एनसीईआरटी पाठ्यपुस्तक: महासागरीय जल संचलन | Must Read Old & New NCERTs for UPSC CSE (Hindi) PDF Download

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fp=k 14-1 % rjaxksa dh xfr ,oa tyh;&v.kq
egklkxjh; ty lapyu
vè;k;
gklkxjh; ty fLFkj u gksdj xfreku gSA bldh
HkkSfrd fo'ks"krk,¡ (tSls& rkieku] [kkjkiu] ?kuRo)
rFkk ckg~; cy (tSls& lw;Z] panzek rFkk ok;q) vius
izHkko ls egklkxjh; ty dks xfr iznku djrs gSaA
egklkxjh; ty esa {kSfrt o mQèokZèkj nksuksa izdkj dh
xfr;k¡ gksrh gSaA egklkxjh; èkkjk,¡ o ygjsa {kSfrt xfr
ls lacafèkr gSaA TokjHkkVk mQèokZèkj xfr ls lacafèkr gSA
egklkxjh; èkkjk,¡ ,d fuf'pr fn'kk esa cgqr cM+h ek=kk
esa ty dk yxkrkj cgko gSA tcfd] rjaxsa ty dh
{kSfrt xfr gSaA èkkjkvksa esa ty ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku
ij igq¡prk gS] tcfd rjaxksa esa ty xfr ugha djrk gSA
ysfdu] rjax osQ vkxs c<+us dk ozQe tkjh jgrk gSA
mQèokZèkj xfr egklkxjksa ,oa leqnzksa esa ty osQ mQij
mBus rFkk uhps fxjus ls lacafèkr gSA lw;Z ,oa panzek osQ
vkd"kZ.k osQ dkj.k] egklkxjh; ty ,d fnu esa nks
ckj mQij mBrs ,oa uhps fxjrs gSaA vèk%Lry ls BaMs
ty dk mRizokg ,oa voizokg egklkxjh; ty osQ
mQèokZèkj xfr osQ izdkj gSaA
rjaxsa
rjaxsa okLro esa mQtkZ gSa] ty ugha] tks fd egklkxjh;
lrg osQ vkj&ikj xfr djrs gSaA rjaxksa esa ty d.k NksVs
o`Ùkkdkj :i esa xfr djrs gSaA ok;q ty dks mQtkZ iznku
djrh gSa] ftlls rjaxsa mRiUu gksrh gSaA ok;q osQ dkj.k
rjaxsa egklkxj esa xfr djrh gSa rFkk mQtkZ rVjs[kk ij
fueZqDr gksrh gSA lrg ty dh xfr egklkxjksa osQ xgjs
ry osQ fLFkj ty dks dnkfpr~ gh izHkkfor djrh gSA
tSls gh ,d rjax egklkxjh; rV ij igq¡prh gS bldh
xfr de gks tkrh gSA ,slk xR;kRed ty osQ eè;
vkil esa ?k"kZ.k gksus osQ dkj.k gksrk gS rFkk tc ty dh
xgjkbZ rjax osQ rjaxnSè;Z osQ vkèks ls de gksrh gS rc
rjax VwV tkrs gSaA cM+h rjaxsa [kqys egklkxjksa esa ik;h
tkrh gSaA rjaxsa tSls gh vkxs dh vksj c<+rh gSa cM+h gksrh
tkrh gSa rFkk ok;q ls mQtkZ dks vo'kksf"kr djrh gSaA
vfèkdrj rjaxsa ok;q osQ ty dh foijhr fn'kk esa
xfreku ls mRiUu gksrh gSaA tc nks ukWV ;k mlls de
okyh lehj 'kkar ty ij cgrh gS] rc NksVh&NksVh
mfeZdk,¡ (Ripples) curh gSa rFkk ok;q dh xfr c<+us
osQ lkFk gh budk vkdkj c<+rk tkrk gS] tc rd
buosQ VwVus ls lisQn cqycqys ugha cu tkrsA rV osQ
ikl igq¡pus] VwVus rFkk lisQn cqycyksa esa liZQ dh Hkk¡fr
?kqyus ls igys rjaxsa gtkjksa fdñehñ dh ;k=kk djrh gSaA
,d rjax dk vkdkj ,oa vko`Qfr mldh mRifÙk
dks n'kkZrk gSA ;qok rjaxsa vis{kko`Qr <ky okyh gksrh gSa
rFkk laHkor% LFkkuh; ok;q osQ dkj.k cuh gksrh gSaA de
,oa fu;fer xfr okyh rjaxksa dh mRifÙk nwjLFk LFkkuksa
ij gksrh gS] laHkor% nwljs xksyk¼Z esaA rjax osQ mPpre
fcanq dk irk ok;q osQ rhozrk osQ }kjk yxk;k tkrk gS]
;kfu ;g fdrus le; rd izHkkoh gS rFkk ml {ks=k osQ
e
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fp=k 14-1 % rjaxksa dh xfr ,oa tyh;&v.kq
egklkxjh; ty lapyu
vè;k;
gklkxjh; ty fLFkj u gksdj xfreku gSA bldh
HkkSfrd fo'ks"krk,¡ (tSls& rkieku] [kkjkiu] ?kuRo)
rFkk ckg~; cy (tSls& lw;Z] panzek rFkk ok;q) vius
izHkko ls egklkxjh; ty dks xfr iznku djrs gSaA
egklkxjh; ty esa {kSfrt o mQèokZèkj nksuksa izdkj dh
xfr;k¡ gksrh gSaA egklkxjh; èkkjk,¡ o ygjsa {kSfrt xfr
ls lacafèkr gSaA TokjHkkVk mQèokZèkj xfr ls lacafèkr gSA
egklkxjh; èkkjk,¡ ,d fuf'pr fn'kk esa cgqr cM+h ek=kk
esa ty dk yxkrkj cgko gSA tcfd] rjaxsa ty dh
{kSfrt xfr gSaA èkkjkvksa esa ty ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku
ij igq¡prk gS] tcfd rjaxksa esa ty xfr ugha djrk gSA
ysfdu] rjax osQ vkxs c<+us dk ozQe tkjh jgrk gSA
mQèokZèkj xfr egklkxjksa ,oa leqnzksa esa ty osQ mQij
mBus rFkk uhps fxjus ls lacafèkr gSA lw;Z ,oa panzek osQ
vkd"kZ.k osQ dkj.k] egklkxjh; ty ,d fnu esa nks
ckj mQij mBrs ,oa uhps fxjrs gSaA vèk%Lry ls BaMs
ty dk mRizokg ,oa voizokg egklkxjh; ty osQ
mQèokZèkj xfr osQ izdkj gSaA
rjaxsa
rjaxsa okLro esa mQtkZ gSa] ty ugha] tks fd egklkxjh;
