UPSC Exam  >  UPSC Notes  >  Must Read Old & New NCERTs for UPSC CSE (Hindi)  >  एनसीईआरटी पाठ्यपुस्तक: स्थानीय शासन

एनसीईआरटी पाठ्यपुस्तक: स्थानीय शासन | Must Read Old & New NCERTs for UPSC CSE (Hindi) PDF Download

Download, print and study this document offline
Please wait while the PDF view is loading
 Page 1


176
Hkkjr dk lafo/ku µ fl¼kar vkSj O;ogkj
ifjp;
osaQæh; vkSj çknsf'kd Lrj ij fuokZfpr ljdkj dh ekStwnxh gh fdlh yksdra=k osQ fy,
dkiQh ughaA yksdra=k osQ fy, ;g Hkh ”k:jh gS fd LFkkuh; Lrj ij LFkkuh; ekeyksa dh
ns[kHkky djus okyh ,d fuf'pr ljdkj gksA bl vè;k; esa ge vius ns'k esa ekStwn
LFkkuh; ljdkj dh cukoV dk vè;;u djsaxsA ge ;g Hkh i<+saxs fd LFkkuh; ljdkj dk
D;k egÙo gS vkSj mls Lora=k :i ls 'kfDr çnku djus osQ D;k jkLrs gSaA ;g vè;k; i<+us
osQ ckn vki tku losaQxs fd µ
± LFkkuh; 'kkldh; fudk;ksa dk egÙo D;k gS]
± lafo/ku osQ 73osa vkSj 74osa la'kks/u osQ varxZr D;k çko/ku fd, x, gSa] vkSj
± LFkkuh; 'kkldh; fudk;ksa osQ dke vkSj ftEesnkfj;k¡ dkSu&dkSu&lh gSa\
vè;k; 8
LFkkuh; 'kklu
2018-19
Page 2


176
Hkkjr dk lafo/ku µ fl¼kar vkSj O;ogkj
ifjp;
osaQæh; vkSj çknsf'kd Lrj ij fuokZfpr ljdkj dh ekStwnxh gh fdlh yksdra=k osQ fy,
dkiQh ughaA yksdra=k osQ fy, ;g Hkh ”k:jh gS fd LFkkuh; Lrj ij LFkkuh; ekeyksa dh
ns[kHkky djus okyh ,d fuf'pr ljdkj gksA bl vè;k; esa ge vius ns'k esa ekStwn
LFkkuh; ljdkj dh cukoV dk vè;;u djsaxsA ge ;g Hkh i<+saxs fd LFkkuh; ljdkj dk
D;k egÙo gS vkSj mls Lora=k :i ls 'kfDr çnku djus osQ D;k jkLrs gSaA ;g vè;k; i<+us
osQ ckn vki tku losaQxs fd µ
± LFkkuh; 'kkldh; fudk;ksa dk egÙo D;k gS]
± lafo/ku osQ 73osa vkSj 74osa la'kks/u osQ varxZr D;k çko/ku fd, x, gSa] vkSj
± LFkkuh; 'kkldh; fudk;ksa osQ dke vkSj ftEesnkfj;k¡ dkSu&dkSu&lh gSa\
vè;k; 8
LFkkuh; 'kklu
2018-19
177
LFkkuh; 'kklu
ysfdu D;k bl rjg osQ
mnkgj.k ugha gSa tgk¡
xk¡o dh iapk;r osQ
iq#"k lnL; us efgyk
ljiap dks ijs'kku fd;k
gks\ tc efgyk,¡ vf/dkj
osQ in ij cSBrh gSa] rks
iq#"kksa dks blls [kq'kh
D;ksa ugha gksrh\
LFkkuh; ljdkj D;ksa\
eè; çns'k dk ,d ftyk gS flgksjA xhrk jkBkSM+ blh ftys osQ tefu;k
rkykc xzke iapk;r dh jgus okyh gSaA ,d vkjf{kr lhV ls lu~ 1995 esa
xhrk ljiap fuokZfpr gqb±A ysfdu] lu~ 2000 esa xk¡o okyksa us vPNs dkeksa
dk buke nsrs gq, xhrk dks nqckjk pqukA bl ckj xhrk ,d lkekU; lhV ls
pquh xb±A xhrk x`fg.kh gqvk djrh Fkha] ysfdu og jktuhfrd :i ls ,d
nwjn'khZ usrk cudj mHkjhA mUgksaus viuh iapk;r dh tu'kfDr dk bLrseky
rkykc dks iDdk cuokus] LowQy dh bekjr vkSj xk¡o esa lM+d cuokus esa
fd;kA xhrk us viuh iapk;r dh lkewfgd 'kfDr dk bLrseky efgykvksa ij
gksus okyh ?kjsyw fgalk vkSj vR;kpkj ls yM+us] i;kZoj.k osQ çfr tkx:drk
iSnk djus vkSj vius xk¡o esa ou rFkk ty çca/u dks c<+kok nsus esa fd;kA
(iapk;r jkt viMsV] [akM&X;kjg] la&3] iQjojh&2004)
liQy efgyk dh ,slh gh ,d dFkk vkSj gSA ;g efgyk rfeyukMq osQ ,d
xk¡o osaxSoly dh ljiap FkhA lu~ 1997 esa rfeyukMq dh ljdkj us 71 ljdkjh
deZpkfj;ksa dks 2&2 gsDVs;j tehu vkcafVr dhA ;g tehu osaxSoly xzke
iapk;r osQ nk;js esa FkhA mPprj vf/dkfj;ksa osQ funsZ'k ij dkafpiqje ftys osQ
dyDVj us osaxSoly xzke iapk;r osQ ljiap dks vkns'k fn;k fd vkcafVr tehu
osQ laca/ esa tks I
+
kSQlyk fy;k tk pqdk gS] mls ekurs gq, xzke iapk;r ls bl
vk'k; dk çLrko ikfjr djk,A ljiap vkSj xzke iapk;r us dysDVj osQ bl
vkns'k dks ekuus ls budkj dj fn;kA dysDVj us ”kehu osQ vf/xzg.k dk vkns'k
fn;kA xzke iapk;r us dysDVj dh bl dkjZokbZ osQ fojks/ esa eækl mPp U;k;ky;
esa ,d ;kfpdk nk;j dhA mPp U;k;ky; dh ,dy [kaMihB us dysDVj osQ
vkns'k dks tk;t crk;kA vnkyr dk I
+
kSQlyk Fkk fd bl laca/ esa xzke iapk;r
dh vuqefr ysus dh ”k:jr ugha gSA iapk;r us bl I
+
kSQlys osQ f[kykiQ [kaMihB
osQ ikl vihy dhA [kaMihB us ,dy U;k;k/kh'k osQ I
+
kSQlys dks myV fn;kA
U;k;k/h'kksa dk I
+
kSQlyk Fkk fd ljdkjh vkns'k iapk;r dh 'kfDr;ksa dh vogsyuk
rks djrk gh gS] ;g iapk;r dh laoS/kfud gSfl;r dk Hkh ljklj mYya?ku gSA
(^iapk;r jkt viMsV* [kaM&ckjg] twu] 2005)
;s nksuksa dFkk,¡ vyx&vyx ugha gSaA LFkkuh; 'kklu dh laLFkkvksa dks
lu~ 1993 esa laoS/kfud ntkZ çnku fd;k x;kA blosQ ckn ls iwjs Hkkjr esa
cM+s iSekus ij cnyko dh ygj py iM+h gSA ;s dFkk,¡ bl cnyko dk lcwr
is'k djrh gSaA
2018-19
Page 3


