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एनसीईआरटी पाठ्यपुस्तक: उत्पादन और विपणन (भारतीय कला का परिचय) | Must Read Old & New NCERTs for UPSC CSE (Hindi) PDF Download

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 Page 2


f'kYidkjksa dk lcls egÙoiw.kZ fo'ks"kfèkdkj gS] ,slh oLrq,¡ fufeZr djuk]
ftudh xzkgd dks vko';drk gks vkSj ftls cspk tk losQ] rkfd os
vkthfodk dek losQa vkSj vius ifjokjksa dk Hkj.k&iks"k.k dj loasQA mRikn
osQ fM”kkbu vkSj fodkl osQ igyqvksa ij nwljs vè;k; esa ppkZ dh xbZ gS vkSj
bl ikB esa ge mu fofHkUu ikjaifjd mRiknu] forj.k vkSj foi.ku uhfr;ksa
osQ ckjs esa ckr djsaxs] tks Hkkjr esa f'kYi leqnk;ksa osQ fy, miyCèk gSaA
f'kYidkj ,d n{k mRiknd gS] tks izkFkfed
:i ls vius gkFkksa ls vkSj ikjaifjd o vDlj
lkèkkj.k midj.kksa ls nSfud mi;ksx dh oLrq,¡ cukrk
gSA Hkkjr osQ izR;sd Hkkx esa f'kYi leqnk; esa
vR;fèkd fHkUurk vkSj fofoèkrk gSA f'kYidkj xzke
vFkok 'kgj dk gks ldrk gS] tks viuh lkexzh Lo;a
ysrk gS vkSj gky gh esa ;k ifjokj dh ijaijkvksa ls
lh[ks x, gkFk osQ dkS'kyksa dk iz;ksx djrk gSA og
mi;ksx dh oLrqvksa dk mRiknu Hkh dj ldrk gS
vkSj fof'k"V oLrqvksa dh Hkh f'kYi leqnk; LFkkuh;
ck”kkjksa dks vkiwfrZ djrk gS o xzkeh.k gkVksa osQ ekè;e
ls fcØh djrk gS] 'kgjh ck”kkjksa dks eky igq¡pkrk gS
vFkok fu;kZr osQ fy, vkiwfrZ djrk gSA f'kYidkj
Lo&fu;ksftr gks ldrs gSa ;k e”knwj vFkok lgdkfjrk
osQ lnL; osQ :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA
mRiknu vkSj fcØh izfØ;k osQ izR;sd pj.k ij
f'kYidkjksa osQ le{k mRiUu gksus okyh leL;kvksa dks
le>us osQ fy, bl fofoèkrk dks le>uk vko';d
gSA ;g ;kn j[kuk Hkh vko';d gS fd ;g iz.kkyh
fdruh tfVy gS vkSj gekjs ns'k esa f'kYi mRiknu
vkSj foi.ku dh fdruh ,slh iz.kkfy;k¡ gSaA
6
mRikn vkSj foi.ku
Page 3


