एनसीईआरटी पाठ्यपुस्तक: विश्व की जलवायु एवं जलवायु परिवर्तन | Must Read Old & New NCERTs for UPSC CSE (Hindi) PDF Download

 Page 1


fo'o dh tyok;q ,oa tyok;q ifjorZu
vè;k;
'o dh tyok;q dk vè;;u tyok;q lacaèkh
vkadM+ksa ,oa tkudkfj;ksa dks laxfBr djosQ
fd;k tk ldrk gSA bu vk¡dM+ksa dks vklkuh ls le>us
o mudk o.kZu vkSj fo'ys"k.k djus osQ fy, mUgsa
vis{kko`Qr NksVh bdkb;ksa esa ck¡Vdj la'ysf"kr fd;k tk
ldrk gSA tyok;q dk oxhZdj.k rhu o`gr~ mixeuksa
}kjk fd;k x;k gSA os gSa & vkuqHkfod] tufud vkSj
vuqiz;qDr~A vkuqHkfod oxhZdj.k izsf{kr fd, x, fo'ks"k
:i ls rkieku ,oa o.kZu ls lacafèkr vk¡dM+ksa ij
vkèkkfjr gksrk gSA tufud oxhZdj.k tyok;q dks muosQ
dkj.kksa osQ vkèkkj ij laxfBr djus dk iz;kl gSA
tyok;q dk vuqiz;qDr oxhZdj.k fdlh fof'k"V mís';
osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
dksisu dh tyok;q oxhZdj.k dh i¼fr
oh- dksisu }kjk fodflr dh xbZ tyok;q osQ oxhZdj.k
dh vkuqHkfod i¼fr dk lcls O;kid mi;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA dksisu us ouLifr osQ forj.k vkSj tyok;q osQ
chp ,d ?kfu"B lacaèk dh igpku dhA mUgksaus rkieku
rFkk o"kZ.k osQ oqQN fuf'pr ekuksa dk p;u djrs gq,
mudk ouLifr osQ forj.k ls lacaèk LFkkfir fd;k vkSj
bu ekuksa dk mi;ksx tyok;q osQ oxhZdj.k osQ fy,
fd;kA o"kkZ ,oa rkieku osQ eè;eku okf"kZd ,oa eè;eku
ekfld vk¡dM+ksa ij vkèkkfjr ;g ,d vkuqHkfod
i¼fr gSA mUgksaus tyok;q osQ lewgksa ,oa izdkjksa dh
igpku djus osQ fy, cM+s rFkk NksVs v{kjksa osQ iz;ksx
dk vkjaHk fd;kA lu~ 1918 es fodflr rFkk le; osQ
lkFk la'kksfèkr gqbZ dksisu dh ;g i¼fr vkt Hkh
yksdfiz; vkSj izpfyr gSA
dksisu us ik¡p izeq[k tyok;q lewg fuèkkZfjr fd,
ftuesa ls pkj rkieku ij vkSj ,d o"kZ.k ij vkèkkfjr
gSA dksisu osQ tyok;q lewg ,oa mudh fo'ks"krkvksa dks
lkj.kh 12-1 esa fn;k x;k gSA
cMs+ v{kj A, C, D rFkk E vknzZ tyok;q dks rFkk
fo
lkj.kh 12-1 dksisu osQ vuqlkj tyok;q lewg
lewg y{k.k
A. m".kdfVcaèkh; lHkh eghuksa dk vkSlr rkieku 18º lsfYl;l ls vfèkdA
B. 'kq"d tyok;q o"kZ.k dh rqyuk esa foHko ok"ihdj.k dh vfèkdrkA
C. dks".k 'khrks".k lokZfèkd BaMs eghus dk vkSlr rkieku 3° lsfYl;l ls vfèkd fdUrq 18° lsfYl;l
ls de eè; v{kka'kh; tyok;qA
D. 'khry fge&ou tyok;q o"kZ osQ lokZfèkd BaMs eghus dk vkSlr rkieku 'kwU; va'k rkieku ls 3° uhpsA
E. 'khr lHkh eghuksa dk vkSlr rkieku 10° lsfYl;l ls deA
H. mPpHkwfe Å¡pkbZ osQ dkj.k 'khrA
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fo'o dh tyok;q ,oa tyok;q ifjorZu
vè;k;
'o dh tyok;q dk vè;;u tyok;q lacaèkh
vkadM+ksa ,oa tkudkfj;ksa dks laxfBr djosQ
fd;k tk ldrk gSA bu vk¡dM+ksa dks vklkuh ls le>us
o mudk o.kZu vkSj fo'ys"k.k djus osQ fy, mUgsa
vis{kko`Qr NksVh bdkb;ksa esa ck¡Vdj la'ysf"kr fd;k tk
ldrk gSA tyok;q dk oxhZdj.k rhu o`gr~ mixeuksa
}kjk fd;k x;k gSA os gSa & vkuqHkfod] tufud vkSj
vuqiz;qDr~A vkuqHkfod oxhZdj.k izsf{kr fd, x, fo'ks"k
:i ls rkieku ,oa o.kZu ls lacafèkr vk¡dM+ksa ij
vkèkkfjr gksrk gSA tufud oxhZdj.k tyok;q dks muosQ
dkj.kksa osQ vkèkkj ij laxfBr djus dk iz;kl gSA
tyok;q dk vuqiz;qDr oxhZdj.k fdlh fof'k"V mís';
osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
dksisu dh tyok;q oxhZdj.k dh i¼fr
oh- dksisu }kjk fodflr dh xbZ tyok;q osQ oxhZdj.k
dh vkuqHkfod i¼fr dk lcls O;kid mi;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA dksisu us ouLifr osQ forj.k vkSj tyok;q osQ
chp ,d ?kfu"B lacaèk dh igpku dhA mUgksaus rkieku
rFkk o"kZ.k osQ oqQN fuf'pr ekuksa dk p;u djrs gq,
mudk ouLifr osQ forj.k ls lacaèk LFkkfir fd;k vkSj
bu ekuksa dk mi;ksx tyok;q osQ oxhZdj.k osQ fy,
fd;kA o"kkZ ,oa rkieku osQ eè;eku okf"kZd ,oa eè;eku
ekfld vk¡dM+ksa ij vkèkkfjr ;g ,d vkuqHkfod
i¼fr gSA mUgksaus tyok;q osQ lewgksa ,oa izdkjksa dh
igpku djus osQ fy, cM+s rFkk NksVs v{kjksa osQ iz;ksx
dk vkjaHk fd;kA lu~ 1918 es fodflr rFkk le; osQ
lkFk la'kksfèkr gqbZ dksisu dh ;g i¼fr vkt Hkh
yksdfiz; vkSj izpfyr gSA
dksisu us ik¡p izeq[k tyok;q lewg fuèkkZfjr fd,
ftuesa ls pkj rkieku ij vkSj ,d o"kZ.k ij vkèkkfjr
gSA dksisu osQ tyok;q lewg ,oa mudh fo'ks"krkvksa dks
lkj.kh 12-1 esa fn;k x;k gSA
cMs+ v{kj A, C, D rFkk E vknzZ tyok;q dks rFkk
fo
lkj.kh 12-1 dksisu osQ vuqlkj tyok;q lewg
lewg y{k.k
A. m".kdfVcaèkh; lHkh eghuksa dk vkSlr rkieku 18º lsfYl;l ls vfèkdA
B. 'kq"d tyok;q o"kZ.k dh rqyuk esa foHko ok"ihdj.k dh vfèkdrkA
C. dks".k 'khrks".k lokZfèkd BaMs eghus dk vkSlr rkieku 3° lsfYl;l ls vfèkd fdUrq 18° lsfYl;l
ls de eè; v{kka'kh; tyok;qA
D. 'khry fge&ou tyok;q o"kZ osQ lokZfèkd BaMs eghus dk vkSlr rkieku 'kwU; va'k rkieku ls 3° uhpsA
E. 'khr lHkh eghuksa dk vkSlr rkieku 10° lsfYl;l ls deA
H. mPpHkwfe Å¡pkbZ osQ dkj.k 'khrA
109
fo'o dh tyok;q ,oa tyok;q ifjorZu
B v{kj 'kq"d tyok;q dks fu:fir djrk gSA tyok;q
lewgksa dks rkiozQe ,oa o"kkZ dh ekSleh fo'ks"krkvksa
osQ vkèkkj ij dbZ mi&izdkjksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k
gS ftldks NksVs v{kjksa }kjk vfHkfgr fd;k x;k gSA
'kq"drk okys ekSleksa dks NksVs v{kjksa f,m,w vkSj s
}kjk bafxr fd;k x;k gSA blesa f 'kq"d ekSle osQ u
gksus dks m ekulwu tyok;q dks w 'kq"d 'khr ½rq
dks vkSj s 'kq"d xzh"e ½rq dks bafxr djrk gS NksVs
v{kj a,b,c rFkk d rkieku dh mxzrk okys Hkkx dks
n'kkZrs gSaA B lewg dh tyok;q dks mifoHkkftr djrs
gq, LVsih vFkok v¼Z&'kq"d osQ fy, S rFkk e#LFky
osQ fy, W tSls cM+s v{kjksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
tyok;q izdkjksa dks lkj.kh 12.2 esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA
tyok;q lewgksa ,oa izdkjksa dk forj.k lkj.kh 12.1 esa
n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
lewg A m".kdfVcaèkh; tyok;q
m".kdfVcaèkh; vknzZ tyok;q doZQ js[kk vkSj edj js[kk
osQ chp ikbZ tkrh gSA laiw.kZ o"kZ lw;Z osQ mQèoZLFk rFkk
varj m".kdfVcaèkh; vfHklj.k {ks=k dh mifLFkfr osQ
dkj.k ;gk¡ dh tyok;q Å".k ,oa vknzZ jgrh gSA ;gk¡
okf"kZd rkikarj cgqr de rFkk o"kkZ vfèkd gksrh gSA
