एनसीईआरटी पाठ्यपुस्तक: संरचनात्मक परिवर्तन | Must Read Old & New NCERTs for UPSC CSE (Hindi) PDF Download

 Page 1


lajpukRed
ifjorZu
1
2019-2020
Page 2


lajpukRed
ifjorZu
1
2019-2020
Hkkjr esa lkekftd ifjorZu ,oa fodkl
2
o
     rZeku dks le>us osQ fy, ;g t:jh gS fd mlosQ vrhr osQ oqQN i{kksa dh Hkh tkudkjh gksA vrhr
dk ;g Kku fdlh Hkh O;fDr ;k lewg ;k fiQj Hkkjr tSls iwjs ns'k dks tkuus gsrq vko';d gSA Hkkjr
dk bfrgkl dkI
+
kQh le`¼ ,oa foLr`r gSA Hkkjr osQ vrhr dh tkudkjh izkphu ,oa eè;dkyhu Hkkjr dks
tkuus ls feyrh gSA tcfd vkèkqfud Hkkjr dks le>us osQ fy, ”k:jh gS fd Hkkjr osQ vkSifuosf'kd
vuqHkoksa dks tkuasA Hkkjr esa vkèkqfud fopkj ,oa laaLFkkvksa dh 'kq#vkr vkSifuosf'kdrk dh nsu gSA
mifuos'kokn osQ izHkko osQ dkj.k Hkkjr us vkèkqfud fopkjksa dks tkukA ;g ,d fojksèkkHkklh fLFkfr Hkh
FkhA bl nkSj esa Hkkjr us ik'pkR; mnkjokn ,oa Lora=krk dks vkèkqfudrk osQ :i esa tkuk ogha nwljh vksj
bu if'peh fopkjksa osQ foijhr Hkkjr esa fczrkuh mifuos'koknh 'kklu osQ varxZr Lora=krk ,oa mnkjrk dk
vHkko FkkA bl rjg osQ var% fojksèkh rF;ksa us Hkkjrh; lkekftd lajpuk ,oa laLo`Qfr esa ifjorZuksa
dks fn'kk nh ,oa mu ij izHkko MkykA ,sls vusd lajpukRed vkSj lkaLÑfrd ifjorZuksa osQ ckjs esa
vè;k; 1 vkSj 2 esa ppkZ dh xbZ gSA
vxys oqQN ikBksa esa ;g ckr lkI
+
kQ mHkj dj vk,xh fd fdl izdkj Hkkjr esa lkekftd lqèkkj vkSj
jk"Vªh; vkanksyu] gekjh fofèk O;oLFkk] gekjk jktuhfrd thou vkSj lafoèkku] gekjs m|ksx ,oa o`Qf"k]
gekjs uxj vkSj gekjs xk¡oµbu lc ij mifuos'kokn osQ fojksèkkHkklh vuqHkoksa dk xgjk izHkko iM+kA
mifuos'kokn osQ lkFk gekjs bu fojksèkkHkklh lacaèkksa dk izHkko vkèkqfudrk ij Hkh iM+kA blosQ oqQN
mnkgj.k] tks ge vius vke thou esa ikrs gSa] oss bl izdkj gSa%&
gekjs ns'k esa LFkkfir lalnh;] fofèk ,oa f'k{kk O;oLFkk fczfV'k izk:i o izfrekuksa ij vkèkkfjr gSA
;gk¡ rd fd gekjk lM+dksa ij ck,¡ pyuk Hkh fczfV'k vuqdj.k gSA lM+d osQ fdukjs jsgM+h o xkfM+;ksa
ij gesa ^cszM&vkWeysV* vkSj ^dVysV* tSlh [kkus dh phtsa vkerkSj ij feyrh gSaA vkSj rks vkSj] ,d
izfl¼ fcLoqQV fuekZrk daiuh dk uke Hkh ^fczVsu* ls lac¼ gSA vusd LowQyksa esa ^usd&VkbZ* iks'kkd dk
2019-2020
Page 3


lajpukRed
ifjorZu
1
2019-2020
Hkkjr esa lkekftd ifjorZu ,oa fodkl
2
o
     rZeku dks le>us osQ fy, ;g t:jh gS fd mlosQ vrhr osQ oqQN i{kksa dh Hkh tkudkjh gksA vrhr
dk ;g Kku fdlh Hkh O;fDr ;k lewg ;k fiQj Hkkjr tSls iwjs ns'k dks tkuus gsrq vko';d gSA Hkkjr
dk bfrgkl dkI
+
kQh le`¼ ,oa foLr`r gSA Hkkjr osQ vrhr dh tkudkjh izkphu ,oa eè;dkyhu Hkkjr dks
tkuus ls feyrh gSA tcfd vkèkqfud Hkkjr dks le>us osQ fy, ”k:jh gS fd Hkkjr osQ vkSifuosf'kd
vuqHkoksa dks tkuasA Hkkjr esa vkèkqfud fopkj ,oa laaLFkkvksa dh 'kq#vkr vkSifuosf'kdrk dh nsu gSA
mifuos'kokn osQ izHkko osQ dkj.k Hkkjr us vkèkqfud fopkjksa dks tkukA ;g ,d fojksèkkHkklh fLFkfr Hkh
FkhA bl nkSj esa Hkkjr us ik'pkR; mnkjokn ,oa Lora=krk dks vkèkqfudrk osQ :i esa tkuk ogha nwljh vksj
bu if'peh fopkjksa osQ foijhr Hkkjr esa fczrkuh mifuos'koknh 'kklu osQ varxZr Lora=krk ,oa mnkjrk dk
vHkko FkkA bl rjg osQ var% fojksèkh rF;ksa us Hkkjrh; lkekftd lajpuk ,oa laLo`Qfr esa ifjorZuksa