f'kYidkjksa dk lcls egÙoiw.kZ fo'ks"kfèkdkj gS] ,slh oLrq,¡ fufeZr djuk]
ftudh xzkgd dks vko';drk gks vkSj ftls cspk tk losQ] rkfd os
vkthfodk dek losQa vkSj vius ifjokjksa dk Hkj.k&iks"k.k dj loasQA mRikn
osQ fM”kkbu vkSj fodkl osQ igyqvksa ij nwljs vè;k; esa ppkZ dh xbZ gS vkSj
bl ikB esa ge mu fofHkUu ikjaifjd mRiknu] forj.k vkSj foi.ku uhfr;ksa
osQ ckjs esa ckr djsaxs] tks Hkkjr esa f'kYi leqnk;ksa osQ fy, miyCèk gSaA
f'kYidkj ,d n{k mRiknd gS] tks izkFkfed
:i ls vius gkFkksa ls vkSj ikjaifjd o vDlj
lkèkkj.k midj.kksa ls nSfud mi;ksx dh oLrq,¡ cukrk
gSA Hkkjr osQ izR;sd Hkkx esa f'kYi leqnk; esa
vR;fèkd fHkUurk vkSj fofoèkrk gSA f'kYidkj xzke
vFkok 'kgj dk gks ldrk gS] tks viuh lkexzh Lo;a
ysrk gS vkSj gky gh esa ;k ifjokj dh ijaijkvksa ls
lh[ks x, gkFk osQ dkS'kyksa dk iz;ksx djrk gSA og
mi;ksx dh oLrqvksa dk mRiknu Hkh dj ldrk gS
vkSj fof'k"V oLrqvksa dh Hkh f'kYi leqnk; LFkkuh;
ck”kkjksa dks vkiwfrZ djrk gS o xzkeh.k gkVksa osQ ekè;e
ls fcØh djrk gS] 'kgjh ck”kkjksa dks eky igq¡pkrk gS
vFkok fu;kZr osQ fy, vkiwfrZ djrk gSA f'kYidkj
Lo&fu;ksftr gks ldrs gSa ;k e”knwj vFkok lgdkfjrk
osQ lnL; osQ :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA
mRiknu vkSj fcØh izfØ;k osQ izR;sd pj.k ij
f'kYidkjksa osQ le{k mRiUu gksus okyh leL;kvksa dks
le>us osQ fy, bl fofoèkrk dks le>uk vko';d
gSA ;g ;kn j[kuk Hkh vko';d gS fd ;g iz.kkyh
fdruh tfVy gS vkSj gekjs ns'k esa f'kYi mRiknu
vkSj foi.ku dh fdruh ,slh iz.kkfy;k¡ gSaA
6
mRikn vkSj foi.ku
Hkkjrh; gLrdyk dh ijaijk,¡ – orZeku] Hkwr vkSj Hkfo"; 74
f'kYi osQ mRiknu vkSj foi.ku dh lajpuk dh :ijs[kk fuEu gS µ
mRiknu
f'kYi – ;g èkkrq] ydM+h] fpduh fe^h] oL=k] tokgjkr dh dVkbZ]
vkHkw"k.k] peM+k] csar vkSj ck¡l] Vsyfjax bR;kfn dk gks ldrk gSA buesa ls
izR;sd lewg dk mRiknu dk;Z fHkUu gSA
LFkku – xzkeh.k] 'kgjh vkSj vèkZ&'kgjhA ;gk¡ dPps eky o fofHkUu xzkgdksa
rd igq¡p vkSj ifjogu ykxr fuèkkZfjr djus esa LFkku egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
fuHkkrk gSA ;s lHkh ckrsa f'kYi osQ mRiknu] forj.k vkSj fcØh dks izHkkfor
djrh gSaA
dPpk eky – f'kYidkj Lora=k :i ls dPpk eky izkIr djrk gS vFkok
bldh O;kikjh ;k miHkksDrk }kjk vkiwfrZ dh tkrh gS] tSlk fd n”khZ osQ
ekeys esa gksrk gS] ftls xzkgd oL=k cukus osQ fy, lkexzh nsrk gSA dPps
eky dh vkiwfrZ ljdkj }kjk fj;k;rh njksa ij ;k lgdkfjrk }kjk dh tk
ldrh gSA
dkS'ky vkSj izkS|ksfxdh – f'kYi dk mRiknu gkFk ls fd;k tkrk gS vFkok
vèkZLopkfyr midj.kksa }kjkA
Page 4