176
Hkkjr dk lafo/ku µ fl¼kar vkSj O;ogkj
ifjp;
osaQæh; vkSj çknsf'kd Lrj ij fuokZfpr ljdkj dh ekStwnxh gh fdlh yksdra=k osQ fy,
dkiQh ughaA yksdra=k osQ fy, ;g Hkh ”k:jh gS fd LFkkuh; Lrj ij LFkkuh; ekeyksa dh
ns[kHkky djus okyh ,d fuf'pr ljdkj gksA bl vè;k; esa ge vius ns'k esa ekStwn
LFkkuh; ljdkj dh cukoV dk vè;;u djsaxsA ge ;g Hkh i<+saxs fd LFkkuh; ljdkj dk
D;k egÙo gS vkSj mls Lora=k :i ls 'kfDr çnku djus osQ D;k jkLrs gSaA ;g vè;k; i<+us
osQ ckn vki tku losaQxs fd µ
± LFkkuh; 'kkldh; fudk;ksa dk egÙo D;k gS]
± lafo/ku osQ 73osa vkSj 74osa la'kks/u osQ varxZr D;k çko/ku fd, x, gSa] vkSj
± LFkkuh; 'kkldh; fudk;ksa osQ dke vkSj ftEesnkfj;k¡ dkSu&dkSu&lh gSa\
vè;k; 8
LFkkuh; 'kklu
2018-19
177
LFkkuh; 'kklu
ysfdu D;k bl rjg osQ
mnkgj.k ugha gSa tgk¡
xk¡o dh iapk;r osQ
iq#"k lnL; us efgyk
ljiap dks ijs'kku fd;k
gks\ tc efgyk,¡ vf/dkj
osQ in ij cSBrh gSa] rks
iq#"kksa dks blls [kq'kh
D;ksa ugha gksrh\
LFkkuh; ljdkj D;ksa\
eè; çns'k dk ,d ftyk gS flgksjA xhrk jkBkSM+ blh ftys osQ tefu;k
rkykc xzke iapk;r dh jgus okyh gSaA ,d vkjf{kr lhV ls lu~ 1995 esa
xhrk ljiap fuokZfpr gqb±A ysfdu] lu~ 2000 esa xk¡o okyksa us vPNs dkeksa
dk buke nsrs gq, xhrk dks nqckjk pqukA bl ckj xhrk ,d lkekU; lhV ls
pquh xb±A xhrk x`fg.kh gqvk djrh Fkha] ysfdu og jktuhfrd :i ls ,d
nwjn'khZ usrk cudj mHkjhA mUgksaus viuh iapk;r dh tu'kfDr dk bLrseky
rkykc dks iDdk cuokus] LowQy dh bekjr vkSj xk¡o esa lM+d cuokus esa
fd;kA xhrk us viuh iapk;r dh lkewfgd 'kfDr dk bLrseky efgykvksa ij
gksus okyh ?kjsyw fgalk vkSj vR;kpkj ls yM+us] i;kZoj.k osQ çfr tkx:drk
iSnk djus vkSj vius xk¡o esa ou rFkk ty çca/u dks c<+kok nsus esa fd;kA
(iapk;r jkt viMsV] [akM&X;kjg] la&3] iQjojh&2004)
liQy efgyk dh ,slh gh ,d dFkk vkSj gSA ;g efgyk rfeyukMq osQ ,d
xk¡o osaxSoly dh ljiap FkhA lu~ 1997 esa rfeyukMq dh ljdkj us 71 ljdkjh
deZpkfj;ksa dks 2&2 gsDVs;j tehu vkcafVr dhA ;g tehu osaxSoly xzke
iapk;r osQ nk;js esa FkhA mPprj vf/dkfj;ksa osQ funsZ'k ij dkafpiqje ftys osQ
dyDVj us osaxSoly xzke iapk;r osQ ljiap dks vkns'k fn;k fd vkcafVr tehu
osQ laca/ esa tks I
+
kSQlyk fy;k tk pqdk gS] mls ekurs gq, xzke iapk;r ls bl
vk'k; dk çLrko ikfjr djk,A ljiap vkSj xzke iapk;r us dysDVj osQ bl
vkns'k dks ekuus ls budkj dj fn;kA dysDVj us ”kehu osQ vf/xzg.k dk vkns'k
fn;kA xzke iapk;r us dysDVj dh bl dkjZokbZ osQ fojks/ esa eækl mPp U;k;ky;
esa ,d ;kfpdk nk;j dhA mPp U;k;ky; dh ,dy [kaMihB us dysDVj osQ
vkns'k dks tk;t crk;kA vnkyr dk I
+
kSQlyk Fkk fd bl laca/ esa xzke iapk;r
dh vuqefr ysus dh ”k:jr ugha gSA iapk;r us bl I
+
kSQlys osQ f[kykiQ [kaMihB
osQ ikl vihy dhA [kaMihB us ,dy U;k;k/kh'k osQ I
+
kSQlys dks myV fn;kA
U;k;k/h'kksa dk I
+