dks fn'kk nh ,oa mu ij izHkko MkykA ,sls vusd lajpukRed vkSj lkaLÑfrd ifjorZuksa osQ ckjs esa
vè;k; 1 vkSj 2 esa ppkZ dh xbZ gSA
vxys oqQN ikBksa esa ;g ckr lkI
+
kQ mHkj dj vk,xh fd fdl izdkj Hkkjr esa lkekftd lqèkkj vkSj
jk"Vªh; vkanksyu] gekjh fofèk O;oLFkk] gekjk jktuhfrd thou vkSj lafoèkku] gekjs m|ksx ,oa o`Qf"k]
gekjs uxj vkSj gekjs xk¡oµbu lc ij mifuos'kokn osQ fojksèkkHkklh vuqHkoksa dk xgjk izHkko iM+kA
mifuos'kokn osQ lkFk gekjs bu fojksèkkHkklh lacaèkksa dk izHkko vkèkqfudrk ij Hkh iM+kA blosQ oqQN
mnkgj.k] tks ge vius vke thou esa ikrs gSa] oss bl izdkj gSa%&
gekjs ns'k esa LFkkfir lalnh;] fofèk ,oa f'k{kk O;oLFkk fczfV'k izk:i o izfrekuksa ij vkèkkfjr gSA
;gk¡ rd fd gekjk lM+dksa ij ck,¡ pyuk Hkh fczfV'k vuqdj.k gSA lM+d osQ fdukjs jsgM+h o xkfM+;ksa
ij gesa ^cszM&vkWeysV* vkSj ^dVysV* tSlh [kkus dh phtsa vkerkSj ij feyrh gSaA vkSj rks vkSj] ,d
izfl¼ fcLoqQV fuekZrk daiuh dk uke Hkh ^fczVsu* ls lac¼ gSA vusd LowQyksa esa ^usd&VkbZ* iks'kkd dk
2019-2020
lajpukRed ifjorZu
3
,d vfuok;Z fgLlk gksrk gSA
fdruh ik'pkR;rk gS gekjs nSfud
thou esa mi;ksx esa vkus okyh
bu phtksa esaA ge izk;% if'pe
dh iz'kalk djrs gSa] ysfdu vDlj
fojksèk Hkh djrs gSaA ,sls cgqr ls
mnkgj.k gesa viuh jks”kejkZ dh
ftanxh esa ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA bu
mnkgj.kksa ls irk pyrk gS fd
fczfV'k mifuos'kokn vc Hkh gekjs
thou dk ,d tfVy fgLlk gSA
ge vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk dk mnkgj.k ys ldrs
gSa] ftlosQ cgqvk;keh vkSj fojksèkkRed izHkko
ls ge lc ifjfpr gSaA mi;ksx esa vkus okyh
vaxzs”kh ek=k Hkk"kk ugha gS cfYd ge ikrs gSa
fd cgqr ls Hkkjrh;ksa us vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk esa
mRo`Q"V lkfgfR;d jpuk,¡ Hkh dh gSaA vaxzs”kh
osQ Kku osQ dkj.k Hkkjr dks HkweaMyho`Qr
varjkZ"Vªh; ck”kkj esa ,d fo'ks"k LFkku izkIr gSA
ysfdu ;g Hkh ugha Hkwyk tk ldrk gS fd
vaxsz”kh vkt Hkh fo'ks"kkfèkdkjksa dh |ksrd gSA
ftls vaxzs”kh dk Kku ugha gksrk gS mls jks”kxkj
osQ {ks=k esa ijs'kkfu;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk
gSA ysfdu nwljh vksj vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk dk Kku
vusd oafpr lewgksa
osQ fy, ykHkdkjh
fl¼ gqvk gSA nfyrksa
osQ lanHkZ esa ;s ckrsa
mi;qDr gSaA ijaijkxr
O;oLFkk esa nfyrksa dks
vkSipkfjd f'k{kk ls
oafpr jguk iM+k FkkA
vaxzs”kh osQ Kku ls
vc nfyrksa osQ fy,
Hkh voljksa osQ }kj
[kqy x, gSaA
Virtually English
Housewives and college students who know English take up
plum assignments as online scorers in BPOs, writes K. Jeshi
It is a familiar classroom scene. The only unfamiliar thing is the
setting. Computer screens turn blackboards and housewives
take over as teachers to evaluate English essays written by
non-English speaking students in Asia. All, at the click of the
mouse. The encouraging comments given by the evaluators
here motivate students in Japan, Korea and China to learn
English.
Online education, the new wave in the BPO segment, is
bringing cheer to those who want to earn a fast buck. All you
need is a flair for English, creative skills, basic computer
knowledge, the drive to go that extra mile and willingness to
learn.
