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एनसीईआरटी पाठ्यपुस्तक: जनसंख्या: वितरण, घनत्व, वृद्धि और संघटन | Must Read Old & New NCERTs for UPSC CSE (Hindi) PDF Download

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yksx fdlh ns'k osQ vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ ?kVd gksrs gSaA
Hkkjr viuh 102-8 djksM+ (2001) tula[;k osQ lkFk
phu osQ ckn fo'o esa nwljk l?kure clk gqvk ns'k gSA
Hkkjr dh tula[;k mÙkj vesfjdk] nf{k.k vesfjdk vkSj
vkLVªsfy;k dh feykdj oqQy tula[;k ls Hkh vfèkd
gSA izk;% ;g roZQ fn;k tkrk gS fd bruh cM+h tula[;k
fuf'pr rkSj ij blosQ lhfer lalkèkuksa ij ncko Mkyrh
gS vkSj ns'k esa vusd lkekftd] vkfFkZd leL;kvksa osQ
fy, mÙkjnk;h gSaA
Hkkjr osQ fopkj ls vkidks D;k vuqHkwfr gksrh gS\
D;k ;g osQoy ,d {ks=k gS\ D;k ;g yksxksa osQ
lfEeJ.k dks izdV djrk gS\ D;k ;g 'kklu dh
fuf'pr laLFkkvksa osQ fu;a=k.k esa jg jgs yksxksa ls clk
gqvk ,d {ks=k gS\
bl vè;k; esa ge Hkkjr dh tula[;k osQ forj.k]
?kuRo] o`f¼ vkSj la?kVu osQ izfr:i rFkk la?kVu osQ ckjs esa
foospuk djsaxsA
tula[;k vk¡dM+ksa osQ lzksr
gekjs ns'k esa tula[;k osQ vk¡dM+ksa dks izfr nl o"kZ
ckn gksus okyh tux.kuk }kjk ,d=kr fd;k tkrk gSA
Hkkjr dh igyh tux.kuk 1872 bZ- esa gqbZ Fkh foaQrq
igyh laiw.kZ tux.kuk 1881 bZ- esa laiUu gqbZ FkhA
tula[;k dk forj.k
fp=k 1-1 dk ijh{k.k dhft, vkSj bl ij n'kkZ, x,
tula[;k osQ LFkkfud forj.k osQ izfr:iksa osQ o.kZu djus
dk iz;kl dhft,A ;g Li"V gS fd Hkkjr esa tula[;k osQ
forj.k dk izfr:i vR;fèkd vle gSA ns'k esa jkT;ksa vkSj
osaQnz&'kkflr izns'kksa dk tula[;k esa izfr'kr va'k (ifjf'k"V
1 d) n'kkZrk gS fd mÙkj izns'k dh tula[;k lokZfèkd gS]
blosQ i'pkr egkjk"Vª] fcgkj] if'pe caxky vkSj vkaèkz
izns'k dk LFkku gSA
bdkbZ I I I I I
vè;k; 1
tula[;k
forj.k] ?kuRo] o`f¼ vkSj la?kVu
Page 2


yksx fdlh ns'k osQ vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ ?kVd gksrs gSaA
Hkkjr viuh 102-8 djksM+ (2001) tula[;k osQ lkFk
phu osQ ckn fo'o esa nwljk l?kure clk gqvk ns'k gSA
Hkkjr dh tula[;k mÙkj vesfjdk] nf{k.k vesfjdk vkSj
vkLVªsfy;k dh feykdj oqQy tula[;k ls Hkh vfèkd
gSA izk;% ;g roZQ fn;k tkrk gS fd bruh cM+h tula[;k
fuf'pr rkSj ij blosQ lhfer lalkèkuksa ij ncko Mkyrh
gS vkSj ns'k esa vusd lkekftd] vkfFkZd leL;kvksa osQ
fy, mÙkjnk;h gSaA
Hkkjr osQ fopkj ls vkidks D;k vuqHkwfr gksrh gS\
D;k ;g osQoy ,d {ks=k gS\ D;k ;g yksxksa osQ
lfEeJ.k dks izdV djrk gS\ D;k ;g 'kklu dh
fuf'pr laLFkkvksa osQ fu;a=k.k esa jg jgs yksxksa ls clk
gqvk ,d {ks=k gS\
bl vè;k; esa ge Hkkjr dh tula[;k osQ forj.k]
?kuRo] o`f¼ vkSj la?kVu osQ izfr:i rFkk la?kVu osQ ckjs esa
foospuk djsaxsA
tula[;k vk¡dM+ksa osQ lzksr
gekjs ns'k esa tula[;k osQ vk¡dM+ksa dks izfr nl o"kZ
ckn gksus okyh tux.kuk }kjk ,d=kr fd;k tkrk gSA
Hkkjr dh igyh tux.kuk 1872 bZ- esa gqbZ Fkh foaQrq
igyh laiw.kZ tux.kuk 1881 bZ- esa laiUu gqbZ FkhA
tula[;k dk forj.k
fp=k 1-1 dk ijh{k.k dhft, vkSj bl ij n'kkZ, x,
tula[;k osQ LFkkfud forj.k osQ izfr:iksa osQ o.kZu djus