tyok;q osQ bl m".kdfVcaèkh; lewg dks rhu izdkjksa esa
ck¡Vk tkrk gS] ftuosQ uke gSa (i) Af m".kdfVcaèkh;
vknzZ tyok;q_ (ii) Am m".kdfVcaèkh; ekulwu tyok;q
vkSj (iii) Aw m".kdfVcaèkh; vknzZ tyok;q ftlesa
'khr ½rq 'kq"d gksrh gSA
m".kdfVcaèkh; vknzZ tyok;q (Af)
m".kdfVcaèkh; vknzZ tyok;q fo"kqor~ o`Ùk osQ fudV
ikbZ tkrh gSA bl tyok;q osQ izeq[k {ks=k nf{k.k
vesfjdk dk vestu csflu] if'peh fo"kqorh; vizQhdk
rFkk nf{k.kh iwohZ ,f'k;k osQ }hi gSaA o"kZ osQ izR;sd
ekg esa nksigj osQ ckn xjt vkSj ckSNkjksa osQ lkFk
izpqj ek=kk esa o"kkZ gksrh gSA rkieku leku :i ls
Å¡pk vkSj okf"kZd rkikarj ux.; gksrk gSA fdlh Hkh
fnu vfèkdre rkieku yxHkx 30° lsfYl;l vkSj
U;wure rkieku yxHkx 20° lsfYl;l gksrk gSA bl
tyok;q esa l?ku forku rFkk O;kid tSo&fofoèkrk
okys m".kdfVcaèkh; lnkgfjr ou ik, tkrs gSaA
lkj.kh 12-2 % dksisu osQ vuqlkj tyok;q izdkj
A m".kdfVcaèkh;
vknzZ tyok;q
B 'kq"d tyok;q
C dks".k 'khrks".k (e?;
v{kka'kh; tyok;q)
D 'khry
fge&ou tyok;q
E 'khr tyok;q
F mPp Hkwfe
m".kdfVcaèkh; vknzZ
m".kdfVcaèkh; ekulwu
m".kdfVcaèkh; vknzZ ,ao 'kq"d
miks".k dfVcaèkh; LVSih
miks".k dfVcaèkh; e:LFky
eè; v{kka'kh; LVSih
eè; v{kka'kh; e:LFky
vknzZ miks".k dfVcaèkh;
Hkweè; lkxjh;
leqnzh if'pe rVh;
vknzZ egk}hih;
mi&mÙkj èkzqoh;
VqaMªk
èkzqoh; fgeVksih
mPp Hkwfe
lewg oqQV v{kj y{k.k izdkj
dksbZ 'kq"d ½rq ughaA
ekulwu] y?kq 'kq"d ½rq
tkM+s dh 'kq"d ½rq
fuEu v{kka'kh; v¼Z 'kq"d ,oa 'kq"d
fuEu v{kka'kh; 'kq"d
eè; v{kka'kh; v¼Z 'kq"d vFkok 'kq"d
eè; v{kka'kh; 'kq"d
eè; v{kka'kh; v¼Z'kq"d vFkok 'kq"d
'kq"d xeZ xzh"e
dksbZ 'kq"d ½rq ugha] dks".k rFkk 'khry xzh"e
dksbZ 'kq"d ½rq ugha] Hkh"k.k tkM+k
tkM+k 'kq"d rFkk vR;ar Hkh"k.k
lgh vFkksZ esa dksbZ xzh"e ugha
lnSo fgekPNkfnr fge
fgekPNkfnr mPp Hkwfe;k¡
Af
Am
Aw
BSh
BWh
BSk
BWk
Cfa
Csa
Cfb
Df
Dw
ET
EF
H
Page 3


fo'o dh tyok;q ,oa tyok;q ifjorZu
vè;k;
'o dh tyok;q dk vè;;u tyok;q lacaèkh
vkadM+ksa ,oa tkudkfj;ksa dks laxfBr djosQ
fd;k tk ldrk gSA bu vk¡dM+ksa dks vklkuh ls le>us
o mudk o.kZu vkSj fo'ys"k.k djus osQ fy, mUgsa
vis{kko`Qr NksVh bdkb;ksa esa ck¡Vdj la'ysf"kr fd;k tk
ldrk gSA tyok;q dk oxhZdj.k rhu o`gr~ mixeuksa
}kjk fd;k x;k gSA os gSa & vkuqHkfod] tufud vkSj
vuqiz;qDr~A vkuqHkfod oxhZdj.k izsf{kr fd, x, fo'ks"k
:i ls rkieku ,oa o.kZu ls lacafèkr vk¡dM+ksa ij
vkèkkfjr gksrk gSA tufud oxhZdj.k tyok;q dks muosQ
dkj.kksa osQ vkèkkj ij laxfBr djus dk iz;kl gSA
tyok;q dk vuqiz;qDr oxhZdj.k fdlh fof'k"V mís';
osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
dksisu dh tyok;q oxhZdj.k dh i¼fr
oh- dksisu }kjk fodflr dh xbZ tyok;q osQ oxhZdj.k
dh vkuqHkfod i¼fr dk lcls O;kid mi;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA dksisu us ouLifr osQ forj.k vkSj tyok;q osQ
chp ,d ?kfu"B lacaèk dh igpku dhA mUgksaus rkieku
rFkk o"kZ.k osQ oqQN fuf'pr ekuksa dk p;u djrs gq,
mudk ouLifr osQ forj.k ls lacaèk LFkkfir fd;k vkSj
bu ekuksa dk mi;ksx tyok;q osQ oxhZdj.k osQ fy,
fd;kA o"kkZ ,oa rkieku osQ eè;eku okf"kZd ,oa eè;eku
ekfld vk¡dM+ksa ij vkèkkfjr ;g ,d vkuqHkfod
i¼fr gSA mUgksaus tyok;q osQ lewgksa ,oa izdkjksa dh
igpku djus osQ fy, cM+s rFkk NksVs v{kjksa osQ iz;ksx
dk vkjaHk fd;kA lu~ 1918 es fodflr rFkk le; osQ
lkFk la'kksfèkr gqbZ dksisu dh ;g i¼fr vkt Hkh
yksdfiz; vkSj izpfyr gSA
dksisu us ik¡p izeq[k tyok;q lewg fuèkkZfjr fd,
ftuesa ls pkj rkieku ij vkSj ,d o"kZ.k ij vkèkkfjr
gSA dksisu osQ tyok;q lewg ,oa mudh fo'ks"krkvksa dks
lkj.kh 12-1 esa fn;k x;k gSA
cMs+ v{kj A, C, D rFkk E vknzZ tyok;q dks rFkk
fo
lkj.kh 12-1 dksisu osQ vuqlkj tyok;q lewg
lewg y{k.k
A. m".kdfVcaèkh; lHkh eghuksa dk vkSlr rkieku 18º lsfYl;l ls vfèkdA
B. 'kq"d tyok;q o"kZ.k dh rqyuk esa foHko ok"ihdj.k dh vfèkdrkA
C. dks".k 'khrks".k lokZfèkd BaMs eghus dk vkSlr rkieku 3° lsfYl;l ls vfèkd fdUrq 18° lsfYl;l
ls de eè; v{kka'kh; tyok;qA
D. 'khry fge&ou tyok;q o"kZ osQ lokZfèkd BaMs eghus dk vkSlr rkieku 'kwU; va'k rkieku ls 3° uhpsA
E. 'khr lHkh eghuksa dk vkSlr rkieku 10° lsfYl;l ls deA
H. mPpHkwfe Å¡pkbZ osQ dkj.k 'khrA
109
fo'o dh tyok;q ,oa tyok;q ifjorZu
B v{kj 'kq"d tyok;q dks fu:fir djrk gSA tyok;q
lewgksa dks rkiozQe ,oa o"kkZ dh ekSleh fo'ks"krkvksa
osQ vkèkkj ij dbZ mi&izdkjksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k
gS ftldks NksVs v{kjksa }kjk vfHkfgr fd;k x;k gSA
'kq"drk okys ekSleksa dks NksVs v{kjksa f,m,w vkSj s
}kjk bafxr fd;k x;k gSA blesa f 'kq"d ekSle osQ u
gksus dks m ekulwu tyok;q dks w 'kq"d 'khr ½rq
dks vkSj s 'kq"d xzh"e ½rq dks bafxr djrk gS NksVs
v{kj a,b,c rFkk d rkieku dh mxzrk okys Hkkx dks
n'kkZrs gSaA B lewg dh tyok;q dks mifoHkkftr djrs
gq, LVsih vFkok v¼Z&'kq"d osQ fy, S rFkk e#LFky
osQ fy, W tSls cM+s v{kjksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
tyok;q izdkjksa dks lkj.kh 12.2 esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA
tyok;q lewgksa ,oa izdkjksa dk forj.k lkj.kh 12.1 esa
n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
lewg A m".kdfVcaèkh; tyok;q
m".kdfVcaèkh; vknzZ tyok;q doZQ js[kk vkSj edj js[kk
osQ chp ikbZ tkrh gSA laiw.kZ o"kZ lw;Z osQ mQèoZLFk rFkk
varj m".kdfVcaèkh; vfHklj.k {ks=k dh mifLFkfr osQ
dkj.k ;gk¡ dh tyok;q Å".k ,oa vknzZ jgrh gSA ;gk¡
okf"kZd rkikarj cgqr de rFkk o"kkZ vfèkd gksrh gSA
tyok;q osQ bl m".kdfVcaèkh; lewg dks rhu izdkjksa esa
ck¡Vk tkrk gS] ftuosQ uke gSa (i) Af m".kdfVcaèkh;
vknzZ tyok;q_ (ii) Am m".kdfVcaèkh; ekulwu tyok;q
vkSj (iii) Aw m".kdfVcaèkh; vknzZ tyok;q ftlesa
'khr ½rq 'kq"d gksrh gSA
m".kdfVcaèkh; vknzZ tyok;q (Af)
m".kdfVcaèkh; vknzZ tyok;q fo"kqor~ o`Ùk osQ fudV
ikbZ tkrh gSA bl tyok;q osQ izeq[k {ks=k nf{k.k
vesfjdk dk vestu csflu] if'peh fo"kqorh; vizQhdk
rFkk nf{k.kh iwohZ ,f'k;k osQ }hi gSaA o"kZ osQ izR;sd
ekg esa nksigj osQ ckn xjt vkSj ckSNkjksa osQ lkFk
