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एनसीईआरटी पाठ्यपुस्तक: पर्यटन के युग में शिल्प (भारतीय कला का परिचय) | Must Read Old & New NCERTs for UPSC CSE (Hindi) PDF Download

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 Page 2


;fn i;ZVu dk laosnu'khy izcaèku fd;k tk, rks og vk£Fkd rFkk lkaLÑfrd
tkx:drk ,oa çfrcy osQ fy, ,d tknqbZ mRizsjd gks ldrk gS] tks u
osQoy vk;oèkZu djrk gS] cfYd ns'k dh igpku Hkh cukrk gSA FkkbZySaM
rFkk Hkkjr ,sls nks ,f'k;kbZ ns'k gSa] ftudh x.kuk fo'o osQ 'kh"kZLFk nl
xarO; LFkyksa esa dh tkrh gS rFkk Hkkjr esa i;ZVdksa dh la[;k esa izR;sd o"kZ
yxHkx 15 izfr'kr dh c<+ksrjh gksrh gSA
i;ZVu dk Lo:i gh ifjofrZr gks x;k gSA vc i;ZVu dk mís';
laLÑfr rFkk okLrqdyk ns[kus osQ ctk; euksjatu rFkk vkjke gksus yxk gSA
;kf=k;ksa dk ;g uohu oxZ çk;% vius ;k=kk&vuqHko osQ Le`fr&fpÉ osQ :i
esa ikjaifjd f'kYIk ;k vU; Le`fr&fpÉ [kjhnrk gSA Hkkjr vkus okys i;ZVd
dkSu lh dykÑfr;k¡ [kjhnrs gSa\ mUgsa D;k vkd"kZd yxrk gS\ os mUgsa dgk¡
ls [kjhnrs gSa\ ;s 'kksèk ls lacafèkr oqQN iz'u gSaA
Hkkjr esa 20 yk[k ls vfèkd f'kYIkh gSa] ftuosQ f'kYiksa dh O;kid
fofoèkrk ns[kus dks feyrh gSA D;k f'kYIk foi.ku osQ izfr n`f"Vdks.kksa dk
vUos"k.k djus osQ fy, fujarj c<+rs i;ZVu m|ksx dk iz;ksx djuk laHko
gS] ftlls ns'k Hkj dk f'kYih leqnk; ykHkkfUor rFkk fuoZguh; gksxk\
vkb,] i;ZVu osQ {ks=k esa f'kYi mRiknu rFkk fcØh osQ orZeku #>kuksa dk
fo'ys"k.k djasA
8 i;ZVu osQ ;qx esa f'kYi
Hkkjr osQ yksdfç; Le`fr&fpÉ
• xyhps rFkk nfj;k¡
• oqaQnu] pk¡nh rFkk vèkZ&cgqewY; vkHkw"k.k
• CykWd fizaVsM diM+k
• d<+kbZ fd;k x;k lkeku
• yksd dyk µ eèkqcuh fp=k] cLrj osQ èkkrq f'kYi
• js'ke osQ ifjèkku] Ldk - iZQ rFkk pqUuh
• mRdh£.kr rFkk uDdk'kh fd;k x;k peZ f'kYi
• d'ehj osQ lokZfèkd yksdfiz; i'ehuk 'kkWy
Page 3


;fn i;ZVu dk laosnu'khy izcaèku fd;k tk, rks og vk£Fkd rFkk lkaLÑfrd
tkx:drk ,oa çfrcy osQ fy, ,d tknqbZ mRizsjd gks ldrk gS] tks u
osQoy vk;oèkZu djrk gS] cfYd ns'k dh igpku Hkh cukrk gSA FkkbZySaM
rFkk Hkkjr ,sls nks ,f'k;kbZ ns'k gSa] ftudh x.kuk fo'o osQ 'kh"kZLFk nl
xarO; LFkyksa esa dh tkrh gS rFkk Hkkjr esa i;ZVdksa dh la[;k esa izR;sd o"kZ
yxHkx 15 izfr'kr dh c<+ksrjh gksrh gSA
i;ZVu dk Lo:i gh ifjofrZr gks x;k gSA vc i;ZVu dk mís';