dk iz;kl dhft,A ;g Li"V gS fd Hkkjr esa tula[;k osQ
forj.k dk izfr:i vR;fèkd vle gSA ns'k esa jkT;ksa vkSj
osaQnz&'kkflr izns'kksa dk tula[;k esa izfr'kr va'k (ifjf'k"V
1 d) n'kkZrk gS fd mÙkj izns'k dh tula[;k lokZfèkd gS]
blosQ i'pkr egkjk"Vª] fcgkj] if'pe caxky vkSj vkaèkz
izns'k dk LFkku gSA
bdkbZ I I I I I
vè;k; 1
tula[;k
forj.k] ?kuRo] o`f¼ vkSj la?kVu
2
Hkkjr % yksx vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk
fp=k 1-1 % Hkkjr & tula[;k dk forj.k
Page 3


yksx fdlh ns'k osQ vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ ?kVd gksrs gSaA
Hkkjr viuh 102-8 djksM+ (2001) tula[;k osQ lkFk
phu osQ ckn fo'o esa nwljk l?kure clk gqvk ns'k gSA
Hkkjr dh tula[;k mÙkj vesfjdk] nf{k.k vesfjdk vkSj
vkLVªsfy;k dh feykdj oqQy tula[;k ls Hkh vfèkd
gSA izk;% ;g roZQ fn;k tkrk gS fd bruh cM+h tula[;k
fuf'pr rkSj ij blosQ lhfer lalkèkuksa ij ncko Mkyrh
gS vkSj ns'k esa vusd lkekftd] vkfFkZd leL;kvksa osQ
fy, mÙkjnk;h gSaA
Hkkjr osQ fopkj ls vkidks D;k vuqHkwfr gksrh gS\
D;k ;g osQoy ,d {ks=k gS\ D;k ;g yksxksa osQ
lfEeJ.k dks izdV djrk gS\ D;k ;g 'kklu dh
fuf'pr laLFkkvksa osQ fu;a=k.k esa jg jgs yksxksa ls clk
gqvk ,d {ks=k gS\
bl vè;k; esa ge Hkkjr dh tula[;k osQ forj.k]
?kuRo] o`f¼ vkSj la?kVu osQ izfr:i rFkk la?kVu osQ ckjs esa
foospuk djsaxsA
tula[;k vk¡dM+ksa osQ lzksr
gekjs ns'k esa tula[;k osQ vk¡dM+ksa dks izfr nl o"kZ
ckn gksus okyh tux.kuk }kjk ,d=kr fd;k tkrk gSA
Hkkjr dh igyh tux.kuk 1872 bZ- esa gqbZ Fkh foaQrq
igyh laiw.kZ tux.kuk 1881 bZ- esa laiUu gqbZ FkhA
tula[;k dk forj.k
fp=k 1-1 dk ijh{k.k dhft, vkSj bl ij n'kkZ, x,
tula[;k osQ LFkkfud forj.k osQ izfr:iksa osQ o.kZu djus
dk iz;kl dhft,A ;g Li"V gS fd Hkkjr esa tula[;k osQ
forj.k dk izfr:i vR;fèkd vle gSA ns'k esa jkT;ksa vkSj
osaQnz&'kkflr izns'kksa dk tula[;k esa izfr'kr va'k (ifjf'k"V
1 d) n'kkZrk gS fd mÙkj izns'k dh tula[;k lokZfèkd gS]
blosQ i'pkr egkjk"Vª] fcgkj] if'pe caxky vkSj vkaèkz
izns'k dk LFkku gSA
bdkbZ I I I I I
vè;k; 1
tula[;k
forj.k] ?kuRo] o`f¼ vkSj la?kVu
2
Hkkjr % yksx vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk
fp=k 1-1 % Hkkjr & tula[;k dk forj.k
tula[;k % forj.k] ?kuRo] o`f¼ vkSj la?kVu
     3
ifjf'k"V 1 d esa fn, x, vk¡dM+ksa dks ns[krs gq, Hkkjr osQ jkT;ksa vkSj
osaQnz&'kkflr izns'kksa dks muosQ vkdkj vkSj tula[;k dh n`f"V ls
O;ofLFkr dhft, vkSj irk yxkb, %
fo'kky vkdkj vkSj fo'kky tula[;k okys jkT; vkSj osaQnz&'kkflr izns'k
fo'kky vkdkj foaQrq y?kq tula[;k okys jkT; vkSj osaQnz&'kkflr izns'k
vis{kko`Qr y?kq vkdkj vkSj fo'kky tula[;k okys jkT; vkSj
osaQnz&'kkflr izns'k
rkfydk ifjf'k"V d ls tk¡p dhft, fd rfeyukMq] eè;
izns'k] jktLFkku] dukZVd vkSj xqtjkr osQ lkFk mÙkj izns'k]
egkjk"Vª] fcgkj] if'pe caxky vkSj vkaèkz izns'k dh tula[;k
feydj ns'k dh oqQy tula[;k dk 76 izfr'kr Hkkx gSA
nwljh vksj tEew vkSj d'ehj (0-98»)] v#.kkpy izns'k
(0-11») vkSj mÙkjkapy (0-83») tSls jkT;ksa dh tula[;k