izpqj ek=kk esa o"kkZ gksrh gSA rkieku leku :i ls
Å¡pk vkSj okf"kZd rkikarj ux.; gksrk gSA fdlh Hkh
fnu vfèkdre rkieku yxHkx 30° lsfYl;l vkSj
U;wure rkieku yxHkx 20° lsfYl;l gksrk gSA bl
tyok;q esa l?ku forku rFkk O;kid tSo&fofoèkrk
okys m".kdfVcaèkh; lnkgfjr ou ik, tkrs gSaA
lkj.kh 12-2 % dksisu osQ vuqlkj tyok;q izdkj
A m".kdfVcaèkh;
vknzZ tyok;q
B 'kq"d tyok;q
C dks".k 'khrks".k (e?;
v{kka'kh; tyok;q)
D 'khry
fge&ou tyok;q
E 'khr tyok;q
F mPp Hkwfe
m".kdfVcaèkh; vknzZ
m".kdfVcaèkh; ekulwu
m".kdfVcaèkh; vknzZ ,ao 'kq"d
miks".k dfVcaèkh; LVSih
miks".k dfVcaèkh; e:LFky
eè; v{kka'kh; LVSih
eè; v{kka'kh; e:LFky
vknzZ miks".k dfVcaèkh;
Hkweè; lkxjh;
leqnzh if'pe rVh;
vknzZ egk}hih;
mi&mÙkj èkzqoh;
VqaMªk
èkzqoh; fgeVksih
mPp Hkwfe
lewg oqQV v{kj y{k.k izdkj
dksbZ 'kq"d ½rq ughaA
ekulwu] y?kq 'kq"d ½rq
tkM+s dh 'kq"d ½rq
fuEu v{kka'kh; v¼Z 'kq"d ,oa 'kq"d
fuEu v{kka'kh; 'kq"d
eè; v{kka'kh; v¼Z 'kq"d vFkok 'kq"d
eè; v{kka'kh; 'kq"d
eè; v{kka'kh; v¼Z'kq"d vFkok 'kq"d
'kq"d xeZ xzh"e
dksbZ 'kq"d ½rq ugha] dks".k rFkk 'khry xzh"e
dksbZ 'kq"d ½rq ugha] Hkh"k.k tkM+k
tkM+k 'kq"d rFkk vR;ar Hkh"k.k
lgh vFkksZ esa dksbZ xzh"e ugha
lnSo fgekPNkfnr fge
fgekPNkfnr mPp Hkwfe;k¡
Af
Am
Aw
BSh
BWh
BSk
BWk
Cfa
Csa
Cfb
Df
Dw
ET
EF
H
110
HkkSfrd Hkwxksy osQ ewy fl¼kar
m".kdfVcaèkh; ekulwu tyok;q (Am)
m".kdfVcaèkh; ekuwlu tyok;q Hkkjrh; miegk}hi]
nf{k.k vesfjdk osQ mÙkj&iwohZ Hkkx rFkk mÙkjh vkLVªsfy;k
esa ikbZ tkrh gSA Hkkjh o"kkZ vfèkdrj xfeZ;ksa esa gksrh gSA
'khr ½rq 'kq"d gksrh gSA tyok;q osQ bl izdkj dk
foLr`r tyok;oh fooj.k ^Hkkjr % HkkSfrd i;kZoj.k*]
,u-lh-vkj-Vh-] 2006 esa fn;k x;k gSA
m".kdfVcaèkh; vknzZ ,oa 'kq"d tyok;q (Aw)
m".kdfVcaèkh; vknzZ ,oa 'kq"d tyok;q Af izdkj osQ
tyok;q izns'kksa osQ mÙkj ,oa nf{k.k esa ikbZ tkrh gSA
bldh lhek egk}hiksa osQ if'peh Hkkx esa 'kq"d tyok;q
osQ lkFk vkSj iwohZ Hkkx esa Cf rFkk Cw izdkj dh
tyok;q osQ lkFk ikbZ tkrh gSA foLr`r Aw tyok;q
nf{k.k vesfjdk esa fLFkr czkthy osQ ouksa osQ mÙkj vkSj
nf{k.k esa cksfyfo;k vkSj iSjkxq, osQ fudVorhZ Hkkxksa
rFkk lwMku vkSj eè; vizQhdk osQ nf{k.k esa ikbZ tkrh
gSA bl tyok;q esa okf"kZd o"kkZ Af rFkk Am tyok;q
izdkjksa dh vis{kk dkiQh de rFkk fopj.k'khy gSA vknzZ
½rq NksVh vkSj 'kq"d ½rq Hkh"k.k o yach gksrh gSA
rkieku o"kZ Hkj Å¡pk jgrk gS vkSj 'kq"d ½rq esa nSfud
rkikarj lokZfèkd gksrs gSaA bl tyok;q esa i.kZikrh ou
vkSj isM+ksa ls <dh ?kklHkwfe;k¡ ikbZ tkrh gSA
'kq"d tyok;q&B
'kq"d tyok;q dh fo'ks"krk vR;ar U;wu o"kkZ gS tks
ikniksa dh o`f¼ osQ fy, i;kZIr ugha gksrhA ;g tyok;q
i`Foh osQ cgqr cM+s Hkkx ij ikbZ tkrh gS tks fo"kqor~
o`Ùk ls 15° ls 60° mÙkj o nf{k.kh v{kka'kksa osQ chp
foLr`r gSA 15° ls 30° osQ fuEu va{kk'kksa esa ;g miks".k
dfVcaèkh; mPp ok;qnkc {ks=k esa ikbZ tkrh gSA tgk¡
rkieku dk voryu vkSj mRØe.k] o"kkZ ugha gksus nsrsA
egk}hiksa osQ if'peh lhekarksa ij] BaMh èkkjkvksa osQ
vklUu {ks=k] fo'ks"kr% nf{k.k vesfjdk osQ if'peh rV
ij] ;g tyok;q fo"kqor~ o`Ùk dh vksj vfèkd foLr`r
gS vkSj rVh; Hkkx esa ikbZ tkrh gSA eè; v{kka'kksa esa
fo"kqor~ o`Ùk ls 35° ls 60° mÙkj o nf{k.k osQ chp
;g tyok;q egk}hiksa osQ mu vkarfjd Hkkxksa rd
ifj:¼ gksrh gS tgk¡ ioZrksa ls f?kjs gksus osQ dkj.k izk;%
leqnzh vknzZ iousa ugha igq¡p ikrhaA
'kq"d tyok;q dks LVSih vFkok v¼Z&'kq"d tyok;q
(BS) vkSj e:LFky tyok;q (BW) esa foHkkftr fd;k
tkrk gSA bls vkxs 15° ls 35° v{kak'kksa osQ chp miks".k
dfVcaèkh; LVSih (BSh) vkSj miks".k dfVcaèkh; e:LFky
(BWh) esa ck¡Vk tkrk gSA 35° vkSj 60° va{kk'kksa osQ
chp bls eè; v{kka'kh; LVSih (BSk) rFkk eè; v{kka'kh;
e:LFky (BWk) es foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSA
miks".k dfVcaèkh; LVSih (BSh) ,oa
miks".k dfVcaèkh; e:LFky (BWh) tyok;q
miks".k dfVcaèkh; LVSih (BSh) ,oa miks".k dfVcaèkh;
e:LFky (BWh) tyok;q esa o"kZ.k vkSj rkieku osQ
y{k.k ,d leku gksrs gSaA vknzZ ,ao 'kq"d tyok;q
osQ laØe.k {ks=k esa vofLFkr gksus osQ dkj.k miks".k
dfVcaèkh; LVSih tyok;q esa e:LFky tyok;q dh
vis{kk o"kkZ FkksM+h T;knk gksrh gS tks fojy ?kklHkwfe;ksa
osQ fy, i;kZIr gksrh gSA o"kkZ nksuksa gh tyok;q esa
ifjorZu'khyrk gksrh gSA o"kkZ dh ifjorZu'khyrk
e:LFky dh vis{kk LVSih esa thou dks vfèkd
izHkkfor djrh gSA blls dbZ ckj vdky dh fLFkfr
iSnk gks tkrh gSA e:LFkyksa esa o"kkZ FkksM+h fdarq xjt
osQ lkFk rhoz ckSNkjksa osQ :i esa gksrh gS] tks e`nk esa ueh
iSnk djus esa vizHkkoh fl¼ gksrh gSA BaMh èkkjkvksa
rkieku yxrs rVh; e:LFkyksa esa dksgjk ,d vke ckr
gSA xzh"e½rq esa vfèkdre rkieku cgqr Å¡pk gksrk gSA
yhfc;k osQ vy&vthf”k;k esa 13 flracj 1922 dks
mPpre rkieku 58° lsfYl;l ntZ fd;k x;k FkkA
bl tyok;q esa okf"kZd vkSj nSfud rkikarj Hkh vfèkd
ik, tkrs gSaA
dks".k 'khrks".k (eè; v{kka'kh;) tyok;q & C
dks".k 'khrks".k (eè; v{kka'kh;) tyok;q 30° ls 50°
v{kka'kksa osQ eè; eq[;r% egk}hiksa osQ iwohZ vkSj if'peh
lhekarksa ij foLr`r gSA bl tyok;q esa lkekU;r% xzh"e
½rq dks".k vkSj 'khr ½rq e`nqy gksrh gSA bl tyok;q dks
pkj izdkjksa esa oxhZd`r fd;k x;k gS% (i) vknzZ miks".k
dfVcaèkh;] vFkkZr lfnZ;ksa esa 'kq"d vkSj xfeZ;ksa esa m".k
(Cwa) (ii) Hkweè;lkxjh; (Cs) (iii) vknzZ miks".k dfVcaèkh;
vFkkZr~ 'kq"d ½rq dh vuqifLFkfr rFkk e`nq 'khr ½rq
(Cfa) (iv) leqnzh if'pe rVh; tyok;q (Cfb)A
Page 4


fo'o dh tyok;q ,oa tyok;q ifjorZu
vè;k;
'o dh tyok;q dk vè;;u tyok;q lacaèkh
vkadM+ksa ,oa tkudkfj;ksa dks laxfBr djosQ
fd;k tk ldrk gSA bu vk¡dM+ksa dks vklkuh ls le>us
o mudk o.kZu vkSj fo'ys"k.k djus osQ fy, mUgsa
vis{kko`Qr NksVh bdkb;ksa esa ck¡Vdj la'ysf"kr fd;k tk
ldrk gSA tyok;q dk oxhZdj.k rhu o`gr~ mixeuksa
}kjk fd;k x;k gSA os gSa & vkuqHkfod] tufud vkSj
vuqiz;qDr~A vkuqHkfod oxhZdj.k izsf{kr fd, x, fo'ks"k
:i ls rkieku ,oa o.kZu ls lacafèkr vk¡dM+ksa ij
vkèkkfjr gksrk gSA tufud oxhZdj.k tyok;q dks muosQ
dkj.kksa osQ vkèkkj ij laxfBr djus dk iz;kl gSA
tyok;q dk vuqiz;qDr oxhZdj.k fdlh fof'k"V mís';
osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
dksisu dh tyok;q oxhZdj.k dh i¼fr
oh- dksisu }kjk fodflr dh xbZ tyok;q osQ oxhZdj.k
dh vkuqHkfod i¼fr dk lcls O;kid mi;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA dksisu us ouLifr osQ forj.k vkSj tyok;q osQ
chp ,d ?kfu"B lacaèk dh igpku dhA mUgksaus rkieku
rFkk o"kZ.k osQ oqQN fuf'pr ekuksa dk p;u djrs gq,
mudk ouLifr osQ forj.k ls lacaèk LFkkfir fd;k vkSj
bu ekuksa dk mi;ksx tyok;q osQ oxhZdj.k osQ fy,
fd;kA o"kkZ ,oa rkieku osQ eè;eku okf"kZd ,oa eè;eku
ekfld vk¡dM+ksa ij vkèkkfjr ;g ,d vkuqHkfod
i¼fr gSA mUgksaus tyok;q osQ lewgksa ,oa izdkjksa dh
igpku djus osQ fy, cM+s rFkk NksVs v{kjksa osQ iz;ksx
dk vkjaHk fd;kA lu~ 1918 es fodflr rFkk le; osQ
lkFk la'kksfèkr gqbZ dksisu dh ;g i¼fr vkt Hkh
yksdfiz; vkSj izpfyr gSA
dksisu us ik¡p izeq[k tyok;q lewg fuèkkZfjr fd,
ftuesa ls pkj rkieku ij vkSj ,d o"kZ.k ij vkèkkfjr
gSA dksisu osQ tyok;q lewg ,oa mudh fo'ks"krkvksa dks
lkj.kh 12-1 esa fn;k x;k gSA
cMs+ v{kj A, C, D rFkk E vknzZ tyok;q dks rFkk
fo
lkj.kh 12-1 dksisu osQ vuqlkj tyok;q lewg
lewg y{k.k
A. m".kdfVcaèkh; lHkh eghuksa dk vkSlr rkieku 18º lsfYl;l ls vfèkdA
B. 'kq"d tyok;q o"kZ.k dh rqyuk esa foHko ok"ihdj.k dh vfèkdrkA
C. dks".k 'khrks".k lokZfèkd BaMs eghus dk vkSlr rkieku 3° lsfYl;l ls vfèkd fdUrq 18° lsfYl;l
ls de eè; v{kka'kh; tyok;qA
D. 'khry fge&ou tyok;q o"kZ osQ lokZfèkd BaMs eghus dk vkSlr rkieku 'kwU; va'k rkieku ls 3° uhpsA
E. 'khr lHkh eghuksa dk vkSlr rkieku 10° lsfYl;l ls deA
H. mPpHkwfe Å¡pkbZ osQ dkj.k 'khrA
109
fo'o dh tyok;q ,oa tyok;q ifjorZu
B v{kj 'kq"d tyok;q dks fu:fir djrk gSA tyok;q
lewgksa dks rkiozQe ,oa o"kkZ dh ekSleh fo'ks"krkvksa
osQ vkèkkj ij dbZ mi&izdkjksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k
gS ftldks NksVs v{kjksa }kjk vfHkfgr fd;k x;k gSA
'kq"drk okys ekSleksa dks NksVs v{kjksa f,m,w vkSj s
}kjk bafxr fd;k x;k gSA blesa f 'kq"d ekSle osQ u
gksus dks m ekulwu tyok;q dks w 'kq"d 'khr ½rq
dks vkSj s 'kq"d xzh"e ½rq dks bafxr djrk gS NksVs
v{kj a,b,c rFkk d rkieku dh mxzrk okys Hkkx dks
n'kkZrs gSaA B lewg dh tyok;q dks mifoHkkftr djrs
gq, LVsih vFkok v¼Z&'kq"d osQ fy, S rFkk e#LFky
osQ fy, W tSls cM+s v{kjksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
tyok;q izdkjksa dks lkj.kh 12.2 esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA
tyok;q lewgksa ,oa izdkjksa dk forj.k lkj.kh 12.1 esa
n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
lewg A m".kdfVcaèkh; tyok;q
m".kdfVcaèkh; vknzZ tyok;q doZQ js[kk vkSj edj js[kk
osQ chp ikbZ tkrh gSA laiw.kZ o"kZ lw;Z osQ mQèoZLFk rFkk
varj m".kdfVcaèkh; vfHklj.k {ks=k dh mifLFkfr osQ
dkj.k ;gk¡ dh tyok;q Å".k ,oa vknzZ jgrh gSA ;gk¡
okf"kZd rkikarj cgqr de rFkk o"kkZ vfèkd gksrh gSA
tyok;q osQ bl m".kdfVcaèkh; lewg dks rhu izdkjksa esa
ck¡Vk tkrk gS] ftuosQ uke gSa (i) Af m".kdfVcaèkh;
vknzZ tyok;q_ (ii) Am m".kdfVcaèkh; ekulwu tyok;q
vkSj (iii) Aw m".kdfVcaèkh; vknzZ tyok;q ftlesa
'khr ½rq 'kq"d gksrh gSA
m".kdfVcaèkh; vknzZ tyok;q (Af)
m".kdfVcaèkh; vknzZ tyok;q fo"kqor~ o`Ùk osQ fudV
ikbZ tkrh gSA bl tyok;q osQ izeq[k {ks=k nf{k.k
vesfjdk dk vestu csflu] if'peh fo"kqorh; vizQhdk
rFkk nf{k.kh iwohZ ,f'k;k osQ }hi gSaA o"kZ osQ izR;sd
ekg esa nksigj osQ ckn xjt vkSj ckSNkjksa osQ lkFk
izpqj ek=kk esa o"kkZ gksrh gSA rkieku leku :i ls
Å¡pk vkSj okf"kZd rkikarj ux.; gksrk gSA fdlh Hkh
fnu vfèkdre rkieku yxHkx 30° lsfYl;l vkSj
U;wure rkieku yxHkx 20° lsfYl;l gksrk gSA bl
tyok;q esa l?ku forku rFkk O;kid tSo&fofoèkrk
okys m".kdfVcaèkh; lnkgfjr ou ik, tkrs gSaA
lkj.kh 12-2 % dksisu osQ vuqlkj tyok;q izdkj
A m".kdfVcaèkh;
vknzZ tyok;q
B 'kq"d tyok;q
C dks".k 'khrks".k (e?;
v{kka'kh; tyok;q)
D 'khry
fge&ou tyok;q
E 'khr tyok;q
F mPp Hkwfe
m".kdfVcaèkh; vknzZ
m".kdfVcaèkh; ekulwu
m".kdfVcaèkh; vknzZ ,ao 'kq"d
miks".k dfVcaèkh; LVSih
miks".k dfVcaèkh; e:LFky
eè; v{kka'kh; LVSih
eè; v{kka'kh; e:LFky
vknzZ miks".k dfVcaèkh;
Hkweè; lkxjh;
leqnzh if'pe rVh;
vknzZ egk}hih;
mi&mÙkj èkzqoh;
VqaMªk
èkzqoh; fgeVksih
mPp Hkwfe
lewg oqQV v{kj y{k.k izdkj
dksbZ 'kq"d ½rq ughaA
ekulwu] y?kq 'kq"d ½rq
tkM+s dh 'kq"d ½rq
fuEu v{kka'kh; v¼Z 'kq"d ,oa 'kq"d
fuEu v{kka'kh; 'kq"d
eè; v{kka'kh; v¼Z 'kq"d vFkok 'kq"d
eè; v{kka'kh; 'kq"d
eè; v{kka'kh; v¼Z'kq"d vFkok 'kq"d
'kq"d xeZ xzh"e
dksbZ 'kq"d ½rq ugha] dks".k rFkk 'khry xzh"e
dksbZ 'kq"d ½rq ugha] Hkh"k.k tkM+k
tkM+k 'kq"d rFkk vR;ar Hkh"k.k
lgh vFkksZ esa dksbZ xzh"e ugha
lnSo fgekPNkfnr fge
fgekPNkfnr mPp Hkwfe;k¡
Af
Am
Aw
BSh
BWh
BSk
BWk
Cfa
Csa
Cfb
Df
Dw
ET
EF
H
110
HkkSfrd Hkwxksy osQ ewy fl¼kar
m".kdfVcaèkh; ekulwu tyok;q (Am)
m".kdfVcaèkh; ekuwlu tyok;q Hkkjrh; miegk}hi]
nf{k.k vesfjdk osQ mÙkj&iwohZ Hkkx rFkk mÙkjh vkLVªsfy;k
esa ikbZ tkrh gSA Hkkjh o"kkZ vfèkdrj xfeZ;ksa esa gksrh gSA
'khr ½rq 'kq"d gksrh gSA tyok;q osQ bl izdkj dk
foLr`r tyok;oh fooj.k ^Hkkjr % HkkSfrd i;kZoj.k*]
,u-lh-vkj-Vh-] 2006 esa fn;k x;k gSA
m".kdfVcaèkh; vknzZ ,oa 'kq"d tyok;q (Aw)
m".kdfVcaèkh; vknzZ ,oa 'kq"d tyok;q Af izdkj osQ
tyok;q izns'kksa osQ mÙkj ,oa nf{k.k esa ikbZ tkrh gSA
bldh lhek egk}hiksa osQ if'peh Hkkx esa 'kq"d tyok;q
osQ lkFk vkSj iwohZ Hkkx esa Cf rFkk Cw izdkj dh
tyok;q osQ lkFk ikbZ tkrh gSA foLr`r Aw tyok;q
nf{k.k vesfjdk esa fLFkr czkthy osQ ouksa osQ mÙkj vkSj
nf{k.k esa cksfyfo;k vkSj iSjkxq, osQ fudVorhZ Hkkxksa
rFkk lwMku vkSj eè; vizQhdk osQ nf{k.k esa ikbZ tkrh
gSA bl tyok;q esa okf"kZd o"kkZ Af rFkk Am tyok;q
izdkjksa dh vis{kk dkiQh de rFkk fopj.k'khy gSA vknzZ
½rq NksVh vkSj 'kq"d ½rq Hkh"k.k o yach gksrh gSA
rkieku o"kZ Hkj Å¡pk jgrk gS vkSj 'kq"d ½rq esa nSfud
rkikarj lokZfèkd gksrs gSaA bl tyok;q esa i.kZikrh ou
vkSj isM+ksa ls <dh ?kklHkwfe;k¡ ikbZ tkrh gSA
'kq"d tyok;q&B