Source: The HINDU, Thursday, May 04, 2006
fØ;kdyki 1-1
Ø ,slh lHkh ph”kksa] iz?kVukvksa ,oa izfØ;kvksa dh lwph rS;kj djsa
ftudk lacaèk vkSifuosf'kd ;qx vFkkZr~ ¶fczfV'k dky¸ ls gks]
vke thou esa mi;ksx dh tkus okyh oLrq,¡] tSls iQuhZpj]
[kk|&inkFkZ] Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa mi;ksx dh tkus okyh dgkorsa] eqgkojs vkfnA
Ø fdlh Hkh Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk osQ miU;kl] y?kqdFkk] flusek ;k Vsyhfotu èkkjkokfgdksa osQ ckjs esa
crk,¡ tks vkSifuosf'kd dky dh ;kn fnykrs gksaA
Ø vkius flusek ;k Vsyhfotu èkkjkokfgdksa esa vnkyrh dk;Zokgh dk n`'; ns[kk gksxkA D;k vkius
ml dk;Zokgh ij è;ku fn;k gS\ ;g dk;Zokgh  cM+s iSekus ij fczfV'k O;oLFkk dk
vuqdj.k djrh gSA oqQN o"kZ iwoZ rd ;g ns[kk tkrk Fkk fd Hkkjrh; U;k;kèkh'k
cukoVh ckyksa okyk Vksi iguk djrs FksA irk dhft, fd ;g oSQls izpyu esa vk;k
vkSj bldh mRifÙk dgk¡ gqbZ Fkh\
3
2019-2020
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lajpukRed
ifjorZu
1
2019-2020
Hkkjr esa lkekftd ifjorZu ,oa fodkl
2
o
     rZeku dks le>us osQ fy, ;g t:jh gS fd mlosQ vrhr osQ oqQN i{kksa dh Hkh tkudkjh gksA vrhr
dk ;g Kku fdlh Hkh O;fDr ;k lewg ;k fiQj Hkkjr tSls iwjs ns'k dks tkuus gsrq vko';d gSA Hkkjr
dk bfrgkl dkI
+
kQh le`¼ ,oa foLr`r gSA Hkkjr osQ vrhr dh tkudkjh izkphu ,oa eè;dkyhu Hkkjr dks
tkuus ls feyrh gSA tcfd vkèkqfud Hkkjr dks le>us osQ fy, ”k:jh gS fd Hkkjr osQ vkSifuosf'kd
vuqHkoksa dks tkuasA Hkkjr esa vkèkqfud fopkj ,oa laaLFkkvksa dh 'kq#vkr vkSifuosf'kdrk dh nsu gSA
mifuos'kokn osQ izHkko osQ dkj.k Hkkjr us vkèkqfud fopkjksa dks tkukA ;g ,d fojksèkkHkklh fLFkfr Hkh
FkhA bl nkSj esa Hkkjr us ik'pkR; mnkjokn ,oa Lora=krk dks vkèkqfudrk osQ :i esa tkuk ogha nwljh vksj
bu if'peh fopkjksa osQ foijhr Hkkjr esa fczrkuh mifuos'koknh 'kklu osQ varxZr Lora=krk ,oa mnkjrk dk
vHkko FkkA bl rjg osQ var% fojksèkh rF;ksa us Hkkjrh; lkekftd lajpuk ,oa laLo`Qfr esa ifjorZuksa
dks fn'kk nh ,oa mu ij izHkko MkykA ,sls vusd lajpukRed vkSj lkaLÑfrd ifjorZuksa osQ ckjs esa
vè;k; 1 vkSj 2 esa ppkZ dh xbZ gSA
vxys oqQN ikBksa esa ;g ckr lkI
+
kQ mHkj dj vk,xh fd fdl izdkj Hkkjr esa lkekftd lqèkkj vkSj
jk"Vªh; vkanksyu] gekjh fofèk O;oLFkk] gekjk jktuhfrd thou vkSj lafoèkku] gekjs m|ksx ,oa o`Qf"k]
gekjs uxj vkSj gekjs xk¡oµbu lc ij mifuos'kokn osQ fojksèkkHkklh vuqHkoksa dk xgjk izHkko iM+kA
mifuos'kokn osQ lkFk gekjs bu fojksèkkHkklh lacaèkksa dk izHkko vkèkqfudrk ij Hkh iM+kA blosQ oqQN
mnkgj.k] tks ge vius vke thou esa ikrs gSa] oss bl izdkj gSa%&
gekjs ns'k esa LFkkfir lalnh;] fofèk ,oa f'k{kk O;oLFkk fczfV'k izk:i o izfrekuksa ij vkèkkfjr gSA
;gk¡ rd fd gekjk lM+dksa ij ck,¡ pyuk Hkh fczfV'k vuqdj.k gSA lM+d osQ fdukjs jsgM+h o xkfM+;ksa
ij gesa ^cszM&vkWeysV* vkSj ^dVysV* tSlh [kkus dh phtsa vkerkSj ij feyrh gSaA vkSj rks vkSj] ,d
izfl¼ fcLoqQV fuekZrk daiuh dk uke Hkh ^fczVsu* ls lac¼ gSA vusd LowQyksa esa ^usd&VkbZ* iks'kkd dk
2019-2020
lajpukRed ifjorZu
3
,d vfuok;Z fgLlk gksrk gSA
fdruh ik'pkR;rk gS gekjs nSfud
thou esa mi;ksx esa vkus okyh
bu phtksa esaA ge izk;% if'pe
dh iz'kalk djrs gSa] ysfdu vDlj