dk vkdkj buosQ fo'kky HkkSxksfyd {ks=k osQ ckotwn vR;ar
NksVk gSA
Hkkjr esa tula[;k dk ,slk vle LFkkfud forj.k ns'k
dh tula[;k vkSj HkkSfrd] lkekftd] vkfFkZd rFkk ,sfrgkfld
dkjdksa osQ chp ?kfu"B lacaèk izdV djrk gSA tgk¡ rd HkkSfrd
dkjdksa dk lacaèk gS] ;g Li"V gS fd Hkw&foU;kl vkSj ty dh
miyCèkrk osQ lkFk tyok;q izeq[k :i ls forj.k osQ izfr:iksa
dk fuèkkZj.k djrh gSaA ifj.kkeLo:i ge ns[krs gSa fd mÙkj
Hkkjr osQ eSnkuksa] MsYVkvksa vkSj rVh; eSnkuksa esa tula[;k dk
vuqikr nf{k.kh vkSj eè; Hkkjr osQ jkT;ksa osQ vkarfjd f”kyksa]
fgeky;] mÙkj&iwohZ vkSj if'peh oqQN jkT;ksa dh vis{kk
mPprj gSA fiQj Hkh] flapkbZ osQ fodkl (jktLFkku)] [kfut
,oa mQtkZ lalkèkuksa dh miyCèkrk (>kj[kaM) vkSj ifjogu
tky osQ fodkl (izk;}hih; jkT;ksa) osQ ifj.kkeLo:i mu {ks=kksa
esa tks igys U;wukoklh Fks ogk¡ vc eè;e ls mPp tula[;k
vuqikr ik;k tkrk gSA (fp=k 1-1)A
tula[;k forj.k osQ lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj ,sfrgkfld
dkjdksa esa ls egÙoiw.kZ dkjd LFkk;h o`Qf"k dk mn~Hko vkSj
o`Qf"k fodkl] ekuo cLrh osQ izfr:i] ifjogu tky&ra=k dk
fodkl] vkS|ksxhdj.k vkSj uxjhdj.k gSaA ,slk ns[kk x;k gS
fd Hkkjr osQ unh; eSnkuksa vkSj rVh; {ks=kksa esa fLFkr izns'k lnSo
gh fo'kky tula[;k lkanz.k okys izns'k jgs gSaA ;|fi bu
izns'kksa esa ”kehu vkSj ty tSls izko`Qfrd lalkèkuksa esa] mi;ksx
osQ dkj.k fuEuhdj.k gqvk gS] fiQj Hkh ekuo cLrh osQ
vkjafHkd bfrgkl vkSj ifjogu tky&ra=k osQ fodkl osQ
dkj.k tula[;k dk lkanz.k mPp cuk gqvk gSA nwljh vksj
fnYyh] eqacbZ] dksydkrk] caxykSj] iq.ks] vgenkckn] psUubZ
vkSj t;iqj osQ uxjh; {ks=k vkS|ksfxd fodkl vkSj uxjhdj.k
osQ dkj.k cM+h la[;k esa xzkeh.k&uxjh; izokfl;ksa dks vkdf"kZr
dj jgs gSaA blfy, bu {ks=kksa esa tula[;k dk mPp lkanz.k
ik;k tkrk gSA
tula[;k dk ?kuRo
tula[;k osQ ?kuRo dks izfr bdkbZ {ks=k esa O;fDr;ksa dh la[;k
}kjk vfHkO;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA blls Hkwfe osQ lanHkZ esa
tula[;k osQ LFkkfud forj.k dks csgrj <ax ls le>us esa
lgk;rk feyrh gSA Hkkjr dk tula[;k ?kuRo 313 O;fDr
izfr oxZ fd-eh- (2001) gS tks ,f'k;k osQ l?kure cls ns'kksa
ckaXykns'k (849 O;fDr) vkSj tkiku (334 O;fDr) osQ ckn
r`rh; LFkku ij gSA 1951 bZ- esa tula[;k dk ?kuRo 117
O;fDr@oxZ fd-eh- ls c<+dj 2001 esa 313 O;fDr@izfroxZ
fd-eh- gksus ls foxr 50 o"kks± esa 200 O;fDr izfr oxZ fd-
eh- dh mÙkjksÙkj o`f¼ gqbZ gSA
ifjf'k"V 1 (d) esa n'kkZ, x, vk¡dM+s ns'k esa
tula[;k ?kuRoksa dh LFkkfud fHkUurk dk vkHkkl djkrs gSa tks
v#.kkpy izns'k esa de ls de 13 O;fDr izfr oxZ fd-eh-
ls ysdj fnYyh osQ jk"Vªh; jktèkkuh {ks=k esa 9]340 O;fDr
izfr oxZ fd-eh- rd gSA mÙkjh Hkkjr osQ jkT;ksa if'pe caxky
(903)] fcgkj (880) vkSj mÙkj izns'k (690) esa tula[;k
?kuRo mPprj gS tcfd izk;}hih; Hkkjr osQ jkT;ksa esa osQjy
(819) vkSj rfeyukMq (480) esa mPprj ?kuRo ik;k tkrk
gSA vle] xqtjkr] vkaèkz izns'k] gfj;k.kk] >kj[kaM] mM+hlk esa
eè;e ?kuRo ik;k tkrk gSA fgeky; izns'k osQ ioZrh; jkT;ksa
