एनसीईआरटी पाठ्यपुस्तक: भूसंसाधन और कृषि | Must Read Old & New NCERTs for UPSC CSE (Hindi) PDF Download

 Page 1


vkius vius pkjksa vksj Hkwfe osQ dbZ mi;ksx ns[ks gksaxsA i`Foh
osQ oqQN Hkkx ij ufn;k¡ gSa] oqQN ij o`{k gSa rFkk oqQN ij
lM+osaQ o bekjrsa fufeZr gSaA fofHkUu izdkj dh Hkwfe fofHkUu
dk;ks± gsrq mi;ksxh gSaA bl izdkj euq"; Hkwfe dks mRiknu] jgus
rFkk ukuk izdkj osQ euksjatd dk;ks± gsrq lalkèku osQ :i esa
iz;ksx djrk gSA vkiosQ LowQy dh bekjr] lM+osaQ ftu ij
vki ;k=kk djrs gSa] ozQhM+k m|ku tgk¡ vki [ksyrs gSa] [ksr
ftu ij I
+
kQlysa mxkbZ tkrh gSa ,oa pjkxkg tgk¡ i'kq pjrs gSa
vkfn Hkwfe osQ fofHkUu mi;ksxksa dks iznf'kZr djrs gSaA
Hkw&mi;ksx oxhZdj.k
HkwjktLo foHkkx Hkw&mi;ksx lacaèkh vfHkys[k j[krk gSA Hkw&mi;ksx
laoxks± dk ;ksx oqQy izfrosnu (fjiksfV±x) {ks=k osQ cjkcj gksrk
gS tks fd HkkSxksfyd {ks=k ls fHkUu gSA Hkkjr dh iz'kkldh;
bdkb;ksa osQ HkkSxksfyd {ks=k dh lgh tkudkjh nsus dk nkf;Ro
Hkkjrh; losZ{k.k foHkkx ij gSA D;k vkius dHkh Hkkjrh; losZ{k.k
foHkkx }kjk rS;kj fd, x, ekufp=kksa dk iz;ksx fd;k gS\
HkwjktLo rFkk losZ{k.k foHkkx nksuksa esa ewyHkwr varj ;g gS fd
HkwjktLo }kjk izLrqr {ks=kiQy i=kksa osQ vuqlkj fjiksfV±x {ks=k ij
vkèkkfjr gS tks fd de ;k vfèkd gks ldrk gSA oqQy
HkkSxksfyd {ks=k Hkkjrh; losZ{k.k foHkkx osQ losZ{k.k ij vkèkkfjr
gS rFkk ;g LFkk;h gSA vki Hkw&mi;ksx oxhZdj.k osQ fo"k; esa
lkekftd foKku dh iqLrd d{kk nl esa i<+ pqosQ gSaA
HkwjktLo vfHkys[k }kjk viuk;k x;k Hkw&mi;ksx
oxhZdj.k fuEu izdkj gSµ
(i) ouksa osQ vèkhu {ks=k (Forest) % ;g tkuuk
vko';d gS fd oxhZÑr ou {ks=k rFkk ouksa osQ
varxZr okLrfod {ks=k nksuksa i`Fkd gSaA ljdkj
}kjk oxhZÑr ou {ks=k dk lhekaoQu bl izdkj
fd;k tgk¡ ou fodflr gks ldrs gSaA HkwjktLo
vfHkys[kksa esa blh ifjHkk"kk dks lrr viuk;k
x;k gSA bl izdkj bl laoxZ osQ {ks=kiQy esa o`f¼
ntZ gks ldrh gS ijarq bldk vFkZ ;g ugha gS
fd ogk¡ okLrfod :i ls ou ik, tk,¡xsA
(ii) xSj o`Qf"k&dk;ksZa esa iz;qDr Hkwfe (Land put
to Non-agricultural uses) % bl laoxZ
esa cfLr;k¡ (xzkeh.k o 'kgjh) volajpuk (lM+osaQ]
ugjsa vkfn) m|ksxksa] nqdkuksa vkfn gsrq Hkw&mi;ksx
lfEefyr gSaA f}rh;d o r`rh;d dk;Zdykiksa esa
o`f¼ ls bl laoxZ osQ Hkw&mi;ksx esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA
bdkbZ III III III III III
vè;k; 5
Hkwlalkèku rFkk o`Qf"k
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vkius vius pkjksa vksj Hkwfe osQ dbZ mi;ksx ns[ks gksaxsA i`Foh
osQ oqQN Hkkx ij ufn;k¡ gSa] oqQN ij o`{k gSa rFkk oqQN ij
lM+osaQ o bekjrsa fufeZr gSaA fofHkUu izdkj dh Hkwfe fofHkUu
dk;ks± gsrq mi;ksxh gSaA bl izdkj euq"; Hkwfe dks mRiknu] jgus
rFkk ukuk izdkj osQ euksjatd dk;ks± gsrq lalkèku osQ :i esa
iz;ksx djrk gSA vkiosQ LowQy dh bekjr] lM+osaQ ftu ij
vki ;k=kk djrs gSa] ozQhM+k m|ku tgk¡ vki [ksyrs gSa] [ksr
ftu ij I
+
kQlysa mxkbZ tkrh gSa ,oa pjkxkg tgk¡ i'kq pjrs gSa
vkfn Hkwfe osQ fofHkUu mi;ksxksa dks iznf'kZr djrs gSaA
Hkw&mi;ksx oxhZdj.k
HkwjktLo foHkkx Hkw&mi;ksx lacaèkh vfHkys[k j[krk gSA Hkw&mi;ksx
laoxks± dk ;ksx oqQy izfrosnu (fjiksfV±x) {ks=k osQ cjkcj gksrk
gS tks fd HkkSxksfyd {ks=k ls fHkUu gSA Hkkjr dh iz'kkldh;
bdkb;ksa osQ HkkSxksfyd {ks=k dh lgh tkudkjh nsus dk nkf;Ro
Hkkjrh; losZ{k.k foHkkx ij gSA D;k vkius dHkh Hkkjrh; losZ{k.k
foHkkx }kjk rS;kj fd, x, ekufp=kksa dk iz;ksx fd;k gS\
HkwjktLo rFkk losZ{k.k foHkkx nksuksa esa ewyHkwr varj ;g gS fd
HkwjktLo }kjk izLrqr {ks=kiQy i=kksa osQ vuqlkj fjiksfV±x {ks=k ij
vkèkkfjr gS tks fd de ;k vfèkd gks ldrk gSA oqQy
HkkSxksfyd {ks=k Hkkjrh; losZ{k.k foHkkx osQ losZ{k.k ij vkèkkfjr
gS rFkk ;g LFkk;h gSA vki Hkw&mi;ksx oxhZdj.k osQ fo"k; esa
lkekftd foKku dh iqLrd d{kk nl esa i<+ pqosQ gSaA
HkwjktLo vfHkys[k }kjk viuk;k x;k Hkw&mi;ksx
oxhZdj.k fuEu izdkj gSµ
(i) ouksa osQ vèkhu {ks=k (Forest) % ;g tkuuk
vko';d gS fd oxhZÑr ou {ks=k rFkk ouksa osQ
varxZr okLrfod {ks=k nksuksa i`Fkd gSaA ljdkj
}kjk oxhZÑr ou {ks=k dk lhekaoQu bl izdkj
fd;k tgk¡ ou fodflr gks ldrs gSaA HkwjktLo
vfHkys[kksa esa blh ifjHkk"kk dks lrr viuk;k
x;k gSA bl izdkj bl laoxZ osQ {ks=kiQy esa o`f¼
ntZ gks ldrh gS ijarq bldk vFkZ ;g ugha gS
fd ogk¡ okLrfod :i ls ou ik, tk,¡xsA
(ii) xSj o`Qf"k&dk;ksZa esa iz;qDr Hkwfe (Land put
to Non-agricultural uses) % bl laoxZ
esa cfLr;k¡ (xzkeh.k o 'kgjh) volajpuk (lM+osaQ]
ugjsa vkfn) m|ksxksa] nqdkuksa vkfn gsrq Hkw&mi;ksx
lfEefyr gSaA f}rh;d o r`rh;d dk;Zdykiksa esa
o`f¼ ls bl laoxZ osQ Hkw&mi;ksx esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA
bdkbZ III III III III III
vè;k; 5
Hkwlalkèku rFkk o`Qf"k
(iii) catj o O;FkZ&Hkwfe (Barren and
wastelands) % og Hkwfe tks izpfyr
izkS|ksfxdh dh enn ls o`Qf"k ;ksX; ugha cukbZ tk
ldrh] tSlsµ catj igkM+h HkwHkkx] e#LFky]
[kîóvkfn dks o`Qf"k v;ksX; O;FkZ&Hkwwfe esa oxho`Qr
fd;k x;k gSA
(iv) LFkk;h pjkxkg {ks=k (Permanent
pastures) % bl izdkj dh vfèkdrj Hkwfe
ij xzke iapk;r ;k ljdkj dk LokfeRo gksrk
gSA bl Hkwfe dk osQoy ,d NksVk Hkkx futh
LokfeRo esa gksrk gSA xzke iapk;r osQ LokfeRo
okyh Hkwfe dks ^lk>k laifÙk lalkèku* dgk
tkrk gSA
(v) fofoèk r#&I
+
kQlyksa o miouksa osQ varxZr {ks=k
(Area under miscellaneous tree
crops and groves) % (tks cks, x, fuoy
{ks=k esa lfEefyr ugha gS)µ bl laoxZ esa og
Hkwfe lfEefyr gS ftl ij m|ku o iQynkj o`{k
gSaA bl izdkj dh vfèkdrj Hkwfe O;fDr;ksa osQ
futh LokfeRo esa gSA
(vi) o`Qf"k ;ksX; O;FkZ Hkwfe (Culturable
waste land) % og Hkwfe tks fiNys ik¡p
o"kks± rd ;k vfèkd le; rd ijrh ;k o`Qf"kjfgr
gS] bl laoxZ esa lfEefyr dh tkrh gSA Hkwfe
m¼kj rduhd }kjk bls lqèkkj dj o`Qf"k ;ksX;
cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
