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एनसीईआरटी पाठ्यपुस्तक: अभिकल्प तथा विकास (भारतीय कला का परिचय) | Must Read Old & New NCERTs for UPSC CSE (Hindi) PDF Download

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 Page 2


bDdhloha lnh vius lkFk thou osQ izR;sd {ks=k esa rhoz ifjorZu] e'khuksa
ij fuHkZjrk rFkk izkÑfrd lalkèkuksa dk bl çdkj nksgu ,oa [kir ykbZ gS
fd os vc LFkk;h ugha jgs gSaA foxr esa f'kYi {ks=k dks dbZ yksxksa }kjk
bDdhloha lnh osQ fy, ,d vO;kogkfjd vk£Fkd fØ;kdyki osQ :i esa
fujLr dj fn;k x;k FkkA
Hkkjr dh dkedkth tula[;k esa dkjhxjksa dh la[;k vHkh Hkh chl
yk[k gSA vr% bl {ks=k dk fodkl bl çdkj fd;k tkuk pkfg, fd lSdM+ksa
oqQ'ky dkjhxjksa dks LFkk;h jks”kxkj feysA f'kYi fuekZrk rc rd vk£Fkd
:i ls O;kogkfjd ugha gks ldrs] tc rd fd muosQ mRikn foi.ku ;ksX;
u gksaA mRikn osQoy rHkh foi.ku ;ksX; gks ldrk gS] tc og miHkksDrk
osQ fy, vkd"kZd gks vFkkZr ,slk rHkh gks ldrk gS tc ikjaifjd dkS'ky
dk vuqdwyu rFkk ^vfHkdYiu* ledkfyd miHkksDrk dh #fp;ksa rFkk
vko';drkvksa dks è;ku esa j[k dj fd;k tk,A vfHkdYIk (fM”kkbu) dk
vFkZ ek=k lqanj uewus cukuk ugha gS – ;g rduhd dks ç;ksx dk;Z osQ lkFk
lac¼ djuk Hkh gSA
ikjaifjd f'kYi osQ {ks=k esa fM”kkbu rFkk fodkl osQ ;s nks igyw lnSo
lekukFkZd ugha gksrsA vfHkdYi fodkl dh vksj mUeq[k gks ldrk gS rFkk
fodkl dks vfHkdfYir fd;k tkuk pkfg,A rFkkfi] fM”kkbu rFkk fodkl
esa dk;Z rFkk mÙkjnkf;Ro osQ chp la?k"kZ mRiUu gks ldrk gSA fdldh
l`tukRedrk dks vfHkO;Dr fd;k tk,xk – fodkldrkZ dh] fM”kkbuj
dh ;k f'kYidkj dh\ xzkgd dkSu gS – miHkksDrk] tks lokZfèkd çfrLièkhZ
dher ij ,d vlkekU; rFkk jksekapd mRikn [kjhnuk pkgrk gS vFkok
f'kYi leqnk;] ftls vius mRikn osQ fy, ,d ,sls ck”kkj dh vko';drk
gS] tks ;FkklaHko ikjaifjd ck”kkj osQ le:i gks\ ;fn ,slk gksrk gS rks
f'kYi leqnk; dks lrr fHkUu fM”kkbu gLr{ksiksa dh vko';drk u gksxh
vFkok os mu lkekftd] lkSan;Zijd rFkk lkaLÑfrd vkèkkjksa osQ lkFk
la?k"kZjr jgsaxs] ftuls os mRiUu gq, gSaA
9 vfHkdYIk rFkk fodkl
Page 3


bDdhloha lnh vius lkFk thou osQ izR;sd {ks=k esa rhoz ifjorZu] e'khuksa
ij fuHkZjrk rFkk izkÑfrd lalkèkuksa dk bl çdkj nksgu ,oa [kir ykbZ gS
