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 Page 1


bl bdkbZ osQ fooj.k %
? tyh; pØ_
? egklkxj & var% leqnzh mPpkop] yo.krk ,oa rkieku dk forj.k_ egklkxjh;&rjaxsa]
Tokj HkkVk ,oa èkkjk,¡A
ty (egklkxj)
bdkbZ
V
Page 2


bl bdkbZ osQ fooj.k %
? tyh; pØ_
? egklkxj & var% leqnzh mPpkop] yo.krk ,oa rkieku dk forj.k_ egklkxjh;&rjaxsa]
Tokj HkkVk ,oa èkkjk,¡A
ty (egklkxj)
bdkbZ
V
;k vki ty osQ fcuk thou dh dYiuk dj
ldrs gSa\ dgk tkrk gS fd ty gh thou gSA
ty i`Foh ij jgus okys lHkh izdkj osQ thoksa osQ fy,
vko';d ?kVd gSA i`Foh osQ tho lkSHkkX;'kkyh gSa
fd ;g ,d tyh; xzg gSA vU;Fkk] ge yksxksa dk
vfLrRo gh ugha gksrkA ty gekjs lkSj eaMy dk
nqyZHk inkFkZ gSA lw;Z vFkok lkSjeaMy esa vU;=k dgha
Hkh ty ugha gSA lkSHkkX; ls i`Foh osQ èkjkry ij ty
dh izpqj vkiwfrZ gSA gekjs xzg dks ^uhyk xzg* (Blue
planet) Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
tyh; pozQ
ty ,d pozQh; lalkèku gS ftldk iz;ksx ,oa iqu%
egklkxjh; ty
vè;k;
iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA ty ,d pozQ osQ :i esa
egklkxj ls èkjkry ij vkSj èkjkry ls egklkxj rd
igq¡prk gSA tyh; pozQ] i`Foh ij] blosQ uhps o i`Foh
osQ mQij ok;qeaMy esa ty osQ lapyu dh O;k[;k
djrk gSA tyh; pozQ djksM+ksa o"kks± ls dk;Zjr gS vkSj
i`Foh ij lHkh izdkj dk thou blh ij fuHkZj djrk
gSA ok;q osQ ckn] ty i`Foh ij thou osQ vfLrÙo osQ
fy, lcls vko';d rÙo gSA i`Foh ij ty dk
forj.k vleku gSA cgqr ls {ks=kksa esa] ty dh izpqjrk
gS] tcfd cgqr ls {ks=kksa esa ;g lhfer ek=kk esa miyCèk
gSA tyh; pozQ i`Foh osQ tyeaMy esa fofHkUu :iksa
vFkkZr~ xSl] rjy o Bksl esa ty dk ifjlapj.k gSA bldk
laca/ egklkxjksa] ok;qeaMy] Hkwi`"B] v/%Lry vkSj thoksa
osQ chp ty osQ lrr~ vknku&iznku ls Hkh gSA
D
fp=k 13-1 % tyh; pozQ
Page 3


bl bdkbZ osQ fooj.k %
? tyh; pØ_
? egklkxj & var% leqnzh mPpkop] yo.krk ,oa rkieku dk forj.k_ egklkxjh;&rjaxsa]
Tokj HkkVk ,oa èkkjk,¡A
ty (egklkxj)
bdkbZ
V
;k vki ty osQ fcuk thou dh dYiuk dj
ldrs gSa\ dgk tkrk gS fd ty gh thou gSA
ty i`Foh ij jgus okys lHkh izdkj osQ thoksa osQ fy,
vko';d ?kVd gSA i`Foh osQ tho lkSHkkX;'kkyh gSa
fd ;g ,d tyh; xzg gSA vU;Fkk] ge yksxksa dk
vfLrRo gh ugha gksrkA ty gekjs lkSj eaMy dk
nqyZHk inkFkZ gSA lw;Z vFkok lkSjeaMy esa vU;=k dgha
Hkh ty ugha gSA lkSHkkX; ls i`Foh osQ èkjkry ij ty
dh izpqj vkiwfrZ gSA gekjs xzg dks ^uhyk xzg* (Blue
planet) Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
tyh; pozQ
ty ,d pozQh; lalkèku gS ftldk iz;ksx ,oa iqu%
egklkxjh; ty
vè;k;
iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA ty ,d pozQ osQ :i esa
egklkxj ls èkjkry ij vkSj èkjkry ls egklkxj rd
igq¡prk gSA tyh; pozQ] i`Foh ij] blosQ uhps o i`Foh
osQ mQij ok;qeaMy esa ty osQ lapyu dh O;k[;k
djrk gSA tyh; pozQ djksM+ksa o"kks± ls dk;Zjr gS vkSj
i`Foh ij lHkh izdkj dk thou blh ij fuHkZj djrk
gSA ok;q osQ ckn] ty i`Foh ij thou osQ vfLrÙo osQ
fy, lcls vko';d rÙo gSA i`Foh ij ty dk
forj.k vleku gSA cgqr ls {ks=kksa esa] ty dh izpqjrk
gS] tcfd cgqr ls {ks=kksa esa ;g lhfer ek=kk esa miyCèk
gSA tyh; pozQ i`Foh osQ tyeaMy esa fofHkUu :iksa