vkSj vle dks NksM+dj Hkkjr osQ mÙkj&iwohZ jkT;ksa esa vis{kko`Qr
fuEu ?kuRo gSa tcfd vaMeku vkSj fudksckj }hiksa dks NksM+dj
osaQnz&'kkflr izns'kksa esa tula[;k osQ mPp ?kuRo ik, tkrs gSa
(fp=k 1-2)A
tula[;k dk ?kuRo] tSlk fd igys osQ vuqPNsnksa esa
ppkZ dh tk pqdh gS] ,d v'kksfèkr eki gSA oqQy o`Qf"kr
Hkwfe ij tula[;k osQ ncko osQ lanHkZ esa ekuo Hkwfe vuqikr
osQ csgrj ifjKku osQ fy, dkf;d vkSj o`Q"kh; ?kuRoksa dks
Page 4


yksx fdlh ns'k osQ vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ ?kVd gksrs gSaA
Hkkjr viuh 102-8 djksM+ (2001) tula[;k osQ lkFk
phu osQ ckn fo'o esa nwljk l?kure clk gqvk ns'k gSA
Hkkjr dh tula[;k mÙkj vesfjdk] nf{k.k vesfjdk vkSj
vkLVªsfy;k dh feykdj oqQy tula[;k ls Hkh vfèkd
gSA izk;% ;g roZQ fn;k tkrk gS fd bruh cM+h tula[;k
fuf'pr rkSj ij blosQ lhfer lalkèkuksa ij ncko Mkyrh
gS vkSj ns'k esa vusd lkekftd] vkfFkZd leL;kvksa osQ
fy, mÙkjnk;h gSaA
Hkkjr osQ fopkj ls vkidks D;k vuqHkwfr gksrh gS\
D;k ;g osQoy ,d {ks=k gS\ D;k ;g yksxksa osQ
lfEeJ.k dks izdV djrk gS\ D;k ;g 'kklu dh
fuf'pr laLFkkvksa osQ fu;a=k.k esa jg jgs yksxksa ls clk
gqvk ,d {ks=k gS\
bl vè;k; esa ge Hkkjr dh tula[;k osQ forj.k]
?kuRo] o`f¼ vkSj la?kVu osQ izfr:i rFkk la?kVu osQ ckjs esa
foospuk djsaxsA
tula[;k vk¡dM+ksa osQ lzksr
gekjs ns'k esa tula[;k osQ vk¡dM+ksa dks izfr nl o"kZ
ckn gksus okyh tux.kuk }kjk ,d=kr fd;k tkrk gSA
Hkkjr dh igyh tux.kuk 1872 bZ- esa gqbZ Fkh foaQrq
igyh laiw.kZ tux.kuk 1881 bZ- esa laiUu gqbZ FkhA
tula[;k dk forj.k
fp=k 1-1 dk ijh{k.k dhft, vkSj bl ij n'kkZ, x,
tula[;k osQ LFkkfud forj.k osQ izfr:iksa osQ o.kZu djus
dk iz;kl dhft,A ;g Li"V gS fd Hkkjr esa tula[;k osQ
forj.k dk izfr:i vR;fèkd vle gSA ns'k esa jkT;ksa vkSj
osaQnz&'kkflr izns'kksa dk tula[;k esa izfr'kr va'k (ifjf'k"V
1 d) n'kkZrk gS fd mÙkj izns'k dh tula[;k lokZfèkd gS]
blosQ i'pkr egkjk"Vª] fcgkj] if'pe caxky vkSj vkaèkz
izns'k dk LFkku gSA
bdkbZ I I I I I
vè;k; 1
tula[;k
forj.k] ?kuRo] o`f¼ vkSj la?kVu
2
Hkkjr % yksx vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk
fp=k 1-1 % Hkkjr & tula[;k dk forj.k
tula[;k % forj.k] ?kuRo] o`f¼ vkSj la?kVu
     3
ifjf'k"V 1 d esa fn, x, vk¡dM+ksa dks ns[krs gq, Hkkjr osQ jkT;ksa vkSj
osaQnz&'kkflr izns'kksa dks muosQ vkdkj vkSj tula[;k dh n`f"V ls
O;ofLFkr dhft, vkSj irk yxkb, %
fo'kky vkdkj vkSj fo'kky tula[;k okys jkT; vkSj osaQnz&'kkflr izns'k
fo'kky vkdkj foaQrq y?kq tula[;k okys jkT; vkSj osaQnz&'kkflr izns'k
vis{kko`Qr y?kq vkdkj vkSj fo'kky tula[;k okys jkT; vkSj
osaQnz&'kkflr izns'k
rkfydk ifjf'k"V d ls tk¡p dhft, fd rfeyukMq] eè;
izns'k] jktLFkku] dukZVd vkSj xqtjkr osQ lkFk mÙkj izns'k]
egkjk"Vª] fcgkj] if'pe caxky vkSj vkaèkz izns'k dh tula[;k
feydj ns'k dh oqQy tula[;k dk 76 izfr'kr Hkkx gSA
nwljh vksj tEew vkSj d'ehj (0-98»)] v#.kkpy izns'k
(0-11») vkSj mÙkjkapy (0-83») tSls jkT;ksa dh tula[;k
dk vkdkj buosQ fo'kky HkkSxksfyd {ks=k osQ ckotwn vR;ar
NksVk gSA
Hkkjr esa tula[;k dk ,slk vle LFkkfud forj.k ns'k