'kq"d tyok;q dh fo'ks"krk vR;ar U;wu o"kkZ gS tks
ikniksa dh o`f¼ osQ fy, i;kZIr ugha gksrhA ;g tyok;q
i`Foh osQ cgqr cM+s Hkkx ij ikbZ tkrh gS tks fo"kqor~
o`Ùk ls 15° ls 60° mÙkj o nf{k.kh v{kka'kksa osQ chp
foLr`r gSA 15° ls 30° osQ fuEu va{kk'kksa esa ;g miks".k
dfVcaèkh; mPp ok;qnkc {ks=k esa ikbZ tkrh gSA tgk¡
rkieku dk voryu vkSj mRØe.k] o"kkZ ugha gksus nsrsA
egk}hiksa osQ if'peh lhekarksa ij] BaMh èkkjkvksa osQ
vklUu {ks=k] fo'ks"kr% nf{k.k vesfjdk osQ if'peh rV
ij] ;g tyok;q fo"kqor~ o`Ùk dh vksj vfèkd foLr`r
gS vkSj rVh; Hkkx esa ikbZ tkrh gSA eè; v{kka'kksa esa
fo"kqor~ o`Ùk ls 35° ls 60° mÙkj o nf{k.k osQ chp
;g tyok;q egk}hiksa osQ mu vkarfjd Hkkxksa rd
ifj:¼ gksrh gS tgk¡ ioZrksa ls f?kjs gksus osQ dkj.k izk;%
leqnzh vknzZ iousa ugha igq¡p ikrhaA
'kq"d tyok;q dks LVSih vFkok v¼Z&'kq"d tyok;q
(BS) vkSj e:LFky tyok;q (BW) esa foHkkftr fd;k
tkrk gSA bls vkxs 15° ls 35° v{kak'kksa osQ chp miks".k
dfVcaèkh; LVSih (BSh) vkSj miks".k dfVcaèkh; e:LFky
(BWh) esa ck¡Vk tkrk gSA 35° vkSj 60° va{kk'kksa osQ
chp bls eè; v{kka'kh; LVSih (BSk) rFkk eè; v{kka'kh;
e:LFky (BWk) es foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSA
miks".k dfVcaèkh; LVSih (BSh) ,oa
miks".k dfVcaèkh; e:LFky (BWh) tyok;q
miks".k dfVcaèkh; LVSih (BSh) ,oa miks".k dfVcaèkh;
e:LFky (BWh) tyok;q esa o"kZ.k vkSj rkieku osQ
y{k.k ,d leku gksrs gSaA vknzZ ,ao 'kq"d tyok;q
osQ laØe.k {ks=k esa vofLFkr gksus osQ dkj.k miks".k
dfVcaèkh; LVSih tyok;q esa e:LFky tyok;q dh
vis{kk o"kkZ FkksM+h T;knk gksrh gS tks fojy ?kklHkwfe;ksa
osQ fy, i;kZIr gksrh gSA o"kkZ nksuksa gh tyok;q esa
ifjorZu'khyrk gksrh gSA o"kkZ dh ifjorZu'khyrk
e:LFky dh vis{kk LVSih esa thou dks vfèkd
izHkkfor djrh gSA blls dbZ ckj vdky dh fLFkfr
iSnk gks tkrh gSA e:LFkyksa esa o"kkZ FkksM+h fdarq xjt
osQ lkFk rhoz ckSNkjksa osQ :i esa gksrh gS] tks e`nk esa ueh
iSnk djus esa vizHkkoh fl¼ gksrh gSA BaMh èkkjkvksa
rkieku yxrs rVh; e:LFkyksa esa dksgjk ,d vke ckr
gSA xzh"e½rq esa vfèkdre rkieku cgqr Å¡pk gksrk gSA
yhfc;k osQ vy&vthf”k;k esa 13 flracj 1922 dks
mPpre rkieku 58° lsfYl;l ntZ fd;k x;k FkkA
bl tyok;q esa okf"kZd vkSj nSfud rkikarj Hkh vfèkd
ik, tkrs gSaA
dks".k 'khrks".k (eè; v{kka'kh;) tyok;q & C
dks".k 'khrks".k (eè; v{kka'kh;) tyok;q 30° ls 50°
v{kka'kksa osQ eè; eq[;r% egk}hiksa osQ iwohZ vkSj if'peh
lhekarksa ij foLr`r gSA bl tyok;q esa lkekU;r% xzh"e
½rq dks".k vkSj 'khr ½rq e`nqy gksrh gSA bl tyok;q dks
pkj izdkjksa esa oxhZd`r fd;k x;k gS% (i) vknzZ miks".k
dfVcaèkh;] vFkkZr lfnZ;ksa esa 'kq"d vkSj xfeZ;ksa esa m".k
(Cwa) (ii) Hkweè;lkxjh; (Cs) (iii) vknzZ miks".k dfVcaèkh;
vFkkZr~ 'kq"d ½rq dh vuqifLFkfr rFkk e`nq 'khr ½rq
(Cfa) (iv) leqnzh if'pe rVh; tyok;q (Cfb)A
111
fo'o dh tyok;q ,oa tyok;q ifjorZu
vknzZ miks".k dfVcaèkh; tyok;q (Cwa)
vknzZ miks".k dfVcaèkh; tyok;q ddZ ,oa edj js[kk ls
èkzqoksa dh vksj eq[;r% Hkkjr osQ mÙkjh eSnku vkSj
nf{k.kh phu osQ vkarfjd eSnkuksa esa ikbZ tkrh gSA ;g
tyok;q Aw tyok;q tSlh gh gS] osQoy bruk viokn
gS fd bles lfnZ;ksa dk rkieku dks".k gksrk gSA
Hkweè;lkxjh; tyok;q (Cs)
tSlk fd uke ls Li"V gS Hkweè; lkxjh; tyok;q
Hkweè; lkxj osQ pkjksa vksj rFkk miks".k dfVcaèk ls
30° ls 40° v{kka'kksa osQ chp egk}hiksa osQ if'peh rV
osQ lkFk&lkFk ikbZ tkrh gSA eè; osQfyiQksfuZ;k] eè;
fpyh rFkk vkLVªsfy;k osQ nf{k.k&iwohZ vkSj nf{k.k&if'peh
rV blosQ mnkgj.k gSaA ;s {ks=k xzh"e ½rq esa miks".k
dfVcaèkh; mPp ok;qnkc rFkk 'khr ½rq esa iNqvk
iouksa osQ izHkko esa vk tkrs gSaA bl izdkj m".k o 'kq"d
xfeZ;k¡ rFkk e`nq ,oa o"kkZ;qDr lfnZ;k¡ bl tyok;q dh
fo'ks"krk,¡ gSaA xzh"e ½rq esa vkSlr ekfld rkieku 25°
lsfYl;l osQ vkl&ikl rFkk 'khr ½rq esa 10° lsfYl;l
ls de jgrk gSA okf"kZd o"kkZ 35 ls 90 ls-eh- osQ chp
gksrk gSA
vknzZ miks".k dfVcaèkh; tyok;q (Cfa)
vknzZ miks".k dfVcaèkh; tyok;q miks".k dfVcaèkh;
v{kka'kksa esa egk}hiksa osQ iwohZ Hkkxksa esa ikbZ tkrh gSA bl
izns'k esa ok;qjkf'k;k¡ izk;% vfLFkj jgrh gSa vkSj iwjs o"kZ
o"kkZ djrh gSaA ;g tyok;q iwohZ la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk]
nf{k.kh rFkk iwohZ phu] nf{k.kh tkiku] mÙkj&iwohZ vtsZaVhuk]
rVh; nf{k.k vizQhdk vkSj vkLVªsfy;k osQ iwohZ rV ij
ikbZ tkrh gSA vkSlr okf"kZd o"kkZ 75 ls 150 ls-eh-
osQ chp jgrh gSA xzh"e ½rq esa rfM+r>a>k vkSj 'khr½rq
esa okrkxzh o"kZ.k lkekU; fo'ks"krk,¡ gSaA xzh"e ½rq esa
vkSlr ekfld rkieku yxHkx 27° lsfYl;l gksrk gS
tcfd tkM+ksa esa ;g 5° ls 12° lsfYl;l osQ chp
jgrk gSA nSfud rkaikrj cgqr de gksrk gSA
leqnzh if'pe rVh; tyok;q (Cfb)
leqnzh if'pe rVh; tyok;q egk}hiksa osQ if'peh rVksa
ij Hkweè; lkxjh; tyok;q ls èkzqoksa dh vksj ikbZ tkrh
gSA bl tyok;q osQ izeq[k {ks=k gSa & mÙkj&if'peh
;wjksi] mÙkjh vesfjdk dk if'peh rV] mÙkjh osQfyiQksfuZ;k]
nf{k.k fpyh] nf{k.k&iwohZ vkLVªsfy;k vkSj U;wthySaMA
;gk¡ leqnzh izHkko osQ dkj.k rkieku eè;e gksrs gSa vkSj
'khr ½rq esa vius v{kka'kksa dh rqyuk esa dks".k gksrs gSaA
xehZ osQ eghuksa esa vkSlr rkieku 15° ls 20° lsfYl;l
vkSj lfnZ;ksa esa 4° ls 10° lsfYl;l osQ chp jgrk gSA
okf"kZd vkSj nSfud rkikarj de ik;k tkrk gSaA o"kZ.k
lky Hkj gksrh gS ysfdu ;g lfnZ;ksa esa vfèkd gksrh gSA
o"kZ.k 50 ls-eh- ls 250 ls-eh- osQ chp ?kVrh c<+rh
jgrh gSA
'khr fge&ou tyok;q (D)
'khr fge&ou tyok;q mÙkjh xksyk¼Z esa 40° ls 70°
v{kka'kksa osQ chp ;wjksi] ,f'k;k vkSj mÙkjh vesfjdk osQ
foLr`r egk}hih; {ks=kksa esa ikbZ tkrh gSA 'khr fge ou
tyok;q dks nks izdkjksa esa foHkDr fd;k tkrk gS% (i) Df
vknzZ tkM+ksa ls ;qDr BaMh tyok;q vkSj (ii) Dw 'kq"d
tkM+ksa ls ;qDr BaMh tyok;q mPp v{kka'kksa esa lnhZ dh
mxzrk vfèkd eq[kj gksrh gSA
vknzZ tkM+ksa ls ;qDr BaMh tyok;q (Df)
vknzZ tkM+ksa ls ;qDr BaMh tyok;q leqnzh if'pe rVh;
tyok;q vkSj eè; v{kka'kh; LVSih tyok;q ls èkzqoksa dh
vksj ikbZ tkrh gSA tkM+s BaMs vkSj ciQhZys gksrs gSaA
rq"kkj&eqDr ½rq NksVh gksrh gSA okf"kZd rkikarj vfèkd