vFkkZr~ xSl] rjy o Bksl esa ty dk ifjlapj.k gSA bldk
laca/ egklkxjksa] ok;qeaMy] Hkwi`"B] v/%Lry vkSj thoksa
osQ chp ty osQ lrr~ vknku&iznku ls Hkh gSA
D
fp=k 13-1 % tyh; pozQ
119
egklkxjh; ty
lkj.kh 13-1 % i`Foh ij ty dk forj.k
lkj.kh 13-2 % ty pozQ osQ ?kVd ,oa izfozQ;k,¡
lkj.kh 13-1 i`Foh osQ èkjkry ij ty osQ forj.k
dks n'kkZrh gSA i`Foh ij ik, tkus okys ty dk yxHkx
71 izfr'kr Hkkx egklkxjksa eas ik;k tkrk gSA 'ks"k ty
rk”ks ty osQ :i esa fgekfu;ksa] fgeVksih] Hkwfexr ty]
>hyksa] e`nk esa vknzZrk ok;qeaMy] lfjrkvksa vkSj thoksa esa
laxzghr gSA èkjkry ij fxjus okys ty dk yxHkx 59
izfr'kr Hkkx egklkxjksa ,oa vU; LFkkuksa ls ok"ihdj.k
osQ }kjk ok;qeaMy esa pyk tkrk gSA 'ks"k Hkkx èkjkry ij
cgrk gS_ oqQN Hkwfe esa fjl tkrk gS vkSj oqQN Hkkx
fgeunh dk :i ys ysrk gSA (fp=k 13-1)A
mYys[kuh; gS fd i`Foh ij uohdj.k ;ksX; ty
fuf'pr ek=kk esa gS] tcfd ek¡x rs”kh ls c<+rh tk jgh
gSA blosQ dkj.k fo'o osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa LFkkfud ,oa
dkfyd nksuksa :iksa esa ty dk ladV iSnk gks tkrk gSA
unh ty osQ iznw"k.k us bl ladV dks vkSj vf/d c<+k
egklkxj 1]370 97-25
fgekfu;k¡ ,oa fgeVksih 29 2-05
Hkwfexr ty 9-5 0-68
>hysa 0-125 0-01
e`nk esa ueh 0-065 0-005
ok;qeaMy 0-013 0-001
unh&ukys 0-0017 0-0001
tSoeaMy 0-0006 0-00004
tyk'k;
vk;ru
(nl yk[k ?ku
fdñehñ)
oqQy
dk
izfr'kr
egklkxjksa esa laxzfgr ty
?kVd izfozQ;k,¡
ok"ihdj.k] ok"iksRltZu]
mQèoZikru
ok;qeaMy eas ty la?kuu]
o"kZ.k
fge ,oa ciZQ esa ikuh
dk laxzg.k
fge fi?kyus ij unh&ukyksa
osQ :i esa cguk
èkjkryh; ty cgko tyèkkjk osQ :i esa] rktk
ty laxzg.k o ty fjlko
HkkSe ty laxzg.k
HkkSe ty dk foltZu] >jusa
fn;k gSA vki ty dh xq.koÙkk dks oSQls lqèkkj ldrs gSa
rFkk ty dh miyCèk ek=kk esa o`f¼ dj ldrs gSa\
egklkxjh; v/LRy dk mPpkop
egklkxj i`Foh dh ckgjh ijr esa o`gr xrks± esa fLFkr gSA
bl [kaM esa] ge i`Foh osQ egklkxjh; csfluksa dh
izo`Qfr ,oa mudh Hkw&vko`Qfr dk vè;;u djsaxsA egk}hiksa
osQ foijhr egklkxj ,d nwljs esa brus LokHkkfod <ax
ls foy; gks tkrs gSa fd mudk lhekadu djuk dfBu
gks tkrk gSA Hkwxksyfonksa us i`Foh osQ egklkxjh; Hkkx dks
pkj egklkxjksa esa foHkkftr fd;k gSA muosQ uke gSa&
iz'kkar] vVykafVd] fgan ,oa vkoZQfVdA vusd leqnz]
[kkfM+;k¡] xYI
+
kQ rFkk vU; fuosf'kdk,¡ bu pkj cM+s
egklkxjksa osQ Hkkx gSaA
egklkxjh; v/Lry dk izeq[k Hkkx leqnz ry osQ
uhps 3 ls 6 fdñehñ osQ chp ik;k tkrk gSA egklkxjksa
osQ ty osQ uhps dh Hkwfe] vFkkZr~ egklkxjh; v/Lry]
Hkwfe ij ik, tkus okys y{k.kksa dh vis{kk tfVy rFkk
fofHkUu izdkj osQ y{k.kksa dks iznf'kZr djrh gSA (fp=k
13-2)A egklkxjksa dh ryh esa] fo'o dh lcls cM+h
ioZr  Ük`a[kyk,¡] lcls xgjs xrZ ,oa lcls cMs+ eSnku
gksus osQ dkj.k ;s mcM+&[kkcM+ gksrs gSaA egk}hiksa ij ik,
tkus okys y{k.kksa dh rjg ;s y{k.k Hkh fooZrfud]
Tokykeq[kh; ,oa fu{ksi.k dh fozQ;kvksa ls curs gSaA
egklkxjh; v/Lry dk foHkktu
egklkxjh; v/Lry dks pkj izeq[k Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk tk
ldrk gS& (i) egk}hih; 'ksYI
+
kQ (ii) egk}hih; <ky
(iii) xgjs leqnzh eSnku rFkk (iv) egklkxjh; xHkhjA
bl foHkktu osQ vfrfjDr egklkxjh; ryh ij oqQN