fojksèk Hkh djrs gSaA ,sls cgqr ls
mnkgj.k gesa viuh jks”kejkZ dh
ftanxh esa ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA bu
mnkgj.kksa ls irk pyrk gS fd
fczfV'k mifuos'kokn vc Hkh gekjs
thou dk ,d tfVy fgLlk gSA
ge vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk dk mnkgj.k ys ldrs
gSa] ftlosQ cgqvk;keh vkSj fojksèkkRed izHkko
ls ge lc ifjfpr gSaA mi;ksx esa vkus okyh
vaxzs”kh ek=k Hkk"kk ugha gS cfYd ge ikrs gSa
fd cgqr ls Hkkjrh;ksa us vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk esa
mRo`Q"V lkfgfR;d jpuk,¡ Hkh dh gSaA vaxzs”kh
osQ Kku osQ dkj.k Hkkjr dks HkweaMyho`Qr
varjkZ"Vªh; ck”kkj esa ,d fo'ks"k LFkku izkIr gSA
ysfdu ;g Hkh ugha Hkwyk tk ldrk gS fd
vaxsz”kh vkt Hkh fo'ks"kkfèkdkjksa dh |ksrd gSA
ftls vaxzs”kh dk Kku ugha gksrk gS mls jks”kxkj
osQ {ks=k esa ijs'kkfu;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk
gSA ysfdu nwljh vksj vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk dk Kku
vusd oafpr lewgksa
osQ fy, ykHkdkjh
fl¼ gqvk gSA nfyrksa
osQ lanHkZ esa ;s ckrsa
mi;qDr gSaA ijaijkxr
O;oLFkk esa nfyrksa dks
vkSipkfjd f'k{kk ls
oafpr jguk iM+k FkkA
vaxzs”kh osQ Kku ls
vc nfyrksa osQ fy,
Hkh voljksa osQ }kj
[kqy x, gSaA
Virtually English
Housewives and college students who know English take up
plum assignments as online scorers in BPOs, writes K. Jeshi
It is a familiar classroom scene. The only unfamiliar thing is the
setting. Computer screens turn blackboards and housewives
take over as teachers to evaluate English essays written by
non-English speaking students in Asia. All, at the click of the
mouse. The encouraging comments given by the evaluators
here motivate students in Japan, Korea and China to learn
English.
Online education, the new wave in the BPO segment, is
bringing cheer to those who want to earn a fast buck. All you
need is a flair for English, creative skills, basic computer
knowledge, the drive to go that extra mile and willingness to
learn.
Source: The HINDU, Thursday, May 04, 2006
fØ;kdyki 1-1
Ø ,slh lHkh ph”kksa] iz?kVukvksa ,oa izfØ;kvksa dh lwph rS;kj djsa
ftudk lacaèk vkSifuosf'kd ;qx vFkkZr~ ¶fczfV'k dky¸ ls gks]
vke thou esa mi;ksx dh tkus okyh oLrq,¡] tSls iQuhZpj]
[kk|&inkFkZ] Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa mi;ksx dh tkus okyh dgkorsa] eqgkojs vkfnA
Ø fdlh Hkh Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk osQ miU;kl] y?kqdFkk] flusek ;k Vsyhfotu èkkjkokfgdksa osQ ckjs esa
crk,¡ tks vkSifuosf'kd dky dh ;kn fnykrs gksaA
Ø vkius flusek ;k Vsyhfotu èkkjkokfgdksa esa vnkyrh dk;Zokgh dk n`'; ns[kk gksxkA D;k vkius
ml dk;Zokgh ij è;ku fn;k gS\ ;g dk;Zokgh  cM+s iSekus ij fczfV'k O;oLFkk dk
vuqdj.k djrh gSA oqQN o"kZ iwoZ rd ;g ns[kk tkrk Fkk fd Hkkjrh; U;k;kèkh'k
cukoVh ckyksa okyk Vksi iguk djrs FksA irk dhft, fd ;g oSQls izpyu esa vk;k
vkSj bldh mRifÙk dgk¡ gqbZ Fkh\
3
2019-2020
Hkkjr esa lkekftd ifjorZu ,oa fodkl
4
bl vè;k; esa geus mu vusd lajpukRed ifjorZuksa dk mYys[k fd;k gS tks mifuos'kokn osQ dkj.k
vk,A vc ge bl tkudkjh ossQ ckn mifuos'kokn dks ,d lajpuk ,oa O;oLFkk osQ :i esa le>asxsA
