एनसीईआरटी पाठ्यपुस्तक: वर्तमान में शिल्प समुदाय (भारतीय कला का परिचय) | Must Read Old & New NCERTs for UPSC CSE (Hindi) PDF Download

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lHkh ljdkjh ;kstukvksa vkSj uhfr;ksa ,oa xSj&ljdkjh rFkk
ljdkjh ,tsafl;ksa osQ iz;klksa osQ ckotwn Hkkjr esa f'kYi dh
fLFkfr vis{kkÑr fiNM+h gqbZ gSA f'kYidkj vius f'kYi gsrq
dPps eky ;k izko`Qfrd lalkèkuksa ij fuHkZj gksrs gSa] tks rs”kh ls
?kV jgs gSaA ,sls esa f'kYidkj dks vius O;kikj osQ foLrkj
vFkok mls cuk, j[kus esa viuh lhfer tek iw¡th dk fuos'k
djuk iM+rk gS] tcfd ck”kkj yxkrkj floqqQM+ jgs gSa vFkok
- iSQDVªh esa cus de dher osQ diM+ksa] phuh f[kykSuksa] IykfLVd
dh pVkb;ksa ;k LVsuySl LVhy osQ ?kM+ksa ls iVs gq, gSaA fiNys
lkS lkyksa esa bu ifjfLFkfr;kssa us f'kYidkj dh vk£Fkd fLFkfr
vkSj Hkh [kjkc dj nh gSA
bl vè;k; esa ;g fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gS fd vkt f'kYi
leqnk; dh fLFkfr ,oa Lrj bruk [kjkc D;ksa gSA
f'kYidkj osQ izfr gekjk n`f"Vdks.k cukus okyh
vfHko`fÙk;k¡
f'kYi leqnk; osQ xjhc gksus dk igyk dkj.k f'kYi vkSj gekjs
lekt esa f'kYi dh Hkwfedk osQ izfr gekjh le> gSA yksx
f'kYidkj dks fdl n`f"V ls ns[krs gSa µ ,d dkjhxj osQ :i esa
;k osQoy ,d e”knwj osQ :i esa\ rktegy dk fuekZ.k ,d
dykdkj us fd;k Fkk ;k f'kYi leqnk; us\ D;k f'kYi eq[;r%
gkFk osQ dke gSa ;k ;g gkFk] fnekx vkSj fny osQ la;kstu osQ
dkS'ky ij vkèkkfjr dk;Zdyki gS\ f'kYi vkSj f'kYi leqnk;
osQ izfr vkt tks n`f"Vdks.k gS] ogh Hkkjr esa f'kYi dh izxfr
jksdus okyk igyk vojksèk gSA
5
orZeku esa f'kYi leqnk;
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lHkh ljdkjh ;kstukvksa vkSj uhfr;ksa ,oa xSj&ljdkjh rFkk
ljdkjh ,tsafl;ksa osQ iz;klksa osQ ckotwn Hkkjr esa f'kYi dh
fLFkfr vis{kkÑr fiNM+h gqbZ gSA f'kYidkj vius f'kYi gsrq
dPps eky ;k izko`Qfrd lalkèkuksa ij fuHkZj gksrs gSa] tks rs”kh ls
?kV jgs gSaA ,sls esa f'kYidkj dks vius O;kikj osQ foLrkj
vFkok mls cuk, j[kus esa viuh lhfer tek iw¡th dk fuos'k
djuk iM+rk gS] tcfd ck”kkj yxkrkj floqqQM+ jgs gSa vFkok
- iSQDVªh esa cus de dher osQ diM+ksa] phuh f[kykSuksa] IykfLVd
dh pVkb;ksa ;k LVsuySl LVhy osQ ?kM+ksa ls iVs gq, gSaA fiNys
lkS lkyksa esa bu ifjfLFkfr;kssa us f'kYidkj dh vk£Fkd fLFkfr
vkSj Hkh [kjkc dj nh gSA
bl vè;k; esa ;g fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gS fd vkt f'kYi
leqnk; dh fLFkfr ,oa Lrj bruk [kjkc D;ksa gSA
