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एनसीईआरटी पाठ्यपुस्तक: एक सामाजिक संस्था के रूप में बाजार | Must Read Old & New NCERTs for UPSC CSE (Hindi) PDF Download

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vè;k; 4
ck”kkj ,d lkekftd
laLFkk osQ :i esas
2019-20
Page 2


vè;k; 4
ck”kkj ,d lkekftd
laLFkk osQ :i esas
2019-20
Hkkjrh; lekt
66
erkSj ij ge ck”kkjksa dks Ø;&foØ; osQ LFkku eku dj pyrs gSaA nSfud cksypky osQ iz;ksx esa
^ck”kkj* 'kCn dk vFkZ fo'ks"k ck”kkj gks ldrk gS ftUgsa ge 'kk;n tkurs gSa tSls] jsyos LVs'ku osQ ikl
dk ck”kkj] iQyksa dk ck”kkj ;k Fkksd ck”kkjA dHkh&dHkh ge LFkku dh ckr u dj yksxksa] [kjhnnkj vkSj
fooszQrk osQ tekoM+s dh ckr djrs gSa tks feydj ck”kkj dks cukrs gSaA vr% mnkgj.k osQ rkSj ij] ,d
lkIrkfgd lC”kh ck”kkj uxjh; iM+ksl ;k iM+kslh xk¡o esa gÝ
+
rs osQ gj fnu fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij ik;k tk
ldrk gSA ,d vU; vFkZ esa] ^ck”kkj* ,d {ks=k ;k O;kikj ;k dkjksckj dh Js.kh osQ ckjs esa ckr djrk
gS tSls] dkjksa dk ck”kkj ;k fiQj cus&cuk, diM+ksa dk ck”kkjA blh ls tqM+k gqvk ,d vFkZ ,d fo'ks"k
mRikn ;k lsok dh ek¡x dk |ksrd gS tSls] daI;wVj fo'ks"kKksa dk ck”kkjA
bu lHkh vFkks± esa ,d ckr leku gS vkSj oks ;g gS fd ;g lHkh vFkZ ,d fo'ks"k ck”kkj dh ckr
dj jgs gSa ftls ge iwjh rjg rHkh le> ldrs gaS tc ge mlosQ lanHkZ dks è;ku esa j[ksaA ij vxj ,slk
gS rks flIkZQ ^ck”kkj* dk 'kkfCnd iz;ksx] tks fdlh fo'ks"k txg] yksxksa osQ tekoM+s ;k ck”kkjh izfØ;kvksa
osQ {ks=k dk fp=k.k u djrk gks] gesa D;k n'kkZ ldrk gS\ ;g iz;ksx u osQoy Åij fn, x, vFkks± dks
lfEefyr djrk gS cfYd reke rjg dh vkfFkZd fØ;kvksa vkSj laLFkkvksa dks Hkh bafxr djrk gSA vr%
c`gr vFkZ esa ^ck”kkj* vFkZO;oLFkk osQ yxHkx leku gSA ge ck”kkj dks ,d vkfFkZd laLFkk osQ :i esa
ns[kus osQ vknh gSa ij ;g vè;k; vkidks crk,xk fd ck”kkj ,d lkekftd laLFkk Hkh gSA vius Lo;a
osQ rjhosQ esa ck”kkj dh rqyuk tkfr] tutkfr ;k ifjokj tSlh LIk"V ,oa izR;{k lkekftd laLFkkvksa]
ftudk o.kZu vè;k; 3 esa fd;k x;k gS] ls dh tk ldrh gSA
4-1 ck”kkj vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk dk
lekt'kkL=kh; ifjizs{;
vFkZ'kkL=k dh ikBu izfØ;k dk mís'; bl ckr dks le>us vkSj O;k[;k djus ls gS fd vkèkqfud
iw¡thoknh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa ck”kkj fdl izdkj ls dk;Z djrk gS tSls] ewY; fdl rjg ls r; gksrs gSa]
fdlh fo'ks"k izdkj osQ fuos'k dk laHkkfor vlj ;k og dkSu ls dkjd gSa tks yksxksa dks [kpZ djus ;k
iSls cpkus osQ fy, izHkkfor djrs gSa rks Lkekt'kkL=k ck”kkjksa osQ iBu&ikBUk esa D;k ;ksxnku dj ldrk
gS tks vFkZ'kkL=k ls vNwrk jg x;k gS\
blosQ tokc osQ fy, gesa laf{kIr rkSj ij vBkjgoha 'kRkkCnh osQ baXySaM vkSj vk/qfud vFkZ'kkL=k osQ
'kq#vkrh fnuksa osQ ckjs eas tkuuk gksxk ftls ml nkSj esa ^jkTkuhfrd vFkZO;oLFkk* dgk tkrk FkkA vkjafHkd
nkSj osQ jkTkuhfrd vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa esa ,Me fLeFk lcls pfpZr Fks ftUgksaus viuh fdrkc n osYFk vkWiQ us'kUl
esa ck”kkj dh vFkZO;oLFkk dks le>us dk iz;kl fd;k tks ml oDr vius 'kq#vkrh nkSj esa FkhA fLeFk dk
roZQ Fkk fd ck”kkjh vFkZO;oLFkk O;fDr;ksa esa vknku&iznku ;k lkSnksa dk ,d yack Øe gS] tks viuh
Øec¼rk dh otg ls [kqn&c&[kqn ,d dk;Z'khy vkSj fLFkj O;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk djrh gSA ;g rc Hkh
gksrk gS tc djksM+ksa osQ ysu&nsu esa 'kkfey O;fDr;ksa esa ls dksbZ Hkh O;fDr bldh LFkkiuk dk bjknk ugha j[krkA
izR;sd O;fDr vius ykHk dks c<+kus dh lksprk gS vkSj ,slk djrs gq, oks tks Hkh djrk gS oks Lor% gh lekt
osQ ;k lHkh osQ fgr esa gksrk gSA bl izdkj] ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd dksbZ ,d vn`'; cy ;gk¡ dke djrk
vk
2019-20
Page 3


vè;k; 4
ck”kkj ,d lkekftd
laLFkk osQ :i esas
2019-20
Hkkjrh; lekt
66
erkSj ij ge ck”kkjksa dks Ø;&foØ; osQ LFkku eku dj pyrs gSaA nSfud cksypky osQ iz;ksx esa
^ck”kkj* 'kCn dk vFkZ fo'ks"k ck”kkj gks ldrk gS ftUgsa ge 'kk;n tkurs gSa tSls] jsyos LVs'ku osQ ikl
dk ck”kkj] iQyksa dk ck”kkj ;k Fkksd ck”kkjA dHkh&dHkh ge LFkku dh ckr u dj yksxksa] [kjhnnkj vkSj
fooszQrk osQ tekoM+s dh ckr djrs gSa tks feydj ck”kkj dks cukrs gSaA vr% mnkgj.k osQ rkSj ij] ,d
lkIrkfgd lC”kh ck”kkj uxjh; iM+ksl ;k iM+kslh xk¡o esa gÝ
+
rs osQ gj fnu fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij ik;k tk