gksrk gSA ekSleh ifjorZu vkdfLed vkSj vYidkfyd
gksrs gSaA èkzqoksa dh vksj lfnZ;k¡ vfèkd mxz gksrh gSaA
'kq"d tkM+ksa ls ;qDr BaMh tyok;q (DW)
'kq"d tkM+ksa ls ;qDr BaMh tyok;q eq[;r% mÙkj&iwohZ
,f'k;k esa ikbZ tkrh gSA tkM+ksa esa izfrpØokr dk Li"V
fodkl rFkk xzh"e ½rq esa mldk detksj iM+uk bl
{ks=k esa iouksa osQ izR;koZu dh ekulwu tSlh n'kk,¡
mRiUu djrs gSaA èkzqoksa dh vksj xfeZ;ksa esa rkieku de
gksrs gSa vkSj tkM+ksa esa rkieku vR;ar U;wu gksrh gSA oqQN
LFkku rks ,sls Hkh gSa] tgk¡ o"kkZ osQ lkr eghus rd
rkieku fgekad fcanq ls de jgrk gSaA okf"kZd o"kkZ de
gksrh gS tks 12 ls 15 ls-eh- osQ chp gksrh gSA
Page 5


fo'o dh tyok;q ,oa tyok;q ifjorZu
vè;k;
'o dh tyok;q dk vè;;u tyok;q lacaèkh
vkadM+ksa ,oa tkudkfj;ksa dks laxfBr djosQ
fd;k tk ldrk gSA bu vk¡dM+ksa dks vklkuh ls le>us
o mudk o.kZu vkSj fo'ys"k.k djus osQ fy, mUgsa
vis{kko`Qr NksVh bdkb;ksa esa ck¡Vdj la'ysf"kr fd;k tk
ldrk gSA tyok;q dk oxhZdj.k rhu o`gr~ mixeuksa
}kjk fd;k x;k gSA os gSa & vkuqHkfod] tufud vkSj
vuqiz;qDr~A vkuqHkfod oxhZdj.k izsf{kr fd, x, fo'ks"k
:i ls rkieku ,oa o.kZu ls lacafèkr vk¡dM+ksa ij
vkèkkfjr gksrk gSA tufud oxhZdj.k tyok;q dks muosQ
dkj.kksa osQ vkèkkj ij laxfBr djus dk iz;kl gSA
tyok;q dk vuqiz;qDr oxhZdj.k fdlh fof'k"V mís';
osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
dksisu dh tyok;q oxhZdj.k dh i¼fr
oh- dksisu }kjk fodflr dh xbZ tyok;q osQ oxhZdj.k
dh vkuqHkfod i¼fr dk lcls O;kid mi;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA dksisu us ouLifr osQ forj.k vkSj tyok;q osQ
chp ,d ?kfu"B lacaèk dh igpku dhA mUgksaus rkieku
rFkk o"kZ.k osQ oqQN fuf'pr ekuksa dk p;u djrs gq,
mudk ouLifr osQ forj.k ls lacaèk LFkkfir fd;k vkSj
bu ekuksa dk mi;ksx tyok;q osQ oxhZdj.k osQ fy,
fd;kA o"kkZ ,oa rkieku osQ eè;eku okf"kZd ,oa eè;eku
ekfld vk¡dM+ksa ij vkèkkfjr ;g ,d vkuqHkfod
i¼fr gSA mUgksaus tyok;q osQ lewgksa ,oa izdkjksa dh
igpku djus osQ fy, cM+s rFkk NksVs v{kjksa osQ iz;ksx
dk vkjaHk fd;kA lu~ 1918 es fodflr rFkk le; osQ
lkFk la'kksfèkr gqbZ dksisu dh ;g i¼fr vkt Hkh
yksdfiz; vkSj izpfyr gSA
dksisu us ik¡p izeq[k tyok;q lewg fuèkkZfjr fd,
ftuesa ls pkj rkieku ij vkSj ,d o"kZ.k ij vkèkkfjr
gSA dksisu osQ tyok;q lewg ,oa mudh fo'ks"krkvksa dks
lkj.kh 12-1 esa fn;k x;k gSA
cMs+ v{kj A, C, D rFkk E vknzZ tyok;q dks rFkk
fo
lkj.kh 12-1 dksisu osQ vuqlkj tyok;q lewg
lewg y{k.k
A. m".kdfVcaèkh; lHkh eghuksa dk vkSlr rkieku 18º lsfYl;l ls vfèkdA
B. 'kq"d tyok;q o"kZ.k dh rqyuk esa foHko ok"ihdj.k dh vfèkdrkA
C. dks".k 'khrks".k lokZfèkd BaMs eghus dk vkSlr rkieku 3° lsfYl;l ls vfèkd fdUrq 18° lsfYl;l
ls de eè; v{kka'kh; tyok;qA
D. 'khry fge&ou tyok;q o"kZ osQ lokZfèkd BaMs eghus dk vkSlr rkieku 'kwU; va'k rkieku ls 3° uhpsA
E. 'khr lHkh eghuksa dk vkSlr rkieku 10° lsfYl;l ls deA
H. mPpHkwfe Å¡pkbZ osQ dkj.k 'khrA
109
fo'o dh tyok;q ,oa tyok;q ifjorZu
B v{kj 'kq"d tyok;q dks fu:fir djrk gSA tyok;q
lewgksa dks rkiozQe ,oa o"kkZ dh ekSleh fo'ks"krkvksa
osQ vkèkkj ij dbZ mi&izdkjksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k
gS ftldks NksVs v{kjksa }kjk vfHkfgr fd;k x;k gSA
'kq"drk okys ekSleksa dks NksVs v{kjksa f,m,w vkSj s
}kjk bafxr fd;k x;k gSA blesa f 'kq"d ekSle osQ u
gksus dks m ekulwu tyok;q dks w 'kq"d 'khr ½rq
dks vkSj s 'kq"d xzh"e ½rq dks bafxr djrk gS NksVs
v{kj a,b,c rFkk d rkieku dh mxzrk okys Hkkx dks
n'kkZrs gSaA B lewg dh tyok;q dks mifoHkkftr djrs
gq, LVsih vFkok v¼Z&'kq"d osQ fy, S rFkk e#LFky
osQ fy, W tSls cM+s v{kjksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
tyok;q izdkjksa dks lkj.kh 12.2 esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA
tyok;q lewgksa ,oa izdkjksa dk forj.k lkj.kh 12.1 esa
n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
lewg A m".kdfVcaèkh; tyok;q
m".kdfVcaèkh; vknzZ tyok;q doZQ js[kk vkSj edj js[kk
osQ chp ikbZ tkrh gSA laiw.kZ o"kZ lw;Z osQ mQèoZLFk rFkk
varj m".kdfVcaèkh; vfHklj.k {ks=k dh mifLFkfr osQ
dkj.k ;gk¡ dh tyok;q Å".k ,oa vknzZ jgrh gSA ;gk¡
okf"kZd rkikarj cgqr de rFkk o"kkZ vfèkd gksrh gSA
tyok;q osQ bl m".kdfVcaèkh; lewg dks rhu izdkjksa esa
ck¡Vk tkrk gS] ftuosQ uke gSa (i) Af m".kdfVcaèkh;
vknzZ tyok;q_ (ii) Am m".kdfVcaèkh; ekulwu tyok;q
vkSj (iii) Aw m".kdfVcaèkh; vknzZ tyok;q ftlesa
'khr ½rq 'kq"d gksrh gSA
m".kdfVcaèkh; vknzZ tyok;q (Af)
m".kdfVcaèkh; vknzZ tyok;q fo"kqor~ o`Ùk osQ fudV
ikbZ tkrh gSA bl tyok;q osQ izeq[k {ks=k nf{k.k
vesfjdk dk vestu csflu] if'peh fo"kqorh; vizQhdk
rFkk nf{k.kh iwohZ ,f'k;k osQ }hi gSaA o"kZ osQ izR;sd
ekg esa nksigj osQ ckn xjt vkSj ckSNkjksa osQ lkFk
izpqj ek=kk esa o"kkZ gksrh gSA rkieku leku :i ls
Å¡pk vkSj okf"kZd rkikarj ux.; gksrk gSA fdlh Hkh
fnu vfèkdre rkieku yxHkx 30° lsfYl;l vkSj
U;wure rkieku yxHkx 20° lsfYl;l gksrk gSA bl
tyok;q esa l?ku forku rFkk O;kid tSo&fofoèkrk
okys m".kdfVcaèkh; lnkgfjr ou ik, tkrs gSaA
lkj.kh 12-2 % dksisu osQ vuqlkj tyok;q izdkj
A m".kdfVcaèkh;
vknzZ tyok;q
B 'kq"d tyok;q
C dks".k 'khrks".k (e?;
v{kka'kh; tyok;q)
D 'khry
fge&ou tyok;q
E 'khr tyok;q
F mPp Hkwfe
m".kdfVcaèkh; vknzZ
m".kdfVcaèkh; ekulwu
m".kdfVcaèkh; vknzZ ,ao 'kq"d
miks".k dfVcaèkh; LVSih
miks".k dfVcaèkh; e:LFky
eè; v{kka'kh; LVSih
eè; v{kka'kh; e:LFky
vknzZ miks".k dfVcaèkh;
Hkweè; lkxjh;
leqnzh if'pe rVh;
vknzZ egk}hih;
mi&mÙkj èkzqoh;
VqaMªk
èkzqoh; fgeVksih
mPp Hkwfe
lewg oqQV v{kj y{k.k izdkj
dksbZ 'kq"d ½rq ughaA
ekulwu] y?kq 'kq"d ½rq
tkM+s dh 'kq"d ½rq
fuEu v{kka'kh; v¼Z 'kq"d ,oa 'kq"d
fuEu v{kka'kh; 'kq"d
eè; v{kka'kh; v¼Z 'kq"d vFkok 'kq"d
eè; v{kka'kh; 'kq"d
eè; v{kka'kh; v¼Z'kq"d vFkok 'kq"d
'kq"d xeZ xzh"e
dksbZ 'kq"d ½rq ugha] dks".k rFkk 'khry xzh"e
dksbZ 'kq"d ½rq ugha] Hkh"k.k tkM+k
tkM+k 'kq"d rFkk vR;ar Hkh"k.k
lgh vFkksZ esa dksbZ xzh"e ugha
lnSo fgekPNkfnr fge