lrg osQ vkj&ikj xfr djrs gSaA rjaxksa esa ty d.k NksVs
o`Ùkkdkj :i esa xfr djrs gSaA ok;q ty dks mQtkZ iznku
djrh gSa] ftlls rjaxsa mRiUu gksrh gSaA ok;q osQ dkj.k
rjaxsa egklkxj esa xfr djrh gSa rFkk mQtkZ rVjs[kk ij
fueZqDr gksrh gSA lrg ty dh xfr egklkxjksa osQ xgjs
ry osQ fLFkj ty dks dnkfpr~ gh izHkkfor djrh gSA
tSls gh ,d rjax egklkxjh; rV ij igq¡prh gS bldh
xfr de gks tkrh gSA ,slk xR;kRed ty osQ eè;
vkil esa ?k"kZ.k gksus osQ dkj.k gksrk gS rFkk tc ty dh
xgjkbZ rjax osQ rjaxnSè;Z osQ vkèks ls de gksrh gS rc
rjax VwV tkrs gSaA cM+h rjaxsa [kqys egklkxjksa esa ik;h
tkrh gSaA rjaxsa tSls gh vkxs dh vksj c<+rh gSa cM+h gksrh
tkrh gSa rFkk ok;q ls mQtkZ dks vo'kksf"kr djrh gSaA
vfèkdrj rjaxsa ok;q osQ ty dh foijhr fn'kk esa
xfreku ls mRiUu gksrh gSaA tc nks ukWV ;k mlls de
okyh lehj 'kkar ty ij cgrh gS] rc NksVh&NksVh
mfeZdk,¡ (Ripples) curh gSa rFkk ok;q dh xfr c<+us
osQ lkFk gh budk vkdkj c<+rk tkrk gS] tc rd
buosQ VwVus ls lisQn cqycqys ugha cu tkrsA rV osQ
ikl igq¡pus] VwVus rFkk lisQn cqycyksa esa liZQ dh Hkk¡fr
?kqyus ls igys rjaxsa gtkjksa fdñehñ dh ;k=kk djrh gSaA
,d rjax dk vkdkj ,oa vko`Qfr mldh mRifÙk
dks n'kkZrk gSA ;qok rjaxsa vis{kko`Qr <ky okyh gksrh gSa
rFkk laHkor% LFkkuh; ok;q osQ dkj.k cuh gksrh gSaA de
,oa fu;fer xfr okyh rjaxksa dh mRifÙk nwjLFk LFkkuksa
ij gksrh gS] laHkor% nwljs xksyk¼Z esaA rjax osQ mPpre
fcanq dk irk ok;q osQ rhozrk osQ }kjk yxk;k tkrk gS]
;kfu ;g fdrus le; rd izHkkoh gS rFkk ml {ks=k osQ
e
128
HkkSfrd Hkwxksy osQ ewy fl¼kar
fp=k 14-2 % xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy vkSj TokjHkkVk osQ eè; lacaèk
mQij fdrus le; ls ,d gh fn'kk esa izokgeku gS\
rjaxsa xfr djrh gSa] D;ksafd ok;q ty dks izokfgr
djrh gS tcfd xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy rjaxksa osQ f'k[kjksa dks
uhps dh vksj [khaprk gSA fxjrk gqvk ty igys okys
xrZ dks mQij dh vksj èkosQyrk gS ,oa rjax u;s fLFkfr
esa xfr djrh gSaA rjaxksa osQ uhps ty dh xfr o`Ùkkdkj
gksrh gSA ;g bafxr djrk gS fd vkrh gqbZ rjax ij
oLrqvksa dk ogu vkxs rFkk mQij dh vksj gksrk gS ,oa
ykSVrh gqbZ rjax ij uhps rFkk ihNs dh vksjA
Tokj&HkkVk
panzek ,oa lw;Z osQ vkd"kZ.k osQ dkj.k fnu esa ,d ckj
;k nks ckj leqnz ry dk fu;rdkfyd mBus ;k fxjus
dks TokjHkkVk dgk tkrk gSA tyok;q lacaèkh izHkkoksa
(ok;q ,oa ok;qeaMyh; nkc esa ifjorZu) osQ dkj.k ty
dh xfr dks egksfeZ (Surge) dgk tkrk gSA egksfeZ
TokjHkkVkvksa dh rjg fu;fer ugha gksrsA TokjHkkVkvksa
dk LFkkfud ,oa dkfyd :i ls vè;;u cgqr gh
tfVy gS] D;ksafd blosQ vko`fÙk] ifjek.k rFkk mQ¡pkbZ esa
cgqr vfèkd fHkUurk gksrh gSA
panzek osQ xq#Rokd"kZ.k osQ dkj.k rFkk oqQN gn rd
lw;Z osQ xq#Rokd"kZ.k }kjk TokjHkkVkvksa dh mRifÙk gksrh
gSA nwljk dkjd] viosaQnzh; cy gS] tks fd xq#Rokd"kZ.k
dks larqfyr djrk gSA xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy rFkk viosaQnzh;
cy nksuksa feydj i`Foh ij nks egRoiw.kZ TokjHkkVkkvksa
dks mRiUu djus osQ fy, mÙkjnk;h gSA panzek dh rjiQ
okys i`Foh osQ Hkkx ij] ,d TokjHkkVk mRiUu gksrk gS]
tc foijhr Hkkx ij panzek dk xq#Roh; vkd"kZ.k cy
mldh nwjh osQ dkj.k de gksrk gS] rc viosaQnzh; cy
nwljh rjiQ Tokj mRiUu djrk gSA (fp=k 14-2)
Tokj mRiUu djus okys cy] bu nks cyksa osQ chp
osQ varj gS_ ;kfu panzek dk xq#Roh; vkd"kZ.k rFkk
viosaQnz cyA i`Foh osQ èkjkry ij] panzek osQ fudV
rjaxksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡
rjax f'k[kj ,oa xrZ (Wave crest and trough)
,d rjax osQ mPpre ,oa fuEure fcanqvksa dks ozQe'k%
f'k[kj ,oa xrZ dgk tkrk gSA
rjax dh mQapkbZ (Wave height)
;g ,d rjax osQ xrZ osQ vèk%LFky ls f'k[kj osQ
mQijh Hkkx rd dh mQèokZèkj nwjh gSA
rjax vk;ke (Amplitude)
;g rjax dh mQ¡pkbZ dk vkèkk gksrk gSA
rjax dky (Wave period)
rjax dky ,d fuf'pr fcanq ls xqtjus okys nks
yxkrkj rjax f'k[kjksa ;k xrks± osQ chp dk le;kUrjky gSA
rjaxnSè;Z (Wavelength)