ldrk gSA ,d vU; vFkZ esa] ^ck”kkj* ,d {ks=k ;k O;kikj ;k dkjksckj dh Js.kh osQ ckjs esa ckr djrk
gS tSls] dkjksa dk ck”kkj ;k fiQj cus&cuk, diM+ksa dk ck”kkjA blh ls tqM+k gqvk ,d vFkZ ,d fo'ks"k
mRikn ;k lsok dh ek¡x dk |ksrd gS tSls] daI;wVj fo'ks"kKksa dk ck”kkjA
bu lHkh vFkks± esa ,d ckr leku gS vkSj oks ;g gS fd ;g lHkh vFkZ ,d fo'ks"k ck”kkj dh ckr
dj jgs gSa ftls ge iwjh rjg rHkh le> ldrs gaS tc ge mlosQ lanHkZ dks è;ku esa j[ksaA ij vxj ,slk
gS rks flIkZQ ^ck”kkj* dk 'kkfCnd iz;ksx] tks fdlh fo'ks"k txg] yksxksa osQ tekoM+s ;k ck”kkjh izfØ;kvksa
osQ {ks=k dk fp=k.k u djrk gks] gesa D;k n'kkZ ldrk gS\ ;g iz;ksx u osQoy Åij fn, x, vFkks± dks
lfEefyr djrk gS cfYd reke rjg dh vkfFkZd fØ;kvksa vkSj laLFkkvksa dks Hkh bafxr djrk gSA vr%
c`gr vFkZ esa ^ck”kkj* vFkZO;oLFkk osQ yxHkx leku gSA ge ck”kkj dks ,d vkfFkZd laLFkk osQ :i esa
ns[kus osQ vknh gSa ij ;g vè;k; vkidks crk,xk fd ck”kkj ,d lkekftd laLFkk Hkh gSA vius Lo;a
osQ rjhosQ esa ck”kkj dh rqyuk tkfr] tutkfr ;k ifjokj tSlh LIk"V ,oa izR;{k lkekftd laLFkkvksa]
ftudk o.kZu vè;k; 3 esa fd;k x;k gS] ls dh tk ldrh gSA
4-1 ck”kkj vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk dk
lekt'kkL=kh; ifjizs{;
vFkZ'kkL=k dh ikBu izfØ;k dk mís'; bl ckr dks le>us vkSj O;k[;k djus ls gS fd vkèkqfud
iw¡thoknh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa ck”kkj fdl izdkj ls dk;Z djrk gS tSls] ewY; fdl rjg ls r; gksrs gSa]
fdlh fo'ks"k izdkj osQ fuos'k dk laHkkfor vlj ;k og dkSu ls dkjd gSa tks yksxksa dks [kpZ djus ;k
iSls cpkus osQ fy, izHkkfor djrs gSa rks Lkekt'kkL=k ck”kkjksa osQ iBu&ikBUk esa D;k ;ksxnku dj ldrk
gS tks vFkZ'kkL=k ls vNwrk jg x;k gS\
blosQ tokc osQ fy, gesa laf{kIr rkSj ij vBkjgoha 'kRkkCnh osQ baXySaM vkSj vk/qfud vFkZ'kkL=k osQ
'kq#vkrh fnuksa osQ ckjs eas tkuuk gksxk ftls ml nkSj esa ^jkTkuhfrd vFkZO;oLFkk* dgk tkrk FkkA vkjafHkd
nkSj osQ jkTkuhfrd vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa esa ,Me fLeFk lcls pfpZr Fks ftUgksaus viuh fdrkc n osYFk vkWiQ us'kUl
esa ck”kkj dh vFkZO;oLFkk dks le>us dk iz;kl fd;k tks ml oDr vius 'kq#vkrh nkSj esa FkhA fLeFk dk
roZQ Fkk fd ck”kkjh vFkZO;oLFkk O;fDr;ksa esa vknku&iznku ;k lkSnksa dk ,d yack Øe gS] tks viuh
Øec¼rk dh otg ls [kqn&c&[kqn ,d dk;Z'khy vkSj fLFkj O;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk djrh gSA ;g rc Hkh
gksrk gS tc djksM+ksa osQ ysu&nsu esa 'kkfey O;fDr;ksa esa ls dksbZ Hkh O;fDr bldh LFkkiuk dk bjknk ugha j[krkA
izR;sd O;fDr vius ykHk dks c<+kus dh lksprk gS vkSj ,slk djrs gq, oks tks Hkh djrk gS oks Lor% gh lekt
osQ ;k lHkh osQ fgr esa gksrk gSA bl izdkj] ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd dksbZ ,d vn`'; cy ;gk¡ dke djrk
vk
2019-20
ck”kkj ,d lkekftd laLFkk osQ :i esa
67
gS tks bu O;fDr;ksa osQ YkkHk dh izo`fÙk dks lekt osQ YkkHk esa cny nsrk gSA bl
cy dks fLeFk us ^vn`'; gkFk* dk uke fn;kA vr% mUgksaus roZQ fn;k fd
iw¡thoknh vFkZO;oLFkk] Lo;a ykHk ls Lopkfyr gS vkSj ;g rc lcls vPNs ls
dk;Z djrh gS tc gj O;fDr [kjhnnkj vkSj foozsQrk roZQlaxr fu.kZ; ysrs gSa tks
muosQ fgr esa gksrs gaSA fLEkFk us ^vn`'; gkFk* osQ fopkj dks bl roZQ osQ :i esa
iz;ksx fd;k fd tc ck”kkj esa O;fDr Lo;a ykHk osQ vuqlkj dke djrk gS rks
lekt dks gj rjg ls I
+
kQk;nk gksrk gS] D;ksafd ;g vFkZO;oLFkk dks c<+krk gS vkSj
vf/d le`f¼ mRiUu djrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd fLeFk us ^[kqys O;kikj* dk
leFkZu fd;k] ,d ,slk ck”kkj tks fdlh Hkh izdkj dh jk"Vªh; ;k vU; jksdFkke
ls eqDr gksA bl vkfFkZd nk'kZfudrk  dks I
+
kzaQklhlh Hkk"kk eas ^ysl&,&isQ;j* Hkh
dgk x;k] ftldk vFkZ gS] ck”kkj dks ^vosQyk NksM+ fn;k tk,* ;k ^gLr{ksi u
fd;k tk,*A
vk/qfud vFkZ'kkL=k dk fodkl ,M~e fLEkFk tSls izkjafHkd fopkjdksa osQ
fopkjksa ls gqvk vkSj ;g bl fopkj ij vk/kfjr gS fd vFkZO;oLFkk dks lekt
osQ ,d i`Fko~Q fgLls osQ :i esa Hkh i<+k tk ldrk gS tks cM+s lkekftd ,oa
jktuhfrd lanHkZ ls vyx gS] ftlesa ck”kkj vius Lo;a osQ fu;eksa osQ vuqlkj
dk;Z djrk gSA bl mikxe osQ foijhr] lekt'kkfL=k;ksa us cMs+s lkekftd <k¡ps
osQ vanj vkfFkZd laLFkkvksa vkSj izfØ;kvksa dks le>us osQ fy, ,d oSdfYid
rjhosQ dk fodkl djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA
lekt'kkL=kh ekurs gSa fd ck”kkj lkekftd laLFkk,¡ gSa tks fo'ks"k
lkaaLo`Qfrd rjhdksa }kjk fufeZr gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ck”kkjksa dk fu;a=k.k ;k
laxBu vDlj fo'ks"k lkekftd lewg ;k oxks± }kjk gksrk gS vkSj bldh vU;
laLFkkvksa] lkekftd izfØ;kvksa vkSj lajpukvksa ls Hkh fo'ks"k lac¼rk gksrh gSA
lekt'kkL=kh bl fopkj dks vDlj ;g dgdj izdV djrs gSa fd vFkZO;oLFkk,¡ lekt esa ^jph&clh*
gSaA bl er dks ;gk¡ nks mnkgj.kksa lfgr izLrqr fd;k x;k gS] ,d mnkgj.k gS] ,d lkIrkfgd vkfnoklh
gkV dk vkSj nwljk gS ,d ^ikjaifjd O;kikfjd leqnk;* vkSj Hkkjr osQ mifuosf'kd nkSj esa mldk ysu&nsu
dk usVooZQ ;k ra=kA
NÙkhlx<+ osQ ftyk cLrj eas /ksjkbZ xk¡o dk ,d lkIrkfgd ^vkfnoklh ck”kkj*
nqfu;k Hkj osQ vf/dka'k o`Q"kd ;k ^[ksfrgj* lektksa eas vkof/d ck”kkj ;k gkV] lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd
laxBu O;oLFkk dh ,d osaQnzh; fo'ks"krk gksrh gSA lkIrkfgd ck”kkj vkl&ikl osQ xk¡oksa osQ yksxksa dks
,df=kr djrk gS tks viuh [ksrh dh mit ;k fdlh vkSj mRikn dks cspus vkrs gSa vkSj os cuh&cukbZ
oLrq,¡ ,oa vU; lkeku [kjhnus vkrs gSa tks muosQ xk¡oksa esa ugha feyrsA bu ck”kkjksa eas LFkkuh; {ks=k ls ckgj
osQ yksxksa osQ lkFk&lkFk lkgqdkj] el[kjs] T;ksfr"kh ,oa reke rjg osQ fo'ks"kK viuh lsok,¡ ,oa oLrqvksa
osQ lkFk vkrss gSaA xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa ,d de r; varjky ij fo'ks"k ck”kkj Hkh yxrs gSa] ftldk ,d
vkof/d mnkgj.k gS i'kqck”kkjA ;g vkof/d ck”kkj fofHkUu LFkkuh; vkSj {ks=kh; vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dks
,Me fLeFk ledkyhu vkfFkZd fopkjkssa
osQ mn~xedrkZ osQ :i esa tkus tkrs
gSaA fLeFk viuh ik¡p iqLrdksa dh
Ük`a[kyk ^ns osYFk vkWIkQ us'kUl* ls
izfl¼ gSa] ftlesa bl ckr dh O;k[;k
dh xbZ gS fd oSQls [kqyh&ck”kkj
vFkZO;oLFkk esa rkfoZQd Lo;a&ykHk
vkfFkZd le`f¼ dks c<+kok nsrk gSA
,Me fLeFk
(1723-90)
2019-20
Page 4


vè;k; 4
ck”kkj ,d lkekftd
laLFkk osQ :i esas
2019-20
Hkkjrh; lekt
66
erkSj ij ge ck”kkjksa dks Ø;&foØ; osQ LFkku eku dj pyrs gSaA nSfud cksypky osQ iz;ksx esa
^ck”kkj* 'kCn dk vFkZ fo'ks"k ck”kkj gks ldrk gS ftUgsa ge 'kk;n tkurs gSa tSls] jsyos LVs'ku osQ ikl
dk ck”kkj] iQyksa dk ck”kkj ;k Fkksd ck”kkjA dHkh&dHkh ge LFkku dh ckr u dj yksxksa] [kjhnnkj vkSj
fooszQrk osQ tekoM+s dh ckr djrs gSa tks feydj ck”kkj dks cukrs gSaA vr% mnkgj.k osQ rkSj ij] ,d
lkIrkfgd lC”kh ck”kkj uxjh; iM+ksl ;k iM+kslh xk¡o esa gÝ
+
rs osQ gj fnu fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij ik;k tk
ldrk gSA ,d vU; vFkZ esa] ^ck”kkj* ,d {ks=k ;k O;kikj ;k dkjksckj dh Js.kh osQ ckjs esa ckr djrk
gS tSls] dkjksa dk ck”kkj ;k fiQj cus&cuk, diM+ksa dk ck”kkjA blh ls tqM+k gqvk ,d vFkZ ,d fo'ks"k
mRikn ;k lsok dh ek¡x dk |ksrd gS tSls] daI;wVj fo'ks"kKksa dk ck”kkjA
bu lHkh vFkks± esa ,d ckr leku gS vkSj oks ;g gS fd ;g lHkh vFkZ ,d fo'ks"k ck”kkj dh ckr
dj jgs gSa ftls ge iwjh rjg rHkh le> ldrs gaS tc ge mlosQ lanHkZ dks è;ku esa j[ksaA ij vxj ,slk
gS rks flIkZQ ^ck”kkj* dk 'kkfCnd iz;ksx] tks fdlh fo'ks"k txg] yksxksa osQ tekoM+s ;k ck”kkjh izfØ;kvksa
osQ {ks=k dk fp=k.k u djrk gks] gesa D;k n'kkZ ldrk gS\ ;g iz;ksx u osQoy Åij fn, x, vFkks± dks
lfEefyr djrk gS cfYd reke rjg dh vkfFkZd fØ;kvksa vkSj laLFkkvksa dks Hkh bafxr djrk gSA vr%
c`gr vFkZ esa ^ck”kkj* vFkZO;oLFkk osQ yxHkx leku gSA ge ck”kkj dks ,d vkfFkZd laLFkk osQ :i esa
ns[kus osQ vknh gSa ij ;g vè;k; vkidks crk,xk fd ck”kkj ,d lkekftd laLFkk Hkh gSA vius Lo;a
osQ rjhosQ esa ck”kkj dh rqyuk tkfr] tutkfr ;k ifjokj tSlh LIk"V ,oa izR;{k lkekftd laLFkkvksa]
ftudk o.kZu vè;k; 3 esa fd;k x;k gS] ls dh tk ldrh gSA
4-1 ck”kkj vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk dk
lekt'kkL=kh; ifjizs{;
vFkZ'kkL=k dh ikBu izfØ;k dk mís'; bl ckr dks le>us vkSj O;k[;k djus ls gS fd vkèkqfud
iw¡thoknh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa ck”kkj fdl izdkj ls dk;Z djrk gS tSls] ewY; fdl rjg ls r; gksrs gSa]
fdlh fo'ks"k izdkj osQ fuos'k dk laHkkfor vlj ;k og dkSu ls dkjd gSa tks yksxksa dks [kpZ djus ;k
iSls cpkus osQ fy, izHkkfor djrs gSa rks Lkekt'kkL=k ck”kkjksa osQ iBu&ikBUk esa D;k ;ksxnku dj ldrk
gS tks vFkZ'kkL=k ls vNwrk jg x;k gS\
blosQ tokc osQ fy, gesa laf{kIr rkSj ij vBkjgoha 'kRkkCnh osQ baXySaM vkSj vk/qfud vFkZ'kkL=k osQ