fd os vc LFkk;h ugha jgs gSaA foxr esa f'kYi {ks=k dks dbZ yksxksa }kjk
bDdhloha lnh osQ fy, ,d vO;kogkfjd vk£Fkd fØ;kdyki osQ :i esa
fujLr dj fn;k x;k FkkA
Hkkjr dh dkedkth tula[;k esa dkjhxjksa dh la[;k vHkh Hkh chl
yk[k gSA vr% bl {ks=k dk fodkl bl çdkj fd;k tkuk pkfg, fd lSdM+ksa
oqQ'ky dkjhxjksa dks LFkk;h jks”kxkj feysA f'kYi fuekZrk rc rd vk£Fkd
:i ls O;kogkfjd ugha gks ldrs] tc rd fd muosQ mRikn foi.ku ;ksX;
u gksaA mRikn osQoy rHkh foi.ku ;ksX; gks ldrk gS] tc og miHkksDrk
osQ fy, vkd"kZd gks vFkkZr ,slk rHkh gks ldrk gS tc ikjaifjd dkS'ky
dk vuqdwyu rFkk ^vfHkdYiu* ledkfyd miHkksDrk dh #fp;ksa rFkk
vko';drkvksa dks è;ku esa j[k dj fd;k tk,A vfHkdYIk (fM”kkbu) dk
vFkZ ek=k lqanj uewus cukuk ugha gS – ;g rduhd dks ç;ksx dk;Z osQ lkFk
lac¼ djuk Hkh gSA
ikjaifjd f'kYi osQ {ks=k esa fM”kkbu rFkk fodkl osQ ;s nks igyw lnSo
lekukFkZd ugha gksrsA vfHkdYi fodkl dh vksj mUeq[k gks ldrk gS rFkk
fodkl dks vfHkdfYir fd;k tkuk pkfg,A rFkkfi] fM”kkbu rFkk fodkl
esa dk;Z rFkk mÙkjnkf;Ro osQ chp la?k"kZ mRiUu gks ldrk gSA fdldh
l`tukRedrk dks vfHkO;Dr fd;k tk,xk – fodkldrkZ dh] fM”kkbuj
dh ;k f'kYidkj dh\ xzkgd dkSu gS – miHkksDrk] tks lokZfèkd çfrLièkhZ
dher ij ,d vlkekU; rFkk jksekapd mRikn [kjhnuk pkgrk gS vFkok
f'kYi leqnk;] ftls vius mRikn osQ fy, ,d ,sls ck”kkj dh vko';drk
gS] tks ;FkklaHko ikjaifjd ck”kkj osQ le:i gks\ ;fn ,slk gksrk gS rks
f'kYi leqnk; dks lrr fHkUu fM”kkbu gLr{ksiksa dh vko';drk u gksxh
vFkok os mu lkekftd] lkSan;Zijd rFkk lkaLÑfrd vkèkkjksa osQ lkFk
la?k"kZjr jgsaxs] ftuls os mRiUu gq, gSaA
9 vfHkdYIk rFkk fodkl
Hkkjrh; gLrdyk dh ijaijk,¡ – orZeku] Hkwr vkSj Hkfo"; 120
f'kYih leqnk; dh vusd izkFkfedrk,¡ gSa] tSls Hkkstu] diM+k] vkJ;]
f'k{kk] LokLF; rFkk vk£Fkd fLFkjrkA f'kYi fodkl {ks=k dk f'kYi leqnk;
osQ bUgha vR;ar okLrfod ljksdkjksa osQ izfr laosnu'khy gksuk vko';d gSA
vr% f'kfYi;ksa dks fM”kkbu rFkk mRiknu osQ izR;sd igyw dh tkudkjh
gksuh pkfg, rFkk mUgsa ml mRikn osQ iz;ksx dh le> gksuh pkfg,] tks os
cuk jgs gSaA Lo;alsoh laLFkkvksa ;k fM”kkbujksa dks Hkh f'kYi dk] mRikn dk
rFkk ftl ck”kkj esa os izos'k djus dk iz;kl dj jgs gSa] mldk vè;;u
djuk pkfg,A
f'kYidkjksa dk cnyrk Lo:i