;g nks yxkrkj f'k[kjksa ;k xrks± osQ chp dh {kSfrt
nwjh gSA
rjax xfr (Wave speed)
ty osQ ekè;e ls rjax osQ xfr djus dh nj dks rjax
xfr dgrs gSa rFkk bls ukWV esa ekik tkrk gSA
rjax vko`fÙk
;g ,d lsosaQM osQ le;kUrjky esa fn, x, fcanq ls
xqtjus okyh rjaxksa dh la[;k gSA
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fp=k 14-1 % rjaxksa dh xfr ,oa tyh;&v.kq
egklkxjh; ty lapyu
vè;k;
gklkxjh; ty fLFkj u gksdj xfreku gSA bldh
HkkSfrd fo'ks"krk,¡ (tSls& rkieku] [kkjkiu] ?kuRo)
rFkk ckg~; cy (tSls& lw;Z] panzek rFkk ok;q) vius
izHkko ls egklkxjh; ty dks xfr iznku djrs gSaA
egklkxjh; ty esa {kSfrt o mQèokZèkj nksuksa izdkj dh
xfr;k¡ gksrh gSaA egklkxjh; èkkjk,¡ o ygjsa {kSfrt xfr
ls lacafèkr gSaA TokjHkkVk mQèokZèkj xfr ls lacafèkr gSA
egklkxjh; èkkjk,¡ ,d fuf'pr fn'kk esa cgqr cM+h ek=kk
esa ty dk yxkrkj cgko gSA tcfd] rjaxsa ty dh
{kSfrt xfr gSaA èkkjkvksa esa ty ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku
ij igq¡prk gS] tcfd rjaxksa esa ty xfr ugha djrk gSA
ysfdu] rjax osQ vkxs c<+us dk ozQe tkjh jgrk gSA
mQèokZèkj xfr egklkxjksa ,oa leqnzksa esa ty osQ mQij
mBus rFkk uhps fxjus ls lacafèkr gSA lw;Z ,oa panzek osQ
vkd"kZ.k osQ dkj.k] egklkxjh; ty ,d fnu esa nks
ckj mQij mBrs ,oa uhps fxjrs gSaA vèk%Lry ls BaMs
ty dk mRizokg ,oa voizokg egklkxjh; ty osQ
mQèokZèkj xfr osQ izdkj gSaA
rjaxsa
rjaxsa okLro esa mQtkZ gSa] ty ugha] tks fd egklkxjh;
lrg osQ vkj&ikj xfr djrs gSaA rjaxksa esa ty d.k NksVs
o`Ùkkdkj :i esa xfr djrs gSaA ok;q ty dks mQtkZ iznku
djrh gSa] ftlls rjaxsa mRiUu gksrh gSaA ok;q osQ dkj.k
rjaxsa egklkxj esa xfr djrh gSa rFkk mQtkZ rVjs[kk ij
fueZqDr gksrh gSA lrg ty dh xfr egklkxjksa osQ xgjs
ry osQ fLFkj ty dks dnkfpr~ gh izHkkfor djrh gSA
tSls gh ,d rjax egklkxjh; rV ij igq¡prh gS bldh
xfr de gks tkrh gSA ,slk xR;kRed ty osQ eè;
vkil esa ?k"kZ.k gksus osQ dkj.k gksrk gS rFkk tc ty dh
xgjkbZ rjax osQ rjaxnSè;Z osQ vkèks ls de gksrh gS rc
rjax VwV tkrs gSaA cM+h rjaxsa [kqys egklkxjksa esa ik;h
tkrh gSaA rjaxsa tSls gh vkxs dh vksj c<+rh gSa cM+h gksrh
tkrh gSa rFkk ok;q ls mQtkZ dks vo'kksf"kr djrh gSaA
vfèkdrj rjaxsa ok;q osQ ty dh foijhr fn'kk esa
xfreku ls mRiUu gksrh gSaA tc nks ukWV ;k mlls de
okyh lehj 'kkar ty ij cgrh gS] rc NksVh&NksVh
mfeZdk,¡ (Ripples) curh gSa rFkk ok;q dh xfr c<+us
osQ lkFk gh budk vkdkj c<+rk tkrk gS] tc rd
buosQ VwVus ls lisQn cqycqys ugha cu tkrsA rV osQ
ikl igq¡pus] VwVus rFkk lisQn cqycyksa esa liZQ dh Hkk¡fr
?kqyus ls igys rjaxsa gtkjksa fdñehñ dh ;k=kk djrh gSaA
,d rjax dk vkdkj ,oa vko`Qfr mldh mRifÙk
dks n'kkZrk gSA ;qok rjaxsa vis{kko`Qr <ky okyh gksrh gSa
rFkk laHkor% LFkkuh; ok;q osQ dkj.k cuh gksrh gSaA de
,oa fu;fer xfr okyh rjaxksa dh mRifÙk nwjLFk LFkkuksa
ij gksrh gS] laHkor% nwljs xksyk¼Z esaA rjax osQ mPpre
fcanq dk irk ok;q osQ rhozrk osQ }kjk yxk;k tkrk gS]
;kfu ;g fdrus le; rd izHkkoh gS rFkk ml {ks=k osQ
e
128
HkkSfrd Hkwxksy osQ ewy fl¼kar
fp=k 14-2 % xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy vkSj TokjHkkVk osQ eè; lacaèk
mQij fdrus le; ls ,d gh fn'kk esa izokgeku gS\
rjaxsa xfr djrh gSa] D;ksafd ok;q ty dks izokfgr
djrh gS tcfd xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy rjaxksa osQ f'k[kjksa dks
uhps dh vksj [khaprk gSA fxjrk gqvk ty igys okys
xrZ dks mQij dh vksj èkosQyrk gS ,oa rjax u;s fLFkfr
esa xfr djrh gSaA rjaxksa osQ uhps ty dh xfr o`Ùkkdkj
gksrh gSA ;g bafxr djrk gS fd vkrh gqbZ rjax ij
oLrqvksa dk ogu vkxs rFkk mQij dh vksj gksrk gS ,oa
ykSVrh gqbZ rjax ij uhps rFkk ihNs dh vksjA
Tokj&HkkVk
panzek ,oa lw;Z osQ vkd"kZ.k osQ dkj.k fnu esa ,d ckj
;k nks ckj leqnz ry dk fu;rdkfyd mBus ;k fxjus
dks TokjHkkVk dgk tkrk gSA tyok;q lacaèkh izHkkoksa
(ok;q ,oa ok;qeaMyh; nkc esa ifjorZu) osQ dkj.k ty
dh xfr dks egksfeZ (Surge) dgk tkrk gSA egksfeZ
TokjHkkVkvksa dh rjg fu;fer ugha gksrsA TokjHkkVkvksa