(vii) orZeku ijrh Hkwfe (Current fallow) %
og Hkwfe tks ,d o`Qf"k o"kZ ;k mlls de le;
rd o`Qf"kjfgr jgrh gS] orZeku ijrh Hkwfe
dgykrh gSA Hkwfe dh xq.koÙkk cuk, j[kus gsrq
Hkwfe dk ijrh j[kuk ,d lkaLo`Qfrd pyu gSA
bl fofèk ls Hkwfe dh {kh.k moZjdrk ;k ikSf"Vdrk
izko`Qfrd :i ls okil vk tkrh gSA
(viii) iqjkru ijrh Hkwfe (Fallow other than
current fallow) % ;g Hkh o`Qf"k ;ksX; Hkwfe
gS tks ,d o"kZ ls vfèkd ysfdu ik¡p o"kksZa ls
de le; rd o`Qf"kjfgr jgrh gSA vxj dksbZ
HkwHkkx ik¡p o"kZ ls vfèkd le; rd o`Qf"k jfgr
jgrk gS rks bls o`Qf"k ;ksX; O;FkZ Hkwfe laoxZ esa
lfEefyr dj fn;k tkrk gSA
(ix) fuoy cks;k {ks=k (Net area sown) % og
Hkwfe ftl ij I
+
kQlysa mxkbZ o dkVh tkrh gSa] og
fuoy cks;k x;k {ks=k dgykrk gSA
Hkkjr esa Hkw&mi;ksx ifjorZu
fdlh {ks=k esa Hkw&mi;ksx] vfèkdrj ogk¡ dh vkfFZkd fozQ;kvksa
dh izo`fÙk ij fuHkZj gSA ;|fi le; osQ lkFk vkfFkZd
fozQ;kvksa esa cnyko vkrk jgrk gS ysfdu Hkwfe vU; cgqr ls
lalkèkuksa dh Hkk¡fr] {ks=kiQy dh n`f"V ls LFkk;h gSA gesa
Hkw&mi;ksx dks izHkkfor djus okys vFkZO;oLFkk osQ rhu
ifjorZuksa dks le>uk pkfg, tks fuEu izdkj ls gSaµ
(i) vFkZO;oLFkk dk vkdkj (ftls mRikfnr oLrqvksa rFkk
lsokvksa osQ ewY; osQ lanHkZ esa le>k tkrk gS)] le;
osQ lkFk c<+rk gS_ tks c<+rh tula[;k] cnyrs
vk;&Lrj] miyCèk izkS|ksfxdh o blh ls feyrs&tqyrs
dkjdksa ij fuHkZj gSA ifj.kkeLo:i le; osQ lkFk
Hkwfe ij ncko c<+rk gS rFkk lhekar Hkwfe dks Hkh
iz;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA
(ii) nwljk] le; osQ lkFk vFkZO;oLFkk dh lajpuk esa Hkh
cnyko gksrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] f}rh;d o r`rh;d
lsDVjksa esa] izkFkfed lsDVj dh vis{kk vfèkd rhozrk
ls o`f¼ gksrh gSA bl izdkj osQ ifjorZu Hkkjr tSls
fodkl'khy ns'k esa ,d lkekU; ckr gSA bl izfd;k
esa èkhjs&èkhjs o`Qf"k Hkwfe xSj&o`Qf"k lacafèkr dk;ks± esa
iz;qDr gksrh gSA vki ik,¡xs fd bl izdkj osQ
ifjorZu 'kgjksa osQ pkjksa rjI
+
kQ vfèkd rhoz gSa tgk¡
o`Qf"k Hkwfe dks bekjrksa osQ fy, mi;ksx fd;k
tk jgk gSA
(iii) rhljk] ;|fi le; osQ lkFk] o`Qf"k fozQ;kdykiksa dk
vFkZO;oLFkk esa ;ksxnku de gksrk tkrk gS] Hkwfe ij
o`Qf"k fozQ;kdykiksa dk ncko de ugha gksrkA o`Qf"k&Hkwfe
ij c<+rs ncko osQ dkj.k gSaµ
(v)izk;% fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa o`Qf"k ij
fuHkZj O;fDr;ksa dk vuqikr vis{kko`Qr
èkhjs&èkhjs ?kVrk gS tcfd o`Qf"k dk ldy
?kjsyw mRikn esa ;ksxnku rhozrk ls de
gksrk gSA
(c) og tula[;k tks o`Qf"k lsDVj ij fuHkZj gksrh
gSA izfrfnu c<+rh gh tkrh gSA
     41 Hkwlalkèku rFkk o`Qf"k
Page 3


vkius vius pkjksa vksj Hkwfe osQ dbZ mi;ksx ns[ks gksaxsA i`Foh
osQ oqQN Hkkx ij ufn;k¡ gSa] oqQN ij o`{k gSa rFkk oqQN ij
lM+osaQ o bekjrsa fufeZr gSaA fofHkUu izdkj dh Hkwfe fofHkUu
dk;ks± gsrq mi;ksxh gSaA bl izdkj euq"; Hkwfe dks mRiknu] jgus
rFkk ukuk izdkj osQ euksjatd dk;ks± gsrq lalkèku osQ :i esa
iz;ksx djrk gSA vkiosQ LowQy dh bekjr] lM+osaQ ftu ij
vki ;k=kk djrs gSa] ozQhM+k m|ku tgk¡ vki [ksyrs gSa] [ksr
ftu ij I
+
kQlysa mxkbZ tkrh gSa ,oa pjkxkg tgk¡ i'kq pjrs gSa
vkfn Hkwfe osQ fofHkUu mi;ksxksa dks iznf'kZr djrs gSaA
Hkw&mi;ksx oxhZdj.k
HkwjktLo foHkkx Hkw&mi;ksx lacaèkh vfHkys[k j[krk gSA Hkw&mi;ksx
laoxks± dk ;ksx oqQy izfrosnu (fjiksfV±x) {ks=k osQ cjkcj gksrk
gS tks fd HkkSxksfyd {ks=k ls fHkUu gSA Hkkjr dh iz'kkldh;
bdkb;ksa osQ HkkSxksfyd {ks=k dh lgh tkudkjh nsus dk nkf;Ro
Hkkjrh; losZ{k.k foHkkx ij gSA D;k vkius dHkh Hkkjrh; losZ{k.k
foHkkx }kjk rS;kj fd, x, ekufp=kksa dk iz;ksx fd;k gS\
HkwjktLo rFkk losZ{k.k foHkkx nksuksa esa ewyHkwr varj ;g gS fd
HkwjktLo }kjk izLrqr {ks=kiQy i=kksa osQ vuqlkj fjiksfV±x {ks=k ij
vkèkkfjr gS tks fd de ;k vfèkd gks ldrk gSA oqQy
HkkSxksfyd {ks=k Hkkjrh; losZ{k.k foHkkx osQ losZ{k.k ij vkèkkfjr
gS rFkk ;g LFkk;h gSA vki Hkw&mi;ksx oxhZdj.k osQ fo"k; esa
lkekftd foKku dh iqLrd d{kk nl esa i<+ pqosQ gSaA
HkwjktLo vfHkys[k }kjk viuk;k x;k Hkw&mi;ksx
oxhZdj.k fuEu izdkj gSµ
(i) ouksa osQ vèkhu {ks=k (Forest) % ;g tkuuk
vko';d gS fd oxhZÑr ou {ks=k rFkk ouksa osQ
varxZr okLrfod {ks=k nksuksa i`Fkd gSaA ljdkj
}kjk oxhZÑr ou {ks=k dk lhekaoQu bl izdkj
fd;k tgk¡ ou fodflr gks ldrs gSaA HkwjktLo
vfHkys[kksa esa blh ifjHkk"kk dks lrr viuk;k
x;k gSA bl izdkj bl laoxZ osQ {ks=kiQy esa o`f¼
ntZ gks ldrh gS ijarq bldk vFkZ ;g ugha gS
fd ogk¡ okLrfod :i ls ou ik, tk,¡xsA
(ii) xSj o`Qf"k&dk;ksZa esa iz;qDr Hkwfe (Land put
to Non-agricultural uses) % bl laoxZ
esa cfLr;k¡ (xzkeh.k o 'kgjh) volajpuk (lM+osaQ]
ugjsa vkfn) m|ksxksa] nqdkuksa vkfn gsrq Hkw&mi;ksx
lfEefyr gSaA f}rh;d o r`rh;d dk;Zdykiksa esa
o`f¼ ls bl laoxZ osQ Hkw&mi;ksx esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA
bdkbZ III III III III III
vè;k; 5
Hkwlalkèku rFkk o`Qf"k
(iii) catj o O;FkZ&Hkwfe (Barren and
wastelands) % og Hkwfe tks izpfyr
izkS|ksfxdh dh enn ls o`Qf"k ;ksX; ugha cukbZ tk
ldrh] tSlsµ catj igkM+h HkwHkkx] e#LFky]
[kîóvkfn dks o`Qf"k v;ksX; O;FkZ&Hkwwfe esa oxho`Qr
fd;k x;k gSA
(iv) LFkk;h pjkxkg {ks=k (Permanent
pastures) % bl izdkj dh vfèkdrj Hkwfe
ij xzke iapk;r ;k ljdkj dk LokfeRo gksrk
gSA bl Hkwfe dk osQoy ,d NksVk Hkkx futh
LokfeRo esa gksrk gSA xzke iapk;r osQ LokfeRo
okyh Hkwfe dks ^lk>k laifÙk lalkèku* dgk
tkrk gSA
(v) fofoèk r#&I
+
kQlyksa o miouksa osQ varxZr {ks=k
(Area under miscellaneous tree
crops and groves) % (tks cks, x, fuoy
{ks=k esa lfEefyr ugha gS)µ bl laoxZ esa og
Hkwfe lfEefyr gS ftl ij m|ku o iQynkj o`{k
gSaA bl izdkj dh vfèkdrj Hkwfe O;fDr;ksa osQ
futh LokfeRo esa gSA
(vi) o`Qf"k ;ksX; O;FkZ Hkwfe (Culturable
waste land) % og Hkwfe tks fiNys ik¡p