dh tula[;k vkSj HkkSfrd] lkekftd] vkfFkZd rFkk ,sfrgkfld
dkjdksa osQ chp ?kfu"B lacaèk izdV djrk gSA tgk¡ rd HkkSfrd
dkjdksa dk lacaèk gS] ;g Li"V gS fd Hkw&foU;kl vkSj ty dh
miyCèkrk osQ lkFk tyok;q izeq[k :i ls forj.k osQ izfr:iksa
dk fuèkkZj.k djrh gSaA ifj.kkeLo:i ge ns[krs gSa fd mÙkj
Hkkjr osQ eSnkuksa] MsYVkvksa vkSj rVh; eSnkuksa esa tula[;k dk
vuqikr nf{k.kh vkSj eè; Hkkjr osQ jkT;ksa osQ vkarfjd f”kyksa]
fgeky;] mÙkj&iwohZ vkSj if'peh oqQN jkT;ksa dh vis{kk
mPprj gSA fiQj Hkh] flapkbZ osQ fodkl (jktLFkku)] [kfut
,oa mQtkZ lalkèkuksa dh miyCèkrk (>kj[kaM) vkSj ifjogu
tky osQ fodkl (izk;}hih; jkT;ksa) osQ ifj.kkeLo:i mu {ks=kksa
esa tks igys U;wukoklh Fks ogk¡ vc eè;e ls mPp tula[;k
vuqikr ik;k tkrk gSA (fp=k 1-1)A
tula[;k forj.k osQ lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj ,sfrgkfld
dkjdksa esa ls egÙoiw.kZ dkjd LFkk;h o`Qf"k dk mn~Hko vkSj
o`Qf"k fodkl] ekuo cLrh osQ izfr:i] ifjogu tky&ra=k dk
fodkl] vkS|ksxhdj.k vkSj uxjhdj.k gSaA ,slk ns[kk x;k gS
fd Hkkjr osQ unh; eSnkuksa vkSj rVh; {ks=kksa esa fLFkr izns'k lnSo
gh fo'kky tula[;k lkanz.k okys izns'k jgs gSaA ;|fi bu
izns'kksa esa ”kehu vkSj ty tSls izko`Qfrd lalkèkuksa esa] mi;ksx
osQ dkj.k fuEuhdj.k gqvk gS] fiQj Hkh ekuo cLrh osQ
vkjafHkd bfrgkl vkSj ifjogu tky&ra=k osQ fodkl osQ
dkj.k tula[;k dk lkanz.k mPp cuk gqvk gSA nwljh vksj
fnYyh] eqacbZ] dksydkrk] caxykSj] iq.ks] vgenkckn] psUubZ
vkSj t;iqj osQ uxjh; {ks=k vkS|ksfxd fodkl vkSj uxjhdj.k
osQ dkj.k cM+h la[;k esa xzkeh.k&uxjh; izokfl;ksa dks vkdf"kZr
dj jgs gSaA blfy, bu {ks=kksa esa tula[;k dk mPp lkanz.k
ik;k tkrk gSA
tula[;k dk ?kuRo
tula[;k osQ ?kuRo dks izfr bdkbZ {ks=k esa O;fDr;ksa dh la[;k
}kjk vfHkO;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA blls Hkwfe osQ lanHkZ esa
tula[;k osQ LFkkfud forj.k dks csgrj <ax ls le>us esa
lgk;rk feyrh gSA Hkkjr dk tula[;k ?kuRo 313 O;fDr
izfr oxZ fd-eh- (2001) gS tks ,f'k;k osQ l?kure cls ns'kksa
ckaXykns'k (849 O;fDr) vkSj tkiku (334 O;fDr) osQ ckn
r`rh; LFkku ij gSA 1951 bZ- esa tula[;k dk ?kuRo 117
O;fDr@oxZ fd-eh- ls c<+dj 2001 esa 313 O;fDr@izfroxZ
fd-eh- gksus ls foxr 50 o"kks± esa 200 O;fDr izfr oxZ fd-
eh- dh mÙkjksÙkj o`f¼ gqbZ gSA
ifjf'k"V 1 (d) esa n'kkZ, x, vk¡dM+s ns'k esa
tula[;k ?kuRoksa dh LFkkfud fHkUurk dk vkHkkl djkrs gSa tks
v#.kkpy izns'k esa de ls de 13 O;fDr izfr oxZ fd-eh-
ls ysdj fnYyh osQ jk"Vªh; jktèkkuh {ks=k esa 9]340 O;fDr
izfr oxZ fd-eh- rd gSA mÙkjh Hkkjr osQ jkT;ksa if'pe caxky
(903)] fcgkj (880) vkSj mÙkj izns'k (690) esa tula[;k
?kuRo mPprj gS tcfd izk;}hih; Hkkjr osQ jkT;ksa esa osQjy
(819) vkSj rfeyukMq (480) esa mPprj ?kuRo ik;k tkrk
gSA vle] xqtjkr] vkaèkz izns'k] gfj;k.kk] >kj[kaM] mM+hlk esa
eè;e ?kuRo ik;k tkrk gSA fgeky; izns'k osQ ioZrh; jkT;ksa
vkSj vle dks NksM+dj Hkkjr osQ mÙkj&iwohZ jkT;ksa esa vis{kko`Qr
fuEu ?kuRo gSa tcfd vaMeku vkSj fudksckj }hiksa dks NksM+dj