fgekPNkfnr mPp Hkwfe;k¡
Af
Am
Aw
BSh
BWh
BSk
BWk
Cfa
Csa
Cfb
Df
Dw
ET
EF
H
110
HkkSfrd Hkwxksy osQ ewy fl¼kar
m".kdfVcaèkh; ekulwu tyok;q (Am)
m".kdfVcaèkh; ekuwlu tyok;q Hkkjrh; miegk}hi]
nf{k.k vesfjdk osQ mÙkj&iwohZ Hkkx rFkk mÙkjh vkLVªsfy;k
esa ikbZ tkrh gSA Hkkjh o"kkZ vfèkdrj xfeZ;ksa esa gksrh gSA
'khr ½rq 'kq"d gksrh gSA tyok;q osQ bl izdkj dk
foLr`r tyok;oh fooj.k ^Hkkjr % HkkSfrd i;kZoj.k*]
,u-lh-vkj-Vh-] 2006 esa fn;k x;k gSA
m".kdfVcaèkh; vknzZ ,oa 'kq"d tyok;q (Aw)
m".kdfVcaèkh; vknzZ ,oa 'kq"d tyok;q Af izdkj osQ
tyok;q izns'kksa osQ mÙkj ,oa nf{k.k esa ikbZ tkrh gSA
bldh lhek egk}hiksa osQ if'peh Hkkx esa 'kq"d tyok;q
osQ lkFk vkSj iwohZ Hkkx esa Cf rFkk Cw izdkj dh
tyok;q osQ lkFk ikbZ tkrh gSA foLr`r Aw tyok;q
nf{k.k vesfjdk esa fLFkr czkthy osQ ouksa osQ mÙkj vkSj
nf{k.k esa cksfyfo;k vkSj iSjkxq, osQ fudVorhZ Hkkxksa
rFkk lwMku vkSj eè; vizQhdk osQ nf{k.k esa ikbZ tkrh
gSA bl tyok;q esa okf"kZd o"kkZ Af rFkk Am tyok;q
izdkjksa dh vis{kk dkiQh de rFkk fopj.k'khy gSA vknzZ
½rq NksVh vkSj 'kq"d ½rq Hkh"k.k o yach gksrh gSA
rkieku o"kZ Hkj Å¡pk jgrk gS vkSj 'kq"d ½rq esa nSfud
rkikarj lokZfèkd gksrs gSaA bl tyok;q esa i.kZikrh ou
vkSj isM+ksa ls <dh ?kklHkwfe;k¡ ikbZ tkrh gSA
'kq"d tyok;q&B
'kq"d tyok;q dh fo'ks"krk vR;ar U;wu o"kkZ gS tks
ikniksa dh o`f¼ osQ fy, i;kZIr ugha gksrhA ;g tyok;q
i`Foh osQ cgqr cM+s Hkkx ij ikbZ tkrh gS tks fo"kqor~
o`Ùk ls 15° ls 60° mÙkj o nf{k.kh v{kka'kksa osQ chp
foLr`r gSA 15° ls 30° osQ fuEu va{kk'kksa esa ;g miks".k
dfVcaèkh; mPp ok;qnkc {ks=k esa ikbZ tkrh gSA tgk¡
rkieku dk voryu vkSj mRØe.k] o"kkZ ugha gksus nsrsA
egk}hiksa osQ if'peh lhekarksa ij] BaMh èkkjkvksa osQ
vklUu {ks=k] fo'ks"kr% nf{k.k vesfjdk osQ if'peh rV
ij] ;g tyok;q fo"kqor~ o`Ùk dh vksj vfèkd foLr`r
gS vkSj rVh; Hkkx esa ikbZ tkrh gSA eè; v{kka'kksa esa
fo"kqor~ o`Ùk ls 35° ls 60° mÙkj o nf{k.k osQ chp
;g tyok;q egk}hiksa osQ mu vkarfjd Hkkxksa rd
ifj:¼ gksrh gS tgk¡ ioZrksa ls f?kjs gksus osQ dkj.k izk;%
leqnzh vknzZ iousa ugha igq¡p ikrhaA
'kq"d tyok;q dks LVSih vFkok v¼Z&'kq"d tyok;q
(BS) vkSj e:LFky tyok;q (BW) esa foHkkftr fd;k
tkrk gSA bls vkxs 15° ls 35° v{kak'kksa osQ chp miks".k
dfVcaèkh; LVSih (BSh) vkSj miks".k dfVcaèkh; e:LFky
(BWh) esa ck¡Vk tkrk gSA 35° vkSj 60° va{kk'kksa osQ
chp bls eè; v{kka'kh; LVSih (BSk) rFkk eè; v{kka'kh;
e:LFky (BWk) es foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSA
miks".k dfVcaèkh; LVSih (BSh) ,oa
miks".k dfVcaèkh; e:LFky (BWh) tyok;q
miks".k dfVcaèkh; LVSih (BSh) ,oa miks".k dfVcaèkh;
e:LFky (BWh) tyok;q esa o"kZ.k vkSj rkieku osQ
y{k.k ,d leku gksrs gSaA vknzZ ,ao 'kq"d tyok;q
osQ laØe.k {ks=k esa vofLFkr gksus osQ dkj.k miks".k
dfVcaèkh; LVSih tyok;q esa e:LFky tyok;q dh
vis{kk o"kkZ FkksM+h T;knk gksrh gS tks fojy ?kklHkwfe;ksa
osQ fy, i;kZIr gksrh gSA o"kkZ nksuksa gh tyok;q esa
ifjorZu'khyrk gksrh gSA o"kkZ dh ifjorZu'khyrk
e:LFky dh vis{kk LVSih esa thou dks vfèkd
izHkkfor djrh gSA blls dbZ ckj vdky dh fLFkfr
iSnk gks tkrh gSA e:LFkyksa esa o"kkZ FkksM+h fdarq xjt
osQ lkFk rhoz ckSNkjksa osQ :i esa gksrh gS] tks e`nk esa ueh
iSnk djus esa vizHkkoh fl¼ gksrh gSA BaMh èkkjkvksa
rkieku yxrs rVh; e:LFkyksa esa dksgjk ,d vke ckr
gSA xzh"e½rq esa vfèkdre rkieku cgqr Å¡pk gksrk gSA
yhfc;k osQ vy&vthf”k;k esa 13 flracj 1922 dks
mPpre rkieku 58° lsfYl;l ntZ fd;k x;k FkkA
bl tyok;q esa okf"kZd vkSj nSfud rkikarj Hkh vfèkd
ik, tkrs gSaA
dks".k 'khrks".k (eè; v{kka'kh;) tyok;q & C
dks".k 'khrks".k (eè; v{kka'kh;) tyok;q 30° ls 50°
v{kka'kksa osQ eè; eq[;r% egk}hiksa osQ iwohZ vkSj if'peh
lhekarksa ij foLr`r gSA bl tyok;q esa lkekU;r% xzh"e
½rq dks".k vkSj 'khr ½rq e`nqy gksrh gSA bl tyok;q dks
pkj izdkjksa esa oxhZd`r fd;k x;k gS% (i) vknzZ miks".k
dfVcaèkh;] vFkkZr lfnZ;ksa esa 'kq"d vkSj xfeZ;ksa esa m".k
(Cwa) (ii) Hkweè;lkxjh; (Cs) (iii) vknzZ miks".k dfVcaèkh;
vFkkZr~ 'kq"d ½rq dh vuqifLFkfr rFkk e`nq 'khr ½rq
(Cfa) (iv) leqnzh if'pe rVh; tyok;q (Cfb)A
111
fo'o dh tyok;q ,oa tyok;q ifjorZu
vknzZ miks".k dfVcaèkh; tyok;q (Cwa)
vknzZ miks".k dfVcaèkh; tyok;q ddZ ,oa edj js[kk ls
èkzqoksa dh vksj eq[;r% Hkkjr osQ mÙkjh eSnku vkSj
nf{k.kh phu osQ vkarfjd eSnkuksa esa ikbZ tkrh gSA ;g
tyok;q Aw tyok;q tSlh gh gS] osQoy bruk viokn
gS fd bles lfnZ;ksa dk rkieku dks".k gksrk gSA
Hkweè;lkxjh; tyok;q (Cs)
tSlk fd uke ls Li"V gS Hkweè; lkxjh; tyok;q
Hkweè; lkxj osQ pkjksa vksj rFkk miks".k dfVcaèk ls
30° ls 40° v{kka'kksa osQ chp egk}hiksa osQ if'peh rV
osQ lkFk&lkFk ikbZ tkrh gSA eè; osQfyiQksfuZ;k] eè;
fpyh rFkk vkLVªsfy;k osQ nf{k.k&iwohZ vkSj nf{k.k&if'peh
rV blosQ mnkgj.k gSaA ;s {ks=k xzh"e ½rq esa miks".k
dfVcaèkh; mPp ok;qnkc rFkk 'khr ½rq esa iNqvk
iouksa osQ izHkko esa vk tkrs gSaA bl izdkj m".k o 'kq"d
xfeZ;k¡ rFkk e`nq ,oa o"kkZ;qDr lfnZ;k¡ bl tyok;q dh
fo'ks"krk,¡ gSaA xzh"e ½rq esa vkSlr ekfld rkieku 25°
lsfYl;l osQ vkl&ikl rFkk 'khr ½rq esa 10° lsfYl;l
ls de jgrk gSA okf"kZd o"kkZ 35 ls 90 ls-eh- osQ chp
gksrk gSA
vknzZ miks".k dfVcaèkh; tyok;q (Cfa)
vknzZ miks".k dfVcaèkh; tyok;q miks".k dfVcaèkh;
v{kka'kksa esa egk}hiksa osQ iwohZ Hkkxksa esa ikbZ tkrh gSA bl
izns'k esa ok;qjkf'k;k¡ izk;% vfLFkj jgrh gSa vkSj iwjs o"kZ
o"kkZ djrh gSaA ;g tyok;q iwohZ la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk]
nf{k.kh rFkk iwohZ phu] nf{k.kh tkiku] mÙkj&iwohZ vtsZaVhuk]
rVh; nf{k.k vizQhdk vkSj vkLVªsfy;k osQ iwohZ rV ij
ikbZ tkrh gSA vkSlr okf"kZd o"kkZ 75 ls 150 ls-eh-
osQ chp jgrh gSA xzh"e ½rq esa rfM+r>a>k vkSj 'khr½rq
esa okrkxzh o"kZ.k lkekU; fo'ks"krk,¡ gSaA xzh"e ½rq esa
vkSlr ekfld rkieku yxHkx 27° lsfYl;l gksrk gS
tcfd tkM+ksa esa ;g 5° ls 12° lsfYl;l osQ chp
jgrk gSA nSfud rkaikrj cgqr de gksrk gSA
leqnzh if'pe rVh; tyok;q (Cfb)