mifuos'kokn us jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd lajpuk esa uohu ifjorZUk mRiUu fd,A bl vè;k; esa
ge nks lajpukRed ifjorZuksa ¶vkS|ksxhdj.k ,oa uxjhdj.k¸ dh ppkZ djsaxsA gekjs foospu dk eq[; osaQnz
rks fof'k"V vkSifuosf'kdrkokn gksxk] ij lkFk gh ge Lora=k Hkkjr esa gq, fodkl dk Hkh mYys[k djsaxsA
bu lHkh lajpukRed ifjorZuksa osQ lkFk lkaLo`Qfrd ifjorZu Hkh gq,  ftudh ppkZ ge vxys vè;k;
esa djsaxsA gkyk¡fd bu nksuksa ifjorZuksa dks vyx djuk cgqr dfBu gSA fiQj Hkh vki ns[ksaxs fd lajpukRed
ifjorZuksa dh ppkZ oSQls lkaLo`Qfrd ifjorZuksa dks lfEefyr fd, fcuk dfBu gS\
1-1 mifuos'kokn dh le>
,d Lrj ij] ,d ns'k osQ }kjk nwljs ns'k ij 'kklu dks
mifuos'kokn ekuk tkrk gSA vkèkqfud dky esa
if'peh mifuos'kokn dk lcls T;knk
izHkko jgk gSA Hkkjr osQ bfrgkl ls
;g Li"V gksrk gS fd ;gk¡
dky vkSj LFkku osQ vuqlkj
fofHkUu izdkj osQ lewgksa dk
mu fofHkUu {ks=kksa ij 'kklu
jgk tks vkt osQ vkèkqfud
Hkkjr dks fufeZr djrs gSa]
ysfdu vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu
fdlh vU; 'kklu ls vyx
vkSj vfèkd izHkko'kkyh jgkA
blosQ dkj.k tks ifjorZu vk,
og vR;fèkd xgjs vkSj
HksnHkkoiw.kZ jgs gSaA bfrgkl ,sls
mnkgj.kksa ls Hkjk iM+k gS ftlesa nwljs
ns'k osQ {ks=kksa ij dC”kk djosQ jktuhfrd
{ks=k dk foLrkj fd;k x;kA ,sls vufxur mnkgj.k
gSa ftlesa detksj yksxksa ij 'kfDr'kkyh yksxksa us 'kklu fd;kA ysfdu xkSj djus okyh ckr ;g gS fd
iw¡thokn osQ vkus ls igys osQ lkezkT; vkSj iw¡thoknh nkSj osQ 'kklu esa xq.kkRed varj gSA iwoZ&iw¡thoknh
'kkld vius izHkqRo ls ykHk izkIr dj losQ tks muosQ fujarj 'kklu vFkok fojklr ls O;Dr gksrk gSA oqQy
feykdj iwoZ&iw¡thoknh 'kkld lekt osQ vkfFkZd vkèkkj esa gLr{ksi ugha dj losQA mUgksaus ijaijkxr vkfFkZd
O;oLFkkvksa ij dC”kk djosQ viuh lÙkk dks cuk, j[kkA (vYoh ,oa 'kkfuu)
blosQ foijhr fczrkuh mifuos'kokn iw¡thoknh O;oLFkk ij vkèkkfjr FkkA blus izR;{k :i ls vkfFkZd
O;oLkk; esa cM+s iSekus ij gLr{ksi fd,A ftuls fczrkuh iw¡thokn dk foLrkj gqvk vkSj mls etcwrh feyhA
mnkgj.k osQ fy, Hkwfe lacaèkh fu;eksa dks ysaA fczrkuh mifuos'kokn us osQOky Hkwfe LokfeRo osQ fu;eksa dks
2019-2020
Page 5


lajpukRed
ifjorZu
1
2019-2020
Hkkjr esa lkekftd ifjorZu ,oa fodkl
2
o
     rZeku dks le>us osQ fy, ;g t:jh gS fd mlosQ vrhr osQ oqQN i{kksa dh Hkh tkudkjh gksA vrhr
dk ;g Kku fdlh Hkh O;fDr ;k lewg ;k fiQj Hkkjr tSls iwjs ns'k dks tkuus gsrq vko';d gSA Hkkjr
dk bfrgkl dkI
+
kQh le`¼ ,oa foLr`r gSA Hkkjr osQ vrhr dh tkudkjh izkphu ,oa eè;dkyhu Hkkjr dks
tkuus ls feyrh gSA tcfd vkèkqfud Hkkjr dks le>us osQ fy, ”k:jh gS fd Hkkjr osQ vkSifuosf'kd
vuqHkoksa dks tkuasA Hkkjr esa vkèkqfud fopkj ,oa laaLFkkvksa dh 'kq#vkr vkSifuosf'kdrk dh nsu gSA
mifuos'kokn osQ izHkko osQ dkj.k Hkkjr us vkèkqfud fopkjksa dks tkukA ;g ,d fojksèkkHkklh fLFkfr Hkh
FkhA bl nkSj esa Hkkjr us ik'pkR; mnkjokn ,oa Lora=krk dks vkèkqfudrk osQ :i esa tkuk ogha nwljh vksj
bu if'peh fopkjksa osQ foijhr Hkkjr esa fczrkuh mifuos'koknh 'kklu osQ varxZr Lora=krk ,oa mnkjrk dk
vHkko FkkA bl rjg osQ var% fojksèkh rF;ksa us Hkkjrh; lkekftd lajpuk ,oa laLo`Qfr esa ifjorZuksa