'kq#vkrh fnuksa osQ ckjs eas tkuuk gksxk ftls ml nkSj esa ^jkTkuhfrd vFkZO;oLFkk* dgk tkrk FkkA vkjafHkd
nkSj osQ jkTkuhfrd vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa esa ,Me fLeFk lcls pfpZr Fks ftUgksaus viuh fdrkc n osYFk vkWiQ us'kUl
esa ck”kkj dh vFkZO;oLFkk dks le>us dk iz;kl fd;k tks ml oDr vius 'kq#vkrh nkSj esa FkhA fLeFk dk
roZQ Fkk fd ck”kkjh vFkZO;oLFkk O;fDr;ksa esa vknku&iznku ;k lkSnksa dk ,d yack Øe gS] tks viuh
Øec¼rk dh otg ls [kqn&c&[kqn ,d dk;Z'khy vkSj fLFkj O;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk djrh gSA ;g rc Hkh
gksrk gS tc djksM+ksa osQ ysu&nsu esa 'kkfey O;fDr;ksa esa ls dksbZ Hkh O;fDr bldh LFkkiuk dk bjknk ugha j[krkA
izR;sd O;fDr vius ykHk dks c<+kus dh lksprk gS vkSj ,slk djrs gq, oks tks Hkh djrk gS oks Lor% gh lekt
osQ ;k lHkh osQ fgr esa gksrk gSA bl izdkj] ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd dksbZ ,d vn`'; cy ;gk¡ dke djrk
vk
2019-20
ck”kkj ,d lkekftd laLFkk osQ :i esa
67
gS tks bu O;fDr;ksa osQ YkkHk dh izo`fÙk dks lekt osQ YkkHk esa cny nsrk gSA bl
cy dks fLeFk us ^vn`'; gkFk* dk uke fn;kA vr% mUgksaus roZQ fn;k fd
iw¡thoknh vFkZO;oLFkk] Lo;a ykHk ls Lopkfyr gS vkSj ;g rc lcls vPNs ls
dk;Z djrh gS tc gj O;fDr [kjhnnkj vkSj foozsQrk roZQlaxr fu.kZ; ysrs gSa tks
muosQ fgr esa gksrs gaSA fLEkFk us ^vn`'; gkFk* osQ fopkj dks bl roZQ osQ :i esa
iz;ksx fd;k fd tc ck”kkj esa O;fDr Lo;a ykHk osQ vuqlkj dke djrk gS rks
lekt dks gj rjg ls I
+
kQk;nk gksrk gS] D;ksafd ;g vFkZO;oLFkk dks c<+krk gS vkSj
vf/d le`f¼ mRiUu djrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd fLeFk us ^[kqys O;kikj* dk
leFkZu fd;k] ,d ,slk ck”kkj tks fdlh Hkh izdkj dh jk"Vªh; ;k vU; jksdFkke
ls eqDr gksA bl vkfFkZd nk'kZfudrk  dks I
+
kzaQklhlh Hkk"kk eas ^ysl&,&isQ;j* Hkh
dgk x;k] ftldk vFkZ gS] ck”kkj dks ^vosQyk NksM+ fn;k tk,* ;k ^gLr{ksi u
fd;k tk,*A
vk/qfud vFkZ'kkL=k dk fodkl ,M~e fLEkFk tSls izkjafHkd fopkjdksa osQ
fopkjksa ls gqvk vkSj ;g bl fopkj ij vk/kfjr gS fd vFkZO;oLFkk dks lekt
osQ ,d i`Fko~Q fgLls osQ :i esa Hkh i<+k tk ldrk gS tks cM+s lkekftd ,oa
jktuhfrd lanHkZ ls vyx gS] ftlesa ck”kkj vius Lo;a osQ fu;eksa osQ vuqlkj
dk;Z djrk gSA bl mikxe osQ foijhr] lekt'kkfL=k;ksa us cMs+s lkekftd <k¡ps
osQ vanj vkfFkZd laLFkkvksa vkSj izfØ;kvksa dks le>us osQ fy, ,d oSdfYid
rjhosQ dk fodkl djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA
lekt'kkL=kh ekurs gSa fd ck”kkj lkekftd laLFkk,¡ gSa tks fo'ks"k
lkaaLo`Qfrd rjhdksa }kjk fufeZr gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ck”kkjksa dk fu;a=k.k ;k
laxBu vDlj fo'ks"k lkekftd lewg ;k oxks± }kjk gksrk gS vkSj bldh vU;
laLFkkvksa] lkekftd izfØ;kvksa vkSj lajpukvksa ls Hkh fo'ks"k lac¼rk gksrh gSA
lekt'kkL=kh bl fopkj dks vDlj ;g dgdj izdV djrs gSa fd vFkZO;oLFkk,¡ lekt esa ^jph&clh*
gSaA bl er dks ;gk¡ nks mnkgj.kksa lfgr izLrqr fd;k x;k gS] ,d mnkgj.k gS] ,d lkIrkfgd vkfnoklh
gkV dk vkSj nwljk gS ,d ^ikjaifjd O;kikfjd leqnk;* vkSj Hkkjr osQ mifuosf'kd nkSj esa mldk ysu&nsu
dk usVooZQ ;k ra=kA
NÙkhlx<+ osQ ftyk cLrj eas /ksjkbZ xk¡o dk ,d lkIrkfgd ^vkfnoklh ck”kkj*
nqfu;k Hkj osQ vf/dka'k o`Q"kd ;k ^[ksfrgj* lektksa eas vkof/d ck”kkj ;k gkV] lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd
laxBu O;oLFkk dh ,d osaQnzh; fo'ks"krk gksrh gSA lkIrkfgd ck”kkj vkl&ikl osQ xk¡oksa osQ yksxksa dks
,df=kr djrk gS tks viuh [ksrh dh mit ;k fdlh vkSj mRikn dks cspus vkrs gSa vkSj os cuh&cukbZ
oLrq,¡ ,oa vU; lkeku [kjhnus vkrs gSa tks muosQ xk¡oksa esa ugha feyrsA bu ck”kkjksa eas LFkkuh; {ks=k ls ckgj
osQ yksxksa osQ lkFk&lkFk lkgqdkj] el[kjs] T;ksfr"kh ,oa reke rjg osQ fo'ks"kK viuh lsok,¡ ,oa oLrqvksa
osQ lkFk vkrss gSaA xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa ,d de r; varjky ij fo'ks"k ck”kkj Hkh yxrs gSa] ftldk ,d
vkof/d mnkgj.k gS i'kqck”kkjA ;g vkof/d ck”kkj fofHkUu LFkkuh; vkSj {ks=kh; vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dks
,Me fLeFk ledkyhu vkfFkZd fopkjkssa
osQ mn~xedrkZ osQ :i esa tkus tkrs
gSaA fLeFk viuh ik¡p iqLrdksa dh
Ük`a[kyk ^ns osYFk vkWIkQ us'kUl* ls
izfl¼ gSa] ftlesa bl ckr dh O;k[;k
dh xbZ gS fd oSQls [kqyh&ck”kkj
vFkZO;oLFkk esa rkfoZQd Lo;a&ykHk