o"kks± rd ;k vfèkd le; rd ijrh ;k o`Qf"kjfgr
gS] bl laoxZ esa lfEefyr dh tkrh gSA Hkwfe
m¼kj rduhd }kjk bls lqèkkj dj o`Qf"k ;ksX;
cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
(vii) orZeku ijrh Hkwfe (Current fallow) %
og Hkwfe tks ,d o`Qf"k o"kZ ;k mlls de le;
rd o`Qf"kjfgr jgrh gS] orZeku ijrh Hkwfe
dgykrh gSA Hkwfe dh xq.koÙkk cuk, j[kus gsrq
Hkwfe dk ijrh j[kuk ,d lkaLo`Qfrd pyu gSA
bl fofèk ls Hkwfe dh {kh.k moZjdrk ;k ikSf"Vdrk
izko`Qfrd :i ls okil vk tkrh gSA
(viii) iqjkru ijrh Hkwfe (Fallow other than
current fallow) % ;g Hkh o`Qf"k ;ksX; Hkwfe
gS tks ,d o"kZ ls vfèkd ysfdu ik¡p o"kksZa ls
de le; rd o`Qf"kjfgr jgrh gSA vxj dksbZ
HkwHkkx ik¡p o"kZ ls vfèkd le; rd o`Qf"k jfgr
jgrk gS rks bls o`Qf"k ;ksX; O;FkZ Hkwfe laoxZ esa
lfEefyr dj fn;k tkrk gSA
(ix) fuoy cks;k {ks=k (Net area sown) % og
Hkwfe ftl ij I
+
kQlysa mxkbZ o dkVh tkrh gSa] og
fuoy cks;k x;k {ks=k dgykrk gSA
Hkkjr esa Hkw&mi;ksx ifjorZu
fdlh {ks=k esa Hkw&mi;ksx] vfèkdrj ogk¡ dh vkfFZkd fozQ;kvksa
dh izo`fÙk ij fuHkZj gSA ;|fi le; osQ lkFk vkfFkZd
fozQ;kvksa esa cnyko vkrk jgrk gS ysfdu Hkwfe vU; cgqr ls
lalkèkuksa dh Hkk¡fr] {ks=kiQy dh n`f"V ls LFkk;h gSA gesa
Hkw&mi;ksx dks izHkkfor djus okys vFkZO;oLFkk osQ rhu
ifjorZuksa dks le>uk pkfg, tks fuEu izdkj ls gSaµ
(i) vFkZO;oLFkk dk vkdkj (ftls mRikfnr oLrqvksa rFkk
lsokvksa osQ ewY; osQ lanHkZ esa le>k tkrk gS)] le;
osQ lkFk c<+rk gS_ tks c<+rh tula[;k] cnyrs
vk;&Lrj] miyCèk izkS|ksfxdh o blh ls feyrs&tqyrs
dkjdksa ij fuHkZj gSA ifj.kkeLo:i le; osQ lkFk
Hkwfe ij ncko c<+rk gS rFkk lhekar Hkwfe dks Hkh
iz;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA
(ii) nwljk] le; osQ lkFk vFkZO;oLFkk dh lajpuk esa Hkh
cnyko gksrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] f}rh;d o r`rh;d
lsDVjksa esa] izkFkfed lsDVj dh vis{kk vfèkd rhozrk
ls o`f¼ gksrh gSA bl izdkj osQ ifjorZu Hkkjr tSls
fodkl'khy ns'k esa ,d lkekU; ckr gSA bl izfd;k
esa èkhjs&èkhjs o`Qf"k Hkwfe xSj&o`Qf"k lacafèkr dk;ks± esa
iz;qDr gksrh gSA vki ik,¡xs fd bl izdkj osQ
ifjorZu 'kgjksa osQ pkjksa rjI
+
kQ vfèkd rhoz gSa tgk¡
o`Qf"k Hkwfe dks bekjrksa osQ fy, mi;ksx fd;k
tk jgk gSA
(iii) rhljk] ;|fi le; osQ lkFk] o`Qf"k fozQ;kdykiksa dk
vFkZO;oLFkk esa ;ksxnku de gksrk tkrk gS] Hkwfe ij
o`Qf"k fozQ;kdykiksa dk ncko de ugha gksrkA o`Qf"k&Hkwfe
ij c<+rs ncko osQ dkj.k gSaµ
(v)izk;% fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa o`Qf"k ij
fuHkZj O;fDr;ksa dk vuqikr vis{kko`Qr
èkhjs&èkhjs ?kVrk gS tcfd o`Qf"k dk ldy
?kjsyw mRikn esa ;ksxnku rhozrk ls de
gksrk gSA
(c) og tula[;k tks o`Qf"k lsDVj ij fuHkZj gksrh
gSA izfrfnu c<+rh gh tkrh gSA
     41 Hkwlalkèku rFkk o`Qf"k 42 Hkkjr % yksx vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk
ifjf'k"V (N) dh rkfydk 1 vkSj 2 esa fn, x, o"kZ 1960&61 rFkk
1999&2000 osQ ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa izkFkfed] f}rh;d o r`rh;d
lsDVjksa osQ cnyrs vuqikr dk bUgha o"kks± esa cnyrs Hkw&mi;ksx
vk¡dM+ksa osQ lkFk rqyukRed o.kZu djsaA
fiNys pkj ;k ik¡p n'kdksa esa Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa
izeq[k cnyko vk, gSa rFkk blus ns'k osQ Hkw&mi;ksx ifjorZu dks
izHkkfor fd;k gSA o"kZ 1960&1961 rFkk 2002&2003 osQ nkSjku
gq, bl ifjorZu dks fp=k 5-1 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA bl vkjs[k dks
le>us esa nks ckrsa è;ku jgsaµ igyk] fp=k esa iznf'kZr izfr'kr
vfHkys[k (fjiksfV±x) osQ lanHkZ esa vkdfyr gSaA nwljk] pw¡fd
fjiksfV±x {ks=k Hkh oqQN o"kks± ls vis{kko`Qr LFkk;h gS] vr% ,d
laoxZ esa deh izk;% nwljs laoxZ esa o`f¼ fn[kkrh gSA
fp=k 5-1 ls ;g irk pyrk gS fd rhu laoxks± esa o`f¼
o pkj laoxks± osQ vuqikr esaa deh ntZ dh xbZ gSA ou {ks=kksa]
xSj&o`Qf"k dk;ks± esa iz;qDr Hkwfe] orZeku ijrh Hkwfe vkfn osQ
vuqikr esa o`f¼ gqbZ gSA
o`f¼ osQ fuEu dkj.k gks ldrs gSa %
(i) xSj&o`Qf"k dk;ks± esa iz;qDr {ks=k esa o`f¼ nj vfèkdre
gSA bldk dkj.k Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh cnyrh
lajpuk gS] ftldh fuHkZjrk vkS|ksfxd o lsok
lsDVjksa rFkk volajpuk lacaèkh foLrkj ij mÙkjksrj
c<+ jgh gSA blosQ vfrfjDr] xk¡oksa o 'kgjksa esa]
cfLr;ksa osQ varxZr {ks=kiQy esa foLrkj ls Hkh blesa
o`f¼ gqbZ gSaA vr% xSj o`Qf"k dk;ks± esa iz;qDr Hkwfe dk
izlkj o`Qf"k ;ksX; ijarq O;FkZ Hkwfe rFkk o`Qf"k Hkwfe dh
gkfu ij gqvk gSA
(ii) tSlk fd igys o.kZu fd;k x;k gS fd ns'k esa ou
{ks=k esa o`f¼ lhekadu osQ dkj.k gqbZ u fd ns'k esa
okLrfod ou vkPNkfnr {ks=k osQ dkj.kA
(iii) orZeku ijrh Hkwfe esa o`f¼ dks nks dkj.kksa ls le>k
tk ldrk gSµ orZeku ijrh {ks=k esa le;kuqlkj
dkI
+
kQh mrkj&p<+ko dh izo`fÙk jgh gS] tks o"kkZ dh
vfu;ferrk rFkk I
+
kQly&pozQ ij fuHkZj gSA
os pkj Hkw&mi;ksx laoxZ] ftuesa {ks=kh; vuqikr esa
fxjkoV vkbZ gSµ catj] O;FkZ Hkwfe o o`Qf"k ;ksX; O;FkZ Hkwfe]
pjkxkgksa rFkk r# I
+
kQlyksa osQ varxZr {ks=k rFkk fuoy cks;k
x;k {ks=kA
buosQ ?kVrs ozQe dh O;k[;k fuEu dkj.kksa }kjk dh tk
ldrh gS %
(i) le; osQ lkFk tSls&tSls o`Qf"k rFkk xSj o`Qf"k dk;ks±
gsrq Hkwfe ij ncko c<+k] oSls&oSls O;FkZ ,oa o`Qf"k
;ksX; O;FkZ Hkwfe esa le;kuqlkj deh bldh lk{kh gSA
(ii) fuoy cks, x, {ks=k esa U;wurk ,d orZeku ?kVuk gS]
tks 1990 osQ n'kd ls vkjaHk gqbZA blls igys
fuoy cks, x, {ks=k esa èkheh o`f¼ ntZ dh tkrh jgh
gSA fuoy cks, x, {ks=k esa U;wurk dk dkj.k xSj
uksV % mijksDr xzkiQ esa Hkkx 1 rFkk 5 laoxZ dks tksM+ fn;k x;k gSA
fp=k 5-1
Page 4


vkius vius pkjksa vksj Hkwfe osQ dbZ mi;ksx ns[ks gksaxsA i`Foh
osQ oqQN Hkkx ij ufn;k¡ gSa] oqQN ij o`{k gSa rFkk oqQN ij
lM+osaQ o bekjrsa fufeZr gSaA fofHkUu izdkj dh Hkwfe fofHkUu