f'kYidkj osQ izfr gekjk n`f"Vdks.k cukus okyh
vfHko`fÙk;k¡
f'kYi leqnk; osQ xjhc gksus dk igyk dkj.k f'kYi vkSj gekjs
lekt esa f'kYi dh Hkwfedk osQ izfr gekjh le> gSA yksx
f'kYidkj dks fdl n`f"V ls ns[krs gSa µ ,d dkjhxj osQ :i esa
;k osQoy ,d e”knwj osQ :i esa\ rktegy dk fuekZ.k ,d
dykdkj us fd;k Fkk ;k f'kYi leqnk; us\ D;k f'kYi eq[;r%
gkFk osQ dke gSa ;k ;g gkFk] fnekx vkSj fny osQ la;kstu osQ
dkS'ky ij vkèkkfjr dk;Zdyki gS\ f'kYi vkSj f'kYi leqnk;
osQ izfr vkt tks n`f"Vdks.k gS] ogh Hkkjr esa f'kYi dh izxfr
jksdus okyk igyk vojksèk gSA
5
orZeku esa f'kYi leqnk;
Hkkjrh; gLrdyk dh ijEijk,¡ – orZeku] Hkwr vkSj Hkfo"; 56
tgk¡ efgykvksa us vkthfodk gsrq d<+kbZ djuk pquk gS] os okf.kfT;d vkSj
ikjaifjd gLrdk;Z esa Li"V :i ls foHkktu djrh gSaA nksuksa vyx&vyx
bdkb;k¡ gSa vkSj izR;{k :i ls nksuksa ,d nwljs dks vkPNkfnr ugha djrhaA
izR;sd osQ fy, fu;e vkSj ekud vyx&vyx gSaA fiQj Hkh ck”kkj esa dk;Z
djus ls bl ckr ij vo'; IkzHkko iM+rk gS fd efgyk,¡ ,d dkjhxj
osQ :i eas ;k lekt osQ lnL; osQ :i esa Lo;a osQ ckjs esa oSQlk eglwl
djrh gSaA
okf.kfT;d dk;Z dk igyk vkSj 'kk;n lcls cM+k izHkko fM”kkbu ;k
dyk vkSj f'kYi ;k e”knwjh dks vyx&vyx djuk gSA dkjhxjksa ls og
cukus osQ fy, dgk tkrk gS] tks fdlh vU; us muls cukus osQ fy, dgk
gksrk gS] ctk; blosQ fd os viuh lkSan;Z psruk ls dk;Z djsaA tc
fHkUu&fHkUu jax osQ pkj èkkxksa dk lsV jckjh efgykvksa dks fn;k x;k] rks
mUgksaus foo'krk fn[kkrs gq, dgk fd ;fn ge budk Ikz;ksx djrs gSa] rks ;g
jckjh ugha jgsxkA ikjaifjd dk;Z esa] vyx&vyx jax] Vk¡osQ] iSVuZ vkSj
eksfVI
+
kQ ugha gksrk—;s ,d lkFk bdkbZ esa dk;Z djrs gSaA fM”kkbu osQ iz;ksx
ls bu rÙoksa dks fHkUu&fHkUu fn[kk;k tkrk gS vkSj u, rjhdksa ls mUgsa
lkFk&lkFk j[kk tkrk gSA
tc fM”kkbu dks izksI
+
ksQ'kuy fM”kkbuj gsrq vkjf{kr dj fn;k tkrk gS vkSj
f'kYidkj dks dkjhxjh rd gh lhfer dj fn;k tkrk gS] rks dkjhxj ek=k ,d e”knwj
cu dj jg tkrk gSA
µ twMh - izsQVj
FkzsM~l ,aM okW;lsl
lfn;ksa ls Hkkjrh; gLrf'kYi vius vizfre lkSan;Z vkSj dk;kZRed xq.kksa
gsrq izfl¼ gSA izkphu dky esa Hkkjr esa fM”kkbuj lkekU;r% f'kYih gksrs FksA
bu f'kfYi;ksa osQ funsZ'ku osQ varxZr gh dkjhxjksa vkSj f'kYidkjksa dk lewg
dk;Z djrk Fkk vkSj ;s laiw.kZ ns'k dh fHkUu&fHkUu O;kikfjd laLFkkvksa vkSj
{ks=kh; LowQyksa ls lacafèkr gksrs FksA ;g mudh lw{e le>nkjh vkSj
vlkèkkj.k dkS'ky gh Fkk] ftlus gekjs gLrf'kYi dks çHkko'kkyh] fM”kkbu;qDr
vkSj lqanj cuk;kA