kSQlyk Fkk fd ljdkjh vkns'k iapk;r dh 'kfDr;ksa dh vogsyuk
rks djrk gh gS] ;g iapk;r dh laoS/kfud gSfl;r dk Hkh ljklj mYya?ku gSA
(^iapk;r jkt viMsV* [kaM&ckjg] twu] 2005)
;s nksuksa dFkk,¡ vyx&vyx ugha gSaA LFkkuh; 'kklu dh laLFkkvksa dks
lu~ 1993 esa laoS/kfud ntkZ çnku fd;k x;kA blosQ ckn ls iwjs Hkkjr esa
cM+s iSekus ij cnyko dh ygj py iM+h gSA ;s dFkk,¡ bl cnyko dk lcwr
is'k djrh gSaA
2018-19
178
Hkkjr dk lafo/ku µ fl¼kar vkSj O;ogkj
D;k ;g laHko gS fd
gekjs ;gk¡ ljdkj fliZQ
LFkkuh; Lrj ij gks
vkSj jk"Vªh; Lrj ij
blosQ lek;kstu dk
fudk; gks\ eq>s yxrk
gS fd egkRek xka/h us
blh rjg dh dksbZ ckr
dgh FkhA
xk¡o vkSj ftyk Lrj osQ 'kklu dks LFkkuh; 'kklu dgrs gSaA LFkkuh;
'kklu vke vkneh osQ lcls utnhd dk 'kklu gSA LFkkuh; 'kklu dk
fo"k; gS vke ukxfjd dh leL;k,¡ vkSj mldh jkstejkZ dh f”kanxhA
LFkkuh; 'kklu dh ekU;rk gS fd LFkkuh; Kku vkSj LFkkuh; fgr
yksdrkaf=kd I
+
kSQlyk ysus osQ vfuok;Z ?kVd gSaA dkjxj vkSj tu&fgrdkjh
ç'kklu osQ fy, Hkh ;g ”k:jh gSA LFkkuh; 'kklu dk iQk;nk ;g gS fd
;g yksxksa osQ lcls utnhd gksrk gS vkSj bl dkj.k mudh leL;kvksa dk
lek/ku cgqr rs”kh ls rFkk de [kpsZ esa gks tkrk gSA xhrk jkBkSM+ okys
ekeys esa geus ns[kk fd mUgksaus xzke iapk;r osQ ljiap osQ :i esa lfØ;
Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gq, tefu;k rkykc iapk;r esa cM+k cnyko dj fn[kk;kA
osaxSoly xk¡o dh tehu ij ml xk¡o dk gh gd jgkA viuh tehu osQ
lkFk D;k djuk gS & ;g I
+
kSQlyk djus dk vf/dkj Hkh xk¡o osQ gkFk esa
jgkA ,slk xzke iapk;r osQ ljiap vkSj iapk;r osQ lnL;ksa osQ tq>k:
ç;klksa osQ dkj.k laHko gqvkA bl rjg LFkkuh; 'kklu yksxksa osQ LFkkuh;
fgrksa dh j{kk esa vR;ar dkjxj lkfcr gks ldrk gSA
yksdra=k dk eryc gS lkFkZd HkkxhnkjhA yksdra=k dk fj'rk tokcnsgh
ls Hkh gSA thoar vkSj etcwr LFkkuh; 'kklu lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh vkSj
mís';iw.kZ tokcnsgh dks lqfuf'pr djrk gSA xhrk jkBkSM+ dh dgkuh
çfrc¼rk osQ lkFk yksdra=k esa Hkkxhnkjh djus dh ?kVukvksa esa ,d gSA
osaxSoly xzke iapk;r us viuh tehu ij viuk gd cuk;s j[kus osQ fy,
vFkd ç;kl fd;kA ;g tokcnsgh dks lqfuf'pr djus osQ ,d fe'ku dh
felky gSA LFkkuh; 'kklu osQ Lrj ij vke ukxfjd dks mlosQ thou ls
tqM+s elyksa] ”k:jrksa vkSj mlosQ fodkl osQ ckjs esa I
+
kSQlyk ysus dh çfØ;k
dks 'kkfey fd;k tk ldrk gSA
tks dke LFkkuh; Lrj ij fd;s tk ldrs gSa os dke LFkkuh; yksxksa
vkSj muosQ uqekbanksa osQ gkFk esa jgus pkfg,A yksdra=k osQ fy, ;g ”k:jh
gSA vke turk çknsf'kd vFkok osaQæh; ljdkj ls dgha ”;knk ifjfpr
LFkkuh; 'kklu ls gksrh gSA LFkkuh; 'kklu D;k dj jgk gS vkSj D;k djus
esa ukdke jgk gS & vke turk dk bl loky ls dgha ”;knk ljksdkj
gksrk gS] D;ksafd bl ckr dk lh/k vlj mldh jkstejkZ dh f”kanxh ij
2018-19
Page 4