osaQnz&'kkflr izns'kksa esa tula[;k osQ mPp ?kuRo ik, tkrs gSa
(fp=k 1-2)A
tula[;k dk ?kuRo] tSlk fd igys osQ vuqPNsnksa esa
ppkZ dh tk pqdh gS] ,d v'kksfèkr eki gSA oqQy o`Qf"kr
Hkwfe ij tula[;k osQ ncko osQ lanHkZ esa ekuo Hkwfe vuqikr
osQ csgrj ifjKku osQ fy, dkf;d vkSj o`Q"kh; ?kuRoksa dks
4
Hkkjr % yksx vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk
fp=k 1-2 % Hkkjr & tula[;k dk ?kuRo
Page 5


yksx fdlh ns'k osQ vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ ?kVd gksrs gSaA
Hkkjr viuh 102-8 djksM+ (2001) tula[;k osQ lkFk
phu osQ ckn fo'o esa nwljk l?kure clk gqvk ns'k gSA
Hkkjr dh tula[;k mÙkj vesfjdk] nf{k.k vesfjdk vkSj
vkLVªsfy;k dh feykdj oqQy tula[;k ls Hkh vfèkd
gSA izk;% ;g roZQ fn;k tkrk gS fd bruh cM+h tula[;k
fuf'pr rkSj ij blosQ lhfer lalkèkuksa ij ncko Mkyrh
gS vkSj ns'k esa vusd lkekftd] vkfFkZd leL;kvksa osQ
fy, mÙkjnk;h gSaA
Hkkjr osQ fopkj ls vkidks D;k vuqHkwfr gksrh gS\
D;k ;g osQoy ,d {ks=k gS\ D;k ;g yksxksa osQ
lfEeJ.k dks izdV djrk gS\ D;k ;g 'kklu dh
fuf'pr laLFkkvksa osQ fu;a=k.k esa jg jgs yksxksa ls clk
gqvk ,d {ks=k gS\
bl vè;k; esa ge Hkkjr dh tula[;k osQ forj.k]
?kuRo] o`f¼ vkSj la?kVu osQ izfr:i rFkk la?kVu osQ ckjs esa
foospuk djsaxsA
tula[;k vk¡dM+ksa osQ lzksr
gekjs ns'k esa tula[;k osQ vk¡dM+ksa dks izfr nl o"kZ
ckn gksus okyh tux.kuk }kjk ,d=kr fd;k tkrk gSA
Hkkjr dh igyh tux.kuk 1872 bZ- esa gqbZ Fkh foaQrq
igyh laiw.kZ tux.kuk 1881 bZ- esa laiUu gqbZ FkhA
tula[;k dk forj.k
fp=k 1-1 dk ijh{k.k dhft, vkSj bl ij n'kkZ, x,
tula[;k osQ LFkkfud forj.k osQ izfr:iksa osQ o.kZu djus
dk iz;kl dhft,A ;g Li"V gS fd Hkkjr esa tula[;k osQ
forj.k dk izfr:i vR;fèkd vle gSA ns'k esa jkT;ksa vkSj
osaQnz&'kkflr izns'kksa dk tula[;k esa izfr'kr va'k (ifjf'k"V
1 d) n'kkZrk gS fd mÙkj izns'k dh tula[;k lokZfèkd gS]
blosQ i'pkr egkjk"Vª] fcgkj] if'pe caxky vkSj vkaèkz
izns'k dk LFkku gSA
bdkbZ I I I I I
vè;k; 1
tula[;k
forj.k] ?kuRo] o`f¼ vkSj la?kVu
2
Hkkjr % yksx vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk
fp=k 1-1 % Hkkjr & tula[;k dk forj.k
tula[;k % forj.k] ?kuRo] o`f¼ vkSj la?kVu
     3
ifjf'k"V 1 d esa fn, x, vk¡dM+ksa dks ns[krs gq, Hkkjr osQ jkT;ksa vkSj
osaQnz&'kkflr izns'kksa dks muosQ vkdkj vkSj tula[;k dh n`f"V ls
O;ofLFkr dhft, vkSj irk yxkb, %
fo'kky vkdkj vkSj fo'kky tula[;k okys jkT; vkSj osaQnz&'kkflr izns'k
fo'kky vkdkj foaQrq y?kq tula[;k okys jkT; vkSj osaQnz&'kkflr izns'k
vis{kko`Qr y?kq vkdkj vkSj fo'kky tula[;k okys jkT; vkSj
osaQnz&'kkflr izns'k
rkfydk ifjf'k"V d ls tk¡p dhft, fd rfeyukMq] eè;
izns'k] jktLFkku] dukZVd vkSj xqtjkr osQ lkFk mÙkj izns'k]
egkjk"Vª] fcgkj] if'pe caxky vkSj vkaèkz izns'k dh tula[;k
feydj ns'k dh oqQy tula[;k dk 76 izfr'kr Hkkx gSA
nwljh vksj tEew vkSj d'ehj (0-98»)] v#.kkpy izns'k
(0-11») vkSj mÙkjkapy (0-83») tSls jkT;ksa dh tula[;k
dk vkdkj buosQ fo'kky HkkSxksfyd {ks=k osQ ckotwn vR;ar
NksVk gSA