ftu f'kYiksa dk eqxy njckj esa mn~Hko gqvk Fkk] os Hkh fM”kkbu osQ
foy{k.k ifj"dj.k dks n'kkZrs gSaA njckj vkSj lkear oxZ }kjk bu f'kYidkjksa
dks laj{k.k feykA bu f'kYiksa esa fM”kkbu vDlj njckj dh fp=kdkjh vkSj
y?kq dyk }kjk IkzHkkfor gksrs Fks] tks - iQkjlh ;k Lons'kh lzksrksa ls yh xbZ FkhA
,sls fM”kkbu Hkkjrh; dkyhu] fdu[kkc] isijeS'ks] iPphdkjh bR;kfn esa ns[ks
tk ldrs gSaA ;s Hkkjrh; gLrf'kYi osQ fof'k"V xq.k gSa] tgk¡ izk;% dbZ
fof'k"Vrkvksa vkSj dkS'ky okys vusd f'kYidkjksa dh {kerkvksa vkSj dkS'ky
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lHkh ljdkjh ;kstukvksa vkSj uhfr;ksa ,oa xSj&ljdkjh rFkk
ljdkjh ,tsafl;ksa osQ iz;klksa osQ ckotwn Hkkjr esa f'kYi dh
fLFkfr vis{kkÑr fiNM+h gqbZ gSA f'kYidkj vius f'kYi gsrq
dPps eky ;k izko`Qfrd lalkèkuksa ij fuHkZj gksrs gSa] tks rs”kh ls
?kV jgs gSaA ,sls esa f'kYidkj dks vius O;kikj osQ foLrkj
vFkok mls cuk, j[kus esa viuh lhfer tek iw¡th dk fuos'k
djuk iM+rk gS] tcfd ck”kkj yxkrkj floqqQM+ jgs gSa vFkok
- iSQDVªh esa cus de dher osQ diM+ksa] phuh f[kykSuksa] IykfLVd
dh pVkb;ksa ;k LVsuySl LVhy osQ ?kM+ksa ls iVs gq, gSaA fiNys
lkS lkyksa esa bu ifjfLFkfr;kssa us f'kYidkj dh vk£Fkd fLFkfr
vkSj Hkh [kjkc dj nh gSA
bl vè;k; esa ;g fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gS fd vkt f'kYi
leqnk; dh fLFkfr ,oa Lrj bruk [kjkc D;ksa gSA
f'kYidkj osQ izfr gekjk n`f"Vdks.k cukus okyh
vfHko`fÙk;k¡
f'kYi leqnk; osQ xjhc gksus dk igyk dkj.k f'kYi vkSj gekjs
lekt esa f'kYi dh Hkwfedk osQ izfr gekjh le> gSA yksx
f'kYidkj dks fdl n`f"V ls ns[krs gSa µ ,d dkjhxj osQ :i esa
;k osQoy ,d e”knwj osQ :i esa\ rktegy dk fuekZ.k ,d
dykdkj us fd;k Fkk ;k f'kYi leqnk; us\ D;k f'kYi eq[;r%
gkFk osQ dke gSa ;k ;g gkFk] fnekx vkSj fny osQ la;kstu osQ
dkS'ky ij vkèkkfjr dk;Zdyki gS\ f'kYi vkSj f'kYi leqnk;
osQ izfr vkt tks n`f"Vdks.k gS] ogh Hkkjr esa f'kYi dh izxfr
jksdus okyk igyk vojksèk gSA
5
orZeku esa f'kYi leqnk;
Hkkjrh; gLrdyk dh ijEijk,¡ – orZeku] Hkwr vkSj Hkfo"; 56
tgk¡ efgykvksa us vkthfodk gsrq d<+kbZ djuk pquk gS] os okf.kfT;d vkSj
ikjaifjd gLrdk;Z esa Li"V :i ls foHkktu djrh gSaA nksuksa vyx&vyx
bdkb;k¡ gSa vkSj izR;{k :i ls nksuksa ,d nwljs dks vkPNkfnr ugha djrhaA
izR;sd osQ fy, fu;e vkSj ekud vyx&vyx gSaA fiQj Hkh ck”kkj esa dk;Z
djus ls bl ckr ij vo'; IkzHkko iM+rk gS fd efgyk,¡ ,d dkjhxj
osQ :i eas ;k lekt osQ lnL; osQ :i esa Lo;a osQ ckjs esa oSQlk eglwl
djrh gSaA