176
Hkkjr dk lafo/ku µ fl¼kar vkSj O;ogkj
ifjp;
osaQæh; vkSj çknsf'kd Lrj ij fuokZfpr ljdkj dh ekStwnxh gh fdlh yksdra=k osQ fy,
dkiQh ughaA yksdra=k osQ fy, ;g Hkh ”k:jh gS fd LFkkuh; Lrj ij LFkkuh; ekeyksa dh
ns[kHkky djus okyh ,d fuf'pr ljdkj gksA bl vè;k; esa ge vius ns'k esa ekStwn
LFkkuh; ljdkj dh cukoV dk vè;;u djsaxsA ge ;g Hkh i<+saxs fd LFkkuh; ljdkj dk
D;k egÙo gS vkSj mls Lora=k :i ls 'kfDr çnku djus osQ D;k jkLrs gSaA ;g vè;k; i<+us
osQ ckn vki tku losaQxs fd µ
± LFkkuh; 'kkldh; fudk;ksa dk egÙo D;k gS]
± lafo/ku osQ 73osa vkSj 74osa la'kks/u osQ varxZr D;k çko/ku fd, x, gSa] vkSj
± LFkkuh; 'kkldh; fudk;ksa osQ dke vkSj ftEesnkfj;k¡ dkSu&dkSu&lh gSa\
vè;k; 8
LFkkuh; 'kklu
2018-19
177
LFkkuh; 'kklu
ysfdu D;k bl rjg osQ
mnkgj.k ugha gSa tgk¡
xk¡o dh iapk;r osQ
iq#"k lnL; us efgyk
ljiap dks ijs'kku fd;k
gks\ tc efgyk,¡ vf/dkj
osQ in ij cSBrh gSa] rks
iq#"kksa dks blls [kq'kh
D;ksa ugha gksrh\
LFkkuh; ljdkj D;ksa\
eè; çns'k dk ,d ftyk gS flgksjA xhrk jkBkSM+ blh ftys osQ tefu;k
rkykc xzke iapk;r dh jgus okyh gSaA ,d vkjf{kr lhV ls lu~ 1995 esa
xhrk ljiap fuokZfpr gqb±A ysfdu] lu~ 2000 esa xk¡o okyksa us vPNs dkeksa
dk buke nsrs gq, xhrk dks nqckjk pqukA bl ckj xhrk ,d lkekU; lhV ls
pquh xb±A xhrk x`fg.kh gqvk djrh Fkha] ysfdu og jktuhfrd :i ls ,d
nwjn'khZ usrk cudj mHkjhA mUgksaus viuh iapk;r dh tu'kfDr dk bLrseky
rkykc dks iDdk cuokus] LowQy dh bekjr vkSj xk¡o esa lM+d cuokus esa
fd;kA xhrk us viuh iapk;r dh lkewfgd 'kfDr dk bLrseky efgykvksa ij
gksus okyh ?kjsyw fgalk vkSj vR;kpkj ls yM+us] i;kZoj.k osQ çfr tkx:drk
iSnk djus vkSj vius xk¡o esa ou rFkk ty çca/u dks c<+kok nsus esa fd;kA
(iapk;r jkt viMsV] [akM&X;kjg] la&3] iQjojh&2004)
liQy efgyk dh ,slh gh ,d dFkk vkSj gSA ;g efgyk rfeyukMq osQ ,d
xk¡o osaxSoly dh ljiap FkhA lu~ 1997 esa rfeyukMq dh ljdkj us 71 ljdkjh
deZpkfj;ksa dks 2&2 gsDVs;j tehu vkcafVr dhA ;g tehu osaxSoly xzke
iapk;r osQ nk;js esa FkhA mPprj vf/dkfj;ksa osQ funsZ'k ij dkafpiqje ftys osQ
dyDVj us osaxSoly xzke iapk;r osQ ljiap dks vkns'k fn;k fd vkcafVr tehu
osQ laca/ esa tks I
+
kSQlyk fy;k tk pqdk gS] mls ekurs gq, xzke iapk;r ls bl
vk'k; dk çLrko ikfjr djk,A ljiap vkSj xzke iapk;r us dysDVj osQ bl
vkns'k dks ekuus ls budkj dj fn;kA dysDVj us ”kehu osQ vf/xzg.k dk vkns'k
fn;kA xzke iapk;r us dysDVj dh bl dkjZokbZ osQ fojks/ esa eækl mPp U;k;ky;
esa ,d ;kfpdk nk;j dhA mPp U;k;ky; dh ,dy [kaMihB us dysDVj osQ
vkns'k dks tk;t crk;kA vnkyr dk I
+
kSQlyk Fkk fd bl laca/ esa xzke iapk;r
dh vuqefr ysus dh ”k:jr ugha gSA iapk;r us bl I
+
kSQlys osQ f[kykiQ [kaMihB
osQ ikl vihy dhA [kaMihB us ,dy U;k;k/kh'k osQ I
+
kSQlys dks myV fn;kA
U;k;k/h'kksa dk I
+
kSQlyk Fkk fd ljdkjh vkns'k iapk;r dh 'kfDr;ksa dh vogsyuk
rks djrk gh gS] ;g iapk;r dh laoS/kfud gSfl;r dk Hkh ljklj mYya?ku gSA
(^iapk;r jkt viMsV* [kaM&ckjg] twu] 2005)
;s nksuksa dFkk,¡ vyx&vyx ugha gSaA LFkkuh; 'kklu dh laLFkkvksa dks
lu~ 1993 esa laoS/kfud ntkZ çnku fd;k x;kA blosQ ckn ls iwjs Hkkjr esa
cM+s iSekus ij cnyko dh ygj py iM+h gSA ;s dFkk,¡ bl cnyko dk lcwr
is'k djrh gSaA
2018-19
178
Hkkjr dk lafo/ku µ fl¼kar vkSj O;ogkj
D;k ;g laHko gS fd
gekjs ;gk¡ ljdkj fliZQ
LFkkuh; Lrj ij gks
vkSj jk"Vªh; Lrj ij
blosQ lek;kstu dk
fudk; gks\ eq>s yxrk
gS fd egkRek xka/h us
blh rjg dh dksbZ ckr
dgh FkhA
xk¡o vkSj ftyk Lrj osQ 'kklu dks LFkkuh; 'kklu dgrs gSaA LFkkuh;
'kklu vke vkneh osQ lcls utnhd dk 'kklu gSA LFkkuh; 'kklu dk
fo"k; gS vke ukxfjd dh leL;k,¡ vkSj mldh jkstejkZ dh f”kanxhA
LFkkuh; 'kklu dh ekU;rk gS fd LFkkuh; Kku vkSj LFkkuh; fgr
yksdrkaf=kd I
+