laLÑfr rFkk okLrqdyk ns[kus osQ ctk; euksjatu rFkk vkjke gksus yxk gSA
;kf=k;ksa dk ;g uohu oxZ çk;% vius ;k=kk&vuqHko osQ Le`fr&fpÉ osQ :i
esa ikjaifjd f'kYIk ;k vU; Le`fr&fpÉ [kjhnrk gSA Hkkjr vkus okys i;ZVd
dkSu lh dykÑfr;k¡ [kjhnrs gSa\ mUgsa D;k vkd"kZd yxrk gS\ os mUgsa dgk¡
ls [kjhnrs gSa\ ;s 'kksèk ls lacafèkr oqQN iz'u gSaA
Hkkjr esa 20 yk[k ls vfèkd f'kYIkh gSa] ftuosQ f'kYiksa dh O;kid
fofoèkrk ns[kus dks feyrh gSA D;k f'kYIk foi.ku osQ izfr n`f"Vdks.kksa dk
vUos"k.k djus osQ fy, fujarj c<+rs i;ZVu m|ksx dk iz;ksx djuk laHko
gS] ftlls ns'k Hkj dk f'kYih leqnk; ykHkkfUor rFkk fuoZguh; gksxk\
vkb,] i;ZVu osQ {ks=k esa f'kYi mRiknu rFkk fcØh osQ orZeku #>kuksa dk
fo'ys"k.k djasA
8 i;ZVu osQ ;qx esa f'kYi
Hkkjr osQ yksdfç; Le`fr&fpÉ
• xyhps rFkk nfj;k¡
• oqaQnu] pk¡nh rFkk vèkZ&cgqewY; vkHkw"k.k
• CykWd fizaVsM diM+k
• d<+kbZ fd;k x;k lkeku
• yksd dyk µ eèkqcuh fp=k] cLrj osQ èkkrq f'kYi
• js'ke osQ ifjèkku] Ldk - iZQ rFkk pqUuh
• mRdh£.kr rFkk uDdk'kh fd;k x;k peZ f'kYi
• d'ehj osQ lokZfèkd yksdfiz; i'ehuk 'kkWy
Hkkjrh; gLRdyk dh ijaijk,¡ – orZeku] Hkwr vkSj Hkfo"; 104
i;ZVu osQ {ks=k esa f'kYiksa gsrq ck”kkj oqQN dkjdksa ij vkèkkfjr gSa] ftudk
fo'ys"k.k djuk f'kYiksa osQ fy, laHkkfor ck”kkj dk fodkl djus osQ mís';
ls vko';d ,oa egÙoiw.kZ gSA f'kYIkksa osQ fy, vU; foi.ku fodYiksa osQ
fo'ys"k.k esa Hkh bl n`f"Vdks.k dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
i;ZVdksa dh ojh;rk,¡
• gokbZ ;k=kk esa ;kf=k;ksa osQ fy, lhfer lkeku rFkk Hkkj ys tkuk fuèkkZfjr
gSA vr% os NksVh ,oa gYdh oLrq,¡ ys tkuk ilan djrs gSaA pw¡fd Hkkj
,d izeq[k leL;k gS] vr% tks oLrq,¡ os [kjhnrs gSa] os ;k rks cgqr
vfèkd vlkekU; gksuh pkfg, vFkok ,slh gksuh pkfg,] tks mUgsa LOk;a
vius ns'k esa ugha feyrh vFkok mudk ewY; bruk izfrLièkhZ gksuk pkfg,
fd i;ZVd mldk ykyp NksM+ u losQA
• vkt Hkkjr esa yksdfiz; xarO; LFky gSa] xksok rFkk osQjy] tgk¡ n'kZd
leqæ rV rFkk vk;qosZfnd Lik (Luku) gsrq cM+h rknkn esa tkrs gSaA
i;ZVd vf}rh; lkaLÑfrd vuqHko gkfly djus dh ryk'k esa Lekjd
ns[kus Hkh vkrs gSa] tSls jktLFkku osQ HkO; fdyksa rFkk egyksa dks ns[kus
tkukA ;g eglwl djuk egÙoiw.kZ gS fd #>ku] I
+
kSQ'ku] #fp;k¡ rFkk
thou 'kSfy;k¡ ifjofrZr gksrh jgrh gSaA bl cnyko ls i;ZVu rFkk f'kYi
m|ksx izHkkfor gksrk gSA
Page 4