okf.kfT;d dk;Z dk igyk vkSj 'kk;n lcls cM+k izHkko fM”kkbu ;k
dyk vkSj f'kYi ;k e”knwjh dks vyx&vyx djuk gSA dkjhxjksa ls og
cukus osQ fy, dgk tkrk gS] tks fdlh vU; us muls cukus osQ fy, dgk
gksrk gS] ctk; blosQ fd os viuh lkSan;Z psruk ls dk;Z djsaA tc
fHkUu&fHkUu jax osQ pkj èkkxksa dk lsV jckjh efgykvksa dks fn;k x;k] rks
mUgksaus foo'krk fn[kkrs gq, dgk fd ;fn ge budk Ikz;ksx djrs gSa] rks ;g
jckjh ugha jgsxkA ikjaifjd dk;Z esa] vyx&vyx jax] Vk¡osQ] iSVuZ vkSj
eksfVI
+
kQ ugha gksrk—;s ,d lkFk bdkbZ esa dk;Z djrs gSaA fM”kkbu osQ iz;ksx
ls bu rÙoksa dks fHkUu&fHkUu fn[kk;k tkrk gS vkSj u, rjhdksa ls mUgsa
lkFk&lkFk j[kk tkrk gSA
tc fM”kkbu dks izksI
+
ksQ'kuy fM”kkbuj gsrq vkjf{kr dj fn;k tkrk gS vkSj
f'kYidkj dks dkjhxjh rd gh lhfer dj fn;k tkrk gS] rks dkjhxj ek=k ,d e”knwj
cu dj jg tkrk gSA
µ twMh - izsQVj
FkzsM~l ,aM okW;lsl
lfn;ksa ls Hkkjrh; gLrf'kYi vius vizfre lkSan;Z vkSj dk;kZRed xq.kksa
gsrq izfl¼ gSA izkphu dky esa Hkkjr esa fM”kkbuj lkekU;r% f'kYih gksrs FksA
bu f'kfYi;ksa osQ funsZ'ku osQ varxZr gh dkjhxjksa vkSj f'kYidkjksa dk lewg
dk;Z djrk Fkk vkSj ;s laiw.kZ ns'k dh fHkUu&fHkUu O;kikfjd laLFkkvksa vkSj
{ks=kh; LowQyksa ls lacafèkr gksrs FksA ;g mudh lw{e le>nkjh vkSj
vlkèkkj.k dkS'ky gh Fkk] ftlus gekjs gLrf'kYi dks çHkko'kkyh] fM”kkbu;qDr
vkSj lqanj cuk;kA
ftu f'kYiksa dk eqxy njckj esa mn~Hko gqvk Fkk] os Hkh fM”kkbu osQ
foy{k.k ifj"dj.k dks n'kkZrs gSaA njckj vkSj lkear oxZ }kjk bu f'kYidkjksa
dks laj{k.k feykA bu f'kYiksa esa fM”kkbu vDlj njckj dh fp=kdkjh vkSj
y?kq dyk }kjk IkzHkkfor gksrs Fks] tks - iQkjlh ;k Lons'kh lzksrksa ls yh xbZ FkhA
,sls fM”kkbu Hkkjrh; dkyhu] fdu[kkc] isijeS'ks] iPphdkjh bR;kfn esa ns[ks
tk ldrs gSaA ;s Hkkjrh; gLrf'kYi osQ fof'k"V xq.k gSa] tgk¡ izk;% dbZ
fof'k"Vrkvksa vkSj dkS'ky okys vusd f'kYidkjksa dh {kerkvksa vkSj dkS'ky
57 orZeku esa f'kYi leqnk;
dk oLrq osQ fM”kkbu vkSj fuekZ.k esa ;ksxnku gksrk gSA vr%
fM”kkbuj ;k ekLVj f'kYidkj laiw.kZ fM”kkbu dh dYiuk
djrk gS vkSj :i] vuqikr rFkk jax osQ u, l`tukRed
fopkjksa osQ fodkl }kjk leL;k dk lekèkku djrk gSA
fiQj Hkh ,sls dbZ f'kYi gSa] tgk¡ f'kYidkj Lo;a gh
fM”kkbu cukus vkSj mRikn fuekZ.k djus dk dk;Z djrk gS]
fo'ks"kr;k ikWVjh esa] nhokjksa dh lkt&ltkoV djus esa] oqQN
fo'ks"k izdkj dh d<+kbZ djus esa RkFkk f[kykSus cukus ,oa Vksdjh
cukus esaA dbZ vU; f'kYi gSa] tgk¡ iwjk ifjokj ;k dkj[kkuk