dk LFkkfud ,oa dkfyd :i ls vè;;u cgqr gh
tfVy gS] D;ksafd blosQ vko`fÙk] ifjek.k rFkk mQ¡pkbZ esa
cgqr vfèkd fHkUurk gksrh gSA
panzek osQ xq#Rokd"kZ.k osQ dkj.k rFkk oqQN gn rd
lw;Z osQ xq#Rokd"kZ.k }kjk TokjHkkVkvksa dh mRifÙk gksrh
gSA nwljk dkjd] viosaQnzh; cy gS] tks fd xq#Rokd"kZ.k
dks larqfyr djrk gSA xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy rFkk viosaQnzh;
cy nksuksa feydj i`Foh ij nks egRoiw.kZ TokjHkkVkkvksa
dks mRiUu djus osQ fy, mÙkjnk;h gSA panzek dh rjiQ
okys i`Foh osQ Hkkx ij] ,d TokjHkkVk mRiUu gksrk gS]
tc foijhr Hkkx ij panzek dk xq#Roh; vkd"kZ.k cy
mldh nwjh osQ dkj.k de gksrk gS] rc viosaQnzh; cy
nwljh rjiQ Tokj mRiUu djrk gSA (fp=k 14-2)
Tokj mRiUu djus okys cy] bu nks cyksa osQ chp
osQ varj gS_ ;kfu panzek dk xq#Roh; vkd"kZ.k rFkk
viosaQnz cyA i`Foh osQ èkjkry ij] panzek osQ fudV
rjaxksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡
rjax f'k[kj ,oa xrZ (Wave crest and trough)
,d rjax osQ mPpre ,oa fuEure fcanqvksa dks ozQe'k%
f'k[kj ,oa xrZ dgk tkrk gSA
rjax dh mQapkbZ (Wave height)
;g ,d rjax osQ xrZ osQ vèk%LFky ls f'k[kj osQ
mQijh Hkkx rd dh mQèokZèkj nwjh gSA
rjax vk;ke (Amplitude)
;g rjax dh mQ¡pkbZ dk vkèkk gksrk gSA
rjax dky (Wave period)
rjax dky ,d fuf'pr fcanq ls xqtjus okys nks
yxkrkj rjax f'k[kjksa ;k xrks± osQ chp dk le;kUrjky gSA
rjaxnSè;Z (Wavelength)
;g nks yxkrkj f'k[kjksa ;k xrks± osQ chp dh {kSfrt
nwjh gSA
rjax xfr (Wave speed)
ty osQ ekè;e ls rjax osQ xfr djus dh nj dks rjax
xfr dgrs gSa rFkk bls ukWV esa ekik tkrk gSA
rjax vko`fÙk
;g ,d lsosaQM osQ le;kUrjky esa fn, x, fcanq ls
xqtjus okyh rjaxksa dh la[;k gSA
129
egklkxjh; ty lapyu
okys Hkkxksa esa viosaQnzh;dj.k cy dh vis{kk xq#Rokd"kZ.k
cy vfèkd gksrk gS vkSj blfy, ;g cy panzek dh
vksj Tokjh; mHkkj dk dkj.k gSA panzek dk xq#Rokd"kZ.k
i`Foh osQ nwljh rjiQ de gksrk gS] D;ksafd ;g Hkkx
panzek ls vfèkdre nwjh ij gS rFkk ;gk¡ viosaQnzh; cy
izHkko'kkyh gksrk gSA vr% ;g panzek ls nwj nwljk mHkkj
iSnk djrk gSA i`Foh osQ èkjkry ij] {kSfrt Tokj mRiUu
djus okys cy mQèokZèkj cyksa ls vfèkd egRoiw.kZ gSa
ftuls Tokjh; mHkkj iSnk gksrs gSaA
,d fnu esa ;k 24 ?kaVs esa ;k mudh mQ¡pkbZ osQ vkèkkj
ij fofHkUu izdkjksa esa oxhZo`Qr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vko`fÙk ij vkèkkfjr Tokj&HkkVk % (Tides based
on frequency)
v¼Z&nSfud Tokj (Semi-diurnal) % ;g lcls lkekU;
Tokjh; izfozQ;k gS] ftlosQ varxZr izR;sd fnu nks mPp
,oa nks fuEu Tokj vkrs gSaA nks yxkrkj mPp ,oa fuEu
Tokj yxHkx leku mQ¡pkbZ dh gksrh gSaA
nSfud Tokj (Diurnal tide) % blesa izfrfnu osQoy
,d mPp ,oa ,d fuEu Tokj gksrk gSA mPp ,oa fuEu
Tokjksa dh mQ¡pkbZ leku gksrh gSA
fefJr Tokj (Mixed tide) % ,sls Tokj&HkkVk  ftudh
mQ¡pkbZ esa fHkUurk gksrh gS] mls fefJr Tokj&HkkVk dgk
tkrk gSA ;s Tokj&HkkVk lkekU;r% mÙkjh vejhdk osQ
if'peh rV ,oa iz'kkar egklkxj osQ cgqr ls }hi lewgksa
ij mRiUu gksrs gSaA
lw;Z] panzek ,oa i`Foh dh fLFkfr ij vkèkkfjr TokjHkkVk
(Spring tides) % mPp Tokj dh mQ¡pkbZ esa fHkUurk
i`Foh osQ lkis{k lw;Z ,oa panzek osQ fLFkfr ij fuHkZj
djrh gSA o`gr~ Tokj ,oa fuEu Tokj blh oxZ osQ
varxZr vkrs gSaA
o`gr~ Tokj (Spring tides) % i`Foh osQ lanHkZ esa lw;Z
,oa panzek dh fLFkfr Tokj dh mQ¡pkbZ dks izR;{k :i
ls izHkkfor djrh gSA tc rhuksa ,d lhèkh js[kk esa gksrs
gSa] rc Tokjh; mHkkj vfèkdre gksxkA budks o`gr~
Tokj&HkkVk dgk tkrk gS rFkk ,slk eghus esa nks ckj gksrk
gS&iwf.kZek osQ le; rFkk nwljk vekoL;k osQ le;A
fuEu Tokj (Neap tides) % lkekU;r% o`gr~ Tokj ,oa
fuEu Tokj osQ chp lkr fnu dk varj gksrk gSA bl
le; panzek ,oa lw;Z ,d nwljs osQ ledks.k ij gksrs gSa
rFkk lw;Z ,oa panzek osQ xq#Ro cy ,d nwljs osQ fo:¼
dk;Z djrs gSaA panzek dk vkd"kZ.k lw;Z osQ nksxqus ls
vfèkd gksrs gq, Hkh] ;g cy lw;Z osQ xq#Rokd"kZ.k osQ
dukMk esa iaQMh [kkM+h osQ TokjHkkVk
fo'o dk lcls mQ¡pk TokjHkkVk dukMk osQ uokLdksf'k;k