dk;ks± gsrq mi;ksxh gSaA bl izdkj euq"; Hkwfe dks mRiknu] jgus
rFkk ukuk izdkj osQ euksjatd dk;ks± gsrq lalkèku osQ :i esa
iz;ksx djrk gSA vkiosQ LowQy dh bekjr] lM+osaQ ftu ij
vki ;k=kk djrs gSa] ozQhM+k m|ku tgk¡ vki [ksyrs gSa] [ksr
ftu ij I
+
kQlysa mxkbZ tkrh gSa ,oa pjkxkg tgk¡ i'kq pjrs gSa
vkfn Hkwfe osQ fofHkUu mi;ksxksa dks iznf'kZr djrs gSaA
Hkw&mi;ksx oxhZdj.k
HkwjktLo foHkkx Hkw&mi;ksx lacaèkh vfHkys[k j[krk gSA Hkw&mi;ksx
laoxks± dk ;ksx oqQy izfrosnu (fjiksfV±x) {ks=k osQ cjkcj gksrk
gS tks fd HkkSxksfyd {ks=k ls fHkUu gSA Hkkjr dh iz'kkldh;
bdkb;ksa osQ HkkSxksfyd {ks=k dh lgh tkudkjh nsus dk nkf;Ro
Hkkjrh; losZ{k.k foHkkx ij gSA D;k vkius dHkh Hkkjrh; losZ{k.k
foHkkx }kjk rS;kj fd, x, ekufp=kksa dk iz;ksx fd;k gS\
HkwjktLo rFkk losZ{k.k foHkkx nksuksa esa ewyHkwr varj ;g gS fd
HkwjktLo }kjk izLrqr {ks=kiQy i=kksa osQ vuqlkj fjiksfV±x {ks=k ij
vkèkkfjr gS tks fd de ;k vfèkd gks ldrk gSA oqQy
HkkSxksfyd {ks=k Hkkjrh; losZ{k.k foHkkx osQ losZ{k.k ij vkèkkfjr
gS rFkk ;g LFkk;h gSA vki Hkw&mi;ksx oxhZdj.k osQ fo"k; esa
lkekftd foKku dh iqLrd d{kk nl esa i<+ pqosQ gSaA
HkwjktLo vfHkys[k }kjk viuk;k x;k Hkw&mi;ksx
oxhZdj.k fuEu izdkj gSµ
(i) ouksa osQ vèkhu {ks=k (Forest) % ;g tkuuk
vko';d gS fd oxhZÑr ou {ks=k rFkk ouksa osQ
varxZr okLrfod {ks=k nksuksa i`Fkd gSaA ljdkj
}kjk oxhZÑr ou {ks=k dk lhekaoQu bl izdkj
fd;k tgk¡ ou fodflr gks ldrs gSaA HkwjktLo
vfHkys[kksa esa blh ifjHkk"kk dks lrr viuk;k
x;k gSA bl izdkj bl laoxZ osQ {ks=kiQy esa o`f¼
ntZ gks ldrh gS ijarq bldk vFkZ ;g ugha gS
fd ogk¡ okLrfod :i ls ou ik, tk,¡xsA
(ii) xSj o`Qf"k&dk;ksZa esa iz;qDr Hkwfe (Land put
to Non-agricultural uses) % bl laoxZ
esa cfLr;k¡ (xzkeh.k o 'kgjh) volajpuk (lM+osaQ]
ugjsa vkfn) m|ksxksa] nqdkuksa vkfn gsrq Hkw&mi;ksx
lfEefyr gSaA f}rh;d o r`rh;d dk;Zdykiksa esa
o`f¼ ls bl laoxZ osQ Hkw&mi;ksx esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA
bdkbZ III III III III III
vè;k; 5
Hkwlalkèku rFkk o`Qf"k
(iii) catj o O;FkZ&Hkwfe (Barren and
wastelands) % og Hkwfe tks izpfyr
izkS|ksfxdh dh enn ls o`Qf"k ;ksX; ugha cukbZ tk
ldrh] tSlsµ catj igkM+h HkwHkkx] e#LFky]
[kîóvkfn dks o`Qf"k v;ksX; O;FkZ&Hkwwfe esa oxho`Qr
fd;k x;k gSA
(iv) LFkk;h pjkxkg {ks=k (Permanent
pastures) % bl izdkj dh vfèkdrj Hkwfe
ij xzke iapk;r ;k ljdkj dk LokfeRo gksrk
gSA bl Hkwfe dk osQoy ,d NksVk Hkkx futh
LokfeRo esa gksrk gSA xzke iapk;r osQ LokfeRo
okyh Hkwfe dks ^lk>k laifÙk lalkèku* dgk
tkrk gSA
(v) fofoèk r#&I
+
kQlyksa o miouksa osQ varxZr {ks=k
(Area under miscellaneous tree
crops and groves) % (tks cks, x, fuoy
{ks=k esa lfEefyr ugha gS)µ bl laoxZ esa og
Hkwfe lfEefyr gS ftl ij m|ku o iQynkj o`{k
gSaA bl izdkj dh vfèkdrj Hkwfe O;fDr;ksa osQ
futh LokfeRo esa gSA
(vi) o`Qf"k ;ksX; O;FkZ Hkwfe (Culturable
waste land) % og Hkwfe tks fiNys ik¡p
o"kks± rd ;k vfèkd le; rd ijrh ;k o`Qf"kjfgr
gS] bl laoxZ esa lfEefyr dh tkrh gSA Hkwfe
m¼kj rduhd }kjk bls lqèkkj dj o`Qf"k ;ksX;
cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
(vii) orZeku ijrh Hkwfe (Current fallow) %
og Hkwfe tks ,d o`Qf"k o"kZ ;k mlls de le;
rd o`Qf"kjfgr jgrh gS] orZeku ijrh Hkwfe
dgykrh gSA Hkwfe dh xq.koÙkk cuk, j[kus gsrq
Hkwfe dk ijrh j[kuk ,d lkaLo`Qfrd pyu gSA
bl fofèk ls Hkwfe dh {kh.k moZjdrk ;k ikSf"Vdrk
izko`Qfrd :i ls okil vk tkrh gSA
(viii) iqjkru ijrh Hkwfe (Fallow other than
current fallow) % ;g Hkh o`Qf"k ;ksX; Hkwfe
gS tks ,d o"kZ ls vfèkd ysfdu ik¡p o"kksZa ls
de le; rd o`Qf"kjfgr jgrh gSA vxj dksbZ
HkwHkkx ik¡p o"kZ ls vfèkd le; rd o`Qf"k jfgr
jgrk gS rks bls o`Qf"k ;ksX; O;FkZ Hkwfe laoxZ esa
lfEefyr dj fn;k tkrk gSA
(ix) fuoy cks;k {ks=k (Net area sown) % og
Hkwfe ftl ij I
+
kQlysa mxkbZ o dkVh tkrh gSa] og
fuoy cks;k x;k {ks=k dgykrk gSA
Hkkjr esa Hkw&mi;ksx ifjorZu
fdlh {ks=k esa Hkw&mi;ksx] vfèkdrj ogk¡ dh vkfFZkd fozQ;kvksa
dh izo`fÙk ij fuHkZj gSA ;|fi le; osQ lkFk vkfFkZd
fozQ;kvksa esa cnyko vkrk jgrk gS ysfdu Hkwfe vU; cgqr ls
lalkèkuksa dh Hkk¡fr] {ks=kiQy dh n`f"V ls LFkk;h gSA gesa
Hkw&mi;ksx dks izHkkfor djus okys vFkZO;oLFkk osQ rhu
ifjorZuksa dks le>uk pkfg, tks fuEu izdkj ls gSaµ
(i) vFkZO;oLFkk dk vkdkj (ftls mRikfnr oLrqvksa rFkk
lsokvksa osQ ewY; osQ lanHkZ esa le>k tkrk gS)] le;
osQ lkFk c<+rk gS_ tks c<+rh tula[;k] cnyrs
vk;&Lrj] miyCèk izkS|ksfxdh o blh ls feyrs&tqyrs
dkjdksa ij fuHkZj gSA ifj.kkeLo:i le; osQ lkFk
Hkwfe ij ncko c<+rk gS rFkk lhekar Hkwfe dks Hkh
iz;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA
(ii) nwljk] le; osQ lkFk vFkZO;oLFkk dh lajpuk esa Hkh
cnyko gksrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] f}rh;d o r`rh;d
lsDVjksa esa] izkFkfed lsDVj dh vis{kk vfèkd rhozrk
ls o`f¼ gksrh gSA bl izdkj osQ ifjorZu Hkkjr tSls
fodkl'khy ns'k esa ,d lkekU; ckr gSA bl izfd;k
esa èkhjs&èkhjs o`Qf"k Hkwfe xSj&o`Qf"k lacafèkr dk;ks± esa
iz;qDr gksrh gSA vki ik,¡xs fd bl izdkj osQ
ifjorZu 'kgjksa osQ pkjksa rjI
+
kQ vfèkd rhoz gSa tgk¡
o`Qf"k Hkwfe dks bekjrksa osQ fy, mi;ksx fd;k
tk jgk gSA
(iii) rhljk] ;|fi le; osQ lkFk] o`Qf"k fozQ;kdykiksa dk
vFkZO;oLFkk esa ;ksxnku de gksrk tkrk gS] Hkwfe ij
o`Qf"k fozQ;kdykiksa dk ncko de ugha gksrkA o`Qf"k&Hkwfe
ij c<+rs ncko osQ dkj.k gSaµ
(v)izk;% fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa o`Qf"k ij
fuHkZj O;fDr;ksa dk vuqikr vis{kko`Qr
èkhjs&èkhjs ?kVrk gS tcfd o`Qf"k dk ldy
?kjsyw mRikn esa ;ksxnku rhozrk ls de
gksrk gSA
(c) og tula[;k tks o`Qf"k lsDVj ij fuHkZj gksrh
gSA izfrfnu c<+rh gh tkrh gSA