;fn i;ZVu dk laosnu'khy izcaèku fd;k tk, rks og vk£Fkd rFkk lkaLÑfrd
tkx:drk ,oa çfrcy osQ fy, ,d tknqbZ mRizsjd gks ldrk gS] tks u
osQoy vk;oèkZu djrk gS] cfYd ns'k dh igpku Hkh cukrk gSA FkkbZySaM
rFkk Hkkjr ,sls nks ,f'k;kbZ ns'k gSa] ftudh x.kuk fo'o osQ 'kh"kZLFk nl
xarO; LFkyksa esa dh tkrh gS rFkk Hkkjr esa i;ZVdksa dh la[;k esa izR;sd o"kZ
yxHkx 15 izfr'kr dh c<+ksrjh gksrh gSA
i;ZVu dk Lo:i gh ifjofrZr gks x;k gSA vc i;ZVu dk mís';
laLÑfr rFkk okLrqdyk ns[kus osQ ctk; euksjatu rFkk vkjke gksus yxk gSA
;kf=k;ksa dk ;g uohu oxZ çk;% vius ;k=kk&vuqHko osQ Le`fr&fpÉ osQ :i
esa ikjaifjd f'kYIk ;k vU; Le`fr&fpÉ [kjhnrk gSA Hkkjr vkus okys i;ZVd
dkSu lh dykÑfr;k¡ [kjhnrs gSa\ mUgsa D;k vkd"kZd yxrk gS\ os mUgsa dgk¡
ls [kjhnrs gSa\ ;s 'kksèk ls lacafèkr oqQN iz'u gSaA
Hkkjr esa 20 yk[k ls vfèkd f'kYIkh gSa] ftuosQ f'kYiksa dh O;kid
fofoèkrk ns[kus dks feyrh gSA D;k f'kYIk foi.ku osQ izfr n`f"Vdks.kksa dk
vUos"k.k djus osQ fy, fujarj c<+rs i;ZVu m|ksx dk iz;ksx djuk laHko
gS] ftlls ns'k Hkj dk f'kYih leqnk; ykHkkfUor rFkk fuoZguh; gksxk\
vkb,] i;ZVu osQ {ks=k esa f'kYi mRiknu rFkk fcØh osQ orZeku #>kuksa dk
fo'ys"k.k djasA
8 i;ZVu osQ ;qx esa f'kYi
Hkkjr osQ yksdfç; Le`fr&fpÉ
• xyhps rFkk nfj;k¡
• oqaQnu] pk¡nh rFkk vèkZ&cgqewY; vkHkw"k.k
• CykWd fizaVsM diM+k
• d<+kbZ fd;k x;k lkeku
• yksd dyk µ eèkqcuh fp=k] cLrj osQ èkkrq f'kYi
• js'ke osQ ifjèkku] Ldk - iZQ rFkk pqUuh
• mRdh£.kr rFkk uDdk'kh fd;k x;k peZ f'kYi
• d'ehj osQ lokZfèkd yksdfiz; i'ehuk 'kkWy
Hkkjrh; gLRdyk dh ijaijk,¡ – orZeku] Hkwr vkSj Hkfo"; 104
i;ZVu osQ {ks=k esa f'kYiksa gsrq ck”kkj oqQN dkjdksa ij vkèkkfjr gSa] ftudk
fo'ys"k.k djuk f'kYiksa osQ fy, laHkkfor ck”kkj dk fodkl djus osQ mís';
ls vko';d ,oa egÙoiw.kZ gSA f'kYIkksa osQ fy, vU; foi.ku fodYiksa osQ
fo'ys"k.k esa Hkh bl n`f"Vdks.k dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
i;ZVdksa dh ojh;rk,¡
• gokbZ ;k=kk esa ;kf=k;ksa osQ fy, lhfer lkeku rFkk Hkkj ys tkuk fuèkkZfjr
gSA vr% os NksVh ,oa gYdh oLrq,¡ ys tkuk ilan djrs gSaA pw¡fd Hkkj
,d izeq[k leL;k gS] vr% tks oLrq,¡ os [kjhnrs gSa] os ;k rks cgqr
vfèkd vlkekU; gksuh pkfg, vFkok ,slh gksuh pkfg,] tks mUgsa LOk;a
vius ns'k esa ugha feyrh vFkok mudk ewY; bruk izfrLièkhZ gksuk pkfg,
fd i;ZVd mldk ykyp NksM+ u losQA