kSQlyk ysus osQ vfuok;Z ?kVd gSaA dkjxj vkSj tu&fgrdkjh
ç'kklu osQ fy, Hkh ;g ”k:jh gSA LFkkuh; 'kklu dk iQk;nk ;g gS fd
;g yksxksa osQ lcls utnhd gksrk gS vkSj bl dkj.k mudh leL;kvksa dk
lek/ku cgqr rs”kh ls rFkk de [kpsZ esa gks tkrk gSA xhrk jkBkSM+ okys
ekeys esa geus ns[kk fd mUgksaus xzke iapk;r osQ ljiap osQ :i esa lfØ;
Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gq, tefu;k rkykc iapk;r esa cM+k cnyko dj fn[kk;kA
osaxSoly xk¡o dh tehu ij ml xk¡o dk gh gd jgkA viuh tehu osQ
lkFk D;k djuk gS & ;g I
+
kSQlyk djus dk vf/dkj Hkh xk¡o osQ gkFk esa
jgkA ,slk xzke iapk;r osQ ljiap vkSj iapk;r osQ lnL;ksa osQ tq>k:
ç;klksa osQ dkj.k laHko gqvkA bl rjg LFkkuh; 'kklu yksxksa osQ LFkkuh;
fgrksa dh j{kk esa vR;ar dkjxj lkfcr gks ldrk gSA
yksdra=k dk eryc gS lkFkZd HkkxhnkjhA yksdra=k dk fj'rk tokcnsgh
ls Hkh gSA thoar vkSj etcwr LFkkuh; 'kklu lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh vkSj
mís';iw.kZ tokcnsgh dks lqfuf'pr djrk gSA xhrk jkBkSM+ dh dgkuh
çfrc¼rk osQ lkFk yksdra=k esa Hkkxhnkjh djus dh ?kVukvksa esa ,d gSA
osaxSoly xzke iapk;r us viuh tehu ij viuk gd cuk;s j[kus osQ fy,
vFkd ç;kl fd;kA ;g tokcnsgh dks lqfuf'pr djus osQ ,d fe'ku dh
felky gSA LFkkuh; 'kklu osQ Lrj ij vke ukxfjd dks mlosQ thou ls
tqM+s elyksa] ”k:jrksa vkSj mlosQ fodkl osQ ckjs esa I
+
kSQlyk ysus dh çfØ;k
dks 'kkfey fd;k tk ldrk gSA
tks dke LFkkuh; Lrj ij fd;s tk ldrs gSa os dke LFkkuh; yksxksa
vkSj muosQ uqekbanksa osQ gkFk esa jgus pkfg,A yksdra=k osQ fy, ;g ”k:jh
gSA vke turk çknsf'kd vFkok osaQæh; ljdkj ls dgha ”;knk ifjfpr
LFkkuh; 'kklu ls gksrh gSA LFkkuh; 'kklu D;k dj jgk gS vkSj D;k djus
esa ukdke jgk gS & vke turk dk bl loky ls dgha ”;knk ljksdkj
gksrk gS] D;ksafd bl ckr dk lh/k vlj mldh jkstejkZ dh f”kanxh ij
2018-19
179
LFkkuh; 'kklu
dgk¡ igq¡ps\ D;k le>s\
± LFkkuh; 'kklu yksdra=k dks etcwr cukrk gS] oSQls\
± Åij tks mnkgj.k fn;k x;k gS mlesa rfeyukMq ljdkj dks
vkiosQ fglkc ls D;k djuk pkfg, Fkk\
eSa vrhr osQ ckjs esa rks ugha
tkurh ysfdu esjs eu esa
;g 'kadk ”k:j mBrh gS
fd xk¡o dh iapk;r osQ
fy, pquko u gks rks ,slh
iapk;r esa xk¡o osQ cqtqxks±]
vehj yksxksa vkSj lekt osQ
Åijh rcosQ osQ iq#"kksa dk
cksyckyk jgsxkA
iM+rk gSA bl rjg] LFkkuh; 'kklu dks etcwr djuk yksdrkaf=kd çfØ;k dks etcwr
cukus osQ leku gSA
Hkkjr esa LFkkuh; 'kklu dk fodkl
vkb,] bl ckr dh ppkZ djsa fd Hkkjr esa LFkkuh; 'kklu dk fodkl oSQls
gqvk vkSj gekjs lafo/ku esa blosQ ckjs esa D;k dgk x;k gSA ekuk tkrk gS
fd viuk 'kklu [kqn pykus okys xzke leqnk; çkphu Hkkjr esa ^lHkk* osQ
:i esa ekStwn FksA le; chrus osQ lkFk xk¡o dh bu lHkkvksa us iapk;r dk
:i ys fy;kA le; cnyus osQ lkFk&lkFk iapk;rksa dh Hkwfedk vkSj dke
Hkh cnyrs jgsA
vk/qfud le; esa] LFkkuh; 'kklu osQ fuokZfpr fudk; lu~ 1882 osQ
ckn vfLrRo esa vk,A ml oDr ykMZ fjiu (Lord Rippon) Hkkjr dk
ok;ljk; FkkA mlus bu fudk;ksa dks cukus dh fn'kk esa igydneh dhA ml
oDr bls eqdkeh cksMZ (Local Board) dgk tkrk FkkA cgjgky] bl fn'kk
esa çxfr cM+h /heh xfr ls gks jgh FkhA Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl us ljdkj
ls ek¡x dh fd lHkh LFkkuh; cksMks± dks T;knk dkjxj cukus osQ fy, og
”k:jh dne mBk,A xouZesaV vkWiQ bafM;k ,DV&1919 osQ cuus ij vusd
çkarksa esa xzke iapk;r cusA lu~ 1935 osQ xouZesaV vkWiQ bafM;k ,DV osQ ckn
Hkh ;g ço`fÙk tkjh jghA
Hkkjrh; Lora=krk&laxzke osQ fnuksa esa egkRek xka/h us ”kksj nsdj dgk
Fkk fd vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd lRrk dk foosaQæhdj.k gksuk pkfg,A
mudk ekuuk Fkk fd xzke iapk;rksa dks etcwr cukuk lÙkk osQ foosaQæhdj.k
dk dkjxj lk/u gSA fodkl dh gj igydneh esa LFkkuh; yksxksa dh
2018-19
Page 5