Hkkjr esa tula[;k dk ,slk vle LFkkfud forj.k ns'k
dh tula[;k vkSj HkkSfrd] lkekftd] vkfFkZd rFkk ,sfrgkfld
dkjdksa osQ chp ?kfu"B lacaèk izdV djrk gSA tgk¡ rd HkkSfrd
dkjdksa dk lacaèk gS] ;g Li"V gS fd Hkw&foU;kl vkSj ty dh
miyCèkrk osQ lkFk tyok;q izeq[k :i ls forj.k osQ izfr:iksa
dk fuèkkZj.k djrh gSaA ifj.kkeLo:i ge ns[krs gSa fd mÙkj
Hkkjr osQ eSnkuksa] MsYVkvksa vkSj rVh; eSnkuksa esa tula[;k dk
vuqikr nf{k.kh vkSj eè; Hkkjr osQ jkT;ksa osQ vkarfjd f”kyksa]
fgeky;] mÙkj&iwohZ vkSj if'peh oqQN jkT;ksa dh vis{kk
mPprj gSA fiQj Hkh] flapkbZ osQ fodkl (jktLFkku)] [kfut
,oa mQtkZ lalkèkuksa dh miyCèkrk (>kj[kaM) vkSj ifjogu
tky osQ fodkl (izk;}hih; jkT;ksa) osQ ifj.kkeLo:i mu {ks=kksa
esa tks igys U;wukoklh Fks ogk¡ vc eè;e ls mPp tula[;k
vuqikr ik;k tkrk gSA (fp=k 1-1)A
tula[;k forj.k osQ lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj ,sfrgkfld
dkjdksa esa ls egÙoiw.kZ dkjd LFkk;h o`Qf"k dk mn~Hko vkSj
o`Qf"k fodkl] ekuo cLrh osQ izfr:i] ifjogu tky&ra=k dk
fodkl] vkS|ksxhdj.k vkSj uxjhdj.k gSaA ,slk ns[kk x;k gS
fd Hkkjr osQ unh; eSnkuksa vkSj rVh; {ks=kksa esa fLFkr izns'k lnSo
gh fo'kky tula[;k lkanz.k okys izns'k jgs gSaA ;|fi bu
izns'kksa esa ”kehu vkSj ty tSls izko`Qfrd lalkèkuksa esa] mi;ksx
osQ dkj.k fuEuhdj.k gqvk gS] fiQj Hkh ekuo cLrh osQ
vkjafHkd bfrgkl vkSj ifjogu tky&ra=k osQ fodkl osQ
dkj.k tula[;k dk lkanz.k mPp cuk gqvk gSA nwljh vksj
fnYyh] eqacbZ] dksydkrk] caxykSj] iq.ks] vgenkckn] psUubZ
vkSj t;iqj osQ uxjh; {ks=k vkS|ksfxd fodkl vkSj uxjhdj.k
osQ dkj.k cM+h la[;k esa xzkeh.k&uxjh; izokfl;ksa dks vkdf"kZr
dj jgs gSaA blfy, bu {ks=kksa esa tula[;k dk mPp lkanz.k
ik;k tkrk gSA
tula[;k dk ?kuRo
tula[;k osQ ?kuRo dks izfr bdkbZ {ks=k esa O;fDr;ksa dh la[;k
}kjk vfHkO;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA blls Hkwfe osQ lanHkZ esa
tula[;k osQ LFkkfud forj.k dks csgrj <ax ls le>us esa
lgk;rk feyrh gSA Hkkjr dk tula[;k ?kuRo 313 O;fDr
izfr oxZ fd-eh- (2001) gS tks ,f'k;k osQ l?kure cls ns'kksa
ckaXykns'k (849 O;fDr) vkSj tkiku (334 O;fDr) osQ ckn
r`rh; LFkku ij gSA 1951 bZ- esa tula[;k dk ?kuRo 117
O;fDr@oxZ fd-eh- ls c<+dj 2001 esa 313 O;fDr@izfroxZ
fd-eh- gksus ls foxr 50 o"kks± esa 200 O;fDr izfr oxZ fd-
eh- dh mÙkjksÙkj o`f¼ gqbZ gSA
ifjf'k"V 1 (d) esa n'kkZ, x, vk¡dM+s ns'k esa
tula[;k ?kuRoksa dh LFkkfud fHkUurk dk vkHkkl djkrs gSa tks
v#.kkpy izns'k esa de ls de 13 O;fDr izfr oxZ fd-eh-
ls ysdj fnYyh osQ jk"Vªh; jktèkkuh {ks=k esa 9]340 O;fDr
izfr oxZ fd-eh- rd gSA mÙkjh Hkkjr osQ jkT;ksa if'pe caxky
(903)] fcgkj (880) vkSj mÙkj izns'k (690) esa tula[;k
?kuRo mPprj gS tcfd izk;}hih; Hkkjr osQ jkT;ksa esa osQjy
(819) vkSj rfeyukMq (480) esa mPprj ?kuRo ik;k tkrk
gSA vle] xqtjkr] vkaèkz izns'k] gfj;k.kk] >kj[kaM] mM+hlk esa
eè;e ?kuRo ik;k tkrk gSA fgeky; izns'k osQ ioZrh; jkT;ksa
vkSj vle dks NksM+dj Hkkjr osQ mÙkj&iwohZ jkT;ksa esa vis{kko`Qr
fuEu ?kuRo gSa tcfd vaMeku vkSj fudksckj }hiksa dks NksM+dj