     41 Hkwlalkèku rFkk o`Qf"k 42 Hkkjr % yksx vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk
ifjf'k"V (N) dh rkfydk 1 vkSj 2 esa fn, x, o"kZ 1960&61 rFkk
1999&2000 osQ ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa izkFkfed] f}rh;d o r`rh;d
lsDVjksa osQ cnyrs vuqikr dk bUgha o"kks± esa cnyrs Hkw&mi;ksx
vk¡dM+ksa osQ lkFk rqyukRed o.kZu djsaA
fiNys pkj ;k ik¡p n'kdksa esa Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa
izeq[k cnyko vk, gSa rFkk blus ns'k osQ Hkw&mi;ksx ifjorZu dks
izHkkfor fd;k gSA o"kZ 1960&1961 rFkk 2002&2003 osQ nkSjku
gq, bl ifjorZu dks fp=k 5-1 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA bl vkjs[k dks
le>us esa nks ckrsa è;ku jgsaµ igyk] fp=k esa iznf'kZr izfr'kr
vfHkys[k (fjiksfV±x) osQ lanHkZ esa vkdfyr gSaA nwljk] pw¡fd
fjiksfV±x {ks=k Hkh oqQN o"kks± ls vis{kko`Qr LFkk;h gS] vr% ,d
laoxZ esa deh izk;% nwljs laoxZ esa o`f¼ fn[kkrh gSA
fp=k 5-1 ls ;g irk pyrk gS fd rhu laoxks± esa o`f¼
o pkj laoxks± osQ vuqikr esaa deh ntZ dh xbZ gSA ou {ks=kksa]
xSj&o`Qf"k dk;ks± esa iz;qDr Hkwfe] orZeku ijrh Hkwfe vkfn osQ
vuqikr esa o`f¼ gqbZ gSA
o`f¼ osQ fuEu dkj.k gks ldrs gSa %
(i) xSj&o`Qf"k dk;ks± esa iz;qDr {ks=k esa o`f¼ nj vfèkdre
gSA bldk dkj.k Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh cnyrh
lajpuk gS] ftldh fuHkZjrk vkS|ksfxd o lsok
lsDVjksa rFkk volajpuk lacaèkh foLrkj ij mÙkjksrj
c<+ jgh gSA blosQ vfrfjDr] xk¡oksa o 'kgjksa esa]
cfLr;ksa osQ varxZr {ks=kiQy esa foLrkj ls Hkh blesa
o`f¼ gqbZ gSaA vr% xSj o`Qf"k dk;ks± esa iz;qDr Hkwfe dk
izlkj o`Qf"k ;ksX; ijarq O;FkZ Hkwfe rFkk o`Qf"k Hkwfe dh
gkfu ij gqvk gSA
(ii) tSlk fd igys o.kZu fd;k x;k gS fd ns'k esa ou
{ks=k esa o`f¼ lhekadu osQ dkj.k gqbZ u fd ns'k esa
okLrfod ou vkPNkfnr {ks=k osQ dkj.kA
(iii) orZeku ijrh Hkwfe esa o`f¼ dks nks dkj.kksa ls le>k
tk ldrk gSµ orZeku ijrh {ks=k esa le;kuqlkj
dkI
+
kQh mrkj&p<+ko dh izo`fÙk jgh gS] tks o"kkZ dh
vfu;ferrk rFkk I
+
kQly&pozQ ij fuHkZj gSA
os pkj Hkw&mi;ksx laoxZ] ftuesa {ks=kh; vuqikr esa
fxjkoV vkbZ gSµ catj] O;FkZ Hkwfe o o`Qf"k ;ksX; O;FkZ Hkwfe]
pjkxkgksa rFkk r# I
+
kQlyksa osQ varxZr {ks=k rFkk fuoy cks;k
x;k {ks=kA
buosQ ?kVrs ozQe dh O;k[;k fuEu dkj.kksa }kjk dh tk
ldrh gS %
(i) le; osQ lkFk tSls&tSls o`Qf"k rFkk xSj o`Qf"k dk;ks±
gsrq Hkwfe ij ncko c<+k] oSls&oSls O;FkZ ,oa o`Qf"k
;ksX; O;FkZ Hkwfe esa le;kuqlkj deh bldh lk{kh gSA
(ii) fuoy cks, x, {ks=k esa U;wurk ,d orZeku ?kVuk gS]
tks 1990 osQ n'kd ls vkjaHk gqbZA blls igys
fuoy cks, x, {ks=k esa èkheh o`f¼ ntZ dh tkrh jgh
gSA fuoy cks, x, {ks=k esa U;wurk dk dkj.k xSj
uksV % mijksDr xzkiQ esa Hkkx 1 rFkk 5 laoxZ dks tksM+ fn;k x;k gSA
fp=k 5-1
     43 Hkwlalkèku rFkk o`Qf"k
o`Qf"k dk;ks± esa iz;qDr Hkwfe osQ vuqikr dk c<+uk gks
ldrk gSA (vius xk¡o rFkk 'kgj esa o`Qf"k ;ksX; Hkwfe
ij c<+rs Hkou fUkekZ.k dk;ksZa osQ fo"k; esa fy[ksaA)
(iii) pjkxkg Hkwfe esa deh dk dkj.k o`Qf"k Hkwfe ij
c<+rk ncko gSA lk>h pjkxkgksa ij xSj&dkuwuh
rjhdksa ls o`Qf"k foLrkj gh bldh U;wurk dk eq[;
dkj.k gSA
okLrfod o`f¼ vkSj o`f¼ nj esa D;k varj gS\ 1960&61 ,oa
2002&03 osQ vk¡dM+ksa osQ vuqlkj Hkwfe mi;ksx osQ lHkh oxks± dh
okLrfod o`f¼ o o`f¼ nj osQ fo"k; esa crkb,A ifjf'k"V rkfydk
v&1 ifj.kke dh foospuk dhft,A
vè;kid osQ fy,
okLrfod o`f¼ dh x.kuk osQ fy,] nks le; dkyksa osQ Hkw&mi;ksx
laoxks± dk varj fudkysaA
o`f¼ nj dh x.kuk gsrq] lkekU; o`f¼ nj vFkkZr~ nksuksa o"kks± osQ vk¡dM+ksa
dk varj fudkydj mls vkèkkj o"kZ ;kuh 1960&61 osQ vk¡dM+ksa ls
foHkkftr djsaA tSlsµ
lk>k laifÙk lalkèku (Common Pr (Common Pr (Common Pr (Common Pr (Common Proper oper oper oper operty ty ty ty ty
Resources) Resources) Resources) Resources) Resources)
Hkwfe osQ LokfeRo osQ vkèkkj ij bls eksVs rkSj ij nks oxks± esa
ck¡Vk tkrk gSµ futh HkwlaifÙk rFkk lk>k laifÙk lalkèku
(CPRs)A igys oxZ dh Hkwfe ij O;fDr;ksa dk futh
LokfeRo vFkok oqQN O;fDr;ksa dk lfEefyr futh LokfeRo
gksrk gSA nwljs oxZ dh Hkwfe;k¡ lkeqnkf;d mi;ksx gsrq jkT;ksa
osQ LokfeRo esa gksrh gSaA lk>k laifÙk lalkèku&i'kqvksa osQ fy,
pkjk] ?kjsyw mi;ksx gsrq b±èku] ydM+h rFkk lkFk gh vU; ou
mRikn tSlsµ iQy] js'ks] fxjh] vkS"kèkh; ikSèks vkfn miyCèk
djkrh gSaA xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa Hkwfeghu NksVs o`Q"kdksa rFkk vU;
vkfFkZd :i ls de”kksj oxZ osQ O;fDr;ksa osQ thou&;kiu esa
bu Hkwfe;ksa dk fo'ks"k egRo gS_ D;ksafd buesa ls vfèkdrj
Hkwfeghu gksus osQ dkj.k i'kqikyu ls izkIr vkthfodk ij
fuHkZj gSaA efgykvksa osQ fy, Hkh bu Hkwfe;ksa dk fo'ks"k egRo gS
D;ksafd xzkeh.k bykdksa esa pkjk o b±èku ydM+h osQ ,d=khdj.k
dh f”kEesnkjh mUgha dh gksrh gSA bu Hkwfe;ksa esa deh ls mUgsa
pkjs rFkk b±èku dh ryk'k esa nwj rd HkVduk iM+rk gSA
lk>k laifÙk lalkèkuksa dks lkeqnkf;d izko`Qfrd lalkèku
Hkh dgk tk ldrk gS] tgk¡ lHkh lnL;ksa dks blosQ mi;ksx
dk vfèkdkj gksrk gS rFkk fdlh fo'ks"k osQ laifÙk vfèkdkj
u gksdj lHkh lnL;ksa osQ oqQN fo'ks"k dÙkZO; Hkh gSaA
lkeqnkf;d ou] pjkxkgksa] xzkeh.k tyh; {ks=k rFkk vU;
lkoZtfud LFkku lk>k laifÙk lalkèku osQ ,sls mnkgj.k gSa
ftldk mi;ksx ,d ifjokj ls cM+h bdkbZ djrh gS rFkk ;gh
mlosQ izcaèku osQ nkf;Roksa dk fuoZgu djrh gSaA
Hkkjr esa o`Qf"k Hkw&mi;ksx
Hkw&lalkèkuksa dk egRo mu yksxksa osQ fy, vfèkd gS ftudh
vkthfodk o`Qf"k ij fuHkZj gSa %
(i) f}rh;d o r`rh;d vkfFkZd fozQ;kvksa dh vis{kk
o`Qf"k iw.kZr;k Hkwfe ij vkèkkfjr gSA vU; 'kCnksa esa]
o`Qf"k mRiknu esa Hkwfe dk ;ksxnku vU; lsDVjksa esa
blosQ ;ksxnku ls vfèkd gSA vr% xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa
Hkwfeghurk izR;{k :i ls ogk¡ dh xjhch ls lacafèkr
gSA