;k dkjhxjksa dh dk;Z'kkyk 'kkfey gksrh gSA izR;sd ekeys esa
eq[; fopkj ;g gS fd Hkkjr esa ekLVj f'kYidkj ,d
fM”kkbuj] ltZd ,oa mRiknudrkZ gksrk gSA
gLrf'kYi osQ fy, Hkkjrh; 'kCn gLrdyk] gLrf'kYi] nLrdkjh ;k dkjhxjh gS] ftudk vFkZ
gLrdk;Z gS] ysfdu vk'k; mu oLrqvksa ls gS] tks f'kYidkjh ls fufeZr gksrh gSa vFkkZr gkFkksa dk
fof'k"V dkS'ky] tks fd dykdkjhiw.kZ Hkh gksA lqanjrk ,slh oLrqvksa dk vfHkUu vax gS vkSj bldk
vFkZ gS fd mi;ksx dh oLrq osQ iz;ksx ls ijs Hkh bldk egÙo gS vkSj tks ns[kus esa Hkh lqanj yxrh
gSaA gkFk ls cuh oLrq dHkh&dHkkj gh osQoy ltkoV osQ fy, gksrh gS vkSj pkgs bl ij dksbZ ltkoV
u gks ;k bls cgqr vfèkd ltk;k x;k gks] bldk eq[; iz;kstu rHkh liQy gksrk gS] tc ;g mi;ksxh
vkSj lqanj nksuksa gh gksA
&fyfoax ØkÝ
+
 V~l VªsfM'ku vkWI
+
kQ bafM;k
d{kk 11 osQ fy, gLrdyk dh ikB~;IkqLrd] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-
f'kYi vkSj e'khu
mifuos'kdky ls IkwoZ Hkkjr esa dyk vkSj f'kYi lekukFkZd FksA Hkkjr esa
f'kYi leqnk; lekt dk vfr egÙoiw.kZ vax ekuk tkrk Fkk] ftl ij
thou dk fodkl vkSj mUufr fuHkZj djrh FkhA ;wjksi esa] e'khuksa osQ mn~Hko
ls f'kYi leqnk;ksa dh Hkwfedk de gks xbZ vkSj f'kYi iw.kZr% yqIr gks x;kA
?kjsyw mi;ksx dh oLrq,¡] tks dHkh f'kYi leqnk; }kjk cukbZ tkrh Fkha] vc
e'khuksa ij cM+h ek=kk esa cukbZ tkus yxhaA gkFk ls fd, tkus okys dke
dks ckSf¼d dk;Z dh rqyuk esa fuEurj ekuk tkus yxkA e'khuksa us gkFk osQ
dke dk LFkku ys fy;k] tks uhpk fn[kkus okyk vkSj fiNM+siu] nksuksa gh dk
|ksrd FkkA
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lHkh ljdkjh ;kstukvksa vkSj uhfr;ksa ,oa xSj&ljdkjh rFkk
ljdkjh ,tsafl;ksa osQ iz;klksa osQ ckotwn Hkkjr esa f'kYi dh
fLFkfr vis{kkÑr fiNM+h gqbZ gSA f'kYidkj vius f'kYi gsrq
dPps eky ;k izko`Qfrd lalkèkuksa ij fuHkZj gksrs gSa] tks rs”kh ls
?kV jgs gSaA ,sls esa f'kYidkj dks vius O;kikj osQ foLrkj
vFkok mls cuk, j[kus esa viuh lhfer tek iw¡th dk fuos'k
djuk iM+rk gS] tcfd ck”kkj yxkrkj floqqQM+ jgs gSa vFkok
- iSQDVªh esa cus de dher osQ diM+ksa] phuh f[kykSuksa] IykfLVd
dh pVkb;ksa ;k LVsuySl LVhy osQ ?kM+ksa ls iVs gq, gSaA fiNys
lkS lkyksa esa bu ifjfLFkfr;kssa us f'kYidkj dh vk£Fkd fLFkfr
vkSj Hkh [kjkc dj nh gSA
bl vè;k; esa ;g fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gS fd vkt f'kYi
leqnk; dh fLFkfr ,oa Lrj bruk [kjkc D;ksa gSA
f'kYidkj osQ izfr gekjk n`f"Vdks.k cukus okyh
vfHko`fÙk;k¡