• vkt Hkkjr esa yksdfiz; xarO; LFky gSa] xksok rFkk osQjy] tgk¡ n'kZd
leqæ rV rFkk vk;qosZfnd Lik (Luku) gsrq cM+h rknkn esa tkrs gSaA
i;ZVd vf}rh; lkaLÑfrd vuqHko gkfly djus dh ryk'k esa Lekjd
ns[kus Hkh vkrs gSa] tSls jktLFkku osQ HkO; fdyksa rFkk egyksa dks ns[kus
tkukA ;g eglwl djuk egÙoiw.kZ gS fd #>ku] I
+
kSQ'ku] #fp;k¡ rFkk
thou 'kSfy;k¡ ifjofrZr gksrh jgrh gSaA bl cnyko ls i;ZVu rFkk f'kYi
m|ksx izHkkfor gksrk gSA
105 i;ZVu osQ ;qx esa f'kYi
• oSQejs vc vfèkd ifj"Ñr gSa rFkk iz;ksx djus esa lgt rFkk lLrs Hkh
gSaA vr% i;ZVdksa dks vc viuh ;k=kk osQ vuqLej.k osQ :i esa ?kj esa
ek=k ltkus osQ fy, çrhd&fpÉksa dh vko';drk ugha gksrhA
• varjjk"Vªh; ;k=kk vkt osQ thou esa ,d ckj dh tkus okyh jksekapd
;k=kk u gksdj ,d vke ckr gks xbZ gSA vkt i;ZVdksa dks fo'o esa
loksZÙke miyCèk vuqHko izkIr gksrs gSa rFkk blfy, os vfèkd p;u'khy
gks x, gSaA Hkkjr esa i;ZVu osQ {ks=k dk vuqHko n'kkZrk gS fd vkt
;kf=k;ksa osQ ikl] ;gk¡ rd fd ihB ij >ksyk Vk¡x dj pyus okys
i;ZVdksa osQ ikl Hkh] O;; djus gsrq èkujkf'k gS] foaQrq os pw¡fd iwjs fo'o
dh ;k=kk djrs gSa] os bl ckjs esa dkI
+
kQh p;ukRed gSa fd mUgsa dgk¡ O;;
djuk gSA
• vktdy i;ZVd vis{kkÑr ;qok gksrs gSa] os lkekU;r% vodk'k ij vk,
O;olk;h gksrs gSa] u fd ek=k lsokfuo`Ùk rFkk o;kso`¼ O;fDrA muosQ ?kj
vis{kkÑr NksVs gksrs gSa] tks lkekU;r;k jax&la;ksftr rFkk fo"k;oLrq osQ
vuq:i vfHkdfYir gksrs gSaA vr% dksbZ oLrq osQoy blfy, fd og
ikjaifjd gS] lnSo okaNuh; ugha gksrhA rFkkfi dbZ ckj ek=k jax ;k
vkdkj dks cnyus ls dksbZ ikjaifjd oLrq cgqr vfèkd fcdrh gSA
• ,slh lkexzh] ftls èkksuk vkSj pedkuk iM+s rFkk tks j[k&j[kko esa dfBu
gks] mls vkt dk ;k=kh ilan ugha djrkA vr% fiNys oqQN le; esa
fcnjh] pk¡nh vkSj ihry dh oLrqvksa dh ek¡x esa Hkkjh deh vkbZ gSA
• nwljh vksj i;ZVd ,oa ;k=kh diM+s vkSj Nqf^;ksa osQ fy, fofHkUu
lkèku] tSlsµ diM+s] twrs] diM+s osQ cSx] vkHkw"k.k vkfn [kjhnrs gSaA ;s
oLrq,¡ ;wjksi ,oa vejhdk dh vis{kk Hkkjr esa lLrh gksrh gSaA vkt
i;ZVd dgha de :f<+oknh gSa vkSj i;ZVu LFkyksa dh fof'k"V thou
oqQN o"kZ iwoZ] okjk.klh osQ cqudjksa us ikjaifjd nqi^s dks LVksy esa :ikarfjr dj fn;k] tks if'peh
ns'kksa esa efgykvksa }kjk ,d NksVs 'kkWy dh Hkk¡fr iguk tkus okyk yack oL=k gSA ;g uohu mRikn