(ii) Hkwfe dh xq.koÙkk o`Qf"k mRikndrk dks izHkkfor
djrh gS tks vU; dk;ks± esa ugha gSA
(iii) xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa Hkw&LokfeRo dk vkfFkZd ewY; osQ
vfrfjDr lkekftd ewY; Hkh gSa rFkk izko`Qfrd
vkinkvksa ;k futh foifÙk esa ,d lqj{kk dh Hkk¡fr
gS ,oa lekt esa izfr"Bk c<+krk gSA
leLr o`Qf"k Hkwfe lalkèkuksa dk vuqeku&fuoy cks;k
x;k {ks=k rFkk lHkh izdkj dh ijrh Hkwfe vkSj o`Qf"k ;ksX;
O;FkZ Hkwfe;kssa osQ ;ksx ls yxk;k tk ldrk gSA rkfydk
5-1 ls ;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd fiNys o"kks± esa leLr
fjiksfV±x {ks=k ls o`Qf"k Hkwfe dk izfr'kr de gqvk gSA o`Qf"k
;ksX; O;FkZ Hkwfe laoxZ esa deh osQ ckotwn o`Qf"k ;ksX; Hkwfe
esa deh vkbZ gSA
mijksDr o.kZu ls ;g Li"V gS fd Hkkjr esa fuoy cks,
x, {ks=k esa c<+ksrjh dh laHkkouk,¡ lhfer gSaA vr% Hkwfe cpr
izkS|ksfxdh fodflr djuk vkt vR;ar vko';d gSA ;g
100
fuoy cks;k x;k {k= s k (2002&03) & fuoy cks;k x;k {k= s k (1960&61)
fuoy cks;k x;k {k= s k (1960&61)
Page 5


vkius vius pkjksa vksj Hkwfe osQ dbZ mi;ksx ns[ks gksaxsA i`Foh
osQ oqQN Hkkx ij ufn;k¡ gSa] oqQN ij o`{k gSa rFkk oqQN ij
lM+osaQ o bekjrsa fufeZr gSaA fofHkUu izdkj dh Hkwfe fofHkUu
dk;ks± gsrq mi;ksxh gSaA bl izdkj euq"; Hkwfe dks mRiknu] jgus
rFkk ukuk izdkj osQ euksjatd dk;ks± gsrq lalkèku osQ :i esa
iz;ksx djrk gSA vkiosQ LowQy dh bekjr] lM+osaQ ftu ij
vki ;k=kk djrs gSa] ozQhM+k m|ku tgk¡ vki [ksyrs gSa] [ksr
ftu ij I
+
kQlysa mxkbZ tkrh gSa ,oa pjkxkg tgk¡ i'kq pjrs gSa
vkfn Hkwfe osQ fofHkUu mi;ksxksa dks iznf'kZr djrs gSaA
Hkw&mi;ksx oxhZdj.k
HkwjktLo foHkkx Hkw&mi;ksx lacaèkh vfHkys[k j[krk gSA Hkw&mi;ksx
laoxks± dk ;ksx oqQy izfrosnu (fjiksfV±x) {ks=k osQ cjkcj gksrk
gS tks fd HkkSxksfyd {ks=k ls fHkUu gSA Hkkjr dh iz'kkldh;
bdkb;ksa osQ HkkSxksfyd {ks=k dh lgh tkudkjh nsus dk nkf;Ro
Hkkjrh; losZ{k.k foHkkx ij gSA D;k vkius dHkh Hkkjrh; losZ{k.k
foHkkx }kjk rS;kj fd, x, ekufp=kksa dk iz;ksx fd;k gS\
HkwjktLo rFkk losZ{k.k foHkkx nksuksa esa ewyHkwr varj ;g gS fd
HkwjktLo }kjk izLrqr {ks=kiQy i=kksa osQ vuqlkj fjiksfV±x {ks=k ij
vkèkkfjr gS tks fd de ;k vfèkd gks ldrk gSA oqQy
HkkSxksfyd {ks=k Hkkjrh; losZ{k.k foHkkx osQ losZ{k.k ij vkèkkfjr
gS rFkk ;g LFkk;h gSA vki Hkw&mi;ksx oxhZdj.k osQ fo"k; esa
lkekftd foKku dh iqLrd d{kk nl esa i<+ pqosQ gSaA
HkwjktLo vfHkys[k }kjk viuk;k x;k Hkw&mi;ksx
oxhZdj.k fuEu izdkj gSµ
(i) ouksa osQ vèkhu {ks=k (Forest) % ;g tkuuk
vko';d gS fd oxhZÑr ou {ks=k rFkk ouksa osQ
varxZr okLrfod {ks=k nksuksa i`Fkd gSaA ljdkj
}kjk oxhZÑr ou {ks=k dk lhekaoQu bl izdkj
fd;k tgk¡ ou fodflr gks ldrs gSaA HkwjktLo
vfHkys[kksa esa blh ifjHkk"kk dks lrr viuk;k
x;k gSA bl izdkj bl laoxZ osQ {ks=kiQy esa o`f¼
ntZ gks ldrh gS ijarq bldk vFkZ ;g ugha gS
fd ogk¡ okLrfod :i ls ou ik, tk,¡xsA
(ii) xSj o`Qf"k&dk;ksZa esa iz;qDr Hkwfe (Land put
to Non-agricultural uses) % bl laoxZ
esa cfLr;k¡ (xzkeh.k o 'kgjh) volajpuk (lM+osaQ]
ugjsa vkfn) m|ksxksa] nqdkuksa vkfn gsrq Hkw&mi;ksx
lfEefyr gSaA f}rh;d o r`rh;d dk;Zdykiksa esa
o`f¼ ls bl laoxZ osQ Hkw&mi;ksx esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA
bdkbZ III III III III III
vè;k; 5
Hkwlalkèku rFkk o`Qf"k
(iii) catj o O;FkZ&Hkwfe (Barren and
wastelands) % og Hkwfe tks izpfyr
izkS|ksfxdh dh enn ls o`Qf"k ;ksX; ugha cukbZ tk
ldrh] tSlsµ catj igkM+h HkwHkkx] e#LFky]
[kîóvkfn dks o`Qf"k v;ksX; O;FkZ&Hkwwfe esa oxho`Qr
fd;k x;k gSA
(iv) LFkk;h pjkxkg {ks=k (Permanent
pastures) % bl izdkj dh vfèkdrj Hkwfe
ij xzke iapk;r ;k ljdkj dk LokfeRo gksrk
gSA bl Hkwfe dk osQoy ,d NksVk Hkkx futh
LokfeRo esa gksrk gSA xzke iapk;r osQ LokfeRo
okyh Hkwfe dks ^lk>k laifÙk lalkèku* dgk
tkrk gSA
(v) fofoèk r#&I
+
kQlyksa o miouksa osQ varxZr {ks=k
(Area under miscellaneous tree
crops and groves) % (tks cks, x, fuoy
{ks=k esa lfEefyr ugha gS)µ bl laoxZ esa og
Hkwfe lfEefyr gS ftl ij m|ku o iQynkj o`{k
gSaA bl izdkj dh vfèkdrj Hkwfe O;fDr;ksa osQ
futh LokfeRo esa gSA
(vi) o`Qf"k ;ksX; O;FkZ Hkwfe (Culturable
waste land) % og Hkwfe tks fiNys ik¡p
o"kks± rd ;k vfèkd le; rd ijrh ;k o`Qf"kjfgr
gS] bl laoxZ esa lfEefyr dh tkrh gSA Hkwfe
m¼kj rduhd }kjk bls lqèkkj dj o`Qf"k ;ksX;
cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
(vii) orZeku ijrh Hkwfe (Current fallow) %
og Hkwfe tks ,d o`Qf"k o"kZ ;k mlls de le;
rd o`Qf"kjfgr jgrh gS] orZeku ijrh Hkwfe
dgykrh gSA Hkwfe dh xq.koÙkk cuk, j[kus gsrq
Hkwfe dk ijrh j[kuk ,d lkaLo`Qfrd pyu gSA
bl fofèk ls Hkwfe dh {kh.k moZjdrk ;k ikSf"Vdrk
izko`Qfrd :i ls okil vk tkrh gSA
(viii) iqjkru ijrh Hkwfe (Fallow other than
current fallow) % ;g Hkh o`Qf"k ;ksX; Hkwfe
gS tks ,d o"kZ ls vfèkd ysfdu ik¡p o"kksZa ls
de le; rd o`Qf"kjfgr jgrh gSA vxj dksbZ
HkwHkkx ik¡p o"kZ ls vfèkd le; rd o`Qf"k jfgr
jgrk gS rks bls o`Qf"k ;ksX; O;FkZ Hkwfe laoxZ esa
lfEefyr dj fn;k tkrk gSA
(ix) fuoy cks;k {ks=k (Net area sown) % og
Hkwfe ftl ij I
+
kQlysa mxkbZ o dkVh tkrh gSa] og
fuoy cks;k x;k {ks=k dgykrk gSA
Hkkjr esa Hkw&mi;ksx ifjorZu
fdlh {ks=k esa Hkw&mi;ksx] vfèkdrj ogk¡ dh vkfFZkd fozQ;kvksa
dh izo`fÙk ij fuHkZj gSA ;|fi le; osQ lkFk vkfFkZd
fozQ;kvksa esa cnyko vkrk jgrk gS ysfdu Hkwfe vU; cgqr ls
lalkèkuksa dh Hkk¡fr] {ks=kiQy dh n`f"V ls LFkk;h gSA gesa
Hkw&mi;ksx dks izHkkfor djus okys vFkZO;oLFkk osQ rhu
ifjorZuksa dks le>uk pkfg, tks fuEu izdkj ls gSaµ
(i) vFkZO;oLFkk dk vkdkj (ftls mRikfnr oLrqvksa rFkk
lsokvksa osQ ewY; osQ lanHkZ esa le>k tkrk gS)] le;
osQ lkFk c<+rk gS_ tks c<+rh tula[;k] cnyrs
vk;&Lrj] miyCèk izkS|ksfxdh o blh ls feyrs&tqyrs
dkjdksa ij fuHkZj gSA ifj.kkeLo:i le; osQ lkFk
