एनसीईआरटी पाठ्यपुस्तक: शिल्प बाजार (भारतीय कला का परिचय) | Must Read Old & New NCERTs for UPSC CSE (Hindi) PDF Download

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bdkbZ 3
Hkfo"; osQ fy, uhfr fuèkkZj.k
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bdkbZ 3
Hkfo"; osQ fy, uhfr fuèkkZj.k
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bdkbZ 3
Hkfo"; osQ fy, uhfr fuèkkZj.k
Hkkjr esa rs”kh ls c<+rs 'kgjhdj.k osQ eè; xzkeh.k f'kYi leqnk; ,oa
uxjh; miHkksDrk osQ chp fdl çdkj lkeatL; gks\ bl vè;k; esa osQl
LVMh osQ ekè;e ls ,d foi.ku dk;Zuhfr osQ oqQN eqíkssa ij çdk'k Mkyk
x;k gSA
foi.ku osQ fl¼kar
vkn'kZr% f'kYih leqnk; dk mRiknu ck”kkj] vkiwfrZ rFkk ek¡x dh xR;kRedrkvksa
ij fu;a=k.k gksuk pkfg,A blosQ izeq[k fcanq fuEu gSa–
ck”kkj losZ{k.k
l mRiknksa rFkk fM”kkbuksa dh miyCèkrk dh tk¡p
l xzkgd dh vko';drkvksa rFkk ek¡xksa dh leh{kk
l dPps eky dh miyCèkrk dh tk¡p
l fNis gq, dkS'kyksa dk irk yxkus osQ fy, vuqlaèkku
l izf'k{k.k rFkk dkS'ky lqèkkj dh lqfoèkk,¡ miyCèk djkuk
l oszQrkvksa dh igpku
l foÙkh; iwokZuqeku
vPNk mRikn
miHkksDrk ;k oszQrk fdlh f'kYi mRikn dks lgkuqHkwfro'k ;k èkekZFkZ ugha
[kjhnrsA mRiknksa esa çfrLièkkZ ykxr] mi;ksx rFkk lkSan;Z osQ fy, gksuh pkfg,A
x`g&vkèkkfjr m|ksx
,slk lkspk tkrk gS fd gLrf'kYi osQ m|e dh LFkkiuk gsrq osQoy U;wure
O;;] ewy lajpuk rFkk izf'k{k.k dh vko';drk gksrh gSA rFkkfi] ;fn
gLrf'kYiksa dks ns'k rFkk fons'k esa izfrLièkkZ dk lkeuk djuk gS] rks fof'k"V
dkS'kyksa dk izf'k{k.k rFkk fodkl vko';d gksxkA dykdkjh rFkk xq.koÙkk
ftruh ifj"Ñr gksxh] f'kYi Ñfr dk ewY; mruk gh csgrj gksxk] tks
eè;e ntsZ osQ mRiknksa ls Hkjs ck”kkj ls Åij mB ik,xkA
7
f'kYi ck”kkj
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bdkbZ 3
Hkfo"; osQ fy, uhfr fuèkkZj.k
Hkkjr esa rs”kh ls c<+rs 'kgjhdj.k osQ eè; xzkeh.k f'kYi leqnk; ,oa
uxjh; miHkksDrk osQ chp fdl çdkj lkeatL; gks\ bl vè;k; esa osQl
LVMh osQ ekè;e ls ,d foi.ku dk;Zuhfr osQ oqQN eqíkssa ij çdk'k Mkyk
x;k gSA
foi.ku osQ fl¼kar
vkn'kZr% f'kYih leqnk; dk mRiknu ck”kkj] vkiwfrZ rFkk ek¡x dh xR;kRedrkvksa
ij fu;a=k.k gksuk pkfg,A blosQ izeq[k fcanq fuEu gSa–
ck”kkj losZ{k.k
l mRiknksa rFkk fM”kkbuksa dh miyCèkrk dh tk¡p
l xzkgd dh vko';drkvksa rFkk ek¡xksa dh leh{kk
l dPps eky dh miyCèkrk dh tk¡p
l fNis gq, dkS'kyksa dk irk yxkus osQ fy, vuqlaèkku
l izf'k{k.k rFkk dkS'ky lqèkkj dh lqfoèkk,¡ miyCèk djkuk
l oszQrkvksa dh igpku
l foÙkh; iwokZuqeku
vPNk mRikn
miHkksDrk ;k oszQrk fdlh f'kYi mRikn dks lgkuqHkwfro'k ;k èkekZFkZ ugha
[kjhnrsA mRiknksa esa çfrLièkkZ ykxr] mi;ksx rFkk lkSan;Z osQ fy, gksuh pkfg,A
x`g&vkèkkfjr m|ksx
,slk lkspk tkrk gS fd gLrf'kYi osQ m|e dh LFkkiuk gsrq osQoy U;wure