f'kYidkjksa dk lcls egÙoiw.kZ fo'ks"kfèkdkj gS] ,slh oLrq,¡ fufeZr djuk]
ftudh xzkgd dks vko';drk gks vkSj ftls cspk tk losQ] rkfd os
vkthfodk dek losQa vkSj vius ifjokjksa dk Hkj.k&iks"k.k dj loasQA mRikn
osQ fM”kkbu vkSj fodkl osQ igyqvksa ij nwljs vè;k; esa ppkZ dh xbZ gS vkSj
bl ikB esa ge mu fofHkUu ikjaifjd mRiknu] forj.k vkSj foi.ku uhfr;ksa
osQ ckjs esa ckr djsaxs] tks Hkkjr esa f'kYi leqnk;ksa osQ fy, miyCèk gSaA
f'kYidkj ,d n{k mRiknd gS] tks izkFkfed
:i ls vius gkFkksa ls vkSj ikjaifjd o vDlj
lkèkkj.k midj.kksa ls nSfud mi;ksx dh oLrq,¡ cukrk
gSA Hkkjr osQ izR;sd Hkkx esa f'kYi leqnk; esa
vR;fèkd fHkUurk vkSj fofoèkrk gSA f'kYidkj xzke
vFkok 'kgj dk gks ldrk gS] tks viuh lkexzh Lo;a
ysrk gS vkSj gky gh esa ;k ifjokj dh ijaijkvksa ls
lh[ks x, gkFk osQ dkS'kyksa dk iz;ksx djrk gSA og
mi;ksx dh oLrqvksa dk mRiknu Hkh dj ldrk gS
vkSj fof'k"V oLrqvksa dh Hkh f'kYi leqnk; LFkkuh;
ck”kkjksa dks vkiwfrZ djrk gS o xzkeh.k gkVksa osQ ekè;e
ls fcØh djrk gS] 'kgjh ck”kkjksa dks eky igq¡pkrk gS
vFkok fu;kZr osQ fy, vkiwfrZ djrk gSA f'kYidkj
Lo&fu;ksftr gks ldrs gSa ;k e”knwj vFkok lgdkfjrk
osQ lnL; osQ :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA
mRiknu vkSj fcØh izfØ;k osQ izR;sd pj.k ij
f'kYidkjksa osQ le{k mRiUu gksus okyh leL;kvksa dks
le>us osQ fy, bl fofoèkrk dks le>uk vko';d
gSA ;g ;kn j[kuk Hkh vko';d gS fd ;g iz.kkyh
fdruh tfVy gS vkSj gekjs ns'k esa f'kYi mRiknu
vkSj foi.ku dh fdruh ,slh iz.kkfy;k¡ gSaA
6
mRikn vkSj foi.ku
Hkkjrh; gLrdyk dh ijaijk,¡ – orZeku] Hkwr vkSj Hkfo"; 74
f'kYi osQ mRiknu vkSj foi.ku dh lajpuk dh :ijs[kk fuEu gS µ
mRiknu
f'kYi – ;g èkkrq] ydM+h] fpduh fe^h] oL=k] tokgjkr dh dVkbZ]
vkHkw"k.k] peM+k] csar vkSj ck¡l] Vsyfjax bR;kfn dk gks ldrk gSA buesa ls
izR;sd lewg dk mRiknu dk;Z fHkUu gSA
LFkku – xzkeh.k] 'kgjh vkSj vèkZ&'kgjhA ;gk¡ dPps eky o fofHkUu xzkgdksa
rd igq¡p vkSj ifjogu ykxr fuèkkZfjr djus esa LFkku egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
fuHkkrk gSA ;s lHkh ckrsa f'kYi osQ mRiknu] forj.k vkSj fcØh dks izHkkfor
djrh gSaA
dPpk eky – f'kYidkj Lora=k :i ls dPpk eky izkIr djrk gS vFkok
bldh O;kikjh ;k miHkksDrk }kjk vkiwfrZ dh tkrh gS] tSlk fd n”khZ osQ
ekeys esa gksrk gS] ftls xzkgd oL=k cukus osQ fy, lkexzh nsrk gSA dPps
eky dh vkiwfrZ ljdkj }kjk fj;k;rh njksa ij ;k lgdkfjrk }kjk dh tk
ldrh gSA
dkS'ky vkSj izkS|ksfxdh – f'kYi dk mRiknu gkFk ls fd;k tkrk gS vFkok
vèkZLopkfyr midj.kksa }kjkA
75 mRikn vkSj foi.ku
foi.ku
vafre mRikn – D;k ;g mi;ksx dh oLrq gS] tks yacs le; rd pyrh
gS] tSls csyu ;k mjyh vFkok ;g jks”k dh miHkksT; oLrq gS] tSls iwQyksa
dh ekyk\ D;k f'kYidkj ejEer vkSj vuqj{k.k tSlh lsok,¡ Hkh nsrs gSa]
tSls fd yqgkj osQ ekeys esa gksrk gS\
ck”kkj – bUgsas xzkeh.k@'kgjh] ?kjsyw] fu;kZr bR;kfn dgk tk ldrk gSA
f'kYidkj dks fofHkUu izdkj osQ ck”kkjksa dh vko';drkvksa vkSj ck”kkj dh
ek¡xksa osQ vuqlkj <yuk gksrk gSA bu fHkUu ck”kkjksa esa izR;sd esa xzkgd dh
ek¡xsa vyx&vyx gSaA
fcØh osQ ekè;e – f'kYidkj oLrqvksa dk fuekZ.k xk¡o osQ gkV] ;teku]
O;kikfj;ksaa osQ fy, djrk gS ;k lgdkfjrk osQ fy,\ D;k f'kYidkj ,d ;k
vfèkd xzkgdksa osQ lkFk lacafèkr gksrs gSa vkSj os xzkgd dh vko';drkvksa]
cnyrs I
+
kSQ'ku vkSj #>kuksa osQ ckjs esa fdruk tkurs gSa\
jks”kxkj dh fLFkfr – D;k f'kYidkj Lo&fu;ksftr gksrk gS] cM+s ;k NksVs
laxBu@I
+
kSQDVjh@fu;kZr m|e dk e”knwj gksrk gS vFkok lgdkfjrk dk lnL;
gksrk gS\
Page 5