esa fLFkr iaQMh osQ [kk¡M+h esa vkrk gSA Tokjh; mHkkj
dh mQ¡pkbZ 15 ls 16 ehVj osQ chp gksrh gS D;ksafd
ogk¡ ij nks mPp Tokj ,oa nks fuEu Tokj izfrfnu vkrs
gSa (yxHkx 24 ?kaVs dk le;)] vr% ,d Tokj 6 ?kaVs
osQ Hkhrj t:j vkrk gSA vuqekur% Tokjh; mHkkj ,d
?kaVs esa yxHkx 2-4 ehVj mQij mBrk gSA bldk
eryc ;g gqvk fd Tokj izfr feuV 4 lsñehñ T;knk
mQij dh vksj mBrk gSA vxj vki leqnzh chp ij
Vgyrs gq, leqnzh Hk`xq osQ fdukjs igq¡ps (tks izk;%
ogk¡ gksrs gSa)] vki Tokj ns[kuk u HkwysaA vxj vki
,d ?kaVs rd ogk¡ gSa] rc vki ik,¡xs tgk¡ ls vkius
'kq: fd;k Fkk] ogk¡ igq¡pus osQ igys gh ikuh
vkiosQ flj osQ mQij gksxkA
tgk¡ egk}hih; eXurV vis{kko`Qr foLr`r gSa] ogk¡
Tokjh; mHkkj vfèkd mQ¡pkbZ okys gksrs gSaA tc ;s
Tokjh; mHkkj eè; egklkxjh; }hiksa ls Vdjkrs gSa] rks
budh mQ¡pkbZ esa vUrj vk tkrk gSA rVksa osQ ikl
Tokjun o [kkfM+;ksa dh vko`Qfr;k¡ Hkh TokjHkkVkvksa osQ
rhozrk dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA 'kaDokdkj [kkM+h Tokj osQ
ifjek.k dks vk'p;Ztud rjhosQ ls cny nsrk gSA tc
TokjHkkVk }hiksa osQ chp ls ;k [kkfM+;ksa rFkk Tokjun
laxeksa esa ls xq”kjrk gS] rks mUgsa Tokjh; èkkjk dgrs gSaA
TokjHkkVk osQ izdkj
Tokj dh vko`fÙk] fn'kk ,oa xfr esa LFkkuh; o lkef;d
fHkUurk ikbZ tkrh gSA TokjHkkVkvksa dks mudh ckjackjrk
Page 4


fp=k 14-1 % rjaxksa dh xfr ,oa tyh;&v.kq
egklkxjh; ty lapyu
vè;k;
gklkxjh; ty fLFkj u gksdj xfreku gSA bldh
HkkSfrd fo'ks"krk,¡ (tSls& rkieku] [kkjkiu] ?kuRo)
rFkk ckg~; cy (tSls& lw;Z] panzek rFkk ok;q) vius
izHkko ls egklkxjh; ty dks xfr iznku djrs gSaA
egklkxjh; ty esa {kSfrt o mQèokZèkj nksuksa izdkj dh
xfr;k¡ gksrh gSaA egklkxjh; èkkjk,¡ o ygjsa {kSfrt xfr
ls lacafèkr gSaA TokjHkkVk mQèokZèkj xfr ls lacafèkr gSA
egklkxjh; èkkjk,¡ ,d fuf'pr fn'kk esa cgqr cM+h ek=kk
esa ty dk yxkrkj cgko gSA tcfd] rjaxsa ty dh
{kSfrt xfr gSaA èkkjkvksa esa ty ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku
ij igq¡prk gS] tcfd rjaxksa esa ty xfr ugha djrk gSA
ysfdu] rjax osQ vkxs c<+us dk ozQe tkjh jgrk gSA
mQèokZèkj xfr egklkxjksa ,oa leqnzksa esa ty osQ mQij
mBus rFkk uhps fxjus ls lacafèkr gSA lw;Z ,oa panzek osQ
vkd"kZ.k osQ dkj.k] egklkxjh; ty ,d fnu esa nks
ckj mQij mBrs ,oa uhps fxjrs gSaA vèk%Lry ls BaMs
ty dk mRizokg ,oa voizokg egklkxjh; ty osQ
mQèokZèkj xfr osQ izdkj gSaA
rjaxsa
rjaxsa okLro esa mQtkZ gSa] ty ugha] tks fd egklkxjh;
lrg osQ vkj&ikj xfr djrs gSaA rjaxksa esa ty d.k NksVs
o`Ùkkdkj :i esa xfr djrs gSaA ok;q ty dks mQtkZ iznku
djrh gSa] ftlls rjaxsa mRiUu gksrh gSaA ok;q osQ dkj.k
rjaxsa egklkxj esa xfr djrh gSa rFkk mQtkZ rVjs[kk ij
fueZqDr gksrh gSA lrg ty dh xfr egklkxjksa osQ xgjs
ry osQ fLFkj ty dks dnkfpr~ gh izHkkfor djrh gSA
tSls gh ,d rjax egklkxjh; rV ij igq¡prh gS bldh
xfr de gks tkrh gSA ,slk xR;kRed ty osQ eè;
vkil esa ?k"kZ.k gksus osQ dkj.k gksrk gS rFkk tc ty dh
xgjkbZ rjax osQ rjaxnSè;Z osQ vkèks ls de gksrh gS rc
rjax VwV tkrs gSaA cM+h rjaxsa [kqys egklkxjksa esa ik;h
tkrh gSaA rjaxsa tSls gh vkxs dh vksj c<+rh gSa cM+h gksrh
tkrh gSa rFkk ok;q ls mQtkZ dks vo'kksf"kr djrh gSaA
vfèkdrj rjaxsa ok;q osQ ty dh foijhr fn'kk esa
xfreku ls mRiUu gksrh gSaA tc nks ukWV ;k mlls de
okyh lehj 'kkar ty ij cgrh gS] rc NksVh&NksVh
mfeZdk,¡ (Ripples) curh gSa rFkk ok;q dh xfr c<+us
osQ lkFk gh budk vkdkj c<+rk tkrk gS] tc rd
buosQ VwVus ls lisQn cqycqys ugha cu tkrsA rV osQ
ikl igq¡pus] VwVus rFkk lisQn cqycyksa esa liZQ dh Hkk¡fr
?kqyus ls igys rjaxsa gtkjksa fdñehñ dh ;k=kk djrh gSaA
,d rjax dk vkdkj ,oa vko`Qfr mldh mRifÙk
dks n'kkZrk gSA ;qok rjaxsa vis{kko`Qr <ky okyh gksrh gSa
rFkk laHkor% LFkkuh; ok;q osQ dkj.k cuh gksrh gSaA de
,oa fu;fer xfr okyh rjaxksa dh mRifÙk nwjLFk LFkkuksa
ij gksrh gS] laHkor% nwljs xksyk¼Z esaA rjax osQ mPpre
fcanq dk irk ok;q osQ rhozrk osQ }kjk yxk;k tkrk gS]
;kfu ;g fdrus le; rd izHkkoh gS rFkk ml {ks=k osQ