176
Hkkjr dk lafo/ku µ fl¼kar vkSj O;ogkj
ifjp;
osaQæh; vkSj çknsf'kd Lrj ij fuokZfpr ljdkj dh ekStwnxh gh fdlh yksdra=k osQ fy,
dkiQh ughaA yksdra=k osQ fy, ;g Hkh ”k:jh gS fd LFkkuh; Lrj ij LFkkuh; ekeyksa dh
ns[kHkky djus okyh ,d fuf'pr ljdkj gksA bl vè;k; esa ge vius ns'k esa ekStwn
LFkkuh; ljdkj dh cukoV dk vè;;u djsaxsA ge ;g Hkh i<+saxs fd LFkkuh; ljdkj dk
D;k egÙo gS vkSj mls Lora=k :i ls 'kfDr çnku djus osQ D;k jkLrs gSaA ;g vè;k; i<+us
osQ ckn vki tku losaQxs fd µ
± LFkkuh; 'kkldh; fudk;ksa dk egÙo D;k gS]
± lafo/ku osQ 73osa vkSj 74osa la'kks/u osQ varxZr D;k çko/ku fd, x, gSa] vkSj
± LFkkuh; 'kkldh; fudk;ksa osQ dke vkSj ftEesnkfj;k¡ dkSu&dkSu&lh gSa\
vè;k; 8
LFkkuh; 'kklu
2018-19
177
LFkkuh; 'kklu
ysfdu D;k bl rjg osQ
mnkgj.k ugha gSa tgk¡
xk¡o dh iapk;r osQ
iq#"k lnL; us efgyk
ljiap dks ijs'kku fd;k
gks\ tc efgyk,¡ vf/dkj
osQ in ij cSBrh gSa] rks
iq#"kksa dks blls [kq'kh
D;ksa ugha gksrh\
LFkkuh; ljdkj D;ksa\
eè; çns'k dk ,d ftyk gS flgksjA xhrk jkBkSM+ blh ftys osQ tefu;k
rkykc xzke iapk;r dh jgus okyh gSaA ,d vkjf{kr lhV ls lu~ 1995 esa
xhrk ljiap fuokZfpr gqb±A ysfdu] lu~ 2000 esa xk¡o okyksa us vPNs dkeksa
dk buke nsrs gq, xhrk dks nqckjk pqukA bl ckj xhrk ,d lkekU; lhV ls
pquh xb±A xhrk x`fg.kh gqvk djrh Fkha] ysfdu og jktuhfrd :i ls ,d
nwjn'khZ usrk cudj mHkjhA mUgksaus viuh iapk;r dh tu'kfDr dk bLrseky
rkykc dks iDdk cuokus] LowQy dh bekjr vkSj xk¡o esa lM+d cuokus esa
fd;kA xhrk us viuh iapk;r dh lkewfgd 'kfDr dk bLrseky efgykvksa ij
gksus okyh ?kjsyw fgalk vkSj vR;kpkj ls yM+us] i;kZoj.k osQ çfr tkx:drk
iSnk djus vkSj vius xk¡o esa ou rFkk ty çca/u dks c<+kok nsus esa fd;kA
(iapk;r jkt viMsV] [akM&X;kjg] la&3] iQjojh&2004)
liQy efgyk dh ,slh gh ,d dFkk vkSj gSA ;g efgyk rfeyukMq osQ ,d
xk¡o osaxSoly dh ljiap FkhA lu~ 1997 esa rfeyukMq dh ljdkj us 71 ljdkjh
deZpkfj;ksa dks 2&2 gsDVs;j tehu vkcafVr dhA ;g tehu osaxSoly xzke
iapk;r osQ nk;js esa FkhA mPprj vf/dkfj;ksa osQ funsZ'k ij dkafpiqje ftys osQ
dyDVj us osaxSoly xzke iapk;r osQ ljiap dks vkns'k fn;k fd vkcafVr tehu
osQ laca/ esa tks I
+
kSQlyk fy;k tk pqdk gS] mls ekurs gq, xzke iapk;r ls bl
vk'k; dk çLrko ikfjr djk,A ljiap vkSj xzke iapk;r us dysDVj osQ bl
vkns'k dks ekuus ls budkj dj fn;kA dysDVj us ”kehu osQ vf/xzg.k dk vkns'k
fn;kA xzke iapk;r us dysDVj dh bl dkjZokbZ osQ fojks/ esa eækl mPp U;k;ky;
esa ,d ;kfpdk nk;j dhA mPp U;k;ky; dh ,dy [kaMihB us dysDVj osQ
vkns'k dks tk;t crk;kA vnkyr dk I
+
kSQlyk Fkk fd bl laca/ esa xzke iapk;r
dh vuqefr ysus dh ”k:jr ugha gSA iapk;r us bl I
+
kSQlys osQ f[kykiQ [kaMihB
osQ ikl vihy dhA [kaMihB us ,dy U;k;k/kh'k osQ I
+
kSQlys dks myV fn;kA
U;k;k/h'kksa dk I
+
kSQlyk Fkk fd ljdkjh vkns'k iapk;r dh 'kfDr;ksa dh vogsyuk
rks djrk gh gS] ;g iapk;r dh laoS/kfud gSfl;r dk Hkh ljklj mYya?ku gSA
(^iapk;r jkt viMsV* [kaM&ckjg] twu] 2005)
;s nksuksa dFkk,¡ vyx&vyx ugha gSaA LFkkuh; 'kklu dh laLFkkvksa dks
lu~ 1993 esa laoS/kfud ntkZ çnku fd;k x;kA blosQ ckn ls iwjs Hkkjr esa
cM+s iSekus ij cnyko dh ygj py iM+h gSA ;s dFkk,¡ bl cnyko dk lcwr
is'k djrh gSaA
2018-19
178
Hkkjr dk lafo/ku µ fl¼kar vkSj O;ogkj
D;k ;g laHko gS fd
gekjs ;gk¡ ljdkj fliZQ
LFkkuh; Lrj ij gks
vkSj jk"Vªh; Lrj ij
blosQ lek;kstu dk
fudk; gks\ eq>s yxrk
gS fd egkRek xka/h us
blh rjg dh dksbZ ckr
dgh FkhA
xk¡o vkSj ftyk Lrj osQ 'kklu dks LFkkuh; 'kklu dgrs gSaA LFkkuh;
'kklu vke vkneh osQ lcls utnhd dk 'kklu gSA LFkkuh; 'kklu dk