vkfFkZd le`f¼ dks c<+kok nsrk gSA
,Me fLeFk
(1723-90)
2019-20
Hkkjrh; lekt
68
tksM+rk gS ,oa mUgsa c`gn jk"Vªh; vFkZO;oLFkkvksa vkSj
dLcksa ,oa egkuxjh; osasQnzksa ls tksM+rk gSA
lkIrkfgd gkV] xzkeh.k ,oa uxjh; Hkkjr esa Hkh
,d vke u”kkjk gksrk gSSA igkM+h vkSj taxykrh bykdksa
esa ([kkl rkSj ij] tgk¡ vkfnoklh cls gksrs gSa) tgk¡
vf/okl nwj&njk”k rd gksrk gS] LkM+osaQ vkSj lapkj Hkh
th.kZ&'kh.kZ gksrk gS ,oa vFkZO;oLFkk Hkh vis{kko`Qr
vfodflr gksrh gS ,sls esa lkIrkfgd ck”kkj mRiknksa osQ
vknku&iznku osQ lkFk&lkFk lkekftd esy&feyki dh
,d izeq[k laLFkk cu tkrk gSA LFkkuh; yksx ck”kkj esa
viuh [ksrh dh mit ;k taxy ls yk, x, inkFkks± dks O;kikfj;ksa dks csPkrs gSa tks dLcksa esa bUgsa ys tkdj
nqckjk csprs gSa vkSj bu iSlksa ls vko';d oLrq,¡ tSls ued ,oa [ksrh osQ vkS”kkj vkSj miHkksx dh oLrq,¡
tSls] pwfM+;k¡ vkSj xgus [kjhnrs gSaA ij vf/dka'k yksxksa osQ fy, gkV tkus dk izeq[k dkj.k lkekftd
gS tgk¡ og vius fj'rsnkjksa ls HksaV dj ldrk gS] ?kj osQ toku YkM+osQ&yM+fd;ksa dk fookg r; dj
ldrk gS] xIis ekj ldrk gS vkSj dbZ vU; dk;Z dj ldrk gSA
tgk¡ tutkrh; {ks=kksa esa lkIrkfgd ck”kkj ,d cgqr iqjkuh laLFkk gS ogha le; osQ lkFk buosQ Lo:i
esa ifjorZu Hkh gqvk gSA bu nwjLFk {ks=kksa osQ mifuosf'kd jkT;ksa osQ fu;a=k.k esa vkus osQ ckn bUgsa /hjs&èkhjs
{ks=kh; ,oa jk"Vªh; vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ls tksM+ fn;k x;kA tutkrh; {ks=kksa dks lM+dksa osQ fuekZ.k }kjk vkSj
LFkkuh; yksxksa dks ^le>k&cq>k* osQ (ftuesa ls cgqr ls yksxksa us ^tutkrh; fonzksgksa* }kjk vkSifuosf'kd
'kklu dk fojks/ fd;k Fkk) ^[kksyk x;k* rkfd bu bykdksa osQ le`¼ taxykssa vkSj [kfutksa rd csjksd&Vksd
igq¡pk tk losQA ,slk gksus ls bu {ks=kksa esa O;kikjh] lkgqdkj vkSj vkl&ikl osQ eSnkuh bykdksa ls vU;
xSj tutkrh; yksxksa dk ;gk¡ Hkh rk¡rk yx x;kA bl izdkj tutkrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa cnyko vk x;k
D;ksafd vc taxy osQ mRiknksa dks ckgjh yksxksa dks cspk tkus yxk vkSj u;h rjg dh oLrq,¡ O;oLFkk esa
'kkfey gks xbZaA vkfnokfl;ksa dks vc mu [knkuksa vkSj ckxkuksa esa Hkh etnwj osQ rkSj ij j[kk tkus yxk
tks vaxsz”kh ljdkj osQ nkSj esa LFkkfir gq, FksA vkSifuosf'kd nkSj osQ nkSjku tutkrh; Je osQ ,d ^ck”kkj*
dk fodkl gqvkA bu reke cnykoksa dh otg ls LFkkuh; tutkrh; vFkZO;oLFkk,¡ cM+s ck”kkjksa ls tqM+
xbZa ij bldk vlj LFkkuh; yksxksa osQ fy, lkekU;r% csgn udkjkRed FkkA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ckgj ls
LFkkuh; {ks=kksa esa lkgwdkjksa vkSj O;kikfj;ksa osQ vkokxeu us vkfnokfl;ksa dks nfjnz dj fn;k] muesa ls vf/
dka'k us viuh tehu ckgjh yksxksa osQ gkFk [kks nhA
lkIrkfgd ck”kkj ,d lkekftd laLFkk osQ :i esa] tutkrh; LFkkuh; vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj ckgjh okrkoj.k
osQ chp dh dfM+;ksa vkSj vkfnokfl;ksa ,oaa vU; yksxksa osQ chp osQ vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k dk laca/] bu lcdk
fp=k.k cLrj ftys osQ ,d lkIrkfgd ck”kkj osQ vè;;u esa fd;k x;k gSSA bl f”kys esa xksaM vkfnoklh
jgrs gSaA lkIrkfgd ck”kkj esa vki LFkkuh; yksx] ftlesa tutkrh; vkSj xSj&tutkrh; (eq[;r% fganw)
osQ lkFk&lkFk ckgjh yksx ftlesa eq[;r% fofHkUu tkfr;ksa osQ fganw O;kikjh gksrs gSa dks ik,¡xsA ou vf/
dkjh Hkh ck”kkj esa bu vkfnokfl;ksa osQ LkkFk O;kikj djus vkrs gSa tks ou&foHkkx osQ fy, dke djrs
gSaA bl izdkj] bl ck”kkj esa reke rjg osQ fo'ks"k fooszQrk vius mRikn vkSj lsok,¡ cspus vkrs gSaA eq[;
2019-20
Page 5


vè;k; 4
ck”kkj ,d lkekftd
laLFkk osQ :i esas
2019-20
Hkkjrh; lekt
66
erkSj ij ge ck”kkjksa dks Ø;&foØ; osQ LFkku eku dj pyrs gSaA nSfud cksypky osQ iz;ksx esa
^ck”kkj* 'kCn dk vFkZ fo'ks"k ck”kkj gks ldrk gS ftUgsa ge 'kk;n tkurs gSa tSls] jsyos LVs'ku osQ ikl
dk ck”kkj] iQyksa dk ck”kkj ;k Fkksd ck”kkjA dHkh&dHkh ge LFkku dh ckr u dj yksxksa] [kjhnnkj vkSj
fooszQrk osQ tekoM+s dh ckr djrs gSa tks feydj ck”kkj dks cukrs gSaA vr% mnkgj.k osQ rkSj ij] ,d
lkIrkfgd lC”kh ck”kkj uxjh; iM+ksl ;k iM+kslh xk¡o esa gÝ
+
rs osQ gj fnu fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij ik;k tk
ldrk gSA ,d vU; vFkZ esa] ^ck”kkj* ,d {ks=k ;k O;kikj ;k dkjksckj dh Js.kh osQ ckjs esa ckr djrk
gS tSls] dkjksa dk ck”kkj ;k fiQj cus&cuk, diM+ksa dk ck”kkjA blh ls tqM+k gqvk ,d vFkZ ,d fo'ks"k