cM+s rFkk NksVs mPpkop laca/h y{k.k ik, tkrs gSa]
tSls& dVosaQ] igkfM+;k¡] leqnzh Vhyk] fueXu }hi]
[kkb;k¡ o [kîó vkfnA
egk}hih; 'ksYI
+
kQ
egk}hih; 'ksYI
+
kQ] izR;sd egk}hi dk foLr`r lhekar
gksrk gS] tks vis{kko`Qr mFkys leqnzksa rFkk [kkfM+;ksa ls
f?kjk gksrk gSA ;g egklkxj dk lcls mFkyk Hkkx gksrk
gS] ftldh vkSlr izo.krk 1 fMxzh ;k mlls Hkh de
gksrh gSA ;g 'ksYI
+
kQ vR;ar rhoz <ky ij lekIr gksrk gS
Page 4


bl bdkbZ osQ fooj.k %
? tyh; pØ_
? egklkxj & var% leqnzh mPpkop] yo.krk ,oa rkieku dk forj.k_ egklkxjh;&rjaxsa]
Tokj HkkVk ,oa èkkjk,¡A
ty (egklkxj)
bdkbZ
V
;k vki ty osQ fcuk thou dh dYiuk dj
ldrs gSa\ dgk tkrk gS fd ty gh thou gSA
ty i`Foh ij jgus okys lHkh izdkj osQ thoksa osQ fy,
vko';d ?kVd gSA i`Foh osQ tho lkSHkkX;'kkyh gSa
fd ;g ,d tyh; xzg gSA vU;Fkk] ge yksxksa dk
vfLrRo gh ugha gksrkA ty gekjs lkSj eaMy dk
nqyZHk inkFkZ gSA lw;Z vFkok lkSjeaMy esa vU;=k dgha
Hkh ty ugha gSA lkSHkkX; ls i`Foh osQ èkjkry ij ty
dh izpqj vkiwfrZ gSA gekjs xzg dks ^uhyk xzg* (Blue
planet) Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
tyh; pozQ
ty ,d pozQh; lalkèku gS ftldk iz;ksx ,oa iqu%
egklkxjh; ty
vè;k;
iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA ty ,d pozQ osQ :i esa
egklkxj ls èkjkry ij vkSj èkjkry ls egklkxj rd
igq¡prk gSA tyh; pozQ] i`Foh ij] blosQ uhps o i`Foh
osQ mQij ok;qeaMy esa ty osQ lapyu dh O;k[;k
djrk gSA tyh; pozQ djksM+ksa o"kks± ls dk;Zjr gS vkSj
i`Foh ij lHkh izdkj dk thou blh ij fuHkZj djrk
gSA ok;q osQ ckn] ty i`Foh ij thou osQ vfLrÙo osQ
fy, lcls vko';d rÙo gSA i`Foh ij ty dk
forj.k vleku gSA cgqr ls {ks=kksa esa] ty dh izpqjrk
gS] tcfd cgqr ls {ks=kksa esa ;g lhfer ek=kk esa miyCèk
gSA tyh; pozQ i`Foh osQ tyeaMy esa fofHkUu :iksa
vFkkZr~ xSl] rjy o Bksl esa ty dk ifjlapj.k gSA bldk
laca/ egklkxjksa] ok;qeaMy] Hkwi`"B] v/%Lry vkSj thoksa
osQ chp ty osQ lrr~ vknku&iznku ls Hkh gSA
D
fp=k 13-1 % tyh; pozQ
119
egklkxjh; ty
lkj.kh 13-1 % i`Foh ij ty dk forj.k
lkj.kh 13-2 % ty pozQ osQ ?kVd ,oa izfozQ;k,¡
lkj.kh 13-1 i`Foh osQ èkjkry ij ty osQ forj.k
dks n'kkZrh gSA i`Foh ij ik, tkus okys ty dk yxHkx
71 izfr'kr Hkkx egklkxjksa eas ik;k tkrk gSA 'ks"k ty
rk”ks ty osQ :i esa fgekfu;ksa] fgeVksih] Hkwfexr ty]
>hyksa] e`nk esa vknzZrk ok;qeaMy] lfjrkvksa vkSj thoksa esa
laxzghr gSA èkjkry ij fxjus okys ty dk yxHkx 59
izfr'kr Hkkx egklkxjksa ,oa vU; LFkkuksa ls ok"ihdj.k
osQ }kjk ok;qeaMy esa pyk tkrk gSA 'ks"k Hkkx èkjkry ij
cgrk gS_ oqQN Hkwfe esa fjl tkrk gS vkSj oqQN Hkkx
fgeunh dk :i ys ysrk gSA (fp=k 13-1)A
mYys[kuh; gS fd i`Foh ij uohdj.k ;ksX; ty
fuf'pr ek=kk esa gS] tcfd ek¡x rs”kh ls c<+rh tk jgh
gSA blosQ dkj.k fo'o osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa LFkkfud ,oa
dkfyd nksuksa :iksa esa ty dk ladV iSnk gks tkrk gSA
unh ty osQ iznw"k.k us bl ladV dks vkSj vf/d c<+k
egklkxj 1]370 97-25
fgekfu;k¡ ,oa fgeVksih 29 2-05
Hkwfexr ty 9-5 0-68
>hysa 0-125 0-01
e`nk esa ueh 0-065 0-005
ok;qeaMy 0-013 0-001
unh&ukys 0-0017 0-0001
tSoeaMy 0-0006 0-00004
tyk'k;
vk;ru
(nl yk[k ?ku
fdñehñ)
oqQy
dk
izfr'kr