f'kYidkjksa dk lcls egÙoiw.kZ fo'ks"kfèkdkj gS] ,slh oLrq,¡ fufeZr djuk]
ftudh xzkgd dks vko';drk gks vkSj ftls cspk tk losQ] rkfd os
vkthfodk dek losQa vkSj vius ifjokjksa dk Hkj.k&iks"k.k dj loasQA mRikn
osQ fM”kkbu vkSj fodkl osQ igyqvksa ij nwljs vè;k; esa ppkZ dh xbZ gS vkSj
bl ikB esa ge mu fofHkUu ikjaifjd mRiknu] forj.k vkSj foi.ku uhfr;ksa
osQ ckjs esa ckr djsaxs] tks Hkkjr esa f'kYi leqnk;ksa osQ fy, miyCèk gSaA
f'kYidkj ,d n{k mRiknd gS] tks izkFkfed
:i ls vius gkFkksa ls vkSj ikjaifjd o vDlj
lkèkkj.k midj.kksa ls nSfud mi;ksx dh oLrq,¡ cukrk
gSA Hkkjr osQ izR;sd Hkkx esa f'kYi leqnk; esa
vR;fèkd fHkUurk vkSj fofoèkrk gSA f'kYidkj xzke
vFkok 'kgj dk gks ldrk gS] tks viuh lkexzh Lo;a
ysrk gS vkSj gky gh esa ;k ifjokj dh ijaijkvksa ls
lh[ks x, gkFk osQ dkS'kyksa dk iz;ksx djrk gSA og
mi;ksx dh oLrqvksa dk mRiknu Hkh dj ldrk gS
vkSj fof'k"V oLrqvksa dh Hkh f'kYi leqnk; LFkkuh;
ck”kkjksa dks vkiwfrZ djrk gS o xzkeh.k gkVksa osQ ekè;e
ls fcØh djrk gS] 'kgjh ck”kkjksa dks eky igq¡pkrk gS
vFkok fu;kZr osQ fy, vkiwfrZ djrk gSA f'kYidkj
Lo&fu;ksftr gks ldrs gSa ;k e”knwj vFkok lgdkfjrk
osQ lnL; osQ :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA
mRiknu vkSj fcØh izfØ;k osQ izR;sd pj.k ij
f'kYidkjksa osQ le{k mRiUu gksus okyh leL;kvksa dks
le>us osQ fy, bl fofoèkrk dks le>uk vko';d
gSA ;g ;kn j[kuk Hkh vko';d gS fd ;g iz.kkyh
fdruh tfVy gS vkSj gekjs ns'k esa f'kYi mRiknu
vkSj foi.ku dh fdruh ,slh iz.kkfy;k¡ gSaA
6
mRikn vkSj foi.ku
Hkkjrh; gLrdyk dh ijaijk,¡ – orZeku] Hkwr vkSj Hkfo"; 74
f'kYi osQ mRiknu vkSj foi.ku dh lajpuk dh :ijs[kk fuEu gS µ
mRiknu
f'kYi – ;g èkkrq] ydM+h] fpduh fe^h] oL=k] tokgjkr dh dVkbZ]
vkHkw"k.k] peM+k] csar vkSj ck¡l] Vsyfjax bR;kfn dk gks ldrk gSA buesa ls
izR;sd lewg dk mRiknu dk;Z fHkUu gSA
LFkku – xzkeh.k] 'kgjh vkSj vèkZ&'kgjhA ;gk¡ dPps eky o fofHkUu xzkgdksa
rd igq¡p vkSj ifjogu ykxr fuèkkZfjr djus esa LFkku egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
fuHkkrk gSA ;s lHkh ckrsa f'kYi osQ mRiknu] forj.k vkSj fcØh dks izHkkfor
djrh gSaA
dPpk eky – f'kYidkj Lora=k :i ls dPpk eky izkIr djrk gS vFkok
bldh O;kikjh ;k miHkksDrk }kjk vkiwfrZ dh tkrh gS] tSlk fd n”khZ osQ
ekeys esa gksrk gS] ftls xzkgd oL=k cukus osQ fy, lkexzh nsrk gSA dPps
eky dh vkiwfrZ ljdkj }kjk fj;k;rh njksa ij ;k lgdkfjrk }kjk dh tk
ldrh gSA
dkS'ky vkSj izkS|ksfxdh – f'kYi dk mRiknu gkFk ls fd;k tkrk gS vFkok
vèkZLopkfyr midj.kksa }kjkA
75 mRikn vkSj foi.ku
foi.ku
vafre mRikn – D;k ;g mi;ksx dh oLrq gS] tks yacs le; rd pyrh
gS] tSls csyu ;k mjyh vFkok ;g jks”k dh miHkksT; oLrq gS] tSls iwQyksa