izkphu Hkkjr esa izR;sd O;fDr dh lekt esa ,d varfgZr :i ls
ifjHkkf"kr Hkwfedk gksrh Fkh] tks tUe }kjk fuèkkZfjr FkhA f'kYidkfjrk ,d
ijaijk ;k fojklr Fkh] tks NUnksek;k (y;] larqyu] vuqikr] lqesyrk rFkk
dkS'ky osQ fu;e) esa lfn;ksa dh dBksj izf'k{kqrk ls fodflr gqbZA ;g
izf'k{kqrk lekt dh lajpuk rFkk dkuwuksa }kjk fu;af=kr rFkk lajf{kr FkhA bl
lekt esa fuiq.k f'kYidkj] u, izf'k{kq rFkk oqQ'ky] ¯drq vizsfjr deZdkj
lHkh dk ,d LFkku rFkk iz;kstu FkkA vkt ;s lHkh xq.k f'kYidkj esa ,d
lkFk lekfgr gksus vko';d gSa] ftuesa mldk m|eh cuuk Hkh lekfgr gSA
f'kYidkj dks ,d dykdkj dk ntkZ izkIr FkkA lekt osQ Hkhrj rFkk
ckgj nksuksa esa dBksj fu;eksa rFkk oa'kkuqxr O;oLFkkvksa okys lekt osQ lnL;
osQ :i esa leqnk; rFkk blosQ mRikn lajf{kr Fks rFkk xq.koÙkk fu;af=kr FkhA
dykdkjksa dks laj{kdksa dh tkudkjh FkhA xzkgd lfUudV gh ekStwn Fks]
mudh thou 'kSfy;k¡ dykdkjksa dh thou'kSfy;ksa ls mYys[kuh; :i ls
cgqr fHkUu ugha FkhaA pkgs f'kYidkj oqQ'kyrkiwoZd lkèkkj.k xzkeh.k crZu
miyCèk djkrs Fks ;k eafnj vFkok lqYrku osQ fy, jRutfM+r vkHkw"k.k cukrs
Fks ;k dykRed oLrq,¡] ;g ikjaifjd vko';drk] cksèk rFkk ljkguk ij
vkèkkfjr ,d leFkZudkjh varj£uHkjrk FkhA
f'kYidkj Lo;a ,d fM”kkbuj Fkk rFkk dykÑfr;ksa dk vkdkj] tc
iw.kZr;k mi;qDr cu tkrk Fkk] rc mlesa og ltkoV dk dk;Z djrk FkkA
lkSan;Z rFkk O;ogkj izkÑfrd :i ls lfEefJr gksrs Fks] u fd o`Qf=ke :i esaA
fM”kkbu fufof"V;ksa dh vko';drk D;ksa gS
vkt ikjaifjd dkS'kyksa dks O;ogkj esa yk jgs vfèkoQka'k f'kYidkj e'khuksa]
izfrLièkhZ ck”kkjksa ;k cM+s iSekus ij mRikfnr oLrqvksa] fons'kh - iSQ'kuksa osQ
Page 4


bDdhloha lnh vius lkFk thou osQ izR;sd {ks=k esa rhoz ifjorZu] e'khuksa
ij fuHkZjrk rFkk izkÑfrd lalkèkuksa dk bl çdkj nksgu ,oa [kir ykbZ gS
fd os vc LFkk;h ugha jgs gSaA foxr esa f'kYi {ks=k dks dbZ yksxksa }kjk
bDdhloha lnh osQ fy, ,d vO;kogkfjd vk£Fkd fØ;kdyki osQ :i esa
fujLr dj fn;k x;k FkkA
Hkkjr dh dkedkth tula[;k esa dkjhxjksa dh la[;k vHkh Hkh chl
yk[k gSA vr% bl {ks=k dk fodkl bl çdkj fd;k tkuk pkfg, fd lSdM+ksa
oqQ'ky dkjhxjksa dks LFkk;h jks”kxkj feysA f'kYi fuekZrk rc rd vk£Fkd
:i ls O;kogkfjd ugha gks ldrs] tc rd fd muosQ mRikn foi.ku ;ksX;