O;;] ewy lajpuk rFkk izf'k{k.k dh vko';drk gksrh gSA rFkkfi] ;fn
gLrf'kYiksa dks ns'k rFkk fons'k esa izfrLièkkZ dk lkeuk djuk gS] rks fof'k"V
dkS'kyksa dk izf'k{k.k rFkk fodkl vko';d gksxkA dykdkjh rFkk xq.koÙkk
ftruh ifj"Ñr gksxh] f'kYi Ñfr dk ewY; mruk gh csgrj gksxk] tks
eè;e ntsZ osQ mRiknksa ls Hkjs ck”kkj ls Åij mB ik,xkA
7
f'kYi ck”kkj
Hkkjrh; gLrdyk dh ijaijk,¡ – Hkwr] orZeku vkSj Hkfo"; 90
f'kYiksa dh fofoèkrk
izR;sd izns'k dh viuh Lo;a dh f'kYi fojklr] fofHkUu ijaijk,¡]
vko';drk,¡] lalkèku rFkk {kerk,¡ gksrh gSaA f'kYi m|ksx dk fodkl
leqnk; esa miyCèk vf}rh; dkS'kyksa ij vkèkkfjr gksrk gSA fcuk lksps&
le>s fopkjksa osQ nksgjko ;k izfrÑfr ls u rks f'kYIk ijaijk dk Hkyk gksxk
vkSj u gh leqnk; dkA
mRiknksa dk vfHkdYIk (fM”kkbu) rFkk l`tu
f'kYi {ks=k esa igys gh HkhM+HkkM+ gS rFkk vusd lewg ,dleku oLrqvksa dk
mRiknu dj jgs gSa] ftlosQ ifj.kkeLo:i ck”kkj vfèkd izfrLièkhZ cu x;k
gSA vr% vfHkdYi uohuhdj.k ij fujarj è;ku fn;k tkuk vko';d gS]
ftlls mRikn xfrghu u cu tk,A
Vh dks”kh
;wjksioklh pk; dks pk; dh osQryh esa cukrs gSaA pk; dh osQryh dks xeZ j[kus
osQ fy, Vh dks”kh dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Vh dks”kh pk; osQryh osQ vuq:i
cuk;k x;k ,d vkoj.k gS rFkk bls vDlj ,d xísnkj xeZ diM+s ls cuk;k tkrk
gS] tks vyaÑr gksrk gSA
Hkkjr esa pk; rS;kj djus dk lokZfèkd yksdfiz; rjhdk nwèk rFkk ikuh esa phuh
osQ lkFk pk; dh ifÙk;ksa dks mckyuk rFkk mls fxyklksa ;k exksa esa rS;kj voLFkk esa
is'k djuk gSA bl fofèk esa pk; osQryh ;k Vh dks”kh dh dksbZ vko';drk ugha gksrhA
oqQN o"kZ igys] Hkkjr esa xjhcksa dks jks”kxkj nsus dh ;kstuk,¡ rS;kj dh xbZ Fkha rFkk Vsyfjax bdkb;k¡ LFkkfir dh xbZ FkhaA Vh
dks”kh dk mRiknu cM+h ek=kkvksa esa fd;k x;kA ck”kkj esa g”kkjksa le:i] vuqi;ksxh] fuÑ"V fM”kkbu okyh rFkk eg¡xh Vh dksf”k;ksa
dh Hkjekj gks xbZA Hkkjrh; ifjokj izk;% Vh dks”kh ugha [kjhnrs Fks D;ksafd muosQ fy, mldk dksbZ mi;ksx ugha FkkA
mRikndksa dks fj;k;r dh O;oLFkk djuh iM+h] tcfd csjks”kxkj f'kYih izf'k{kd cu x, rFkk cnys esa mUgksaus
yksxksa dks vfèkd fcØh mRikn rS;kj djus dk izf'k{k.k fn;kA tutkrh; yksxksa dks esgur djosQ Vh dks”kh ij iwQyksa
dh d<+kbZ djus osQ fy, izksRlkgu fn;k x;k] tcfd bl rF; ij dksbZ è;ku ugha fn;k x;k fd vfèkdka'k yksx viuh
pk; ex esa ^rS;kj :i* esa ihrs gSaA
forj.k iz.kkyh
mRiknksa dh fcØh rFkk forj.k isphnk gksrk gS] ck”kkj u rks cgqr NksVk gksuk
pkfg, vkSj u gh cgqr vfèkd cM+k D;ksafd nksuksa gh fLFkfr;k¡ f'kYi&mRiknu
osQ fodkl osQ fy, gkfudkjd gks ldrh gSaA
ck”kkj dk foLrkj
ck”kkj esa le:i mRiknksa dh Hkjekj gksus osQ dkj.k] gLrf'kYiksa dk fujarj
foLrkj fd;k tkuk rFkk u;h fn'kk esa ç;kl – Fkksd] fu;kZr ;k vf[ky
Hkkjrh; Lrj ij iSzaQpkb”k foi.ku osQ fy, ewykèkkj [kkstuk vko';d gSA