dh ekyk\ D;k f'kYidkj ejEer vkSj vuqj{k.k tSlh lsok,¡ Hkh nsrs gSa]
tSls fd yqgkj osQ ekeys esa gksrk gS\
ck”kkj – bUgsas xzkeh.k@'kgjh] ?kjsyw] fu;kZr bR;kfn dgk tk ldrk gSA
f'kYidkj dks fofHkUu izdkj osQ ck”kkjksa dh vko';drkvksa vkSj ck”kkj dh
ek¡xksa osQ vuqlkj <yuk gksrk gSA bu fHkUu ck”kkjksa esa izR;sd esa xzkgd dh
ek¡xsa vyx&vyx gSaA
fcØh osQ ekè;e – f'kYidkj oLrqvksa dk fuekZ.k xk¡o osQ gkV] ;teku]
O;kikfj;ksaa osQ fy, djrk gS ;k lgdkfjrk osQ fy,\ D;k f'kYidkj ,d ;k
vfèkd xzkgdksa osQ lkFk lacafèkr gksrs gSa vkSj os xzkgd dh vko';drkvksa]
cnyrs I
+
kSQ'ku vkSj #>kuksa osQ ckjs esa fdruk tkurs gSa\
jks”kxkj dh fLFkfr – D;k f'kYidkj Lo&fu;ksftr gksrk gS] cM+s ;k NksVs
laxBu@I
+
kSQDVjh@fu;kZr m|e dk e”knwj gksrk gS vFkok lgdkfjrk dk lnL;
gksrk gS\
Hkkjrh; gLrdyk dh ijaijk,¡ – orZeku] Hkwr vkSj Hkfo"; 76
bu fofHkUu ifjn`';ksa dk la;kstu o x.kuk tfVy gS vkSj izR;sd fLFkfr
dks mRiknu] foi.ku vkSj fcØh osQ lanHkZ esa ,d mfpr izfrfØ;k dh
vko';drk gksrh gSA
dPps eky osQ fy, çfrLièkkZ
csar] ck¡l vkSj js'ks dk dk;Z djus okys dkjhxjksa osQ le{k ladV] dPps eky dh ?kVrh miyCèkrk
osQ dkj.k gSA bl rF; osQ vykok fd ftl dPps eky ij os fuHkZj djrs gSa] vDlj vU; mi;ksxksa]
fo'ks"k :i ls dkx”k m|ksx osQ fy, mldk bLrseky dj fy;k tkrk gSA ns'k esa ck¡l] csar] ?kkl
vkSj vU; izko`Qfrd lkexzh dk iqu#Riknu djus dh NksVh&eksVh ;kstuk,¡ cukbZ tkrh gSa ;k de
fuos'k fd;k tkrk gSA blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i dPps eky dh dhersa c<+ xbZ gSa vkSj dkjhxj osQ mRiknksa
dh ykxr mruh gh gSA ikjaifjd ck”kkjksa esa Hkh vkaf'kd deh vkbZ gS D;ksafd csar] ck¡l vkSj I
+
kQkbcj
mRiknksa dks ¯lFksfVd I
+
kQkbcj vkSj IykfLVd }kjk izfrLFkkfir fd;k tk jgk gSA
xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkk
xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkk esa f'kYi mRiknksa dh fcØh dh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA
f'kYi leqnk; dks xzkgd }kjk eky] tSls nhokyh gsrq nh;s cukus osQ fy,
Hkh dgk tkrk gSA cqudj ls 'kknh osQ fy, lkfM+;k¡ cukus dks dgk tkrk gS
vkSj mls lkexzh ([kk|kUu) osQ :i esa Hkqxrku fd;k tkrk gS vFkok vfxze
èkujkf'k nh tkrh gSA bu ekeyksa esa f'kYi leqnk; xzkgdksa dks
tkurk gS vkSj muosQ leqnk;] fLFkfr vkSj muosQ }kjk visf{kr
oLrqvksa osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh j[krk gSA vDlj xzkgd iqjkuk
gksrk gS vkSj f'kYidkj dk ifjokj dbZ ihf<+;ksa ls muosQ
ifjokj dh lsok dj pqdk gksrk gSA
izR;sd d'ehjh ifjokj esa fookg vkSj tUe osQ fy, 'kkWyksa
dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ;s volj izR;sd ifjokj esa 'kkWy
