nLr[kr djosQ ;wjksih; dks;yk vkSj bLikr
leqnk; dk xBu fd;kA
ekpZ 1957 % bUgha Ng ns'kksa us jkse dh laf/ osQ ekè;e ls ;wjksih;
vkfFkZd leqnk; (EEC) vkSj ;wjksih; ,Veh ÅtkZ
leqnk; (Euratom) dk xBu fd;kA
tuojh 1973 % MsuekoZQ] vk;jySaM vkSj fczVsu us Hkh ;wjksih; leqnk;
dh lnL;rk yhA
twu 1979 % ;wjksih; laln osQ fy, igyk çR;{k pqukoA
tuojh 1981 % ;wuku (xzhl) us ;wjksih; leqnk; dh lnL;rk yhA
twu 1985 % 'kkaxsu laf/ us ;wjksih; leqnk; osQ ns'kksa osQ chp lhek
fu;a=k.k lekIr fd;kA
tuojh 1986 % Lisu vkSj iqrZxky Hkh ;wjksih; leqnk; esa 'kkfey gq,A
vDVwcj 1990 % teZuh dk ,dhdj.kA
iQjojh 1992 % ;wjksih; la?k osQ xBu osQ fy, ekfLVªLV laf/ ij nLr[krA
tuojh 1993 % ,dhÑr cktkj dk xBuA
tuojh 2002 % ubZ eqæk ;wjks dks 12 lnL; ns'kksa us viuk;kA
ebZ 2004 % lkbçl] psd x.kjkT;] ,LVksfu;k] gaxjh] yrkfo;k]
fyFkqvkfu;k] ekYVk] iksySaM] Lyksokfd;k vkSj Lyksosfu;k
Hkh ;wjksih; la?k esa 'kkfeyA
tuojh 2007 % cqYxkfj;k vkSj jksekfu;k ;wjksih; la?k esa 'kkfeyA
Lyksosfu;k us ;wjks dks viuk;kA
fnlacj 2009 % fyLcu laf/ ykxw gqbZA
2012 % ;wjksih; la?k dks ukscsy 'kkafr iq#LdkjA
2013 % ozQks,f'k;k ;wjksih; la?k dk 28oka lnL; cukA
2016 % fczVsu esa tuer laxzg] 51-9 izfr'kr ernkrkvksa us
iSQlyk fd;k fd fczVsu ;wjksih; la?k ls ckgj (Brexit)
gks tk,A
osQ vLFkk;h lnL;ksa esa 'kkfey gSaA blosQ
pyrs ;wjksih; la?k vejhdk lesr lHkh eqYdksa
dh uhfr;ksa dks çHkkfor djrk gSA bZjku osQ
ijek.kq dk;ZØe ls lacaf/r vejhdh uhfr;ksa
2018-19
55 lÙkk osQ oSdfYid osQUæ
nf{k.k iwoZ ,f'k;kbZ jk"Vªksa dk laxBu
(vkfl;ku)
nqfu;k osQ u 
+
D'ks ij ,d u”kj MkyasA vkiosQ
[+;ky ls dkSu&ls ns'k ,f'k;k osQ nf{k.kh {ks=k
esa vkus pkfg,\ nwljs fo'o ;q¼ ls igys
vkSj mlosQ nkSjku] ,f'k;k dk ;g fgLlk
ckj&ckj ;wjksih; vkSj tkikuh mifuos'kokn
dk f'kdkj gqvk rFkk Hkkjh jktuSfrd vkSj
vkfFkZd dher pqdkbZA ;q¼ lekIr gksus ij
bls jk"Vª&fuekZ.k] vkfFkZd fiNM+siu vkSj
xjhch tSlh leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA
bls 'khr;q¼ osQ nkSj esa fdlh ,d egk'kfDr
osQ lkFk tkus osQ nckoksa dks Hkh >syuk iM+kA
Vdjkoksa vkSj HkkxeHkkx dh ,slh fLFkfr dks
nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k laHkkyus dh fLFkfr esa
ugha FkkA ckaMaqx lEesyu vkSj xqVfujis{k vkanksyu
oxSjg osQ ekè;e ls ,f'k;k vkSj rhljh
nqfu;k osQ ns'kksa esa ,drk dk;e djus osQ
ç;kl vukSipkfjd Lrj ij lg;ksx vkSj
esytksy djkus osQ ekeys esa dkjxj ugha gks
jgs FksA blh osQ pyrs nf{k.k&iwoZ
,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa us nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;kbZ
laxBu (vkfl;ku) cukdj ,d
oSdfYid igy dhA
1967 esa bl {ks=k osQ ik¡p
ns'kksa us cSadkWd ?kks"k.kk ij gLrk{kj
djosQ ^vkfl;ku* dh LFkkiuk
dhA ;s ns'k Fks baMksusf'k;k]
eysf'k;k] fiQfyihal] flaxkiqj
vkSj FkkbZySaMA ^vkfl;ku* dk
mís'; eq[; :i ls vkfFkZd
2003 esa ;wjksih; la?k us ,d lk>k lafo/ku cukus dh dksf'k'k dh FkhA ;g dksf'k'k ukdke;kc jghA
blh dks y{; djosQ ;g dkVwZu cuk gSA dkVwZfuLV us ;wjksih; la?k dks VkbVSfud ”kgkt osQ :i esa D;ksa
fn[kk;k gS\
,jsl] osQxYl dkVZwu
dYiuk dhft,] D;k
gksrk vxj iwjs ;wjksih;
la?k dh ,d iqQVcky
Vhe gksrh\
vkfl;ku dk >aMk
vkfl;ku osQ çrhd&fpÉ esa /ku dh nl ckfy;k¡
nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k osQ nl ns'kksa dks bafxr djrh
gSa tks vkil esa fe=krk vkSj ,drk osQ /kxs ls
caèks gSaA o`Ùk vkfl;ku dh ,drk dk çrhd gSA
lzksr% www.aseansec.org
2018-19
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