egklkxjksa esa laxzfgr ty
?kVd izfozQ;k,¡
ok"ihdj.k] ok"iksRltZu]
mQèoZikru
ok;qeaMy eas ty la?kuu]
o"kZ.k
fge ,oa ciZQ esa ikuh
dk laxzg.k
fge fi?kyus ij unh&ukyksa
osQ :i esa cguk
èkjkryh; ty cgko tyèkkjk osQ :i esa] rktk
ty laxzg.k o ty fjlko
HkkSe ty laxzg.k
HkkSe ty dk foltZu] >jusa
fn;k gSA vki ty dh xq.koÙkk dks oSQls lqèkkj ldrs gSa
rFkk ty dh miyCèk ek=kk esa o`f¼ dj ldrs gSa\
egklkxjh; v/LRy dk mPpkop
egklkxj i`Foh dh ckgjh ijr esa o`gr xrks± esa fLFkr gSA
bl [kaM esa] ge i`Foh osQ egklkxjh; csfluksa dh
izo`Qfr ,oa mudh Hkw&vko`Qfr dk vè;;u djsaxsA egk}hiksa
osQ foijhr egklkxj ,d nwljs esa brus LokHkkfod <ax
ls foy; gks tkrs gSa fd mudk lhekadu djuk dfBu
gks tkrk gSA Hkwxksyfonksa us i`Foh osQ egklkxjh; Hkkx dks
pkj egklkxjksa esa foHkkftr fd;k gSA muosQ uke gSa&
iz'kkar] vVykafVd] fgan ,oa vkoZQfVdA vusd leqnz]
[kkfM+;k¡] xYI
+
kQ rFkk vU; fuosf'kdk,¡ bu pkj cM+s
egklkxjksa osQ Hkkx gSaA
egklkxjh; v/Lry dk izeq[k Hkkx leqnz ry osQ
uhps 3 ls 6 fdñehñ osQ chp ik;k tkrk gSA egklkxjksa
osQ ty osQ uhps dh Hkwfe] vFkkZr~ egklkxjh; v/Lry]
Hkwfe ij ik, tkus okys y{k.kksa dh vis{kk tfVy rFkk
fofHkUu izdkj osQ y{k.kksa dks iznf'kZr djrh gSA (fp=k
13-2)A egklkxjksa dh ryh esa] fo'o dh lcls cM+h
ioZr  Ük`a[kyk,¡] lcls xgjs xrZ ,oa lcls cMs+ eSnku
gksus osQ dkj.k ;s mcM+&[kkcM+ gksrs gSaA egk}hiksa ij ik,
tkus okys y{k.kksa dh rjg ;s y{k.k Hkh fooZrfud]
Tokykeq[kh; ,oa fu{ksi.k dh fozQ;kvksa ls curs gSaA
egklkxjh; v/Lry dk foHkktu
egklkxjh; v/Lry dks pkj izeq[k Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk tk
ldrk gS& (i) egk}hih; 'ksYI
+
kQ (ii) egk}hih; <ky
(iii) xgjs leqnzh eSnku rFkk (iv) egklkxjh; xHkhjA
bl foHkktu osQ vfrfjDr egklkxjh; ryh ij oqQN
cM+s rFkk NksVs mPpkop laca/h y{k.k ik, tkrs gSa]
tSls& dVosaQ] igkfM+;k¡] leqnzh Vhyk] fueXu }hi]
[kkb;k¡ o [kîó vkfnA
egk}hih; 'ksYI
+
kQ
egk}hih; 'ksYI
+
kQ] izR;sd egk}hi dk foLr`r lhekar
gksrk gS] tks vis{kko`Qr mFkys leqnzksa rFkk [kkfM+;ksa ls
f?kjk gksrk gSA ;g egklkxj dk lcls mFkyk Hkkx gksrk
gS] ftldh vkSlr izo.krk 1 fMxzh ;k mlls Hkh de
gksrh gSA ;g 'ksYI
+
kQ vR;ar rhoz <ky ij lekIr gksrk gS
120
HkkSfrd Hkwxksy osQ ewy fl¼kar
ftls 'ksYI
+
kQ vodk'k dgk tkrk gSA
egk}hih; 'ksYI
+
kQksa dh pkSM+kbZ ,d egklkxj ls nwljs
egklkxj esa fHkUu gksrh gSA egk}hih; 'ksYi+Qksa dh vkSlr
pkSM+kbZ 80 fdyksehVj gksrh gSA oqQN lhekarksa osQ lkFk
'ksYI
+
kQ ugha gksrs vFkok vR;ar ladh.kZ gksrs gSa tSls fd
fpyh osQ rV rFkk lqek=kk osQ if'peh rV bR;kfn ijA
blosQ foijhr vkdfVZd egklkxj esa lkbcsfj;u 'ksYI
+
kQ
fo'o esa lcls cM+k gS ftldh pkSM+kbZ 1]500 fdyksehVj
gSA 'ksYI
+
kQ dh xgjkbZ Hkh fHkUu fHkUu gksrh gSA oqQN {ks=kksa
esa ;g 30 ehVj vkSj oqQN {ks=kksa esa 600 ehVj xgjh
gksrh gSA
egk}hih; 'ksYI
+
kQksa ij volknksa dh eksVkbZ Hkh vyx&vyx
gksrh gSA ;s volkn Hkwfe ls ufn;ksa] fgeufn;ksa rFkk
iou }kjk ik, tkrs gSa vkSj rjaxksa rFkk /kjkvksa }kjk
forfjr fd, tkrs gSaA egk}hih; 'ksYI
+
kQksa ij yacs le;
rd izkIr LFkwy ryNVh volkn thok'eh b±/uksa osQ
lzksr curs gSaA
egk}hih; <ky
egk}hih; <ky egklkxjh; csfluksa vkSj egk}hih;