u gksaA mRikn osQoy rHkh foi.ku ;ksX; gks ldrk gS] tc og miHkksDrk
osQ fy, vkd"kZd gks vFkkZr ,slk rHkh gks ldrk gS tc ikjaifjd dkS'ky
dk vuqdwyu rFkk ^vfHkdYiu* ledkfyd miHkksDrk dh #fp;ksa rFkk
vko';drkvksa dks è;ku esa j[k dj fd;k tk,A vfHkdYIk (fM”kkbu) dk
vFkZ ek=k lqanj uewus cukuk ugha gS – ;g rduhd dks ç;ksx dk;Z osQ lkFk
lac¼ djuk Hkh gSA
ikjaifjd f'kYi osQ {ks=k esa fM”kkbu rFkk fodkl osQ ;s nks igyw lnSo
lekukFkZd ugha gksrsA vfHkdYi fodkl dh vksj mUeq[k gks ldrk gS rFkk
fodkl dks vfHkdfYir fd;k tkuk pkfg,A rFkkfi] fM”kkbu rFkk fodkl
esa dk;Z rFkk mÙkjnkf;Ro osQ chp la?k"kZ mRiUu gks ldrk gSA fdldh
l`tukRedrk dks vfHkO;Dr fd;k tk,xk – fodkldrkZ dh] fM”kkbuj
dh ;k f'kYidkj dh\ xzkgd dkSu gS – miHkksDrk] tks lokZfèkd çfrLièkhZ
dher ij ,d vlkekU; rFkk jksekapd mRikn [kjhnuk pkgrk gS vFkok
f'kYi leqnk;] ftls vius mRikn osQ fy, ,d ,sls ck”kkj dh vko';drk
gS] tks ;FkklaHko ikjaifjd ck”kkj osQ le:i gks\ ;fn ,slk gksrk gS rks
f'kYi leqnk; dks lrr fHkUu fM”kkbu gLr{ksiksa dh vko';drk u gksxh
vFkok os mu lkekftd] lkSan;Zijd rFkk lkaLÑfrd vkèkkjksa osQ lkFk
la?k"kZjr jgsaxs] ftuls os mRiUu gq, gSaA
9 vfHkdYIk rFkk fodkl
Hkkjrh; gLrdyk dh ijaijk,¡ – orZeku] Hkwr vkSj Hkfo"; 120
f'kYih leqnk; dh vusd izkFkfedrk,¡ gSa] tSls Hkkstu] diM+k] vkJ;]
f'k{kk] LokLF; rFkk vk£Fkd fLFkjrkA f'kYi fodkl {ks=k dk f'kYi leqnk;
osQ bUgha vR;ar okLrfod ljksdkjksa osQ izfr laosnu'khy gksuk vko';d gSA
vr% f'kfYi;ksa dks fM”kkbu rFkk mRiknu osQ izR;sd igyw dh tkudkjh
gksuh pkfg, rFkk mUgsa ml mRikn osQ iz;ksx dh le> gksuh pkfg,] tks os
cuk jgs gSaA Lo;alsoh laLFkkvksa ;k fM”kkbujksa dks Hkh f'kYi dk] mRikn dk
rFkk ftl ck”kkj esa os izos'k djus dk iz;kl dj jgs gSa] mldk vè;;u
djuk pkfg,A
f'kYidkjksa dk cnyrk Lo:i
izkphu Hkkjr esa izR;sd O;fDr dh lekt esa ,d varfgZr :i ls
ifjHkkf"kr Hkwfedk gksrh Fkh] tks tUe }kjk fuèkkZfjr FkhA f'kYidkfjrk ,d
ijaijk ;k fojklr Fkh] tks NUnksek;k (y;] larqyu] vuqikr] lqesyrk rFkk
dkS'ky osQ fu;e) esa lfn;ksa dh dBksj izf'k{kqrk ls fodflr gqbZA ;g
izf'k{kqrk lekt dh lajpuk rFkk dkuwuksa }kjk fu;af=kr rFkk lajf{kr FkhA bl
lekt esa fuiq.k f'kYidkj] u, izf'k{kq rFkk oqQ'ky] ¯drq vizsfjr deZdkj