f'kYi leqnk; osQ xjhc gksus dk igyk dkj.k f'kYi vkSj gekjs
lekt esa f'kYi dh Hkwfedk osQ izfr gekjh le> gSA yksx
f'kYidkj dks fdl n`f"V ls ns[krs gSa µ ,d dkjhxj osQ :i esa
;k osQoy ,d e”knwj osQ :i esa\ rktegy dk fuekZ.k ,d
dykdkj us fd;k Fkk ;k f'kYi leqnk; us\ D;k f'kYi eq[;r%
gkFk osQ dke gSa ;k ;g gkFk] fnekx vkSj fny osQ la;kstu osQ
dkS'ky ij vkèkkfjr dk;Zdyki gS\ f'kYi vkSj f'kYi leqnk;
osQ izfr vkt tks n`f"Vdks.k gS] ogh Hkkjr esa f'kYi dh izxfr
jksdus okyk igyk vojksèk gSA
5
orZeku esa f'kYi leqnk;
Hkkjrh; gLrdyk dh ijEijk,¡ – orZeku] Hkwr vkSj Hkfo"; 56
tgk¡ efgykvksa us vkthfodk gsrq d<+kbZ djuk pquk gS] os okf.kfT;d vkSj
ikjaifjd gLrdk;Z esa Li"V :i ls foHkktu djrh gSaA nksuksa vyx&vyx
bdkb;k¡ gSa vkSj izR;{k :i ls nksuksa ,d nwljs dks vkPNkfnr ugha djrhaA
izR;sd osQ fy, fu;e vkSj ekud vyx&vyx gSaA fiQj Hkh ck”kkj esa dk;Z
djus ls bl ckr ij vo'; IkzHkko iM+rk gS fd efgyk,¡ ,d dkjhxj
osQ :i eas ;k lekt osQ lnL; osQ :i esa Lo;a osQ ckjs esa oSQlk eglwl
djrh gSaA
okf.kfT;d dk;Z dk igyk vkSj 'kk;n lcls cM+k izHkko fM”kkbu ;k
dyk vkSj f'kYi ;k e”knwjh dks vyx&vyx djuk gSA dkjhxjksa ls og
cukus osQ fy, dgk tkrk gS] tks fdlh vU; us muls cukus osQ fy, dgk
gksrk gS] ctk; blosQ fd os viuh lkSan;Z psruk ls dk;Z djsaA tc
fHkUu&fHkUu jax osQ pkj èkkxksa dk lsV jckjh efgykvksa dks fn;k x;k] rks
mUgksaus foo'krk fn[kkrs gq, dgk fd ;fn ge budk Ikz;ksx djrs gSa] rks ;g
jckjh ugha jgsxkA ikjaifjd dk;Z esa] vyx&vyx jax] Vk¡osQ] iSVuZ vkSj
eksfVI
+
kQ ugha gksrk—;s ,d lkFk bdkbZ esa dk;Z djrs gSaA fM”kkbu osQ iz;ksx
ls bu rÙoksa dks fHkUu&fHkUu fn[kk;k tkrk gS vkSj u, rjhdksa ls mUgsa
lkFk&lkFk j[kk tkrk gSA
tc fM”kkbu dks izksI
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ksQ'kuy fM”kkbuj gsrq vkjf{kr dj fn;k tkrk gS vkSj
f'kYidkj dks dkjhxjh rd gh lhfer dj fn;k tkrk gS] rks dkjhxj ek=k ,d e”knwj
cu dj jg tkrk gSA
µ twMh - izsQVj
FkzsM~l ,aM okW;lsl
lfn;ksa ls Hkkjrh; gLrf'kYi vius vizfre lkSan;Z vkSj dk;kZRed xq.kksa
gsrq izfl¼ gSA izkphu dky esa Hkkjr esa fM”kkbuj lkekU;r% f'kYih gksrs FksA
bu f'kfYi;ksa osQ funsZ'ku osQ varxZr gh dkjhxjksa vkSj f'kYidkjksa dk lewg
dk;Z djrk Fkk vkSj ;s laiw.kZ ns'k dh fHkUu&fHkUu O;kikfjd laLFkkvksa vkSj
{ks=kh; LowQyksa ls lacafèkr gksrs FksA ;g mudh lw{e le>nkjh vkSj
vlkèkkj.k dkS'ky gh Fkk] ftlus gekjs gLrf'kYi dks çHkko'kkyh] fM”kkbu;qDr
vkSj lqanj cuk;kA