'ksYI
+
kQ dks tksM+rh gSA bldh 'kq#vkr ogk¡ gksrh gS] tgk¡
egk}hih; 'ksYI
+
kQ dh ryh rhoz <ky esa ifjofrZr gks
tkrh gSA <ky okys izns'k dh izo.krk 2 ls 5 fMxzh osQ
chp gksrh gSA <ky okys izns'k dh xgjkbZ 200 ehVj
,oa 3]000 ehVj osQ chp gksrh gSA <ky dk fdukjk
egk}hiksa osQ lekfIr dks bafxr djrk gSA blh izns'k esa
oSQfu;u (xHkhj [kîó) ,oa [kkb;k¡ fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA
xHkhj lkxjh; eSnku
xHkhj lkxjh; eSnku egklkxjh; csfluksa osQ ean <ky
okys {ks=k gksrs gSaA ;s fo'o osQ lcls fpdus rFkk lcls
likV Hkkx gSaA budh xgjkbZ 3]000 ls 6]000 ehVj osQ
chp gksrh gSA ;s eSnku eghu d.kksa okys volknksa tSls
e`fÙkdk ,oa xkn ls <osQ gksrs gSaA
egklkxjh; xrZ
;s egklkxjksa osQ lcls xgjs Hkkx gksrs gSaA ;s xrZ
vis{kko`Qr [kM+s fdukjksa okys ladh.kZ csflu gksrs gSaA
vius pkjksa vksj dh egklkxjh; ryh dh vis{kk ;s 3
ls 5 fdehñ rd xgjs gksrs gSaA ;s egk}hih; <ky osQ
vkèkkj rFkk }hih; pkiksa osQ ikl fLFkr gksrs gSa ,oa
lfozQ; Tokykeq[kh rFkk izcy HkwoaQi okys {ks=kksa ls
lacafèkr gksrs gSaA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ;s IysVksa osQ lapyu
osQ vè;;u osQ fy, dkI
+
kQh egRoiw.kZ gSaA vHkh rd
yxHkx 57 xrks± dks [kkstk x;k gS] ftuesa ls 32 iz'kkar
egklkxj esa] 19 vVykafVd egklkxj esa ,oa 6 fgan
egklkxj esa gSaA
mPpkoPp dh y?kq vko`Qfr;k¡
mQij crk, x, egklkxjh; v/Lry osQ izeq[k mPpkoPpksa
osQ vfrfjDr oqQN y?kq foaQrq egRowi.kZ vko`Qfr;k¡a
egklkxjksa osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa izeq[krk ls ikbZ tkrh gSaA
fp=k 13-2 % egklkxjh; v/Lry osQ mPpkop
Page 5


bl bdkbZ osQ fooj.k %
? tyh; pØ_
? egklkxj & var% leqnzh mPpkop] yo.krk ,oa rkieku dk forj.k_ egklkxjh;&rjaxsa]
Tokj HkkVk ,oa èkkjk,¡A
ty (egklkxj)
bdkbZ
V
;k vki ty osQ fcuk thou dh dYiuk dj
ldrs gSa\ dgk tkrk gS fd ty gh thou gSA
ty i`Foh ij jgus okys lHkh izdkj osQ thoksa osQ fy,
vko';d ?kVd gSA i`Foh osQ tho lkSHkkX;'kkyh gSa
fd ;g ,d tyh; xzg gSA vU;Fkk] ge yksxksa dk
vfLrRo gh ugha gksrkA ty gekjs lkSj eaMy dk
nqyZHk inkFkZ gSA lw;Z vFkok lkSjeaMy esa vU;=k dgha
Hkh ty ugha gSA lkSHkkX; ls i`Foh osQ èkjkry ij ty
dh izpqj vkiwfrZ gSA gekjs xzg dks ^uhyk xzg* (Blue
planet) Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
tyh; pozQ
ty ,d pozQh; lalkèku gS ftldk iz;ksx ,oa iqu%
egklkxjh; ty
vè;k;
iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA ty ,d pozQ osQ :i esa
egklkxj ls èkjkry ij vkSj èkjkry ls egklkxj rd
igq¡prk gSA tyh; pozQ] i`Foh ij] blosQ uhps o i`Foh
osQ mQij ok;qeaMy esa ty osQ lapyu dh O;k[;k
djrk gSA tyh; pozQ djksM+ksa o"kks± ls dk;Zjr gS vkSj
i`Foh ij lHkh izdkj dk thou blh ij fuHkZj djrk
gSA ok;q osQ ckn] ty i`Foh ij thou osQ vfLrÙo osQ
fy, lcls vko';d rÙo gSA i`Foh ij ty dk
forj.k vleku gSA cgqr ls {ks=kksa esa] ty dh izpqjrk
gS] tcfd cgqr ls {ks=kksa esa ;g lhfer ek=kk esa miyCèk
gSA tyh; pozQ i`Foh osQ tyeaMy esa fofHkUu :iksa
vFkkZr~ xSl] rjy o Bksl esa ty dk ifjlapj.k gSA bldk
laca/ egklkxjksa] ok;qeaMy] Hkwi`"B] v/%Lry vkSj thoksa
osQ chp ty osQ lrr~ vknku&iznku ls Hkh gSA
D