lHkh dk ,d LFkku rFkk iz;kstu FkkA vkt ;s lHkh xq.k f'kYidkj esa ,d
lkFk lekfgr gksus vko';d gSa] ftuesa mldk m|eh cuuk Hkh lekfgr gSA
f'kYidkj dks ,d dykdkj dk ntkZ izkIr FkkA lekt osQ Hkhrj rFkk
ckgj nksuksa esa dBksj fu;eksa rFkk oa'kkuqxr O;oLFkkvksa okys lekt osQ lnL;
osQ :i esa leqnk; rFkk blosQ mRikn lajf{kr Fks rFkk xq.koÙkk fu;af=kr FkhA
dykdkjksa dks laj{kdksa dh tkudkjh FkhA xzkgd lfUudV gh ekStwn Fks]
mudh thou 'kSfy;k¡ dykdkjksa dh thou'kSfy;ksa ls mYys[kuh; :i ls
cgqr fHkUu ugha FkhaA pkgs f'kYidkj oqQ'kyrkiwoZd lkèkkj.k xzkeh.k crZu
miyCèk djkrs Fks ;k eafnj vFkok lqYrku osQ fy, jRutfM+r vkHkw"k.k cukrs
Fks ;k dykRed oLrq,¡] ;g ikjaifjd vko';drk] cksèk rFkk ljkguk ij
vkèkkfjr ,d leFkZudkjh varj£uHkjrk FkhA
f'kYidkj Lo;a ,d fM”kkbuj Fkk rFkk dykÑfr;ksa dk vkdkj] tc
iw.kZr;k mi;qDr cu tkrk Fkk] rc mlesa og ltkoV dk dk;Z djrk FkkA
lkSan;Z rFkk O;ogkj izkÑfrd :i ls lfEefJr gksrs Fks] u fd o`Qf=ke :i esaA
fM”kkbu fufof"V;ksa dh vko';drk D;ksa gS
vkt ikjaifjd dkS'kyksa dks O;ogkj esa yk jgs vfèkoQka'k f'kYidkj e'khuksa]
izfrLièkhZ ck”kkjksa ;k cM+s iSekus ij mRikfnr oLrqvksa] fons'kh - iSQ'kuksa osQ
121 vfHkdYIk rFkk fodkl
fy, miHkksDrk dh yyd osQ lkFk tw> jgs gSa rFkk os vc vius oxZ osQ
lekt] njckj vFkok èkk£ed laLFkkvksa osQ O;kogkfjd laj{k.k }kjk lajf{kr
ugha gSaA f'kYIkh leqnk; dks ?kVrs Ø;kns'kksa rFkk viuh dyk osQ ?kVus dh
leL;kvksa dk yxkrkj lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk gSA
f'kYih leqnk; viuh Lo;a dh thou'kSfy;ksa ls i`Fkd mRikn cuk jgs
gSa rFkk mUgsa vius ls i`Fkd rFkk vR;fèkd izfrLièkhZ ck”kkjksa esa csp jgs gSaA
muosQ vius thou rFkk #fp;ksa esa Hkkjh :ikarj.k gq, gSa] ftlls os vius
dkS'kyksa rFkk mRiknksa ls vkSj Hkh nwj gks x, gSaA ,d ikjaifjd twrs dk fuekZrk
vHkh Hkh twrksa dh tksM+h ij lqugjs eksj dk<+rk gS] foaQrq og Lo;a laHkor%
IykfLVd osQ xqykch lSaMy igus gksxkA ifj.kker% vkt f'kYi dk fo?kVu
gqvk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] èkkrq dk nh;k] tks iwtk dh ,d ikjaifjd jhfrxr
oLrq Fkh] vkt ,'k Vªs esa :ikarfjr gks x;k gS rFkk iVjh ij ek=k nl #i,
esa fcd jgk gSA
Page 5