e
128
HkkSfrd Hkwxksy osQ ewy fl¼kar
fp=k 14-2 % xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy vkSj TokjHkkVk osQ eè; lacaèk
mQij fdrus le; ls ,d gh fn'kk esa izokgeku gS\
rjaxsa xfr djrh gSa] D;ksafd ok;q ty dks izokfgr
djrh gS tcfd xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy rjaxksa osQ f'k[kjksa dks
uhps dh vksj [khaprk gSA fxjrk gqvk ty igys okys
xrZ dks mQij dh vksj èkosQyrk gS ,oa rjax u;s fLFkfr
esa xfr djrh gSaA rjaxksa osQ uhps ty dh xfr o`Ùkkdkj
gksrh gSA ;g bafxr djrk gS fd vkrh gqbZ rjax ij
oLrqvksa dk ogu vkxs rFkk mQij dh vksj gksrk gS ,oa
ykSVrh gqbZ rjax ij uhps rFkk ihNs dh vksjA
Tokj&HkkVk
panzek ,oa lw;Z osQ vkd"kZ.k osQ dkj.k fnu esa ,d ckj
;k nks ckj leqnz ry dk fu;rdkfyd mBus ;k fxjus
dks TokjHkkVk dgk tkrk gSA tyok;q lacaèkh izHkkoksa
(ok;q ,oa ok;qeaMyh; nkc esa ifjorZu) osQ dkj.k ty
dh xfr dks egksfeZ (Surge) dgk tkrk gSA egksfeZ
TokjHkkVkvksa dh rjg fu;fer ugha gksrsA TokjHkkVkvksa
dk LFkkfud ,oa dkfyd :i ls vè;;u cgqr gh
tfVy gS] D;ksafd blosQ vko`fÙk] ifjek.k rFkk mQ¡pkbZ esa
cgqr vfèkd fHkUurk gksrh gSA
panzek osQ xq#Rokd"kZ.k osQ dkj.k rFkk oqQN gn rd
lw;Z osQ xq#Rokd"kZ.k }kjk TokjHkkVkvksa dh mRifÙk gksrh
gSA nwljk dkjd] viosaQnzh; cy gS] tks fd xq#Rokd"kZ.k
dks larqfyr djrk gSA xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy rFkk viosaQnzh;
cy nksuksa feydj i`Foh ij nks egRoiw.kZ TokjHkkVkkvksa
dks mRiUu djus osQ fy, mÙkjnk;h gSA panzek dh rjiQ
okys i`Foh osQ Hkkx ij] ,d TokjHkkVk mRiUu gksrk gS]
tc foijhr Hkkx ij panzek dk xq#Roh; vkd"kZ.k cy
mldh nwjh osQ dkj.k de gksrk gS] rc viosaQnzh; cy
nwljh rjiQ Tokj mRiUu djrk gSA (fp=k 14-2)
Tokj mRiUu djus okys cy] bu nks cyksa osQ chp
osQ varj gS_ ;kfu panzek dk xq#Roh; vkd"kZ.k rFkk
viosaQnz cyA i`Foh osQ èkjkry ij] panzek osQ fudV
rjaxksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡
rjax f'k[kj ,oa xrZ (Wave crest and trough)
,d rjax osQ mPpre ,oa fuEure fcanqvksa dks ozQe'k%
f'k[kj ,oa xrZ dgk tkrk gSA
rjax dh mQapkbZ (Wave height)
;g ,d rjax osQ xrZ osQ vèk%LFky ls f'k[kj osQ
mQijh Hkkx rd dh mQèokZèkj nwjh gSA
rjax vk;ke (Amplitude)
;g rjax dh mQ¡pkbZ dk vkèkk gksrk gSA
rjax dky (Wave period)
rjax dky ,d fuf'pr fcanq ls xqtjus okys nks
yxkrkj rjax f'k[kjksa ;k xrks± osQ chp dk le;kUrjky gSA
rjaxnSè;Z (Wavelength)
;g nks yxkrkj f'k[kjksa ;k xrks± osQ chp dh {kSfrt
nwjh gSA
rjax xfr (Wave speed)
ty osQ ekè;e ls rjax osQ xfr djus dh nj dks rjax
xfr dgrs gSa rFkk bls ukWV esa ekik tkrk gSA
rjax vko`fÙk
;g ,d lsosaQM osQ le;kUrjky esa fn, x, fcanq ls
xqtjus okyh rjaxksa dh la[;k gSA
129
egklkxjh; ty lapyu
okys Hkkxksa esa viosaQnzh;dj.k cy dh vis{kk xq#Rokd"kZ.k
cy vfèkd gksrk gS vkSj blfy, ;g cy panzek dh
vksj Tokjh; mHkkj dk dkj.k gSA panzek dk xq#Rokd"kZ.k
i`Foh osQ nwljh rjiQ de gksrk gS] D;ksafd ;g Hkkx
panzek ls vfèkdre nwjh ij gS rFkk ;gk¡ viosaQnzh; cy
izHkko'kkyh gksrk gSA vr% ;g panzek ls nwj nwljk mHkkj
iSnk djrk gSA i`Foh osQ èkjkry ij] {kSfrt Tokj mRiUu
djus okys cy mQèokZèkj cyksa ls vfèkd egRoiw.kZ gSa
ftuls Tokjh; mHkkj iSnk gksrs gSaA
,d fnu esa ;k 24 ?kaVs esa ;k mudh mQ¡pkbZ osQ vkèkkj
ij fofHkUu izdkjksa esa oxhZo`Qr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vko`fÙk ij vkèkkfjr Tokj&HkkVk % (Tides based
on frequency)
v¼Z&nSfud Tokj (Semi-diurnal) % ;g lcls lkekU;
Tokjh; izfozQ;k gS] ftlosQ varxZr izR;sd fnu nks mPp
,oa nks fuEu Tokj vkrs gSaA nks yxkrkj mPp ,oa fuEu
Tokj yxHkx leku mQ¡pkbZ dh gksrh gSaA
nSfud Tokj (Diurnal tide) % blesa izfrfnu osQoy
,d mPp ,oa ,d fuEu Tokj gksrk gSA mPp ,oa fuEu
Tokjksa dh mQ¡pkbZ leku gksrh gSA
fefJr Tokj (Mixed tide) % ,sls Tokj&HkkVk  ftudh
mQ¡pkbZ esa fHkUurk gksrh gS] mls fefJr Tokj&HkkVk dgk
tkrk gSA ;s Tokj&HkkVk lkekU;r% mÙkjh vejhdk osQ
if'peh rV ,oa iz'kkar egklkxj osQ cgqr ls }hi lewgksa