fp=k 13-1 % tyh; pozQ
119
egklkxjh; ty
lkj.kh 13-1 % i`Foh ij ty dk forj.k
lkj.kh 13-2 % ty pozQ osQ ?kVd ,oa izfozQ;k,¡
lkj.kh 13-1 i`Foh osQ èkjkry ij ty osQ forj.k
dks n'kkZrh gSA i`Foh ij ik, tkus okys ty dk yxHkx
71 izfr'kr Hkkx egklkxjksa eas ik;k tkrk gSA 'ks"k ty
rk”ks ty osQ :i esa fgekfu;ksa] fgeVksih] Hkwfexr ty]
>hyksa] e`nk esa vknzZrk ok;qeaMy] lfjrkvksa vkSj thoksa esa
laxzghr gSA èkjkry ij fxjus okys ty dk yxHkx 59
izfr'kr Hkkx egklkxjksa ,oa vU; LFkkuksa ls ok"ihdj.k
osQ }kjk ok;qeaMy esa pyk tkrk gSA 'ks"k Hkkx èkjkry ij
cgrk gS_ oqQN Hkwfe esa fjl tkrk gS vkSj oqQN Hkkx
fgeunh dk :i ys ysrk gSA (fp=k 13-1)A
mYys[kuh; gS fd i`Foh ij uohdj.k ;ksX; ty
fuf'pr ek=kk esa gS] tcfd ek¡x rs”kh ls c<+rh tk jgh
gSA blosQ dkj.k fo'o osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa LFkkfud ,oa
dkfyd nksuksa :iksa esa ty dk ladV iSnk gks tkrk gSA
unh ty osQ iznw"k.k us bl ladV dks vkSj vf/d c<+k
egklkxj 1]370 97-25
fgekfu;k¡ ,oa fgeVksih 29 2-05
Hkwfexr ty 9-5 0-68
>hysa 0-125 0-01
e`nk esa ueh 0-065 0-005
ok;qeaMy 0-013 0-001
unh&ukys 0-0017 0-0001
tSoeaMy 0-0006 0-00004
tyk'k;
vk;ru
(nl yk[k ?ku
fdñehñ)
oqQy
dk
izfr'kr
egklkxjksa esa laxzfgr ty
?kVd izfozQ;k,¡
ok"ihdj.k] ok"iksRltZu]
mQèoZikru
ok;qeaMy eas ty la?kuu]
o"kZ.k
fge ,oa ciZQ esa ikuh
dk laxzg.k
fge fi?kyus ij unh&ukyksa
osQ :i esa cguk
èkjkryh; ty cgko tyèkkjk osQ :i esa] rktk
ty laxzg.k o ty fjlko
HkkSe ty laxzg.k
HkkSe ty dk foltZu] >jusa
fn;k gSA vki ty dh xq.koÙkk dks oSQls lqèkkj ldrs gSa
rFkk ty dh miyCèk ek=kk esa o`f¼ dj ldrs gSa\
egklkxjh; v/LRy dk mPpkop
egklkxj i`Foh dh ckgjh ijr esa o`gr xrks± esa fLFkr gSA
bl [kaM esa] ge i`Foh osQ egklkxjh; csfluksa dh
izo`Qfr ,oa mudh Hkw&vko`Qfr dk vè;;u djsaxsA egk}hiksa
osQ foijhr egklkxj ,d nwljs esa brus LokHkkfod <ax
ls foy; gks tkrs gSa fd mudk lhekadu djuk dfBu
gks tkrk gSA Hkwxksyfonksa us i`Foh osQ egklkxjh; Hkkx dks
pkj egklkxjksa esa foHkkftr fd;k gSA muosQ uke gSa&
iz'kkar] vVykafVd] fgan ,oa vkoZQfVdA vusd leqnz]
[kkfM+;k¡] xYI
+
kQ rFkk vU; fuosf'kdk,¡ bu pkj cM+s
egklkxjksa osQ Hkkx gSaA
egklkxjh; v/Lry dk izeq[k Hkkx leqnz ry osQ
uhps 3 ls 6 fdñehñ osQ chp ik;k tkrk gSA egklkxjksa
osQ ty osQ uhps dh Hkwfe] vFkkZr~ egklkxjh; v/Lry]
Hkwfe ij ik, tkus okys y{k.kksa dh vis{kk tfVy rFkk
fofHkUu izdkj osQ y{k.kksa dks iznf'kZr djrh gSA (fp=k
13-2)A egklkxjksa dh ryh esa] fo'o dh lcls cM+h
ioZr  Ük`a[kyk,¡] lcls xgjs xrZ ,oa lcls cMs+ eSnku
gksus osQ dkj.k ;s mcM+&[kkcM+ gksrs gSaA egk}hiksa ij ik,
tkus okys y{k.kksa dh rjg ;s y{k.k Hkh fooZrfud]
Tokykeq[kh; ,oa fu{ksi.k dh fozQ;kvksa ls curs gSaA
egklkxjh; v/Lry dk foHkktu
egklkxjh; v/Lry dks pkj izeq[k Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk tk
ldrk gS& (i) egk}hih; 'ksYI
+
kQ (ii) egk}hih; <ky
(iii) xgjs leqnzh eSnku rFkk (iv) egklkxjh; xHkhjA
bl foHkktu osQ vfrfjDr egklkxjh; ryh ij oqQN
cM+s rFkk NksVs mPpkop laca/h y{k.k ik, tkrs gSa]
tSls& dVosaQ] igkfM+;k¡] leqnzh Vhyk] fueXu }hi]
[kkb;k¡ o [kîó vkfnA
egk}hih; 'ksYI
+
kQ
egk}hih; 'ksYI
+