fo"k; gS vke ukxfjd dh leL;k,¡ vkSj mldh jkstejkZ dh f”kanxhA
LFkkuh; 'kklu dh ekU;rk gS fd LFkkuh; Kku vkSj LFkkuh; fgr
yksdrkaf=kd I
+
kSQlyk ysus osQ vfuok;Z ?kVd gSaA dkjxj vkSj tu&fgrdkjh
ç'kklu osQ fy, Hkh ;g ”k:jh gSA LFkkuh; 'kklu dk iQk;nk ;g gS fd
;g yksxksa osQ lcls utnhd gksrk gS vkSj bl dkj.k mudh leL;kvksa dk
lek/ku cgqr rs”kh ls rFkk de [kpsZ esa gks tkrk gSA xhrk jkBkSM+ okys
ekeys esa geus ns[kk fd mUgksaus xzke iapk;r osQ ljiap osQ :i esa lfØ;
Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gq, tefu;k rkykc iapk;r esa cM+k cnyko dj fn[kk;kA
osaxSoly xk¡o dh tehu ij ml xk¡o dk gh gd jgkA viuh tehu osQ
lkFk D;k djuk gS & ;g I
+
kSQlyk djus dk vf/dkj Hkh xk¡o osQ gkFk esa
jgkA ,slk xzke iapk;r osQ ljiap vkSj iapk;r osQ lnL;ksa osQ tq>k:
ç;klksa osQ dkj.k laHko gqvkA bl rjg LFkkuh; 'kklu yksxksa osQ LFkkuh;
fgrksa dh j{kk esa vR;ar dkjxj lkfcr gks ldrk gSA
yksdra=k dk eryc gS lkFkZd HkkxhnkjhA yksdra=k dk fj'rk tokcnsgh
ls Hkh gSA thoar vkSj etcwr LFkkuh; 'kklu lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh vkSj
mís';iw.kZ tokcnsgh dks lqfuf'pr djrk gSA xhrk jkBkSM+ dh dgkuh
çfrc¼rk osQ lkFk yksdra=k esa Hkkxhnkjh djus dh ?kVukvksa esa ,d gSA
osaxSoly xzke iapk;r us viuh tehu ij viuk gd cuk;s j[kus osQ fy,
vFkd ç;kl fd;kA ;g tokcnsgh dks lqfuf'pr djus osQ ,d fe'ku dh
felky gSA LFkkuh; 'kklu osQ Lrj ij vke ukxfjd dks mlosQ thou ls
tqM+s elyksa] ”k:jrksa vkSj mlosQ fodkl osQ ckjs esa I
+
kSQlyk ysus dh çfØ;k
dks 'kkfey fd;k tk ldrk gSA
tks dke LFkkuh; Lrj ij fd;s tk ldrs gSa os dke LFkkuh; yksxksa
vkSj muosQ uqekbanksa osQ gkFk esa jgus pkfg,A yksdra=k osQ fy, ;g ”k:jh
gSA vke turk çknsf'kd vFkok osaQæh; ljdkj ls dgha ”;knk ifjfpr
LFkkuh; 'kklu ls gksrh gSA LFkkuh; 'kklu D;k dj jgk gS vkSj D;k djus
esa ukdke jgk gS & vke turk dk bl loky ls dgha ”;knk ljksdkj
gksrk gS] D;ksafd bl ckr dk lh/k vlj mldh jkstejkZ dh f”kanxh ij
2018-19
179
LFkkuh; 'kklu
dgk¡ igq¡ps\ D;k le>s\
± LFkkuh; 'kklu yksdra=k dks etcwr cukrk gS] oSQls\
± Åij tks mnkgj.k fn;k x;k gS mlesa rfeyukMq ljdkj dks
vkiosQ fglkc ls D;k djuk pkfg, Fkk\
eSa vrhr osQ ckjs esa rks ugha
tkurh ysfdu esjs eu esa
;g 'kadk ”k:j mBrh gS
fd xk¡o dh iapk;r osQ
fy, pquko u gks rks ,slh
iapk;r esa xk¡o osQ cqtqxks±]
vehj yksxksa vkSj lekt osQ
Åijh rcosQ osQ iq#"kksa dk
cksyckyk jgsxkA
iM+rk gSA bl rjg] LFkkuh; 'kklu dks etcwr djuk yksdrkaf=kd çfØ;k dks etcwr
cukus osQ leku gSA
Hkkjr esa LFkkuh; 'kklu dk fodkl
vkb,] bl ckr dh ppkZ djsa fd Hkkjr esa LFkkuh; 'kklu dk fodkl oSQls
gqvk vkSj gekjs lafo/ku esa blosQ ckjs esa D;k dgk x;k gSA ekuk tkrk gS
fd viuk 'kklu [kqn pykus okys xzke leqnk; çkphu Hkkjr esa ^lHkk* osQ
:i esa ekStwn FksA le; chrus osQ lkFk xk¡o dh bu lHkkvksa us iapk;r dk
:i ys fy;kA le; cnyus osQ lkFk&lkFk iapk;rksa dh Hkwfedk vkSj dke
Hkh cnyrs jgsA
vk/qfud le; esa] LFkkuh; 'kklu osQ fuokZfpr fudk; lu~ 1882 osQ
ckn vfLrRo esa vk,A ml oDr ykMZ fjiu (Lord Rippon) Hkkjr dk
ok;ljk; FkkA mlus bu fudk;ksa dks cukus dh fn'kk esa igydneh dhA ml
oDr bls eqdkeh cksMZ (Local Board) dgk tkrk FkkA cgjgky] bl fn'kk
esa çxfr cM+h /heh xfr ls gks jgh FkhA Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl us ljdkj
ls ek¡x dh fd lHkh LFkkuh; cksMks± dks T;knk dkjxj cukus osQ fy, og
”k:jh dne mBk,A xouZesaV vkWiQ bafM;k ,DV&1919 osQ cuus ij vusd
çkarksa esa xzke iapk;r cusA lu~ 1935 osQ xouZesaV vkWiQ bafM;k ,DV osQ ckn