ftu f'kYiksa dk eqxy njckj esa mn~Hko gqvk Fkk] os Hkh fM”kkbu osQ
foy{k.k ifj"dj.k dks n'kkZrs gSaA njckj vkSj lkear oxZ }kjk bu f'kYidkjksa
dks laj{k.k feykA bu f'kYiksa esa fM”kkbu vDlj njckj dh fp=kdkjh vkSj
y?kq dyk }kjk IkzHkkfor gksrs Fks] tks - iQkjlh ;k Lons'kh lzksrksa ls yh xbZ FkhA
,sls fM”kkbu Hkkjrh; dkyhu] fdu[kkc] isijeS'ks] iPphdkjh bR;kfn esa ns[ks
tk ldrs gSaA ;s Hkkjrh; gLrf'kYi osQ fof'k"V xq.k gSa] tgk¡ izk;% dbZ
fof'k"Vrkvksa vkSj dkS'ky okys vusd f'kYidkjksa dh {kerkvksa vkSj dkS'ky
57 orZeku esa f'kYi leqnk;
dk oLrq osQ fM”kkbu vkSj fuekZ.k esa ;ksxnku gksrk gSA vr%
fM”kkbuj ;k ekLVj f'kYidkj laiw.kZ fM”kkbu dh dYiuk
djrk gS vkSj :i] vuqikr rFkk jax osQ u, l`tukRed
fopkjksa osQ fodkl }kjk leL;k dk lekèkku djrk gSA
fiQj Hkh ,sls dbZ f'kYi gSa] tgk¡ f'kYidkj Lo;a gh
fM”kkbu cukus vkSj mRikn fuekZ.k djus dk dk;Z djrk gS]
fo'ks"kr;k ikWVjh esa] nhokjksa dh lkt&ltkoV djus esa] oqQN
fo'ks"k izdkj dh d<+kbZ djus esa RkFkk f[kykSus cukus ,oa Vksdjh
cukus esaA dbZ vU; f'kYi gSa] tgk¡ iwjk ifjokj ;k dkj[kkuk
;k dkjhxjksa dh dk;Z'kkyk 'kkfey gksrh gSA izR;sd ekeys esa
eq[; fopkj ;g gS fd Hkkjr esa ekLVj f'kYidkj ,d
fM”kkbuj] ltZd ,oa mRiknudrkZ gksrk gSA
gLrf'kYi osQ fy, Hkkjrh; 'kCn gLrdyk] gLrf'kYi] nLrdkjh ;k dkjhxjh gS] ftudk vFkZ
gLrdk;Z gS] ysfdu vk'k; mu oLrqvksa ls gS] tks f'kYidkjh ls fufeZr gksrh gSa vFkkZr gkFkksa dk
fof'k"V dkS'ky] tks fd dykdkjhiw.kZ Hkh gksA lqanjrk ,slh oLrqvksa dk vfHkUu vax gS vkSj bldk
vFkZ gS fd mi;ksx dh oLrq osQ iz;ksx ls ijs Hkh bldk egÙo gS vkSj tks ns[kus esa Hkh lqanj yxrh
gSaA gkFk ls cuh oLrq dHkh&dHkkj gh osQoy ltkoV osQ fy, gksrh gS vkSj pkgs bl ij dksbZ ltkoV
u gks ;k bls cgqr vfèkd ltk;k x;k gks] bldk eq[; iz;kstu rHkh liQy gksrk gS] tc ;g mi;ksxh
vkSj lqanj nksuksa gh gksA
&fyfoax ØkÝ
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 V~l VªsfM'ku vkWI
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kQ bafM;k
d{kk 11 osQ fy, gLrdyk dh ikB~;IkqLrd] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-
f'kYi vkSj e'khu
mifuos'kdky ls IkwoZ Hkkjr esa dyk vkSj f'kYi lekukFkZd FksA Hkkjr esa
f'kYi leqnk; lekt dk vfr egÙoiw.kZ vax ekuk tkrk Fkk] ftl ij
thou dk fodkl vkSj mUufr fuHkZj djrh FkhA ;wjksi esa] e'khuksa osQ mn~Hko
ls f'kYi leqnk;ksa dh Hkwfedk de gks xbZ vkSj f'kYi iw.kZr% yqIr gks x;kA
?kjsyw mi;ksx dh oLrq,¡] tks dHkh f'kYi leqnk; }kjk cukbZ tkrh Fkha] vc