bDdhloha lnh vius lkFk thou osQ izR;sd {ks=k esa rhoz ifjorZu] e'khuksa
ij fuHkZjrk rFkk izkÑfrd lalkèkuksa dk bl çdkj nksgu ,oa [kir ykbZ gS
fd os vc LFkk;h ugha jgs gSaA foxr esa f'kYi {ks=k dks dbZ yksxksa }kjk
bDdhloha lnh osQ fy, ,d vO;kogkfjd vk£Fkd fØ;kdyki osQ :i esa
fujLr dj fn;k x;k FkkA
Hkkjr dh dkedkth tula[;k esa dkjhxjksa dh la[;k vHkh Hkh chl
yk[k gSA vr% bl {ks=k dk fodkl bl çdkj fd;k tkuk pkfg, fd lSdM+ksa
oqQ'ky dkjhxjksa dks LFkk;h jks”kxkj feysA f'kYi fuekZrk rc rd vk£Fkd
:i ls O;kogkfjd ugha gks ldrs] tc rd fd muosQ mRikn foi.ku ;ksX;
u gksaA mRikn osQoy rHkh foi.ku ;ksX; gks ldrk gS] tc og miHkksDrk
osQ fy, vkd"kZd gks vFkkZr ,slk rHkh gks ldrk gS tc ikjaifjd dkS'ky
dk vuqdwyu rFkk ^vfHkdYiu* ledkfyd miHkksDrk dh #fp;ksa rFkk
vko';drkvksa dks è;ku esa j[k dj fd;k tk,A vfHkdYIk (fM”kkbu) dk
vFkZ ek=k lqanj uewus cukuk ugha gS – ;g rduhd dks ç;ksx dk;Z osQ lkFk
lac¼ djuk Hkh gSA
ikjaifjd f'kYi osQ {ks=k esa fM”kkbu rFkk fodkl osQ ;s nks igyw lnSo
lekukFkZd ugha gksrsA vfHkdYi fodkl dh vksj mUeq[k gks ldrk gS rFkk
fodkl dks vfHkdfYir fd;k tkuk pkfg,A rFkkfi] fM”kkbu rFkk fodkl
esa dk;Z rFkk mÙkjnkf;Ro osQ chp la?k"kZ mRiUu gks ldrk gSA fdldh
l`tukRedrk dks vfHkO;Dr fd;k tk,xk – fodkldrkZ dh] fM”kkbuj
dh ;k f'kYidkj dh\ xzkgd dkSu gS – miHkksDrk] tks lokZfèkd çfrLièkhZ
dher ij ,d vlkekU; rFkk jksekapd mRikn [kjhnuk pkgrk gS vFkok
f'kYi leqnk;] ftls vius mRikn osQ fy, ,d ,sls ck”kkj dh vko';drk
gS] tks ;FkklaHko ikjaifjd ck”kkj osQ le:i gks\ ;fn ,slk gksrk gS rks
f'kYi leqnk; dks lrr fHkUu fM”kkbu gLr{ksiksa dh vko';drk u gksxh
vFkok os mu lkekftd] lkSan;Zijd rFkk lkaLÑfrd vkèkkjksa osQ lkFk
la?k"kZjr jgsaxs] ftuls os mRiUu gq, gSaA
9 vfHkdYIk rFkk fodkl
Hkkjrh; gLrdyk dh ijaijk,¡ – orZeku] Hkwr vkSj Hkfo"; 120
f'kYih leqnk; dh vusd izkFkfedrk,¡ gSa] tSls Hkkstu] diM+k] vkJ;]
f'k{kk] LokLF; rFkk vk£Fkd fLFkjrkA f'kYi fodkl {ks=k dk f'kYi leqnk;
osQ bUgha vR;ar okLrfod ljksdkjksa osQ izfr laosnu'khy gksuk vko';d gSA
vr% f'kfYi;ksa dks fM”kkbu rFkk mRiknu osQ izR;sd igyw dh tkudkjh
gksuh pkfg, rFkk mUgsa ml mRikn osQ iz;ksx dh le> gksuh pkfg,] tks os
cuk jgs gSaA Lo;alsoh laLFkkvksa ;k fM”kkbujksa dks Hkh f'kYi dk] mRikn dk