osaQnz&'kkflr izns'kksa esa tula[;k osQ mPp ?kuRo ik, tkrs gSa
(fp=k 1-2)A
tula[;k dk ?kuRo] tSlk fd igys osQ vuqPNsnksa esa
ppkZ dh tk pqdh gS] ,d v'kksfèkr eki gSA oqQy o`Qf"kr
Hkwfe ij tula[;k osQ ncko osQ lanHkZ esa ekuo Hkwfe vuqikr
osQ csgrj ifjKku osQ fy, dkf;d vkSj o`Q"kh; ?kuRoksa dks
4
Hkkjr % yksx vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk
fp=k 1-2 % Hkkjr & tula[;k dk ?kuRo
tula[;k % forj.k] ?kuRo] o`f¼ vkSj la?kVu
     5
Kkr djuk pkfg, tks Hkkjr tSls fo'kky o`Qf"k tula[;k okys
ns'k osQ fy, lkFkZd gSa (ns[ksa ckWDl)A
dkf;d ?kuRo ¾ oqQy tula[;k @ fuoy o`Qf"kr {ks=kA
o`Q"kh; ?kuRo ¾ oqQy o`Qf"k tula[;k @ fuoy o`Qf"kr {ks=kA
o`Qf"k tula[;k esa o`Q"kd] o`Qf"k e”knwj vkSj muosQ
ifjokj osQ lnL; lfEefyr gksrs gSaA
ifjf'k"V 1 ([k) esa fn, x, vk¡dM+ksa dh lgk;rk ls Hkkjr osQ jkT;ksa
vkSj osaQnz&'kkflr izns'kksa dh dkf;d vkSj o`Q"kh; ?kuRoksa dk ifjdyu
dhft,A budh rqyuk tula[;k ?kuRo ls dhft, vkSj nsf[k, fd ;s
oSQls fHkUu gSa\
tula[;k dh o`f¼
tula[;k o`f¼ nks le; ¯cnqvksa osQ chp fdlh {ks=k fo'ks"k esa
jgus okys yksxksa dh la[;k esa ifjorZu dks dgrs gSaA bldh nj
dks izfr'kr esa vfHkO;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA tula[;k o`f¼ osQ
nks ?kVd gksrs gSa] ftuosQ uke gSaµizko`Qfrd (Natural) vkSj
vfHkizsfjr (Induced) A tcfd izko`Qfrd o`f¼ dk fo'ys"k.k
v'kksfèkr tUe vkSj e`R;q njksa ls fuèkkZfjr fd;k tkrk gS]
vfHkizsfjr ?kVdksa dks fdlh fn, x, {ks=k esa yksxksa osQ varoZrhZ
vkSj cfgoZrhZ lapyu dh izcyrk }kjk Li"V fd;k tkrk gSA
fiQj Hkh] bl vè;k; esa ge Hkkjr dh tula[;k dh osQoy
izko`Qfrd o`f¼ dh foospuk djsaxsA
Hkkjr dh tula[;k osQ nksuksa n'kdh; vkSj okf"kZd o`f¼
nj cgqr mQ¡ps gSa vkSj le; osQ lkFk fuR; c<+ jgs gSaA Hkkjr
dh tula[;k dh okf"kZd o`f¼ nj 2-4 izfr'kr gSA o`f¼ dh
bl orZeku nj ls vuqeku yxk;k x;k gS fd vxys 36 o"kks±
esa ns'k dh tula[;k nqxquh gks tk,xh vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd phu
dh tula[;k dks Hkh ikj dj tk,xhA
tula[;k osQ nqxquk gksus dk le;
tula[;k osQ nqxquk gksus dk le; orZeku okf"kZd o`f¼
nj ij fdlh Hkh tula[;k osQ nqxquk gksus esa yxus okyk
le; gSA
foxr ,d 'krkCnh esa Hkkjr esa tula[;k dh o`f¼]
okf"kZd tUe nj vkSj e`R;q nj rFkk izokl dh nj osQ dkj.k
* n'kdh; o`f¼ nj%   
21
2
p-p
g = ×100
p
tgk¡ P
1
 = vkèkkj o"kZ dh tula[;k
P
2
 = orZeku o"kZ dh tula[;k
rkfydk 1-1 % Hkkjr esa n'kdh; o`f¼ nj] 1901&2001
tux.kuk oqQy tula[;k o`f¼ nj*
  o"kZ fujis{k la[;k o`f¼ dk %
1901 238396327 ------------ ------------
1911 252093390 (+) 13697063 (+) 5.75
1921 251321213 (-) 772117 (-)  0.31
1931 278977238 (+) 27656025 (+) 11.60
1941 318660580 (+) 39683342 (+) 14.22
1951 361088090 (+) 42420485 (+) 13.31
1961 439234771 (+) 77682873 (+) 21.51
1971 548159652 (+) 108924881 (+) 24.80
1981 683329097 (+) 135169445 (+) 24.66
1991 846302688 (+) 162973591 (+) 23.85
2001 1028610328 (+) 182307640 (+) 21.54
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