mRikn ;k lsok dh ek¡x dk |ksrd gS tSls] daI;wVj fo'ks"kKksa dk ck”kkjA
bu lHkh vFkks± esa ,d ckr leku gS vkSj oks ;g gS fd ;g lHkh vFkZ ,d fo'ks"k ck”kkj dh ckr
dj jgs gSa ftls ge iwjh rjg rHkh le> ldrs gaS tc ge mlosQ lanHkZ dks è;ku esa j[ksaA ij vxj ,slk
gS rks flIkZQ ^ck”kkj* dk 'kkfCnd iz;ksx] tks fdlh fo'ks"k txg] yksxksa osQ tekoM+s ;k ck”kkjh izfØ;kvksa
osQ {ks=k dk fp=k.k u djrk gks] gesa D;k n'kkZ ldrk gS\ ;g iz;ksx u osQoy Åij fn, x, vFkks± dks
lfEefyr djrk gS cfYd reke rjg dh vkfFkZd fØ;kvksa vkSj laLFkkvksa dks Hkh bafxr djrk gSA vr%
c`gr vFkZ esa ^ck”kkj* vFkZO;oLFkk osQ yxHkx leku gSA ge ck”kkj dks ,d vkfFkZd laLFkk osQ :i esa
ns[kus osQ vknh gSa ij ;g vè;k; vkidks crk,xk fd ck”kkj ,d lkekftd laLFkk Hkh gSA vius Lo;a
osQ rjhosQ esa ck”kkj dh rqyuk tkfr] tutkfr ;k ifjokj tSlh LIk"V ,oa izR;{k lkekftd laLFkkvksa]
ftudk o.kZu vè;k; 3 esa fd;k x;k gS] ls dh tk ldrh gSA
4-1 ck”kkj vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk dk
lekt'kkL=kh; ifjizs{;
vFkZ'kkL=k dh ikBu izfØ;k dk mís'; bl ckr dks le>us vkSj O;k[;k djus ls gS fd vkèkqfud
iw¡thoknh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa ck”kkj fdl izdkj ls dk;Z djrk gS tSls] ewY; fdl rjg ls r; gksrs gSa]
fdlh fo'ks"k izdkj osQ fuos'k dk laHkkfor vlj ;k og dkSu ls dkjd gSa tks yksxksa dks [kpZ djus ;k
iSls cpkus osQ fy, izHkkfor djrs gSa rks Lkekt'kkL=k ck”kkjksa osQ iBu&ikBUk esa D;k ;ksxnku dj ldrk
gS tks vFkZ'kkL=k ls vNwrk jg x;k gS\
blosQ tokc osQ fy, gesa laf{kIr rkSj ij vBkjgoha 'kRkkCnh osQ baXySaM vkSj vk/qfud vFkZ'kkL=k osQ
'kq#vkrh fnuksa osQ ckjs eas tkuuk gksxk ftls ml nkSj esa ^jkTkuhfrd vFkZO;oLFkk* dgk tkrk FkkA vkjafHkd
nkSj osQ jkTkuhfrd vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa esa ,Me fLeFk lcls pfpZr Fks ftUgksaus viuh fdrkc n osYFk vkWiQ us'kUl
esa ck”kkj dh vFkZO;oLFkk dks le>us dk iz;kl fd;k tks ml oDr vius 'kq#vkrh nkSj esa FkhA fLeFk dk
roZQ Fkk fd ck”kkjh vFkZO;oLFkk O;fDr;ksa esa vknku&iznku ;k lkSnksa dk ,d yack Øe gS] tks viuh
Øec¼rk dh otg ls [kqn&c&[kqn ,d dk;Z'khy vkSj fLFkj O;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk djrh gSA ;g rc Hkh
gksrk gS tc djksM+ksa osQ ysu&nsu esa 'kkfey O;fDr;ksa esa ls dksbZ Hkh O;fDr bldh LFkkiuk dk bjknk ugha j[krkA
izR;sd O;fDr vius ykHk dks c<+kus dh lksprk gS vkSj ,slk djrs gq, oks tks Hkh djrk gS oks Lor% gh lekt
osQ ;k lHkh osQ fgr esa gksrk gSA bl izdkj] ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd dksbZ ,d vn`'; cy ;gk¡ dke djrk
vk
2019-20
ck”kkj ,d lkekftd laLFkk osQ :i esa
67
gS tks bu O;fDr;ksa osQ YkkHk dh izo`fÙk dks lekt osQ YkkHk esa cny nsrk gSA bl
cy dks fLeFk us ^vn`'; gkFk* dk uke fn;kA vr% mUgksaus roZQ fn;k fd
iw¡thoknh vFkZO;oLFkk] Lo;a ykHk ls Lopkfyr gS vkSj ;g rc lcls vPNs ls
dk;Z djrh gS tc gj O;fDr [kjhnnkj vkSj foozsQrk roZQlaxr fu.kZ; ysrs gSa tks
muosQ fgr esa gksrs gaSA fLEkFk us ^vn`'; gkFk* osQ fopkj dks bl roZQ osQ :i esa
iz;ksx fd;k fd tc ck”kkj esa O;fDr Lo;a ykHk osQ vuqlkj dke djrk gS rks
lekt dks gj rjg ls I
+
kQk;nk gksrk gS] D;ksafd ;g vFkZO;oLFkk dks c<+krk gS vkSj
vf/d le`f¼ mRiUu djrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd fLeFk us ^[kqys O;kikj* dk
leFkZu fd;k] ,d ,slk ck”kkj tks fdlh Hkh izdkj dh jk"Vªh; ;k vU; jksdFkke
ls eqDr gksA bl vkfFkZd nk'kZfudrk  dks I
+
kzaQklhlh Hkk"kk eas ^ysl&,&isQ;j* Hkh
dgk x;k] ftldk vFkZ gS] ck”kkj dks ^vosQyk NksM+ fn;k tk,* ;k ^gLr{ksi u
fd;k tk,*A
vk/qfud vFkZ'kkL=k dk fodkl ,M~e fLEkFk tSls izkjafHkd fopkjdksa osQ
fopkjksa ls gqvk vkSj ;g bl fopkj ij vk/kfjr gS fd vFkZO;oLFkk dks lekt
osQ ,d i`Fko~Q fgLls osQ :i esa Hkh i<+k tk ldrk gS tks cM+s lkekftd ,oa
jktuhfrd lanHkZ ls vyx gS] ftlesa ck”kkj vius Lo;a osQ fu;eksa osQ vuqlkj
dk;Z djrk gSA bl mikxe osQ foijhr] lekt'kkfL=k;ksa us cMs+s lkekftd <k¡ps
osQ vanj vkfFkZd laLFkkvksa vkSj izfØ;kvksa dks le>us osQ fy, ,d oSdfYid
rjhosQ dk fodkl djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA
lekt'kkL=kh ekurs gSa fd ck”kkj lkekftd laLFkk,¡ gSa tks fo'ks"k
lkaaLo`Qfrd rjhdksa }kjk fufeZr gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ck”kkjksa dk fu;a=k.k ;k
laxBu vDlj fo'ks"k lkekftd lewg ;k oxks± }kjk gksrk gS vkSj bldh vU;