rFkk ftl ck”kkj esa os izos'k djus dk iz;kl dj jgs gSa] mldk vè;;u
djuk pkfg,A
f'kYidkjksa dk cnyrk Lo:i
izkphu Hkkjr esa izR;sd O;fDr dh lekt esa ,d varfgZr :i ls
ifjHkkf"kr Hkwfedk gksrh Fkh] tks tUe }kjk fuèkkZfjr FkhA f'kYidkfjrk ,d
ijaijk ;k fojklr Fkh] tks NUnksek;k (y;] larqyu] vuqikr] lqesyrk rFkk
dkS'ky osQ fu;e) esa lfn;ksa dh dBksj izf'k{kqrk ls fodflr gqbZA ;g
izf'k{kqrk lekt dh lajpuk rFkk dkuwuksa }kjk fu;af=kr rFkk lajf{kr FkhA bl
lekt esa fuiq.k f'kYidkj] u, izf'k{kq rFkk oqQ'ky] ¯drq vizsfjr deZdkj
lHkh dk ,d LFkku rFkk iz;kstu FkkA vkt ;s lHkh xq.k f'kYidkj esa ,d
lkFk lekfgr gksus vko';d gSa] ftuesa mldk m|eh cuuk Hkh lekfgr gSA
f'kYidkj dks ,d dykdkj dk ntkZ izkIr FkkA lekt osQ Hkhrj rFkk
ckgj nksuksa esa dBksj fu;eksa rFkk oa'kkuqxr O;oLFkkvksa okys lekt osQ lnL;
osQ :i esa leqnk; rFkk blosQ mRikn lajf{kr Fks rFkk xq.koÙkk fu;af=kr FkhA
dykdkjksa dks laj{kdksa dh tkudkjh FkhA xzkgd lfUudV gh ekStwn Fks]
mudh thou 'kSfy;k¡ dykdkjksa dh thou'kSfy;ksa ls mYys[kuh; :i ls
cgqr fHkUu ugha FkhaA pkgs f'kYidkj oqQ'kyrkiwoZd lkèkkj.k xzkeh.k crZu
miyCèk djkrs Fks ;k eafnj vFkok lqYrku osQ fy, jRutfM+r vkHkw"k.k cukrs
Fks ;k dykRed oLrq,¡] ;g ikjaifjd vko';drk] cksèk rFkk ljkguk ij
vkèkkfjr ,d leFkZudkjh varj£uHkjrk FkhA
f'kYidkj Lo;a ,d fM”kkbuj Fkk rFkk dykÑfr;ksa dk vkdkj] tc
iw.kZr;k mi;qDr cu tkrk Fkk] rc mlesa og ltkoV dk dk;Z djrk FkkA
lkSan;Z rFkk O;ogkj izkÑfrd :i ls lfEefJr gksrs Fks] u fd o`Qf=ke :i esaA
fM”kkbu fufof"V;ksa dh vko';drk D;ksa gS
vkt ikjaifjd dkS'kyksa dks O;ogkj esa yk jgs vfèkoQka'k f'kYidkj e'khuksa]
izfrLièkhZ ck”kkjksa ;k cM+s iSekus ij mRikfnr oLrqvksa] fons'kh - iSQ'kuksa osQ
121 vfHkdYIk rFkk fodkl
fy, miHkksDrk dh yyd osQ lkFk tw> jgs gSa rFkk os vc vius oxZ osQ
lekt] njckj vFkok èkk£ed laLFkkvksa osQ O;kogkfjd laj{k.k }kjk lajf{kr
ugha gSaA f'kYIkh leqnk; dks ?kVrs Ø;kns'kksa rFkk viuh dyk osQ ?kVus dh
leL;kvksa dk yxkrkj lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk gSA
f'kYih leqnk; viuh Lo;a dh thou'kSfy;ksa ls i`Fkd mRikn cuk jgs
gSa rFkk mUgsa vius ls i`Fkd rFkk vR;fèkd izfrLièkhZ ck”kkjksa esa csp jgs gSaA