okyksa dk tkuk lqfuf'pr djrs gSaA og ?kj tkrk gS] dM+s
f'k"Vkpkj osQ Hkhrj ckrphr djrk gSA fiQj Hkh og xzkgd osQ
ifjokj dk egÙoiw.kZ lnL; gksrk gS D;ksafd og ?kj dh
efgykvksa ls jlksbZ&?kjksa vkSj dejksa esa Hkh ckrphr djrk gS
vkSj mudh ckrsa lqurk gSA og vius lHkh xzkgdksa dh ilan
tkurk gS vkSj u, mRiknksa osQ fy, O;fDrxr Ø;kns'k ysrk gSA
d<+kbZ osQ fM”kkbuksa osQ lfn;ksa iqjkus uewus ?kj dh efgyk dks
fn[kk, tkrs gSa vkSj 'kkWy okyk izR;sd iwQy] iÙkh vkSj csy osQ
fy, jax dk lq>ko nsrk gSA rRi'pkr~ og vius Ø;kns'k dks
dk;kZfUor djus okys dkjhxjksa dks funsZ'k nsrk gS vkSj vkiwfrZ
djus okil vkrk gSA
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Top Courses for UPSC

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MCQs

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Summary

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Previous Year Questions with Solutions

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Semester Notes

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Objective type Questions

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ppt

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pdf

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Free

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past year papers

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Important questions

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Exam

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Extra Questions

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एनसीईआरटी पाठ्यपुस्तक: उत्पादन और विपणन (भारतीय कला का परिचय) | Must Read Old & New NCERTs for UPSC CSE (Hindi)

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Viva Questions

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practice quizzes

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एनसीईआरटी पाठ्यपुस्तक: उत्पादन और विपणन (भारतीय कला का परिचय) | Must Read Old & New NCERTs for UPSC CSE (Hindi)

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Sample Paper

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study material

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video lectures

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mock tests for examination

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shortcuts and tricks

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एनसीईआरटी पाठ्यपुस्तक: उत्पादन और विपणन (भारतीय कला का परिचय) | Must Read Old & New NCERTs for UPSC CSE (Hindi)

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