laLFkkvksa] lkekftd izfØ;kvksa vkSj lajpukvksa ls Hkh fo'ks"k lac¼rk gksrh gSA
lekt'kkL=kh bl fopkj dks vDlj ;g dgdj izdV djrs gSa fd vFkZO;oLFkk,¡ lekt esa ^jph&clh*
gSaA bl er dks ;gk¡ nks mnkgj.kksa lfgr izLrqr fd;k x;k gS] ,d mnkgj.k gS] ,d lkIrkfgd vkfnoklh
gkV dk vkSj nwljk gS ,d ^ikjaifjd O;kikfjd leqnk;* vkSj Hkkjr osQ mifuosf'kd nkSj esa mldk ysu&nsu
dk usVooZQ ;k ra=kA
NÙkhlx<+ osQ ftyk cLrj eas /ksjkbZ xk¡o dk ,d lkIrkfgd ^vkfnoklh ck”kkj*
nqfu;k Hkj osQ vf/dka'k o`Q"kd ;k ^[ksfrgj* lektksa eas vkof/d ck”kkj ;k gkV] lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd
laxBu O;oLFkk dh ,d osaQnzh; fo'ks"krk gksrh gSA lkIrkfgd ck”kkj vkl&ikl osQ xk¡oksa osQ yksxksa dks
,df=kr djrk gS tks viuh [ksrh dh mit ;k fdlh vkSj mRikn dks cspus vkrs gSa vkSj os cuh&cukbZ
oLrq,¡ ,oa vU; lkeku [kjhnus vkrs gSa tks muosQ xk¡oksa esa ugha feyrsA bu ck”kkjksa eas LFkkuh; {ks=k ls ckgj
osQ yksxksa osQ lkFk&lkFk lkgqdkj] el[kjs] T;ksfr"kh ,oa reke rjg osQ fo'ks"kK viuh lsok,¡ ,oa oLrqvksa
osQ lkFk vkrss gSaA xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa ,d de r; varjky ij fo'ks"k ck”kkj Hkh yxrs gSa] ftldk ,d
vkof/d mnkgj.k gS i'kqck”kkjA ;g vkof/d ck”kkj fofHkUu LFkkuh; vkSj {ks=kh; vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dks
,Me fLeFk ledkyhu vkfFkZd fopkjkssa
osQ mn~xedrkZ osQ :i esa tkus tkrs
gSaA fLeFk viuh ik¡p iqLrdksa dh
Ük`a[kyk ^ns osYFk vkWIkQ us'kUl* ls
izfl¼ gSa] ftlesa bl ckr dh O;k[;k
dh xbZ gS fd oSQls [kqyh&ck”kkj
vFkZO;oLFkk esa rkfoZQd Lo;a&ykHk
vkfFkZd le`f¼ dks c<+kok nsrk gSA
,Me fLeFk
(1723-90)
2019-20
Hkkjrh; lekt
68
tksM+rk gS ,oa mUgsa c`gn jk"Vªh; vFkZO;oLFkkvksa vkSj
dLcksa ,oa egkuxjh; osasQnzksa ls tksM+rk gSA
lkIrkfgd gkV] xzkeh.k ,oa uxjh; Hkkjr esa Hkh
,d vke u”kkjk gksrk gSSA igkM+h vkSj taxykrh bykdksa
esa ([kkl rkSj ij] tgk¡ vkfnoklh cls gksrs gSa) tgk¡
vf/okl nwj&njk”k rd gksrk gS] LkM+osaQ vkSj lapkj Hkh
th.kZ&'kh.kZ gksrk gS ,oa vFkZO;oLFkk Hkh vis{kko`Qr
vfodflr gksrh gS ,sls esa lkIrkfgd ck”kkj mRiknksa osQ
vknku&iznku osQ lkFk&lkFk lkekftd esy&feyki dh
,d izeq[k laLFkk cu tkrk gSA LFkkuh; yksx ck”kkj esa
viuh [ksrh dh mit ;k taxy ls yk, x, inkFkks± dks O;kikfj;ksa dks csPkrs gSa tks dLcksa esa bUgsa ys tkdj
nqckjk csprs gSa vkSj bu iSlksa ls vko';d oLrq,¡ tSls ued ,oa [ksrh osQ vkS”kkj vkSj miHkksx dh oLrq,¡
tSls] pwfM+;k¡ vkSj xgus [kjhnrs gSaA ij vf/dka'k yksxksa osQ fy, gkV tkus dk izeq[k dkj.k lkekftd
gS tgk¡ og vius fj'rsnkjksa ls HksaV dj ldrk gS] ?kj osQ toku YkM+osQ&yM+fd;ksa dk fookg r; dj
ldrk gS] xIis ekj ldrk gS vkSj dbZ vU; dk;Z dj ldrk gSA
tgk¡ tutkrh; {ks=kksa esa lkIrkfgd ck”kkj ,d cgqr iqjkuh laLFkk gS ogha le; osQ lkFk buosQ Lo:i
esa ifjorZu Hkh gqvk gSA bu nwjLFk {ks=kksa osQ mifuosf'kd jkT;ksa osQ fu;a=k.k esa vkus osQ ckn bUgsa /hjs&èkhjs
{ks=kh; ,oa jk"Vªh; vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ls tksM+ fn;k x;kA tutkrh; {ks=kksa dks lM+dksa osQ fuekZ.k }kjk vkSj
LFkkuh; yksxksa dks ^le>k&cq>k* osQ (ftuesa ls cgqr ls yksxksa us ^tutkrh; fonzksgksa* }kjk vkSifuosf'kd
'kklu dk fojks/ fd;k Fkk) ^[kksyk x;k* rkfd bu bykdksa osQ le`¼ taxykssa vkSj [kfutksa rd csjksd&Vksd
igq¡pk tk losQA ,slk gksus ls bu {ks=kksa esa O;kikjh] lkgqdkj vkSj vkl&ikl osQ eSnkuh bykdksa ls vU;
xSj tutkrh; yksxksa dk ;gk¡ Hkh rk¡rk yx x;kA bl izdkj tutkrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa cnyko vk x;k
D;ksafd vc taxy osQ mRiknksa dks ckgjh yksxksa dks cspk tkus yxk vkSj u;h rjg dh oLrq,¡ O;oLFkk esa
'kkfey gks xbZaA vkfnokfl;ksa dks vc mu [knkuksa vkSj ckxkuksa esa Hkh etnwj osQ rkSj ij j[kk tkus yxk
tks vaxsz”kh ljdkj osQ nkSj esa LFkkfir gq, FksA vkSifuosf'kd nkSj osQ nkSjku tutkrh; Je osQ ,d ^ck”kkj*
dk fodkl gqvkA bu reke cnykoksa dh otg ls LFkkuh; tutkrh; vFkZO;oLFkk,¡ cM+s ck”kkjksa ls tqM+
xbZa ij bldk vlj LFkkuh; yksxksa osQ fy, lkekU;r% csgn udkjkRed FkkA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ckgj ls
LFkkuh; {ks=kksa esa lkgwdkjksa vkSj O;kikfj;ksa osQ vkokxeu us vkfnokfl;ksa dks nfjnz dj fn;k] muesa ls vf/
dka'k us viuh tehu ckgjh yksxksa osQ gkFk [kks nhA
lkIrkfgd ck”kkj ,d lkekftd laLFkk osQ :i esa] tutkrh; LFkkuh; vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj ckgjh okrkoj.k