kQ] izR;sd egk}hi dk foLr`r lhekar
gksrk gS] tks vis{kko`Qr mFkys leqnzksa rFkk [kkfM+;ksa ls
f?kjk gksrk gSA ;g egklkxj dk lcls mFkyk Hkkx gksrk
gS] ftldh vkSlr izo.krk 1 fMxzh ;k mlls Hkh de
gksrh gSA ;g 'ksYI
+
kQ vR;ar rhoz <ky ij lekIr gksrk gS
120
HkkSfrd Hkwxksy osQ ewy fl¼kar
ftls 'ksYI
+
kQ vodk'k dgk tkrk gSA
egk}hih; 'ksYI
+
kQksa dh pkSM+kbZ ,d egklkxj ls nwljs
egklkxj esa fHkUu gksrh gSA egk}hih; 'ksYi+Qksa dh vkSlr
pkSM+kbZ 80 fdyksehVj gksrh gSA oqQN lhekarksa osQ lkFk
'ksYI
+
kQ ugha gksrs vFkok vR;ar ladh.kZ gksrs gSa tSls fd
fpyh osQ rV rFkk lqek=kk osQ if'peh rV bR;kfn ijA
blosQ foijhr vkdfVZd egklkxj esa lkbcsfj;u 'ksYI
+
kQ
fo'o esa lcls cM+k gS ftldh pkSM+kbZ 1]500 fdyksehVj
gSA 'ksYI
+
kQ dh xgjkbZ Hkh fHkUu fHkUu gksrh gSA oqQN {ks=kksa
esa ;g 30 ehVj vkSj oqQN {ks=kksa esa 600 ehVj xgjh
gksrh gSA
egk}hih; 'ksYI
+
kQksa ij volknksa dh eksVkbZ Hkh vyx&vyx
gksrh gSA ;s volkn Hkwfe ls ufn;ksa] fgeufn;ksa rFkk
iou }kjk ik, tkrs gSa vkSj rjaxksa rFkk /kjkvksa }kjk
forfjr fd, tkrs gSaA egk}hih; 'ksYI
+
kQksa ij yacs le;
rd izkIr LFkwy ryNVh volkn thok'eh b±/uksa osQ
lzksr curs gSaA
egk}hih; <ky
egk}hih; <ky egklkxjh; csfluksa vkSj egk}hih;
'ksYI
+
kQ dks tksM+rh gSA bldh 'kq#vkr ogk¡ gksrh gS] tgk¡
egk}hih; 'ksYI
+
kQ dh ryh rhoz <ky esa ifjofrZr gks
tkrh gSA <ky okys izns'k dh izo.krk 2 ls 5 fMxzh osQ
chp gksrh gSA <ky okys izns'k dh xgjkbZ 200 ehVj
,oa 3]000 ehVj osQ chp gksrh gSA <ky dk fdukjk
egk}hiksa osQ lekfIr dks bafxr djrk gSA blh izns'k esa
oSQfu;u (xHkhj [kîó) ,oa [kkb;k¡ fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA
xHkhj lkxjh; eSnku
xHkhj lkxjh; eSnku egklkxjh; csfluksa osQ ean <ky
okys {ks=k gksrs gSaA ;s fo'o osQ lcls fpdus rFkk lcls
likV Hkkx gSaA budh xgjkbZ 3]000 ls 6]000 ehVj osQ
chp gksrh gSA ;s eSnku eghu d.kksa okys volknksa tSls
e`fÙkdk ,oa xkn ls <osQ gksrs gSaA
egklkxjh; xrZ
;s egklkxjksa osQ lcls xgjs Hkkx gksrs gSaA ;s xrZ
vis{kko`Qr [kM+s fdukjksa okys ladh.kZ csflu gksrs gSaA
vius pkjksa vksj dh egklkxjh; ryh dh vis{kk ;s 3
ls 5 fdehñ rd xgjs gksrs gSaA ;s egk}hih; <ky osQ
vkèkkj rFkk }hih; pkiksa osQ ikl fLFkr gksrs gSa ,oa
lfozQ; Tokykeq[kh rFkk izcy HkwoaQi okys {ks=kksa ls
lacafèkr gksrs gSaA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ;s IysVksa osQ lapyu
osQ vè;;u osQ fy, dkI
+
kQh egRoiw.kZ gSaA vHkh rd
yxHkx 57 xrks± dks [kkstk x;k gS] ftuesa ls 32 iz'kkar
egklkxj esa] 19 vVykafVd egklkxj esa ,oa 6 fgan
egklkxj esa gSaA
mPpkoPp dh y?kq vko`Qfr;k¡
mQij crk, x, egklkxjh; v/Lry osQ izeq[k mPpkoPpksa
osQ vfrfjDr oqQN y?kq foaQrq egRowi.kZ vko`Qfr;k¡a
egklkxjksa osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa izeq[krk ls ikbZ tkrh gSaA
fp=k 13-2 % egklkxjh; v/Lry osQ mPpkop
121
egklkxjh; ty
eè;&egklkxjh; dVd
,d eè;&egklkxjh; dVd ioZrksa dh nks  Ük`a[kykvksa ls
cuk gksrk gS] tks ,d fo'kky voueu }kjk vyx fd,
x, gksrs gSaA bu ioZr  Ük`a[kykvksa osQ f'k[kj dh mQ¡pkbZ
2]500 ehVj rd gks ldrh gS rFkk buesa ls oqQN leqnz
dh lrg rd Hkh igq¡p ldrh gSa bldk mnkgj.k