cgqr vfèkd yksdfiz; gqvk] ftldh i;ZVu osaQnzksa ij cgqr vfèkd fcØh gqbZ D;ksafd bldk Hkkj
de Fkk] vkdkj lgh Fkk rFkk if'peh diM+ksa osQ lkFk bls iguuk vkjkenk;d FkkA
,d vaxzs”k efgyk fpdudkjh dk lI
+
ksQn es”kiks'k [kjhnuk pkgrh Fkh] ijarq bl uk”kqd] d<+kbZnkj]
eyey osQ eksM+ksa okys es”kiks'k dks èkksus] ekM+ yxkus vkSj mls bL=kh djus osQ fopkj ls og ¯pfrr
gks xbZA varr% mls fopkj vk;k ^eSa bls viuh lkl osQ fy, [kjhnw¡xh* mlus fouksniw.kZ 'kSyh esa dgk]
^^mUgsa ;g es”kiks'k vkSj gekjh vPNh #fp ilan vk,xh] foaQrq vkthou bldh ns[k&js[k dk fljnnZ
mudk gksxk!**
Page 5


;fn i;ZVu dk laosnu'khy izcaèku fd;k tk, rks og vk£Fkd rFkk lkaLÑfrd
tkx:drk ,oa çfrcy osQ fy, ,d tknqbZ mRizsjd gks ldrk gS] tks u
osQoy vk;oèkZu djrk gS] cfYd ns'k dh igpku Hkh cukrk gSA FkkbZySaM
rFkk Hkkjr ,sls nks ,f'k;kbZ ns'k gSa] ftudh x.kuk fo'o osQ 'kh"kZLFk nl
xarO; LFkyksa esa dh tkrh gS rFkk Hkkjr esa i;ZVdksa dh la[;k esa izR;sd o"kZ
yxHkx 15 izfr'kr dh c<+ksrjh gksrh gSA
i;ZVu dk Lo:i gh ifjofrZr gks x;k gSA vc i;ZVu dk mís';
laLÑfr rFkk okLrqdyk ns[kus osQ ctk; euksjatu rFkk vkjke gksus yxk gSA
;kf=k;ksa dk ;g uohu oxZ çk;% vius ;k=kk&vuqHko osQ Le`fr&fpÉ osQ :i
esa ikjaifjd f'kYIk ;k vU; Le`fr&fpÉ [kjhnrk gSA Hkkjr vkus okys i;ZVd
dkSu lh dykÑfr;k¡ [kjhnrs gSa\ mUgsa D;k vkd"kZd yxrk gS\ os mUgsa dgk¡
ls [kjhnrs gSa\ ;s 'kksèk ls lacafèkr oqQN iz'u gSaA
Hkkjr esa 20 yk[k ls vfèkd f'kYIkh gSa] ftuosQ f'kYiksa dh O;kid
fofoèkrk ns[kus dks feyrh gSA D;k f'kYIk foi.ku osQ izfr n`f"Vdks.kksa dk
vUos"k.k djus osQ fy, fujarj c<+rs i;ZVu m|ksx dk iz;ksx djuk laHko
gS] ftlls ns'k Hkj dk f'kYih leqnk; ykHkkfUor rFkk fuoZguh; gksxk\
vkb,] i;ZVu osQ {ks=k esa f'kYi mRiknu rFkk fcØh osQ orZeku #>kuksa dk
fo'ys"k.k djasA
8 i;ZVu osQ ;qx esa f'kYi
Hkkjr osQ yksdfç; Le`fr&fpÉ
• xyhps rFkk nfj;k¡
• oqaQnu] pk¡nh rFkk vèkZ&cgqewY; vkHkw"k.k
• CykWd fizaVsM diM+k
• d<+kbZ fd;k x;k lkeku
• yksd dyk µ eèkqcuh fp=k] cLrj osQ èkkrq f'kYi
• js'ke osQ ifjèkku] Ldk - iZQ rFkk pqUuh
• mRdh£.kr rFkk uDdk'kh fd;k x;k peZ f'kYi
• d'ehj osQ lokZfèkd yksdfiz; i'ehuk 'kkWy
Hkkjrh; gLRdyk dh ijaijk,¡ – orZeku] Hkwr vkSj Hkfo"; 104
i;ZVu osQ {ks=k esa f'kYiksa gsrq ck”kkj oqQN dkjdksa ij vkèkkfjr gSa] ftudk
fo'ys"k.k djuk f'kYiksa osQ fy, laHkkfor ck”kkj dk fodkl djus osQ mís';