ij mRiUu gksrs gSaA
lw;Z] panzek ,oa i`Foh dh fLFkfr ij vkèkkfjr TokjHkkVk
(Spring tides) % mPp Tokj dh mQ¡pkbZ esa fHkUurk
i`Foh osQ lkis{k lw;Z ,oa panzek osQ fLFkfr ij fuHkZj
djrh gSA o`gr~ Tokj ,oa fuEu Tokj blh oxZ osQ
varxZr vkrs gSaA
o`gr~ Tokj (Spring tides) % i`Foh osQ lanHkZ esa lw;Z
,oa panzek dh fLFkfr Tokj dh mQ¡pkbZ dks izR;{k :i
ls izHkkfor djrh gSA tc rhuksa ,d lhèkh js[kk esa gksrs
gSa] rc Tokjh; mHkkj vfèkdre gksxkA budks o`gr~
Tokj&HkkVk dgk tkrk gS rFkk ,slk eghus esa nks ckj gksrk
gS&iwf.kZek osQ le; rFkk nwljk vekoL;k osQ le;A
fuEu Tokj (Neap tides) % lkekU;r% o`gr~ Tokj ,oa
fuEu Tokj osQ chp lkr fnu dk varj gksrk gSA bl
le; panzek ,oa lw;Z ,d nwljs osQ ledks.k ij gksrs gSa
rFkk lw;Z ,oa panzek osQ xq#Ro cy ,d nwljs osQ fo:¼
dk;Z djrs gSaA panzek dk vkd"kZ.k lw;Z osQ nksxqus ls
vfèkd gksrs gq, Hkh] ;g cy lw;Z osQ xq#Rokd"kZ.k osQ
dukMk esa iaQMh [kkM+h osQ TokjHkkVk
fo'o dk lcls mQ¡pk TokjHkkVk dukMk osQ uokLdksf'k;k
esa fLFkr iaQMh osQ [kk¡M+h esa vkrk gSA Tokjh; mHkkj
dh mQ¡pkbZ 15 ls 16 ehVj osQ chp gksrh gS D;ksafd
ogk¡ ij nks mPp Tokj ,oa nks fuEu Tokj izfrfnu vkrs
gSa (yxHkx 24 ?kaVs dk le;)] vr% ,d Tokj 6 ?kaVs
osQ Hkhrj t:j vkrk gSA vuqekur% Tokjh; mHkkj ,d
?kaVs esa yxHkx 2-4 ehVj mQij mBrk gSA bldk
eryc ;g gqvk fd Tokj izfr feuV 4 lsñehñ T;knk
mQij dh vksj mBrk gSA vxj vki leqnzh chp ij
Vgyrs gq, leqnzh Hk`xq osQ fdukjs igq¡ps (tks izk;%
ogk¡ gksrs gSa)] vki Tokj ns[kuk u HkwysaA vxj vki
,d ?kaVs rd ogk¡ gSa] rc vki ik,¡xs tgk¡ ls vkius
'kq: fd;k Fkk] ogk¡ igq¡pus osQ igys gh ikuh
vkiosQ flj osQ mQij gksxkA
tgk¡ egk}hih; eXurV vis{kko`Qr foLr`r gSa] ogk¡
Tokjh; mHkkj vfèkd mQ¡pkbZ okys gksrs gSaA tc ;s
Tokjh; mHkkj eè; egklkxjh; }hiksa ls Vdjkrs gSa] rks
budh mQ¡pkbZ esa vUrj vk tkrk gSA rVksa osQ ikl
Tokjun o [kkfM+;ksa dh vko`Qfr;k¡ Hkh TokjHkkVkvksa osQ
rhozrk dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA 'kaDokdkj [kkM+h Tokj osQ
ifjek.k dks vk'p;Ztud rjhosQ ls cny nsrk gSA tc
TokjHkkVk }hiksa osQ chp ls ;k [kkfM+;ksa rFkk Tokjun
laxeksa esa ls xq”kjrk gS] rks mUgsa Tokjh; èkkjk dgrs gSaA
TokjHkkVk osQ izdkj
Tokj dh vko`fÙk] fn'kk ,oa xfr esa LFkkuh; o lkef;d
fHkUurk ikbZ tkrh gSA TokjHkkVkvksa dks mudh ckjackjrk
130
HkkSfrd Hkwxksy osQ ewy fl¼kar
le{k èkwfey gks tkrk gSA panzek dk vkd"kZ.k vfèkd
blfy, gS] D;ksafd og i`Foh osQ vfèkd fudV gSA
eghus esa ,d ckj tc panzek i`Foh osQ lcls
utnhd gksrk gS] vlkekU; :i ls mPp ,oa fuEu Tokj
mRiUu gksrk gSA bl nkSjku Tokjh; ozQe lkekU; ls
vfèkd gksrk gSA nks lIrkg osQ ckn] tc panzek i`Foh
(HkwE;q) ls vfèkdre nwjh ij gksrk gS] rc panzek dk
xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy lhfer gksrk gS rFkk Tokj&HkkVk osQ
ozQe mudh vkSlr mQ¡pkbZ ls de gksrs gSaA
tc i`Foh lw;Z osQ fudVre gksrh gS] izR;sd lky
3 tuojh osQ vkl&ikl mPp ,oa fuEu Tokjksa osQ ozQe
Hkh vlkekU; :i ls vfèkd U;wu gksrs gSaA tc i`Foh
lw;Z ls lcls nwj gksrh gS] izR;sd o"kZ 4 tqykbZ osQ
vkl&ikl] Tokj osQ ozQe vkSlr dh vis{kk cgqr de
gksrs gSaA mPp Tokj o fuEu Tokj osQ chp dk le;]
tc tyLrj fxjrk gS] ^HkkVk* (Ebb) dgykrk gSA
mPp Tokj ,oa fuEu Tokj osQ chp dk le; tc Tokj
mQij p<+rk gS] mls ^cgko* ;k ^ck<+* dgk tkrk gSA
Tokj&HkkVk dk egRo
pw¡fd] i`Foh] panzek o lw;Z dh fLFkfr Tokj dh mRifÙk
dk dkj.k gS vkSj budh fLFkfr osQ lgh Kku ls Tokjksa
dk iwokZuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gSA ;g ukSlapkydksa o
eNqvkjksa dks muosQ dk;Z lacaèkh ;kstukvksa esa enn djrk
gSA ukSlapkyu esa Tokjh; izokg dk vR;fèkd egRo gSA
Tokj dh mQ¡pkbZ cgqr vfèkd egRoiw.kZ gS] [kkldj
ufn;ksa osQ fdukjs okys canjxkgksa ij ,oa Tokjuneq[k osQ
Hkhrj] tgk¡ izos'k }kj ij fNNys jksfèkdk gksrs gSa] tks fd
ukSdkvksa ,oa tgktksa dks canjxkg esa izos'k djus ls jksdrs gSaA
Tokj&HkkVk ryNVksa osQ MhflYVs'ku (Desiltation) esa