Hkwfe ij ncko c<+rk gS rFkk lhekar Hkwfe dks Hkh
iz;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA
(ii) nwljk] le; osQ lkFk vFkZO;oLFkk dh lajpuk esa Hkh
cnyko gksrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] f}rh;d o r`rh;d
lsDVjksa esa] izkFkfed lsDVj dh vis{kk vfèkd rhozrk
ls o`f¼ gksrh gSA bl izdkj osQ ifjorZu Hkkjr tSls
fodkl'khy ns'k esa ,d lkekU; ckr gSA bl izfd;k
esa èkhjs&èkhjs o`Qf"k Hkwfe xSj&o`Qf"k lacafèkr dk;ks± esa
iz;qDr gksrh gSA vki ik,¡xs fd bl izdkj osQ
ifjorZu 'kgjksa osQ pkjksa rjI
+
kQ vfèkd rhoz gSa tgk¡
o`Qf"k Hkwfe dks bekjrksa osQ fy, mi;ksx fd;k
tk jgk gSA
(iii) rhljk] ;|fi le; osQ lkFk] o`Qf"k fozQ;kdykiksa dk
vFkZO;oLFkk esa ;ksxnku de gksrk tkrk gS] Hkwfe ij
o`Qf"k fozQ;kdykiksa dk ncko de ugha gksrkA o`Qf"k&Hkwfe
ij c<+rs ncko osQ dkj.k gSaµ
(v)izk;% fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa o`Qf"k ij
fuHkZj O;fDr;ksa dk vuqikr vis{kko`Qr
èkhjs&èkhjs ?kVrk gS tcfd o`Qf"k dk ldy
?kjsyw mRikn esa ;ksxnku rhozrk ls de
gksrk gSA
(c) og tula[;k tks o`Qf"k lsDVj ij fuHkZj gksrh
gSA izfrfnu c<+rh gh tkrh gSA
     41 Hkwlalkèku rFkk o`Qf"k 42 Hkkjr % yksx vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk
ifjf'k"V (N) dh rkfydk 1 vkSj 2 esa fn, x, o"kZ 1960&61 rFkk
1999&2000 osQ ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa izkFkfed] f}rh;d o r`rh;d
lsDVjksa osQ cnyrs vuqikr dk bUgha o"kks± esa cnyrs Hkw&mi;ksx
vk¡dM+ksa osQ lkFk rqyukRed o.kZu djsaA
fiNys pkj ;k ik¡p n'kdksa esa Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa
izeq[k cnyko vk, gSa rFkk blus ns'k osQ Hkw&mi;ksx ifjorZu dks
izHkkfor fd;k gSA o"kZ 1960&1961 rFkk 2002&2003 osQ nkSjku
gq, bl ifjorZu dks fp=k 5-1 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA bl vkjs[k dks
le>us esa nks ckrsa è;ku jgsaµ igyk] fp=k esa iznf'kZr izfr'kr
vfHkys[k (fjiksfV±x) osQ lanHkZ esa vkdfyr gSaA nwljk] pw¡fd
fjiksfV±x {ks=k Hkh oqQN o"kks± ls vis{kko`Qr LFkk;h gS] vr% ,d
laoxZ esa deh izk;% nwljs laoxZ esa o`f¼ fn[kkrh gSA
fp=k 5-1 ls ;g irk pyrk gS fd rhu laoxks± esa o`f¼
o pkj laoxks± osQ vuqikr esaa deh ntZ dh xbZ gSA ou {ks=kksa]
xSj&o`Qf"k dk;ks± esa iz;qDr Hkwfe] orZeku ijrh Hkwfe vkfn osQ
vuqikr esa o`f¼ gqbZ gSA
o`f¼ osQ fuEu dkj.k gks ldrs gSa %
(i) xSj&o`Qf"k dk;ks± esa iz;qDr {ks=k esa o`f¼ nj vfèkdre
gSA bldk dkj.k Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh cnyrh
lajpuk gS] ftldh fuHkZjrk vkS|ksfxd o lsok
lsDVjksa rFkk volajpuk lacaèkh foLrkj ij mÙkjksrj
c<+ jgh gSA blosQ vfrfjDr] xk¡oksa o 'kgjksa esa]
cfLr;ksa osQ varxZr {ks=kiQy esa foLrkj ls Hkh blesa
o`f¼ gqbZ gSaA vr% xSj o`Qf"k dk;ks± esa iz;qDr Hkwfe dk
izlkj o`Qf"k ;ksX; ijarq O;FkZ Hkwfe rFkk o`Qf"k Hkwfe dh
gkfu ij gqvk gSA
(ii) tSlk fd igys o.kZu fd;k x;k gS fd ns'k esa ou
{ks=k esa o`f¼ lhekadu osQ dkj.k gqbZ u fd ns'k esa
okLrfod ou vkPNkfnr {ks=k osQ dkj.kA
(iii) orZeku ijrh Hkwfe esa o`f¼ dks nks dkj.kksa ls le>k
tk ldrk gSµ orZeku ijrh {ks=k esa le;kuqlkj
dkI
+
kQh mrkj&p<+ko dh izo`fÙk jgh gS] tks o"kkZ dh
vfu;ferrk rFkk I
+
kQly&pozQ ij fuHkZj gSA
os pkj Hkw&mi;ksx laoxZ] ftuesa {ks=kh; vuqikr esa
fxjkoV vkbZ gSµ catj] O;FkZ Hkwfe o o`Qf"k ;ksX; O;FkZ Hkwfe]
pjkxkgksa rFkk r# I
+
kQlyksa osQ varxZr {ks=k rFkk fuoy cks;k
x;k {ks=kA
buosQ ?kVrs ozQe dh O;k[;k fuEu dkj.kksa }kjk dh tk
ldrh gS %
(i) le; osQ lkFk tSls&tSls o`Qf"k rFkk xSj o`Qf"k dk;ks±
gsrq Hkwfe ij ncko c<+k] oSls&oSls O;FkZ ,oa o`Qf"k
;ksX; O;FkZ Hkwfe esa le;kuqlkj deh bldh lk{kh gSA
(ii) fuoy cks, x, {ks=k esa U;wurk ,d orZeku ?kVuk gS]
tks 1990 osQ n'kd ls vkjaHk gqbZA blls igys
fuoy cks, x, {ks=k esa èkheh o`f¼ ntZ dh tkrh jgh
gSA fuoy cks, x, {ks=k esa U;wurk dk dkj.k xSj
uksV % mijksDr xzkiQ esa Hkkx 1 rFkk 5 laoxZ dks tksM+ fn;k x;k gSA
fp=k 5-1
     43 Hkwlalkèku rFkk o`Qf"k
o`Qf"k dk;ks± esa iz;qDr Hkwfe osQ vuqikr dk c<+uk gks
ldrk gSA (vius xk¡o rFkk 'kgj esa o`Qf"k ;ksX; Hkwfe
ij c<+rs Hkou fUkekZ.k dk;ksZa osQ fo"k; esa fy[ksaA)
(iii) pjkxkg Hkwfe esa deh dk dkj.k o`Qf"k Hkwfe ij
c<+rk ncko gSA lk>h pjkxkgksa ij xSj&dkuwuh
rjhdksa ls o`Qf"k foLrkj gh bldh U;wurk dk eq[;
dkj.k gSA
okLrfod o`f¼ vkSj o`f¼ nj esa D;k varj gS\ 1960&61 ,oa
2002&03 osQ vk¡dM+ksa osQ vuqlkj Hkwfe mi;ksx osQ lHkh oxks± dh
okLrfod o`f¼ o o`f¼ nj osQ fo"k; esa crkb,A ifjf'k"V rkfydk
v&1 ifj.kke dh foospuk dhft,A
vè;kid osQ fy,
okLrfod o`f¼ dh x.kuk osQ fy,] nks le; dkyksa osQ Hkw&mi;ksx
laoxks± dk varj fudkysaA
o`f¼ nj dh x.kuk gsrq] lkekU; o`f¼ nj vFkkZr~ nksuksa o"kks± osQ vk¡dM+ksa
dk varj fudkydj mls vkèkkj o"kZ ;kuh 1960&61 osQ vk¡dM+ksa ls
foHkkftr djsaA tSlsµ
lk>k laifÙk lalkèku (Common Pr (Common Pr (Common Pr (Common Pr (Common Proper oper oper oper operty ty ty ty ty
Resources) Resources) Resources) Resources) Resources)
Hkwfe osQ LokfeRo osQ vkèkkj ij bls eksVs rkSj ij nks oxks± esa
ck¡Vk tkrk gSµ futh HkwlaifÙk rFkk lk>k laifÙk lalkèku
(CPRs)A igys oxZ dh Hkwfe ij O;fDr;ksa dk futh
LokfeRo vFkok oqQN O;fDr;ksa dk lfEefyr futh LokfeRo
gksrk gSA nwljs oxZ dh Hkwfe;k¡ lkeqnkf;d mi;ksx gsrq jkT;ksa
osQ LokfeRo esa gksrh gSaA lk>k laifÙk lalkèku&i'kqvksa osQ fy,
pkjk] ?kjsyw mi;ksx gsrq b±èku] ydM+h rFkk lkFk gh vU; ou
mRikn tSlsµ iQy] js'ks] fxjh] vkS"kèkh; ikSèks vkfn miyCèk
djkrh gSaA xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa Hkwfeghu NksVs o`Q"kdksa rFkk vU;
vkfFkZd :i ls de”kksj oxZ osQ O;fDr;ksa osQ thou&;kiu esa
bu Hkwfe;ksa dk fo'ks"k egRo gS_ D;ksafd buesa ls vfèkdrj