ls vko';d ,oa egÙoiw.kZ gSA f'kYIkksa osQ fy, vU; foi.ku fodYiksa osQ
fo'ys"k.k esa Hkh bl n`f"Vdks.k dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
i;ZVdksa dh ojh;rk,¡
• gokbZ ;k=kk esa ;kf=k;ksa osQ fy, lhfer lkeku rFkk Hkkj ys tkuk fuèkkZfjr
gSA vr% os NksVh ,oa gYdh oLrq,¡ ys tkuk ilan djrs gSaA pw¡fd Hkkj
,d izeq[k leL;k gS] vr% tks oLrq,¡ os [kjhnrs gSa] os ;k rks cgqr
vfèkd vlkekU; gksuh pkfg, vFkok ,slh gksuh pkfg,] tks mUgsa LOk;a
vius ns'k esa ugha feyrh vFkok mudk ewY; bruk izfrLièkhZ gksuk pkfg,
fd i;ZVd mldk ykyp NksM+ u losQA
• vkt Hkkjr esa yksdfiz; xarO; LFky gSa] xksok rFkk osQjy] tgk¡ n'kZd
leqæ rV rFkk vk;qosZfnd Lik (Luku) gsrq cM+h rknkn esa tkrs gSaA
i;ZVd vf}rh; lkaLÑfrd vuqHko gkfly djus dh ryk'k esa Lekjd
ns[kus Hkh vkrs gSa] tSls jktLFkku osQ HkO; fdyksa rFkk egyksa dks ns[kus
tkukA ;g eglwl djuk egÙoiw.kZ gS fd #>ku] I
+
kSQ'ku] #fp;k¡ rFkk
thou 'kSfy;k¡ ifjofrZr gksrh jgrh gSaA bl cnyko ls i;ZVu rFkk f'kYi
m|ksx izHkkfor gksrk gSA
105 i;ZVu osQ ;qx esa f'kYi
• oSQejs vc vfèkd ifj"Ñr gSa rFkk iz;ksx djus esa lgt rFkk lLrs Hkh
gSaA vr% i;ZVdksa dks vc viuh ;k=kk osQ vuqLej.k osQ :i esa ?kj esa
ek=k ltkus osQ fy, çrhd&fpÉksa dh vko';drk ugha gksrhA
• varjjk"Vªh; ;k=kk vkt osQ thou esa ,d ckj dh tkus okyh jksekapd
;k=kk u gksdj ,d vke ckr gks xbZ gSA vkt i;ZVdksa dks fo'o esa
loksZÙke miyCèk vuqHko izkIr gksrs gSa rFkk blfy, os vfèkd p;u'khy
gks x, gSaA Hkkjr esa i;ZVu osQ {ks=k dk vuqHko n'kkZrk gS fd vkt
;kf=k;ksa osQ ikl] ;gk¡ rd fd ihB ij >ksyk Vk¡x dj pyus okys
i;ZVdksa osQ ikl Hkh] O;; djus gsrq èkujkf'k gS] foaQrq os pw¡fd iwjs fo'o
dh ;k=kk djrs gSa] os bl ckjs esa dkI
+
kQh p;ukRed gSa fd mUgsa dgk¡ O;;
djuk gSA
• vktdy i;ZVd vis{kkÑr ;qok gksrs gSa] os lkekU;r% vodk'k ij vk,
O;olk;h gksrs gSa] u fd ek=k lsokfuo`Ùk rFkk o;kso`¼ O;fDrA muosQ ?kj
vis{kkÑr NksVs gksrs gSa] tks lkekU;r;k jax&la;ksftr rFkk fo"k;oLrq osQ
vuq:i vfHkdfYir gksrs gSaA vr% dksbZ oLrq osQoy blfy, fd og
ikjaifjd gS] lnSo okaNuh; ugha gksrhA rFkkfi dbZ ckj ek=k jax ;k
vkdkj dks cnyus ls dksbZ ikjaifjd oLrq cgqr vfèkd fcdrh gSA
• ,slh lkexzh] ftls èkksuk vkSj pedkuk iM+s rFkk tks j[k&j[kko esa dfBu
gks] mls vkt dk ;k=kh ilan ugha djrkA vr% fiNys oqQN le; esa