dks fn'kk nh ,oa mu ij izHkko MkykA ,sls vusd lajpukRed vkSj lkaLÑfrd ifjorZuksa osQ ckjs esa
vè;k; 1 vkSj 2 esa ppkZ dh xbZ gSA
vxys oqQN ikBksa esa ;g ckr lkI
+
kQ mHkj dj vk,xh fd fdl izdkj Hkkjr esa lkekftd lqèkkj vkSj
jk"Vªh; vkanksyu] gekjh fofèk O;oLFkk] gekjk jktuhfrd thou vkSj lafoèkku] gekjs m|ksx ,oa o`Qf"k]
gekjs uxj vkSj gekjs xk¡oµbu lc ij mifuos'kokn osQ fojksèkkHkklh vuqHkoksa dk xgjk izHkko iM+kA
mifuos'kokn osQ lkFk gekjs bu fojksèkkHkklh lacaèkksa dk izHkko vkèkqfudrk ij Hkh iM+kA blosQ oqQN
mnkgj.k] tks ge vius vke thou esa ikrs gSa] oss bl izdkj gSa%&
gekjs ns'k esa LFkkfir lalnh;] fofèk ,oa f'k{kk O;oLFkk fczfV'k izk:i o izfrekuksa ij vkèkkfjr gSA
;gk¡ rd fd gekjk lM+dksa ij ck,¡ pyuk Hkh fczfV'k vuqdj.k gSA lM+d osQ fdukjs jsgM+h o xkfM+;ksa
ij gesa ^cszM&vkWeysV* vkSj ^dVysV* tSlh [kkus dh phtsa vkerkSj ij feyrh gSaA vkSj rks vkSj] ,d
izfl¼ fcLoqQV fuekZrk daiuh dk uke Hkh ^fczVsu* ls lac¼ gSA vusd LowQyksa esa ^usd&VkbZ* iks'kkd dk
2019-2020
lajpukRed ifjorZu
3
,d vfuok;Z fgLlk gksrk gSA
fdruh ik'pkR;rk gS gekjs nSfud
thou esa mi;ksx esa vkus okyh
bu phtksa esaA ge izk;% if'pe
dh iz'kalk djrs gSa] ysfdu vDlj
fojksèk Hkh djrs gSaA ,sls cgqr ls
mnkgj.k gesa viuh jks”kejkZ dh
ftanxh esa ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA bu
mnkgj.kksa ls irk pyrk gS fd
fczfV'k mifuos'kokn vc Hkh gekjs
thou dk ,d tfVy fgLlk gSA
ge vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk dk mnkgj.k ys ldrs
gSa] ftlosQ cgqvk;keh vkSj fojksèkkRed izHkko
ls ge lc ifjfpr gSaA mi;ksx esa vkus okyh
vaxzs”kh ek=k Hkk"kk ugha gS cfYd ge ikrs gSa
fd cgqr ls Hkkjrh;ksa us vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk esa
mRo`Q"V lkfgfR;d jpuk,¡ Hkh dh gSaA vaxzs”kh
osQ Kku osQ dkj.k Hkkjr dks HkweaMyho`Qr
varjkZ"Vªh; ck”kkj esa ,d fo'ks"k LFkku izkIr gSA
ysfdu ;g Hkh ugha Hkwyk tk ldrk gS fd
vaxsz”kh vkt Hkh fo'ks"kkfèkdkjksa dh |ksrd gSA
ftls vaxzs”kh dk Kku ugha gksrk gS mls jks”kxkj
osQ {ks=k esa ijs'kkfu;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk
gSA ysfdu nwljh vksj vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk dk Kku
vusd oafpr lewgksa
osQ fy, ykHkdkjh
fl¼ gqvk gSA nfyrksa
osQ lanHkZ esa ;s ckrsa
mi;qDr gSaA ijaijkxr
O;oLFkk esa nfyrksa dks
vkSipkfjd f'k{kk ls
oafpr jguk iM+k FkkA
vaxzs”kh osQ Kku ls
vc nfyrksa osQ fy,
Hkh voljksa osQ }kj
[kqy x, gSaA
Virtually English
Housewives and college students who know English take up
plum assignments as online scorers in BPOs, writes K. Jeshi
It is a familiar classroom scene. The only unfamiliar thing is the
setting. Computer screens turn blackboards and housewives
take over as teachers to evaluate English essays written by
non-English speaking students in Asia. All, at the click of the
mouse. The encouraging comments given by the evaluators
here motivate students in Japan, Korea and China to learn
English.
Online education, the new wave in the BPO segment, is
bringing cheer to those who want to earn a fast buck. All you
need is a flair for English, creative skills, basic computer
knowledge, the drive to go that extra mile and willingness to
learn.