vkbZlySaM gS tks eè; vVykafVd dVd dk ,d Hkkx gSA
leqnzh Vhyk
;g uqdhys f'k[kjksa okyk ,d ioZr gS] tks leqnzh ryh
ls mQij dh vksj mBrk gS] foaQrq egklkxjksa osQ lrg
rd ugha igq¡p ikrkA leqnzh Vhys Tokykeq[kh osQ }kjk
mRiUu gksrs gSaA ;s 3]000 ls 4]500 ehVj mQ¡ps gks
ldrs gSaA ,Eisjj leqnzh Vhyk] tks iz'kkar egklkxj esa
gokbZ }hilewgksa dk foLrkj gS bldk ,d vPNk
mnkgj.k gSA
lcls likV tyeXu oSQfu;u
;s xgjh ?kkfV;k¡ gksrh gSaA ftuesa ls oqQN dh rqyuk
dksyksjsMks unh dh xSz.M oSQfu;u ls dh tk ldrh gSA
dbZ ckj ;s cM+h ufn;ksa osQ eqgkus ls vkxs dh vksj
foLr`r gksdj egk}hih; 'ksYI
+
kQ o <kyksa dks vkj&ikj
dkVrh u”kj vkrh gSA gMlu oSQfu;u fo'o dk lcls
vf/d tkuk ekuk oSQfu;u gSA
fueXu }hi
;g piVs f'k[kj okys leqnzh Vhys gSA bu piVs f'k[kj
okys tyeXu ioZrksa osQ cuus dh voLFkk,¡ ozQfed
voryu osQ lk{;ksa }kjk iznf'kZr gksrh gSaA vosQys iz'kkar
egklkxj esa vuqekur% 10]000 ls vfèkd leqnzh Vhys
,oa fueXu }hi mifLFkr gSaA
izoky }hi
;s m".k dfVcaèkh; egklkxjksa esa ik, tkus okys
izoky fHkfÙk;ksa ls ;qDr fuEu vkdkj osQ }hi gSa tks
fd xgjs voueu dks pkjksa vksj ls ?ksjs gq, gksrs gSaA
;g leqnz (vuwi) dk ,d Hkkx gks ldrk gS ;k
dHkh&dHkh ;s lkiQ] [kkjs ;k cgqr vfèkd ty dks
pkjksa rjI
+
kQ ls f?kjs jgrs gSaA
egklkxjh; ty dk rkieku
bl [kaM esa fofHkUu egklkxjksa esa rkieku dh LFkkfud
,oa mQèokZ/j fHkUurkvksa osQ ckjs esa crk;k x;k gSA
egklkxjh; ty Hkwfe dh rjg lkSj mQtkZ osQ }kjk xeZ
gksrs gSaA LFky dh rqyuk esa ty osQ rkiu o 'khryu
dh izfozQ;k /heh gksrh gSA
rkieku forj.k dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjd
egklkxjh; ty osQ rkieku forj.k dks izHkkfor djus
okys dkjd gSa&
(i) v{kka'k & /qzoksa dh vksj izos'kh lkS;Z fofdj.k
dh ek=kk ?kVus osQ dkj.k egklkxjksa osQ lrgh
ty dk rkieku fo"kqor~ o`Ùk ls /qzoksa dh vksj
?kVrk pyk tkrk gSA
(ii) LFky ,oa ty dk vleku forj.k & mÙkjh
xksyk¼Z osQ egklkxj nf{k.kh xksyk¼ZZ osQ egklkxjksa
dh vis{kk LFky osQ cgqr cM+s Hkkx ls tqM+s gksus
osQ dkj.k vfèkd ek=kk esa mQ"ek izkIr djrs gSaA
(iii) lukru iousa & LFky ls egklkxjksa dh rjiQ
cgus okyh iousa egklkxjksa osQ lrgh xeZ ty
dks rV ls nwj èkosQy nsrh gSa] ftlosQ
ifj.kkeLo:i uhps dk BaMk ty mQij dh
vksj vk tkrk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i] rkieku esa
ns'kkarjh; varj vkrk gSA blosQ foijhr]
vfHkrVh; iousa xeZ ty dks rV ij tek dj
nsrh gSa vkSj blls rkieku c<+ tkrk gS]
(iv) egklkxjh; èkkjk,¡ & xeZ egklkxjh; èkkjk,¡
BaMs {ks=kksa esa rkieku dks c<+k nsrh gSa] tcfd
BaMh èkkjk,¡ xeZ egklkxjh; {ks=kksa esa rkieku dks
?kVk nsrh gSaA xYiQ LVªhe (xeZ èkkjk) mÙkjh
vejhdk osQ iwohZ rV rFkk ;wjksi osQ if'peh
rV osQ rkieku dks c<+k nsrh gS] tcfd ysczksMksj
/kjk (BaMh èkkjk) mÙkjh vejhdk osQ mÙkj&iwohZ
rV osQ u”knhd osQ rkieku dks de dj nsrh gSaA
;s lHkh dkjd egklkxjh; èkkjkvksa osQ rkieku dks
LFkkfud :i ls izHkkfor djrs gSaA fuEu v{kka'kksa esa
fLFkr ifjosf"Br leqnzksa dk rkieku [kqys leqnzksa dh
vis{kk vfèkd gksrk gS] tcfd mPp v{kka'kksa esa fLFkr
ifjosf"Br leqnzksa dk rkieku [kqys leqnzksa dh vis{kk
de gksrk gSA
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