fcnjh] pk¡nh vkSj ihry dh oLrqvksa dh ek¡x esa Hkkjh deh vkbZ gSA
• nwljh vksj i;ZVd ,oa ;k=kh diM+s vkSj Nqf^;ksa osQ fy, fofHkUu
lkèku] tSlsµ diM+s] twrs] diM+s osQ cSx] vkHkw"k.k vkfn [kjhnrs gSaA ;s
oLrq,¡ ;wjksi ,oa vejhdk dh vis{kk Hkkjr esa lLrh gksrh gSaA vkt
i;ZVd dgha de :f<+oknh gSa vkSj i;ZVu LFkyksa dh fof'k"V thou
oqQN o"kZ iwoZ] okjk.klh osQ cqudjksa us ikjaifjd nqi^s dks LVksy esa :ikarfjr dj fn;k] tks if'peh
ns'kksa esa efgykvksa }kjk ,d NksVs 'kkWy dh Hkk¡fr iguk tkus okyk yack oL=k gSA ;g uohu mRikn
cgqr vfèkd yksdfiz; gqvk] ftldh i;ZVu osaQnzksa ij cgqr vfèkd fcØh gqbZ D;ksafd bldk Hkkj
de Fkk] vkdkj lgh Fkk rFkk if'peh diM+ksa osQ lkFk bls iguuk vkjkenk;d FkkA
,d vaxzs”k efgyk fpdudkjh dk lI
+
ksQn es”kiks'k [kjhnuk pkgrh Fkh] ijarq bl uk”kqd] d<+kbZnkj]
eyey osQ eksM+ksa okys es”kiks'k dks èkksus] ekM+ yxkus vkSj mls bL=kh djus osQ fopkj ls og ¯pfrr
gks xbZA varr% mls fopkj vk;k ^eSa bls viuh lkl osQ fy, [kjhnw¡xh* mlus fouksniw.kZ 'kSyh esa dgk]
^^mUgsa ;g es”kiks'k vkSj gekjh vPNh #fp ilan vk,xh] foaQrq vkthou bldh ns[k&js[k dk fljnnZ
mudk gksxk!**
Hkkjrh; gLRdyk dh ijaijk,¡ – orZeku] Hkwr vkSj Hkfo"; 106
'kSyh dk ç;ksx dj vkuan mBkrs gSaA vr% bu lkèkuksa dk fodkl fd;k
tk ldrk gSA
l ;k=kh] iw.kZr;k lqanj oLrqvksa esa gh fuos'k djuk ilan djrs gSaA vkt bl
çdkj dh mPp xq.koÙkk okyh [kwclwjr vkSj dykRed oLrqvksa osQ
mRiknu dh vko';drk gS] u fd lLrh] vdykRed vkSj iqjkuh 'kSyh
dh oLrqvksa dks cspus dhA
f'kYi osQ yksdfç; fcØh&iVy
vfèkdka'k i;ZVd rktegy tkrs gSa] tks fo'o dh lcls laqnj bekjrksa esa ls
,d gSA foaQrq ;g fo'oizfl¼ fojklr LFky lSdM+ksa NksVh&NksVh nqdkuksa rFkk
LVkWyksa ls f?kjk gqvk gS] tks rkt dh lLrs vYcLrj rFkk oqQ:i IykfLVd
izfrÑfr;ksa ls Hkjs gq, gSaA ;gk¡ NksVs lkcqu iRFkj osQ MCcksa dh iafDr;k¡ Hkjh
iM+h gSa] ftudk <k¡pk fuEu fdLe osQ laxejej ls cuk gS rFkk muosQ
<Ddu ,sls gSa] tks muij yxrs ugha gSaA nqdkuas vkØked rFkk f”kíh
nqdkunkj lapkfyr djrs gSa rFkk dksbZ Hkh f'kYIkdkj ;k vlyh f'kYioLrq
ogk¡ ns[kus dks ugha feyrhA ;gh fLFkfr gekjs lHkh cM+s i;ZVu LFkyksa]
laxzgky;ksa rFkk rhFkZ LFkyksaµyky fdyk] [ktqjkgks] vtark] okjk.klh] gEih]
eFkqjk] egkcyhiqje~ rFkk xksok ,oa vksM+h'kk osQ rVksa dh gSA
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