Hkwfeghu gksus osQ dkj.k i'kqikyu ls izkIr vkthfodk ij
fuHkZj gSaA efgykvksa osQ fy, Hkh bu Hkwfe;ksa dk fo'ks"k egRo gS
D;ksafd xzkeh.k bykdksa esa pkjk o b±èku ydM+h osQ ,d=khdj.k
dh f”kEesnkjh mUgha dh gksrh gSA bu Hkwfe;ksa esa deh ls mUgsa
pkjs rFkk b±èku dh ryk'k esa nwj rd HkVduk iM+rk gSA
lk>k laifÙk lalkèkuksa dks lkeqnkf;d izko`Qfrd lalkèku
Hkh dgk tk ldrk gS] tgk¡ lHkh lnL;ksa dks blosQ mi;ksx
dk vfèkdkj gksrk gS rFkk fdlh fo'ks"k osQ laifÙk vfèkdkj
u gksdj lHkh lnL;ksa osQ oqQN fo'ks"k dÙkZO; Hkh gSaA
lkeqnkf;d ou] pjkxkgksa] xzkeh.k tyh; {ks=k rFkk vU;
lkoZtfud LFkku lk>k laifÙk lalkèku osQ ,sls mnkgj.k gSa
ftldk mi;ksx ,d ifjokj ls cM+h bdkbZ djrh gS rFkk ;gh
mlosQ izcaèku osQ nkf;Roksa dk fuoZgu djrh gSaA
Hkkjr esa o`Qf"k Hkw&mi;ksx
Hkw&lalkèkuksa dk egRo mu yksxksa osQ fy, vfèkd gS ftudh
vkthfodk o`Qf"k ij fuHkZj gSa %
(i) f}rh;d o r`rh;d vkfFkZd fozQ;kvksa dh vis{kk
o`Qf"k iw.kZr;k Hkwfe ij vkèkkfjr gSA vU; 'kCnksa esa]
o`Qf"k mRiknu esa Hkwfe dk ;ksxnku vU; lsDVjksa esa
blosQ ;ksxnku ls vfèkd gSA vr% xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa
Hkwfeghurk izR;{k :i ls ogk¡ dh xjhch ls lacafèkr
gSA
(ii) Hkwfe dh xq.koÙkk o`Qf"k mRikndrk dks izHkkfor
djrh gS tks vU; dk;ks± esa ugha gSA
(iii) xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa Hkw&LokfeRo dk vkfFkZd ewY; osQ
vfrfjDr lkekftd ewY; Hkh gSa rFkk izko`Qfrd
vkinkvksa ;k futh foifÙk esa ,d lqj{kk dh Hkk¡fr
gS ,oa lekt esa izfr"Bk c<+krk gSA
leLr o`Qf"k Hkwfe lalkèkuksa dk vuqeku&fuoy cks;k
x;k {ks=k rFkk lHkh izdkj dh ijrh Hkwfe vkSj o`Qf"k ;ksX;
O;FkZ Hkwfe;kssa osQ ;ksx ls yxk;k tk ldrk gSA rkfydk
5-1 ls ;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd fiNys o"kks± esa leLr
fjiksfV±x {ks=k ls o`Qf"k Hkwfe dk izfr'kr de gqvk gSA o`Qf"k
;ksX; O;FkZ Hkwfe laoxZ esa deh osQ ckotwn o`Qf"k ;ksX; Hkwfe
esa deh vkbZ gSA
mijksDr o.kZu ls ;g Li"V gS fd Hkkjr esa fuoy cks,
x, {ks=k esa c<+ksrjh dh laHkkouk,¡ lhfer gSaA vr% Hkwfe cpr
izkS|ksfxdh fodflr djuk vkt vR;ar vko';d gSA ;g
100
fuoy cks;k x;k {k= s k (2002&03) & fuoy cks;k x;k {k= s k (1960&61)
fuoy cks;k x;k {k= s k (1960&61)
44 Hkkjr % yksx vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk
izkS|ksfxdh nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vh tk ldrh gSaµ igyh] og tks
izfr bdkbZ Hkwfe esa I
+
kQly fo'ks"k dh mRikndrk c<+k,¡ rFkk
nwljh] og izkS|ksfxdh tks ,d o`Qf"k o"kZ esa xgu Hkw&mi;ksx
ls lHkh I
+
kQlyksa dk mRiknu c<+k,¡A nwljh izkS|ksfxdh dk ykHk
;g gS fd blesa lhfer Hkwfe ls Hkh oqQy mRiknu c<+us osQ
lkFk Jfedksa dh ek¡x Hkh i;kZIr :i ls c<+rh gSA Hkkjr tSls
ns'k esa Hkwfe dh deh rFkk Je dh vfèkdrk gS] ,slh fLFkfr
esa I
+
kQly l?kurk dh vko';drk osQoy Hkw&mi;ksx gsrq
okafNr gSa_ vfirq xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa csjks”kxkjh tSlh vkfFkZd
leL;k dks Hkh de djus osQ fy, vko';d gSA
I
+
kQly xgurk dh x.kuk fuEu izdkj ls dh tkrh gS %
o`Qf"k xgurk % vFkkZr~ 
100
ldy ck; sk x;k {ks=k
fuoy ck; sk x;k {ks=k
Hkkjr esa I
+
kQly ½rq,¡
gekjs ns'k osQ mÙkjh o vkarfjd Hkkxksa esa rhu izeq[k I
+
kQly
=kQrq,¡µ [kjhiQ] jch o ”kk;n osQ uke ls tkuh tkrh gSA
[kjhI
+
kQ dh I
+
kQlysa vfèkdrj nf{k.k&if'peh ekulwu osQ lkFk
cksbZ tkrh gSa ftlesa m".k dfVcaèkh; I
+
kQlysa lfEefyr gSa]
tSlsµ pkoy] dikl] twV] Tokj] cktjk o
vjgj vkfnA jch dh ½rq vDVwcj&uoacj esa
'kjn ½rq ls izkjaHk gksdj ekpZ&vizSy esa
lekIr gksrh gSA bl le; de rkieku
'khrks".k rFkk miks".k dfVcaèkh; I
+
kQlyksa tSlsµ
xsgw¡] puk] rFkk ljlksa vkfn I
+
kQlyksa dh cqokbZ
esa lgk;d gSA ”kk;n ,d vYidkfyd
xzh"edkyhu I
+
kQly&½rq gS] tks jch dh
dVkbZ osQ ckn izkjaHk gkssrk gSA bl ½rq esa
rjcwt] [khjk] ddM+h] lfC”k;k¡ o pkjs dh
I
+
kQlyksa dh o`Qf"k flafpr Hkwfe ij dh tkrh gS ;|fi bl
izdkj dh i`Fkd I
+
kQly ½rq,¡ ns'k osQ nf{k.k Hkkxksa esa ugha
ikbZ tkrhaA ;gk¡ dk vfèkdre rkieku o"kZHkj fdlh Hkh m".k
dfVcaèkh; I
+
kQly dh cqokbZ esa lgk;d gS] blosQ fy, i;kZIr
vknzZrk miyCèk gksuh pkfg,A blfy, ns'k osQ bl Hkkx esa]
tgk¡ Hkh i;kZIr ek=kk esa flapkbZ lqfoèkk,¡ miyCèk gSa] ,d
o`Qf"k o"kZ esa ,d gh I
+
kQly rhu ckj mxkbZ tk ldrh gSA
o`Qf"k osQ izdkj
vknzZrk osQ izeq[k miyCèk lzksr osQ vkèkkj ij o`Qf"k dks
flafpr o`Qf"k rFkk o"kkZ fuHkZj (ckjkuh) o`Qf"k esa oxhZo`Qr
fd;k tkrk gSA flafpr o`Qf"k esa Hkh flapkbZ osQ mns'; osQ
vkèkkj ij varj ik;k tkrk gS] tSlsµ jf{kr flapkbZ o`Qf"k rFkk
mRiknd flapkbZ o`Qf"kA jf{kr flapkbZ dk eq[; mns'; vknzZrk
dh deh osQ dkj.k I
+
kQlyksa dks u"V gksus ls cpkuk gS ftldk
vfHkizk; ;g gS fd o"kkZ osQ vfrfjDRk ty dh deh dks
flapkbZ }kjk iwjk fd;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj dh flapkbZ dk
mís'; vfèkdre {ks=k dks i;kZIRk vknZZzrk miyCèk djkuk gSA
mRiknd flapkbZ dk mís'; I
+
kQlyksa dks i;kZIr ek=kk esa ikuh
o`Qf"k ;ksX; Hkw&mi;ksx fjiksfV±x {ks=kiQy dk leLr o`Qf"k ;ksX; Hkwfe
       izfr'kr      dk izfr'kr
oxZ 1960-61 2002-03 1960-61 2002-03
o`Qf"k ;ksX; catj Hkwfe 6.23 4.41 10.61 7.52
iqjkru ijrh Hkwfe 3.5 3.82 5.96 6.51
orZeku ijrh Hkwfe 3.73 7.03 6.35 11.98
fuoy cks;k x;k {ks=k 45.26 43.41 77.08 73.99
ldy o`Qf"k ;ksX; Hkwfe 58.72 58.67 100.00 100.00
rkfydk 5-1 % leLr o`Qf"k ;ksX; Hkwfe dh lajpuk
o`Qf"k ½rq izeq[k I
+
kQlysa
mÙkjh Hkkjr jkT; nf{k.kh jkT;
[kjhI
+
kQ pkoy] dikl] cktjk] pkoy] eDdk] jkxh]
(twu ls flracj) eDdk] Tokj] vjgj (rqj) Tokj rFkk ew¡xiQyh
 jch xsgw¡] puk] rksjbZ] ljlksa] tkS pkoy] eDdk] jkxh]
(vDVwcj ls ekpZ) ew¡xiQyh
”kk;n ouLifr] lfC”k;k¡] iQy] pkoy] lfCt;k¡]
(vizSy ls twu) pkjk I
+
kQlysa pkjk I
+
kQlysa
rkfydk 5-2 % Hkkjrh; o`Qf"k ½rq