e'khuksa ij cM+h ek=kk esa cukbZ tkus yxhaA gkFk ls fd, tkus okys dke
dks ckSf¼d dk;Z dh rqyuk esa fuEurj ekuk tkus yxkA e'khuksa us gkFk osQ
dke dk LFkku ys fy;k] tks uhpk fn[kkus okyk vkSj fiNM+siu] nksuksa gh dk
|ksrd FkkA
Hkkjrh; gLrdyk dh ijEijk,¡ – orZeku] Hkwr vkSj Hkfo"; 58
nks O;fDr;ksa us fo'o dks bl nq%[kn xyr èkkj.kk osQ izfr lpsr
fd;k vkSj os gSa fofy;e ekSfjl vkSj tkWu jfLduA 1850 esa mudh
^gkFk ls dke djus dh [kq'kh dk fouk'kd* osQ :Ik esa e'khu dh
fuank us baXySaM esa dyk vkSj f'kYi vkanksyu dk vkjaHk dj fn;kA
mUgksaus O;kid :i ls yksxksa dks ;g Lej.k djkus osQ fy, fy[kk fd
ekuo tkfr ewyr% l`tukRed gS vkSj e'khusa thou dk vkuan Nhu
jgh gSaA muosQ ys[k us Hkkjr esa dbZ ¯prdksa dks izHkkfor fd;k]
ftlosQ dkj.k Hkkjr esa f'kYi ijaijk esa u;h #fp iSnk gqbZ vkSj
mudk vè;;u vkjaHk gqvkA
;Fkkle; Ikzys[ku
vksosu tksUl dh iqLrd n xzkej vkWI
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kQ vkWjukesaV] 1856 vPNs
fM”kkbuksa osQ fl¼karksa dk ladyu gS] ftlesa I
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kQkjlh] Hkkjrh; vkSj
fganw vkHkw"k.kksa osQ mnkgj.k FksA tksUl 1851 esa yanu esa izn'kZuh dk
vk;kstu djus esa Hkh 'kkfey Fks] ftlesa csgrjhu vkSj vR;fèkd
e¡gxs Hkkjrh; f'kYi dk izn'kZu fd;k x;k Fkk] rkfd ^fczfV'k
f'kYidkjh dh [kjkc xq.koÙkk esa lqèkkj ykus esa baXySaM dh lgk;rk
dh tk losQ] tks fd vkS|ksfxdhdj.k osQ dkj.k {kfrxzLr FkhA*
bl çdkj dh çn'kZfu;ksa osQ ekè;e ls Hkkjr dh egku f'kYi
ijaijk dks vaxsz”kksa osQ lkeus çn£'kr djosQ ;g Hkzkafr nwj gks ldh fd
Hkkjr ,d fiNM+k vkSj vfodflr vFkZO;oLFkk okyk ns'k gSA
Ikfj.kker% baXySaM esa gqbZ izn'kZfu;ksa ls mPp xq.koÙkk okys Hkkjrh;
f'kYiksa esa #fp c<+hA
lkSHkkX; ls] bl vofèk esa oqQN vaxzs”k vfèkdkfj;ksa us ikjaifjd
dkS'ky] midj.kksa] dk;ZLFkyksa] oLrqvksa vkfn dk izys[ku fd;k]
fo'odks'k (,ulkbDyksihfM;k) rS;kj fd, x, rFkk tux.kuk]
eSfiax vkSj loZs{k.k fd, x,A ;s fjdkWMZ lkef;d Hkkjrh; fM”kkbujksa
rFkk vkS|ksfxdhdj.k osQ mijkar Hkkjr esa f'kYi Ikqu#¼kj dk;ZØeksa
osQ fy, vewY; lalkèku fl¼ gq,A vkSifuosf'kd vFkZO;oLFkk osQ
Hkkjrh; f'kYi ij gkfudkjd izHkkoksa osQ ckotwn bl vofèk esa
vaxzs”k vfèkdkfj;ksa }kjk f'kYiksa dk izys[ku djus osQ egÙoiw.kZ
ifj.kke lkeus vk,A
1880 esa izdkf'kr ,d iqLrd baMfLVª;y vkVZ~l vkWI
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kQ bafM;k esa
tkWtZ lh- ,e- cMZoqM us vius le; esa caxky esa oL=k cqukbZ dh