leqnzh if'pe rVh; tyok;q egk}hiksa osQ if'peh rVksa
ij Hkweè; lkxjh; tyok;q ls èkzqoksa dh vksj ikbZ tkrh
gSA bl tyok;q osQ izeq[k {ks=k gSa & mÙkj&if'peh
;wjksi] mÙkjh vesfjdk dk if'peh rV] mÙkjh osQfyiQksfuZ;k]
nf{k.k fpyh] nf{k.k&iwohZ vkLVªsfy;k vkSj U;wthySaMA
;gk¡ leqnzh izHkko osQ dkj.k rkieku eè;e gksrs gSa vkSj
'khr ½rq esa vius v{kka'kksa dh rqyuk esa dks".k gksrs gSaA
xehZ osQ eghuksa esa vkSlr rkieku 15° ls 20° lsfYl;l
vkSj lfnZ;ksa esa 4° ls 10° lsfYl;l osQ chp jgrk gSA
okf"kZd vkSj nSfud rkikarj de ik;k tkrk gSaA o"kZ.k
lky Hkj gksrh gS ysfdu ;g lfnZ;ksa esa vfèkd gksrh gSA
o"kZ.k 50 ls-eh- ls 250 ls-eh- osQ chp ?kVrh c<+rh
jgrh gSA
'khr fge&ou tyok;q (D)
'khr fge&ou tyok;q mÙkjh xksyk¼Z esa 40° ls 70°
v{kka'kksa osQ chp ;wjksi] ,f'k;k vkSj mÙkjh vesfjdk osQ
foLr`r egk}hih; {ks=kksa esa ikbZ tkrh gSA 'khr fge ou
tyok;q dks nks izdkjksa esa foHkDr fd;k tkrk gS% (i) Df
vknzZ tkM+ksa ls ;qDr BaMh tyok;q vkSj (ii) Dw 'kq"d
tkM+ksa ls ;qDr BaMh tyok;q mPp v{kka'kksa esa lnhZ dh
mxzrk vfèkd eq[kj gksrh gSA
vknzZ tkM+ksa ls ;qDr BaMh tyok;q (Df)
vknzZ tkM+ksa ls ;qDr BaMh tyok;q leqnzh if'pe rVh;
tyok;q vkSj eè; v{kka'kh; LVSih tyok;q ls èkzqoksa dh
vksj ikbZ tkrh gSA tkM+s BaMs vkSj ciQhZys gksrs gSaA
rq"kkj&eqDr ½rq NksVh gksrh gSA okf"kZd rkikarj vfèkd
gksrk gSA ekSleh ifjorZu vkdfLed vkSj vYidkfyd
gksrs gSaA èkzqoksa dh vksj lfnZ;k¡ vfèkd mxz gksrh gSaA
'kq"d tkM+ksa ls ;qDr BaMh tyok;q (DW)
'kq"d tkM+ksa ls ;qDr BaMh tyok;q eq[;r% mÙkj&iwohZ
,f'k;k esa ikbZ tkrh gSA tkM+ksa esa izfrpØokr dk Li"V
fodkl rFkk xzh"e ½rq esa mldk detksj iM+uk bl
{ks=k esa iouksa osQ izR;koZu dh ekulwu tSlh n'kk,¡
mRiUu djrs gSaA èkzqoksa dh vksj xfeZ;ksa esa rkieku de
gksrs gSa vkSj tkM+ksa esa rkieku vR;ar U;wu gksrh gSA oqQN
LFkku rks ,sls Hkh gSa] tgk¡ o"kkZ osQ lkr eghus rd
rkieku fgekad fcanq ls de jgrk gSaA okf"kZd o"kkZ de
gksrh gS tks 12 ls 15 ls-eh- osQ chp gksrh gSA
112
HkkSfrd Hkwxksy osQ ewy fl¼kar
èkzqoh; tyok;q (E)
èkzqoh; tyok;q 70° v{kka'k ls ijs èkzqoksa dh vksj ikbZ
tkrh gSA èkzqoh; tyok;q nks izdkj dh gksrh gS% (i) Vq.Mªk
(ET) (ii) fge Vksih (EF)A
Vq.Mªk tyok;q (ET)
Vq.Mªk tyok;q dk uke dkbZ] ykbdku rFkk iq"ih ikni
tSls NksVs ouLifr izdkjksa osQ vkèkkj ij j[kk x;k gSA
;g LFkk;h rq"kkj dk izns'k gS ftlesa vèkksHkwfe LFkk;h
:i ls teh jgrh gSA y?kqoèkZu dky vkSj tykØkafr
NksVh ouLifr dk gh iks"k.k dj ikrs gSaA xzh"e ½rq esa
Vq.Mªk izns'kksa eas fnu osQ izdk'k dh vofèk yach gksrh gSA
fgeVksi tyok;q (EF)
fgeVksi tyok;q xzhuySaM vkSj vaVkoZQfVdk osQ vkarfjd
Hkkxksa esa ikbZ tkrh gSA xfeZ;ksa esa Hkh rkieku fgekad ls
uhps jgrk gSA bl {ks=k esa o"kkZ FkksM+h ek=kk esa gksrh gSA
rq"kkj ,oa fge ,df=kr gksrh tkrh gS ftudk c<+rk gqvk
ncko fge ijrksa dks fod`r dj nsrk gSA fge ijrksa osQ
;s VqdM+s vkdZfVd ,oa vaVkoZQfVd ty esa f[kld dj
Iykoh fge 'kSyksa osQ :i esa rSjus yxrs gSaA vaVkoZQfVd
esa 79° nf{k.k v{kka'k ij ^^IysV~;w LVs'ku** ij Hkh ;gh
tyok;q ikbZ tkrh gSA
mPp Hkwfe tyok;q (F)
mPp Hkwfe tyok;q HkkSE;kd`fr }kjk fu;af=kr gksrh gSA
Å¡ps ioZrksa esa FkksM+h&FkksM+h nwfj;ksa ij eè;eku rkieku esa
Hkkjh ifjorZu ik, tkrs gSaA mPp Hkwfe;ksa esa o"kZ.k osQ
izdkjksa o mudh xgurk esa Hkh LFkkfud varj ik, tkrs
gSaA ioZrh; okrkoj.k esa Å¡pkbZ osQ lkFk tyok;q izns'kksa
osQ Lrfjr ÅèokZèkj dfVcaèk ik, tkrs gSaA
tyok;q ifjorZu
ftl izdkj dh tyok;q dk vuqHko ge vc dj jgs
gSa og FkksM+s cgqr mrkj p<+ko osQ lkFk foxr 10
g”kkj o"kks± ls vuqHko dh tk jgh gSA vius izknqHkkZo
ls gh i`Foh us tyok;q esa vusd ifjorZu ns[ks gSaA
HkwxfHkZd vfHkys[kksa ls fge;qxksa vkSj varj&fge;qxksa esa
ozQe'k% ifjorZu dh izfozQ;k ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA
Hkw&vkd`frd y{k.k] fo'ks"kr% Å¡pkbZ;ksa rFkk mPp
v{kka'kksa esa fgekfu;ksa osQ vkxs c<+us o ihNs gVus osQ
'ks"k fpÉ iznf'kZr djrs gSaA fgekuh fufeZr >hyksa esa
volknksa dk fu{ksi.k m".k ,oa 'khr ;qxksa osQ gksus
dks mtkxj djrk gSA o`{kksa osQ ruksa esa ik, tkus okys
oy; Hkh vknzZ ,oa 'kq"d ;qxksa dh mifLFkfr dk
laosQr nsrs gSaA ,sfrgkfld vfHkys[k Hkh tyok;q dh
vfuf'prrk dk o.kZu djrs gSaA ;s lHkh lk{; bafxr
djrs gSaa fd tyok;q ifjorZu ,d izkd`frd ,oa
lrr izfØ;k gSA
Hkkjr esa Hkh vknzZ ,oa 'kq"d ;qx vkrs tkrs jgs gSaA
iqjkrRo [kkstsa n'kkZrh gSa fd bZlk ls yxHkx 8,000 o"kZ
iwoZ jktLFkku e#LFky dh tyok;q vknzZ ,oa 'khry FkhA
bZlk ls 3,000 ls 1,700 o"kZ iwoZ ;gk¡ o"kkZ vfèkd
gksrh FkhA yxHkx 2,000 ls 1,700 o"kZ bZlk iwoZ ;g
{ks=k gM+Iik laLo`Qfr dk osaQnz FkkA 'kq"d n'kk,¡ rHkh ls
xgu gqbZ gSaA
yxHkx 50 djksM+ ls 30 djksM+ o"kZ igys
Hkw&oSKkfud dky osQ oSaQfcz;u] vkMksZfofl;u rFkk
flY;qfj;u ;qxksa esa i`Foh xeZ FkhA IyhLVkslhu ;qxkarj osQ
nkSjku fge;qx vkSj varj fge;qx vofèk;k¡ jgh gSaA vafre
izeq[k fge;qx vkt ls 18,000 o"kZ iwoZ FkkA orZeku
varj fge;qx 10,000 o"kZ iwoZ vkjaHk gqvk FkkA
vfHkuo iwoZ dky esa tyok;q
lHkh dkyksa eas tyok;q ifjorZu gksrs jgs gSaA fiNyh
'krkCnh osQ 90 osQ n'kd esa pje ekSleh ?kVuk,¡
?kfVr gqbZ gSaA 1990 osQ n'kd esa 'krkCnh dk lcls
xeZ rkieku vkSj fo'o esa lcls Hk;adj ck<+ksa dks ntZ
fd;k gSA lgkjk e#LFky osQ nf{k.k esa fLFkr lkgsy
izns'k esa 1967 ls 1977 osQ nkSjku vk;k fouk'kdkjh
lw[kk ,slk gh ,d ifjorZu FkkA 1930 osQ n'kd esa
la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk osQ c`gr eSnku osQ nf{k.k&if'peh
Hkkx esa] ftls ^èkwy dk dVksjk* dgk tkrk gS] Hkh"k.k
lw[kk iM+kA iQlyksa dh mit vFkok iQlyksa osQ
fouk'k] ck<+ksa rFkk yksxksa osQ izokl lacaèkh ,sfrgkfld
vfHkys[k ifjorZu'khy tyok;q osQ izHkkoksa osQ ckjs esa
crkrs gSaA ;wjksi vusdksa ckj m".k] vknzZ] 'khr ,oa
'kq"d ;qxksa ls xqtjk gSA buesa ls egÙoiw.kZ izlax 10
oha vkSj 11 oha 'krkCnh dh m".k ,oa 'kq"d n'kkvksa dk
gS] ftuesa okbfdax dchys xzhuySaM esa tk cls FksA ;wjksi
us lu~ 1550 ls lu~ 1850 osQ nkSjku y?kq fge ;qx