Source: The HINDU, Thursday, May 04, 2006
fØ;kdyki 1-1
Ø ,slh lHkh ph”kksa] iz?kVukvksa ,oa izfØ;kvksa dh lwph rS;kj djsa
ftudk lacaèk vkSifuosf'kd ;qx vFkkZr~ ¶fczfV'k dky¸ ls gks]
vke thou esa mi;ksx dh tkus okyh oLrq,¡] tSls iQuhZpj]
[kk|&inkFkZ] Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa mi;ksx dh tkus okyh dgkorsa] eqgkojs vkfnA
Ø fdlh Hkh Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk osQ miU;kl] y?kqdFkk] flusek ;k Vsyhfotu èkkjkokfgdksa osQ ckjs esa
crk,¡ tks vkSifuosf'kd dky dh ;kn fnykrs gksaA
Ø vkius flusek ;k Vsyhfotu èkkjkokfgdksa esa vnkyrh dk;Zokgh dk n`'; ns[kk gksxkA D;k vkius
ml dk;Zokgh ij è;ku fn;k gS\ ;g dk;Zokgh  cM+s iSekus ij fczfV'k O;oLFkk dk
vuqdj.k djrh gSA oqQN o"kZ iwoZ rd ;g ns[kk tkrk Fkk fd Hkkjrh; U;k;kèkh'k
cukoVh ckyksa okyk Vksi iguk djrs FksA irk dhft, fd ;g oSQls izpyu esa vk;k
vkSj bldh mRifÙk dgk¡ gqbZ Fkh\
3
2019-2020
Hkkjr esa lkekftd ifjorZu ,oa fodkl
4
bl vè;k; esa geus mu vusd lajpukRed ifjorZuksa dk mYys[k fd;k gS tks mifuos'kokn osQ dkj.k
vk,A vc ge bl tkudkjh ossQ ckn mifuos'kokn dks ,d lajpuk ,oa O;oLFkk osQ :i esa le>asxsA
mifuos'kokn us jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd lajpuk esa uohu ifjorZUk mRiUu fd,A bl vè;k; esa
ge nks lajpukRed ifjorZuksa ¶vkS|ksxhdj.k ,oa uxjhdj.k¸ dh ppkZ djsaxsA gekjs foospu dk eq[; osaQnz
rks fof'k"V vkSifuosf'kdrkokn gksxk] ij lkFk gh ge Lora=k Hkkjr esa gq, fodkl dk Hkh mYys[k djsaxsA
bu lHkh lajpukRed ifjorZuksa osQ lkFk lkaLo`Qfrd ifjorZu Hkh gq,  ftudh ppkZ ge vxys vè;k;
esa djsaxsA gkyk¡fd bu nksuksa ifjorZuksa dks vyx djuk cgqr dfBu gSA fiQj Hkh vki ns[ksaxs fd lajpukRed
ifjorZuksa dh ppkZ oSQls lkaLo`Qfrd ifjorZuksa dks lfEefyr fd, fcuk dfBu gS\
1-1 mifuos'kokn dh le>
,d Lrj ij] ,d ns'k osQ }kjk nwljs ns'k ij 'kklu dks
mifuos'kokn ekuk tkrk gSA vkèkqfud dky esa
if'peh mifuos'kokn dk lcls T;knk
izHkko jgk gSA Hkkjr osQ bfrgkl ls
;g Li"V gksrk gS fd ;gk¡
dky vkSj LFkku osQ vuqlkj
fofHkUu izdkj osQ lewgksa dk
mu fofHkUu {ks=kksa ij 'kklu
jgk tks vkt osQ vkèkqfud
Hkkjr dks fufeZr djrs gSa]
ysfdu vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu
fdlh vU; 'kklu ls vyx
vkSj vfèkd izHkko'kkyh jgkA
blosQ dkj.k tks ifjorZu vk,
og vR;fèkd xgjs vkSj
HksnHkkoiw.kZ jgs gSaA bfrgkl ,sls
mnkgj.kksa ls Hkjk iM+k gS ftlesa nwljs
ns'k osQ {ks=kksa ij dC”kk djosQ jktuhfrd
{ks=k dk foLrkj fd;k x;kA ,sls vufxur mnkgj.k
gSa ftlesa detksj yksxksa ij 'kfDr'kkyh yksxksa us 'kklu fd;kA ysfdu xkSj djus okyh ckr ;g gS fd
iw¡thokn osQ vkus ls igys osQ lkezkT; vkSj iw¡thoknh nkSj osQ 'kklu esa xq.kkRed varj gSA iwoZ&iw¡thoknh
'kkld vius izHkqRo ls ykHk izkIr dj losQ tks muosQ fujarj 'kklu vFkok fojklr ls O;Dr gksrk gSA oqQy
feykdj iwoZ&iw¡thoknh 'kkld lekt osQ vkfFkZd vkèkkj esa gLr{ksi ugha dj losQA mUgksaus ijaijkxr vkfFkZd
O;oLFkkvksa ij dC”kk djosQ viuh lÙkk dks cuk, j[kkA (vYoh ,oa 'kkfuu)
blosQ foijhr fczrkuh mifuos'kokn iw¡thoknh O;oLFkk ij vkèkkfjr FkkA blus izR;{k :i ls vkfFkZd
O;oLkk; esa cM+s iSekus ij gLr{ksi fd,A ftuls fczrkuh iw¡thokn dk foLrkj gqvk vkSj mls etcwrh feyhA
mnkgj.k osQ fy, Hkwfe lacaèkh fu;eksa dks ysaA fczrkuh mifuos'kokn us osQOky Hkwfe LokfeRo osQ fu;eksa dks
2019-2020
lajpukRed ifjorZu
5
gh ugha cnYkk vfirq ;g Hkh fuèkkZfjr fd;k fd dkSu lh iQly mxkbZ tk, vkSj dkSu lh ughaA blus