osQ chp dh dfM+;ksa vkSj vkfnokfl;ksa ,oaa vU; yksxksa osQ chp osQ vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k dk laca/] bu lcdk
fp=k.k cLrj ftys osQ ,d lkIrkfgd ck”kkj osQ vè;;u esa fd;k x;k gSSA bl f”kys esa xksaM vkfnoklh
jgrs gSaA lkIrkfgd ck”kkj esa vki LFkkuh; yksx] ftlesa tutkrh; vkSj xSj&tutkrh; (eq[;r% fganw)
osQ lkFk&lkFk ckgjh yksx ftlesa eq[;r% fofHkUu tkfr;ksa osQ fganw O;kikjh gksrs gSa dks ik,¡xsA ou vf/
dkjh Hkh ck”kkj esa bu vkfnokfl;ksa osQ LkkFk O;kikj djus vkrs gSa tks ou&foHkkx osQ fy, dke djrs
gSaA bl izdkj] bl ck”kkj esa reke rjg osQ fo'ks"k fooszQrk vius mRikn vkSj lsok,¡ cspus vkrs gSaA eq[;
2019-20
ck”kkj ,d lkekftd laLFkk osQ :i esa
69
phtsa ftudk ck”kkj esa fofue; gksrk gS oss cuh&cukbZ OkLrq,¡ (tSls] xgus vkSj ik;ysa] crZu vkSj pkowQ)]
xSj&LFkkuh; [kkn~; inkFkZ (tSls] ued vkSj gYnh)] LFkkuh; [kkn~; lkexzh] [ksfrgj mRikn vkSj cuh cukbZ
oLrq,¡ (TkSls] ck¡l dh Vksdjh)] vkSj taxy osQ mRikn (tSls] beyh ,oa frygu) gSaA taxy osQ mRikn
tks vkfnoklh ysdj vkrs gSa] og O;kikjh [kjhndj dLcksa esa ys tkrs gSaA bu gkVkas esa [kjhnnkj eq[;r%
vkfnoklh gh gksrs gSa] ij fooszzQrk eq[;r% tkfr&iz/ku fganw gksrs gSaA vkfnoklh] taxyh vkSj [ksrh laca/h
mRiknksa vkSj vius Je&cy dks cspdj tks iSlk dekrs gSa oks eq[;r% bu gkVksa esa feyus okyh lLrh
ik;ykas ,oa xguksa vkSj miHkksx dh oLrq,¡ tSls] cus&cuk, diM+ksa dh [kjhnnkjh osQ fy, [kpZ djrs gSaA
,YizsQM xsYk (1982)] tSls ekuofoKkuh ftUgksaus /ksjkbZ dk vè;;u fd;k] osQ vuqlkj ck”kkj
dk egÙo flI
+
kZQ bldh vkfFkZd fØ;kvksa rd lhfer ugha gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ck”kkj dh :ijs[kk
ml {ks=k osQ vf/Øfer varj&lewgksa osQ lkekftd laca/ksa dk izrhdkRed fp=k.k djrh gSA fofHkUu
lkekftd lewg] tkfr ,oa lkekftd vf/ozQe easa ,oa lkFk gh ck”kkj O;oLFkk esa viuh fLFkfr osQ
vuqlkj LFkkfir gksrs gSaA vehj vkSj mPPk Js.kh okys jkTkiwr vkHkw"k.k fuekZrk vkSj eè;e Js.kh osQ
LFkkuh; fganw O;kikjh ck”kkj osQ chp okys ^{ks=kksa* esa cSBrs gSa vkSj vkfnoklh tks rjdkjh vkSj LFkkuh;
cLrj esa ,d vkfnoklh xk¡o dk ck”kkj
/ksjkbZ ,d vkfnoklh ck”kkj okys xk¡o dk uke gS tks fd NÙkhlx<+ osQ mÙkjh cLrj ftys osQ
Hkhrjh bykosQ esa clk gS--- tc ck”kkj ughas yxrk] mu fnuksa /ksjkbZ ,d m¡?krk gqvk] isM+ksa osQ NIijksa
ls Nuk gqvk] ?kjksa dk >qjeqV gS tks iSj ilkjs mu lM+dksa ls tk feyrk gS tks fcuk fdlh uki&eki osQ
taxy Hkj esa iSQyh gqbZ gS--- /ksjkbZ dk lkekftd thou] ;gk¡ dh nks izkphu pk; dh nqdkuksa rd lhfer
gS] ftlosQ xzkgd jkT; ou lsok osQ fuEu Js.kh osQ deZpkjh gSa tks nqHkkZX;o'k bl nwjorhZ vkSj fujFkZd bykosQ
eas deZo'k i¡Qls iM+s gSa--- /ksjkbZ dk vfLrRo xSj&ck”kkjh fnuksa esa ;k 'kqØokj dks NksM+dj 'kwU; osQ cjkcj
gksrk gS] ij ck”kkj okys fnu oks fdlh vkSj txg esa rCnhy gks tkrk gSA Vªdksa ls jkLrk tke gqvk gksrk
gS--- ou osQ ljdkjh deZPkkjh viuh bLrjh dh gqbZ iks'kkdksa esa b/j ls m/j pgydneh dj jgs gksrs gSa
vkSj ou lsok osQ egÙoiw.kZ vf/dkjh viuh M~;wVh ctkdj ou foHkkx osQ foJke x`gksa osQ vk¡xuksa ls ck”kkj
ij cjkcj utj cuk, j[krs gSaA os vkfnoklh Jfedksa dks muosQ dke dk HkÙkk ck¡Vrs gSa---
tc vI
+
kQljkr vkjke ?kj esa LkHkk yxkrs gSa rks vkfnokfl;ksa dh drkj pkjksa vksj ls f[kaprh pyh tkrh gS]
oks taxy osQ leku] vius [ksrksa dh mit ;k fiQj vius gkFk ls cuk;k gqvk oqQN ysdj vkrs gSaA buesa
rjdkjh cspus okys fganw ,oa fo'ks"kK f'kYidkj] oqQEgkj] tqykgs ,oa yksgkj lfEefyr gksrs gSaA ,slk izrhr
gksrk gS fd le`f¼ osQ lkFk vLRk&O;Lrrk gS] ck”kkj osQ lkFk&lkFk dksbZ /kfeZd mRlo Hkh py jgk gS--- yxrk
gS tSls lkjk lalkj] balku] Hkxoku lc ,d gh txg ck”kkj eas ,df=kr gks x, gSaA ck”kkj yxHkx ,d
prqHkZqth; tehuh fgLlk gS] yxHkx 100 ,dM+ osQ oxZewy esa clk gqvk gS ftlosQ chpksachp ,d HkO;
cjxn dk isM+ gSA ck”kkj dh NksVh&NksVh nqdkuksa dh Nr NIij dh cuh gS vkSj ;g nqdkusa dkI
+
kQh ikl&ikl
gSa] chp&chp esa xfy;kjs ls cu x, gSa] ftuesa ls [kjhnkj l¡Hkyrs gq, fdlh rjg de LFkkfir nqdkunkjksa
osQ denkeh lkekuksa dks iSj ls oqQPkyus ls cpkus dh dksf'k'k djrs gSa] ftUgksaus LFkkbZ nqdkuksa osQ chp dh
txg dk viuh oLrq,¡ iznf'kZr djus osQ fy, gj laHko mi;ksx fd;k gSA
Ïksr% xsy 1982%470&71
 ckWWDl 4-1
69
2019-20
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