muosQ vius thou rFkk #fp;ksa esa Hkkjh :ikarj.k gq, gSa] ftlls os vius
dkS'kyksa rFkk mRiknksa ls vkSj Hkh nwj gks x, gSaA ,d ikjaifjd twrs dk fuekZrk
vHkh Hkh twrksa dh tksM+h ij lqugjs eksj dk<+rk gS] foaQrq og Lo;a laHkor%
IykfLVd osQ xqykch lSaMy igus gksxkA ifj.kker% vkt f'kYi dk fo?kVu
gqvk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] èkkrq dk nh;k] tks iwtk dh ,d ikjaifjd jhfrxr
oLrq Fkh] vkt ,'k Vªs esa :ikarfjr gks x;k gS rFkk iVjh ij ek=k nl #i,
esa fcd jgk gSA
Hkkjrh; gLrdyk dh ijaijk,¡ – orZeku] Hkwr vkSj Hkfo"; 122
fM”kkbu fufof"V;k¡ – Hkhrj ;k ckgj ls\
D;k lfn;ksa dh oqQ'ky ijaijk okys f'kYidkjksa dks ckgjh çsj.kk lzksrksa dh
vko';drk gS\ igys gLr{ksiksa }kjk f'kYiksa dk ßkl ugha gksrk Fkk] tks
cká vfHkdj.kksa }kjk vPNs bjkns ls fd, tkrs FksA
rFkkfi] ijaijk ,d laHkkfor vkjaHk gksuh pkfg,] caèku ughaA ;fn f'kYi
dks mi;ksfxrk vkèkkfjr rFkk vk£Fkd :i ls fLFkj cuuk gS] rks ;g LFkk;h
ugha gks ldrkA f'kYi lnSo ck”kkj esa gks jgs ifjorZuksa] miHkksDrkvksa dh
vko';drkvksa] I
+
kSQ'ku ,oa ç;ksxksa osQ çfr tkx:d jgk gSA vkt] mRiknd
vkSj mHkksDrk osQ chp c<+rh gqbZ nwjh osQ dkj.k f'kYi igys tSlh xfr ls
cnyko fodflr ykus esa l{ke ugha gSA vc fM”kkbu vkSj mRikn fodflr
djus okyksa dh ;g Hkwfedk gks tkrh gS fd os ckjhdh ls bu cnykoksa dks
f'kYidkj rd igq¡pk,¡] tks u, ck”kkjksa vkSj miHkksDrkvksa ls HkkSfrd :i ls
gVk fn, x, gSaA
dyk] fM”kkbu rFkk foi.ku dh
vkSipkfjd f'k{kk çkIr O;kolk;h yksx
gSa] ftuosQ ikl rduhdh dkS'ky vkSj
vkS”kkj gSa] ftlls os f'kYi leqnk; dks
f'kYidkjksa osQ fgr esa fM”kkbu] uohu
ç;ksx] fons'kh vFkok 'kgjh ck”kkjksa ,oa
lelkef;d foi.ku osQ çpyu ls ifjfpr
djk ldrs gSaA f'kfYi;ksa osQ lkFk dke
djosQ fM”kkbu lykgdkj dks viuh
l`tukRedrk dks nckdj f'kYidkjksa esa
tkx`fr ykuh gksxhA uohu ç;ksx djus osQ
fy, çksRlkgu gsrq f'kYidkjksa dks fM”kkbu
osQ fofHkUu uewus nsus gksaxs] u fd uewus
dh udy mrkjus dk ncko cukus osQ
fy,A f'kYi leqnk; f'kYiksa dh fodkl
ç.kkyh dk ,d fgLlk gksuk pkfg, vkSj
çR;sd pj.k esa f'kYidkjksa dks vius
efLr"d ,oa dYiuk rFkk gkFkksa dk ç;ksx
djus osQ fy, mRlkfgr djuk pkfg,A
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