Hkh ;g ço`fÙk tkjh jghA
Hkkjrh; Lora=krk&laxzke osQ fnuksa esa egkRek xka/h us ”kksj nsdj dgk
Fkk fd vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd lRrk dk foosaQæhdj.k gksuk pkfg,A
mudk ekuuk Fkk fd xzke iapk;rksa dks etcwr cukuk lÙkk osQ foosaQæhdj.k
dk dkjxj lk/u gSA fodkl dh gj igydneh esa LFkkuh; yksxksa dh
2018-19
180
Hkkjr dk lafo/ku µ fl¼kar vkSj O;ogkj
Hkkxhnkjh gksuh pkfg, rkfd ;g liQy gksA bl rjg] iapk;r dks lgHkkxh yksdra=k
dks LFkkfir djus osQ lk/u osQ :i esa ns[kk x;kA fnYyh esa cSBs xouZj tujy osQ gkFk
esa cgqr ”;knk 'kfDr;k¡ Fkha] gekjs Lora=krk laxzke dh fparkvksa esa ;g ckr Hkh 'kkfey
FkhA bl dkj.k] gekjs usrkvksa osQ fy, vk”kknh dk vFkZ ,d vk'oklu Fkk fd I
+
kSQlyk
ysus esa rFkk dk;Zikfydk vkSj ç'kklfud 'kfDr;ksa osQ bLrseky esa foosaQæhdj.k gksxkA
tc lafo/ku cuk rks LFkkuh; 'kklu dk fo"k; çns'kksa dks lkSai fn;k x;kA
lafo/ku osQ ^uhfr funsZ'kd&fl¼karksa esa Hkh bldh ppkZ gSA blesa dgk x;k gS fd
ns'k dh gj ljdkj viuh uhfr esa bls ,d funsZ'kd rÙo ekudj pysA tSlk fd
vkius vè;k;&nks esa i<+k] jkT; osQ uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼karksa dk vax gksus osQ dkj.k
lafo/ku dk ;g çko/ku vnkyrh okn osQ nk;js esa ugha vkrk vkSj bldh çÑfr
ç/kur% lykg&e'kfojs dh gSA
,slk yxrk gS fd LFkkuh; 'kklu osQ elys dks ftlesa iapk;r Hkh 'kkfey gS]
lafo/ku esa ;Fkksfpr egÙo ugha feykA D;k vki tkurs gSa fd ,slk D;ksa gqvk\ ;gk¡ oqQN
dkj.k crk, tk ldrs gSaA igyh ckr rks ;g fd ns'k&foHkktu dh [kycyh osQ dkj.k
lafo/ku dk >qdko osaQæ dks etcwr cukus dk jgkA usg: [kqn vfr&LFkkuh;rk dks jk"Vª
dh ,drk vkSj v[kaMrk osQ fy, [krjk ekurs FksA nwljs] lafo/ku&lHkk esa MkW ch vkj
vacsMdj osQ usr`Ro esa ,d etcwr vkok”k mB jgh FkhA bldk dguk Fkk fd xzkeh.k Hkkjr
esa tkfr&ikafr vkSj vkilh iQwV dk cksyckyk gSA LFkkuh; 'kklu dk mís'; rks cM+k vPNk
gS ysfdu xzkeh.k Hkkjr osQ ,sls ekgkSy esa ;g mís'; gh efV;kesV gks tk,xkA
cgjgky] fdlh Hkh lnL; us fodkl ;kstukvksa esa tu&Hkkxhnkjh osQ egÙo ls budkj
ugha fd;kA lafo/ku lHkk osQ cgqr&ls lnL; pkgrs Fks fd Hkkjr esa yksdra=k dk vk/kj
Hkkjr dh vk”kknh dk eryc gksuk pkfg, lewps Hkkjr dh vk”kknh
----
 vk”kknh dh
'kq#vkr lcls uhps ls gksuh pkfg,A bl rjg gj xk¡o ,d x.kjkT; gksxk
----
 bldk eryc
;g fd gj xk¡o dks vkRefuHkZj vkSj vius ekeyksa dks [kqn fuiVkus esa dkfcy gksuk
iM+sxkA vufxur xk¡oksa ls cus bl <k¡ps esas vkxs dh vksj iSQyrs vkSj Åij p<+rs nk;js gksaxsA
thou ,d fijkfeM dh rjg gksxk ftlesa 'kh"kZ vk/kj ij fVdk gksxkA
& egkRek xka/h
2018-19
Read More
182 docs

Top Courses for UPSC

182 docs
Download as PDF
Explore Courses for UPSC exam

Top Courses for UPSC

Signup for Free!
Signup to see your scores go up within 7 days! Learn & Practice with 1000+ FREE Notes, Videos & Tests.
10M+ students study on EduRev
Related Searches

Sample Paper

,

Objective type Questions

,

Summary

,

shortcuts and tricks

,

study material

,

एनसीईआरटी पाठ्यपुस्तक: स्थानीय शासन | Must Read Old & New NCERTs for UPSC CSE (Hindi)

,

practice quizzes

,

Important questions

,

Exam

,

Semester Notes

,

Extra Questions

,

Free

,

video lectures

,

mock tests for examination

,

एनसीईआरटी पाठ्यपुस्तक: स्थानीय शासन | Must Read Old & New NCERTs for UPSC CSE (Hindi)

,

ppt

,

Previous Year Questions with Solutions

,

pdf

,

एनसीईआरटी पाठ्यपुस्तक: स्थानीय शासन | Must Read Old & New NCERTs for UPSC CSE (Hindi)

,

past year papers

,

Viva Questions

,

MCQs

;