mRiknu {ks=k dks Hkh ugha NksM+kA oLrqvksa osQ mRiknu dh iz.kkyh vkSj muosQ forj.k osQ rjhdksa dks Hkh
cny fn;kA ;gk¡ rd fd fczfV'k mifuos'kokn us fczfV'k iw¡thokn osQ izlkj osQ fy, taxyksa dks Hkh ugha
NksM+kA mUgksaus isM+ksa dh dVkbZ vkSj ckxkuksa esa pk; dh [ksrh dh 'kq#vkr djkbZA taxy dks fu;af=kr ,oa
iz'kkflr djus osQ fy, vusd dkuwu Hkh cuk,A blls taxy ij vkfJr xM+fj;s o xzkeh.k yksxksa osQ thou
esa ifjorZu vk,A u, vkSifuosf'kd dkuwuksa osQ varxZr xzkeh.kksa] pjokgksa o xM+fj;ksa dk taxyksa esa
vkuk&tkuk izfrcafèkr dj fn;k x;kA vc taxy ls HksM+&cdfj;ksa] xk;&HkSalksa vkfn i'kqvksa osQ fy, pkjk
bdV~Bk djuk nqyZHk gks x;kA uhps fn, x, ckWDl esa la{ksi esa crk;k x;k gS fd fdl izdkj vkSifuosf'kd
dkuwu] fo'ks"kdj taxyksa ls lacafèkr dkuwu] us iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr ij izHkko MkykA bl lanHkZ esa iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr
esa taxy ls lacafèkr vkSifuosf'kd uhfr;k¡ mYys[kuh; gSaA
iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr esa taxy ls lacafèkr vkSifuosf'kd uhfr;k¡
caxky esa jsyos dh 'kq#vkr--- ,d fu.kkZ;d ?kVuk Fkh] ftlls vle dh taxy ls lacafèkr uhfr;ksa esa ,d
ifjorZu vk;k (ml le; vle caxky izkar dk ,d fgLlk Fkk)_ vc ;s uhfr;k¡ mnkj u gksdj gLr{ksioknh gks
xb±---tSls&tSls jsyos osQ 'k;u;kuksa dh ek¡x c<+h oSls&oSls vle dk og taxy tks O;kolkf;d n`f"V ls cgqr mi;ksxh
ugha Fkk] jktLo dekus dk ,d vkd"kZd lalkèku cu x;k
(mu fnuksa dk vle] vkt osQ lkrksa iwoksZÙkj jkT;ksa ls feydj
curk Fkk)A
1861 vkSj 1878 osQ chp] 269 oxZ ehy dk foLr`r taxy
vkjf{kr ?kksf"kr dj  fn;k x;kA lu~ 1894 rd ;g {ks=k
3683 oxZehy dk gks x;kA vkSj ;g c<+rs&c<+rs 19oha lnh
osQ var rd 20061 oxZ ehy dk gks x;k] (ftlesa  oqQy
izkar dk 42-2 izfr'kr {ks=kiQy Fkk) blesa ls 3]609 oxZ ehy
dks vkjf{kr j[kk x;k FkkA blesa xkSj djus dh ckr ;g gS fd
taxy dk oks cM+k {ks=k ftlesa vkfnoklh leqnk;ksa dk fuokl
Fkk vkSj tks lfn;ksa ls ogk¡ thou;kiu djrs vk, Fks] Hkh iz'kkldh; fu;a=k.k esa vk x;kA igkM+h {ks=kksa esa vkfnoklh
tutkrh; leqnk; taxyksa ls lac¼ gksdj izo`Qfr osQ lkFk eS=khiw.kZ thou thrs FksA      (ukSaxcjh] 2003)
Hkkjr esa igys ozQhd iqy tks fd Fkk.ks osQ ikl gSA mlosQ mQij ls
xqtjrh gqbZ jsyxkM+h&1854
ckWDLk 1-1
mifuos'kokn us yksxksa dh vkoktkgh dks Hkh
c<+k;kA Hkkjr osQ ,d fgLls ls nwljs fgLls esa
vkuk tkuk pyrk jgkA tSls vkt osQ >kj[kaM
izns'k ls] mu fnuksa] cgqr lss yksx pk; ckxkuksa esa
etnwjh djus osQ mís'; ls vle vk,A mUgha fnuksa
,d u, eè; oxZ dk Hkh mn~Hko gqvk tks eq[;r%
caxky vkSj enzkl {ks=k ls FkkA mlesa os yksx Fks
ftudks mifuos'koknh 'kklu us ns'k osQ fofHkUu
Hkkxksa ls lsok osQ fy, pquk Fkk blosQ vykok
fofHkUu is'ksoj yksx tSLksµMkWDVj ,oa odhyA bu
ljdkjh lsokoQfeZ;ksa vkSj O;olkf;;ksa dk Hkh cgqr vkokxeu gksrk jgkA ;g vkokxeu Hkkjr rd gh lhfer
ckWDl 1-2
lu~ 1834 ls ysdj 1920 rd] Hkkjr osQ vusdksa
canjxkgksa ls fu;fer :i ls tgk”k tkrs FksA mu
tgktksa esa fofHkUu èkeks±] fyax] oxks± o tkfr;ksa osQ Hkkjrh; yksx gksrs
Fks ftUgsa de ls de ik¡p lky osQ fy, ekWjh'kl osQ ckxkuksa esa
etnwjh djus osQ fy, ig¡qpk;k tkrk FkkA blosQ fy, dbZ n'kdksa
rd yksxksa dk p;u eq[;r% fcgkj izkar osQ fo'ks"kdj iVuk] x;k]
vkjk] lkj.k] frjgqr] paikj.k] eqaxsj] Hkkxyiqj vkSj iwf.kZ;k ftyksa esa
ls gksrk FkkA (ikbuhvks 1984)
5
2019-2020