Hkh enn djrh gS rFkk Tokjuneq[k ls iznwf"kr ty dks
ckgj fudkyus esa HkhA Tokjksa dk bLrseky fo|qr 'kfDr
(dukMk] izQkal] :l ,oa phu esa) mRiUu djus esa Hkh
fd;k tkrk gSA ,d 3 eSxkokV 'kfDr dk fo|qr la;=k
if'pe caxky esa lqanjou osQ nqxkZnqokuh esa yxk;k tk
jgk gSA
egklkxjh; èkkjk,¡
egklkxjh; èkkjk,¡ egklkxjksa esa unh izokg osQ leku gSA
;s fuf'pr ekxZ o fn'kk esa ty osQ fu;fer izokg dks
n'kkZrs gSaA egklkxjh; èkkjk,¡ nks izdkj osQ cyksa osQ }kjk
izHkkfor gksrh gSa] os gSa& (i) izkFkfed cy] tks ty dh
xfr dks izkjaHk djrk gS] rFkk (ii) f}rh;d cy] tks
èkkjkvksa osQ izokg dks fu;af=kr djrk gSA
izkFkfed cy] tks èkkjkvksa dks izHkkfor djrs gSa] os
gSa % (i) lkSj mQtkZ ls ty dk xeZ gksuk] (ii) ok;q] (iii)
xq#Rokd"kZ.k rFkk 4- dksfj;ksfyl cy (Coriolis force)A
lkSj mQtkZ ls xeZ gksdj ty iSQyrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS
fd fo"kor~ o`Ùk osQ ikl egklkxjh; ty dk Lrj eè;
v{kka'kksa dh vis{kk 8 lsñehñ vfèkd mQ¡pk gksrk gSA
blosQ dkj.k cgqr de izo.krk mRiUu gksrh gS rFkk
ty dk cgko <ky ls uhps dh rjI
+
kQ gksrk gSA egklkxj
osQ lrg ij cgus okyh ok;q ty dks xfreku djrh
gSA bl ozQe esa ok;q ,oa ikuh dh lrg osQ chp mRiUu
gksus okyk ?k"kZ.k cy ty dh xfr dks izHkkfor djrk
gSA xq#Rokd"kZ.k osQ dkj.k ty uhps cSBrk gS vkSj ;g
,df=kr ty nkc izo.krk esa fHkUurk ykrk gSA dksfj;kfyl
cy osQ dkj.k mÙkjh xksyk¼Z esa ty dh xfr dh fn'kk
osQ nkfguh rjI
+
kQ vkSj nf{k.kh xksyk¼Z esa ck;ha vksj
izokfgr gksrk gS rFkk muosQ pkjksa vksj cgko dks oy;
(Gyres) dgk tkrk gSA buosQ dkj.k lHkh egklkxjh;
csfluksa esa o`gr~ o`Ùkkdkj èkkjk,¡ mRiUu gksrh gSaA
ikuhs osQ ?kuRo esa varj] egklkxjh; tyèkkjkvksa osQ
mQèokZèkj xfr dks izHkkfor djrk gSA vfèkd [kkjk ty
fuEu [kkjs ty dh vis{kk T;knk l?ku gksrk gS rFkk blh
izdkj BaMk ty] xeZ ty dh vis{kk vfèkd l?ku gksrk
gSA l?ku ty uhps cSBrk gS] tcfd gYosQ ty dh
izo`fÙk mij mBus dh gksrh gSA BaMs ty okyh egklkxjh;
èkkjk,¡ rc mRiUu gksrh gSa] tc èkqzoksa osQ ikl okys ty
uhps cSBrs gSa ,oa èkhjs&èkhjs fo"kqor~ o`Ùk dh vksj xfr
djrs gSaA xeZ tyèkkjk,¡ fo"kqor~ o`Ùk ls lrg osQ lkFk
egklkxjh; èkkjkvksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡
èkkjkvksa dh igpku muosQ izokg ls gksrh gSA lkekU;r%
èkkjk,¡ lrg osQ fudV lokZfèkd 'kfDr'kkyh gksrh gSa o
;gk¡ budh xfr 5 ukWV ls vfèkd gksrh gSA xgjkbZ esa
èkkjkvksa dh xfr èkheh gks tkrh gS] tks 0-5 ukWV ls Hkh
de gksrh gSA ge fdlh èkkjk dh xfr dks mlosQ okg
(Drift) osQ :i esa tkurs gSaA okg dks ukWV esa ekik tkrk
gSA èkkjk dh 'kfDr dk lacaèk mldh xfr ls gksrk gSA
Page 5


fp=k 14-1 % rjaxksa dh xfr ,oa tyh;&v.kq
egklkxjh; ty lapyu
vè;k;
gklkxjh; ty fLFkj u gksdj xfreku gSA bldh
HkkSfrd fo'ks"krk,¡ (tSls& rkieku] [kkjkiu] ?kuRo)
rFkk ckg~; cy (tSls& lw;Z] panzek rFkk ok;q) vius
izHkko ls egklkxjh; ty dks xfr iznku djrs gSaA
egklkxjh; ty esa {kSfrt o mQèokZèkj nksuksa izdkj dh
xfr;k¡ gksrh gSaA egklkxjh; èkkjk,¡ o ygjsa {kSfrt xfr
ls lacafèkr gSaA TokjHkkVk mQèokZèkj xfr ls lacafèkr gSA
egklkxjh; èkkjk,¡ ,d fuf'pr fn'kk esa cgqr cM+h ek=kk
esa ty dk yxkrkj cgko gSA tcfd] rjaxsa ty dh
{kSfrt xfr gSaA èkkjkvksa esa ty ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku
ij igq¡prk gS] tcfd rjaxksa esa ty xfr ugha djrk gSA
ysfdu] rjax osQ vkxs c<+us dk ozQe tkjh jgrk gSA
mQèokZèkj xfr egklkxjksa ,oa leqnzksa esa ty osQ mQij
mBus rFkk uhps fxjus ls lacafèkr gSA lw;Z ,oa panzek osQ
vkd"kZ.k osQ dkj.k] egklkxjh; ty ,d fnu esa nks
ckj mQij mBrs ,oa uhps fxjrs gSaA vèk%Lry ls BaMs
ty dk mRizokg ,oa voizokg egklkxjh; ty osQ
mQèokZèkj xfr osQ izdkj gSaA
rjaxsa
rjaxsa okLro esa mQtkZ gSa] ty ugha] tks fd egklkxjh;
lrg osQ vkj&ikj xfr djrs gSaA rjaxksa esa ty d.k NksVs
o`Ùkkdkj :i esa xfr djrs gSaA ok;q ty dks mQtkZ iznku
djrh gSa] ftlls rjaxsa mRiUu gksrh gSaA ok;q osQ dkj.k
rjaxsa egklkxj esa xfr djrh gSa rFkk mQtkZ rVjs[kk ij
fueZqDr gksrh gSA lrg ty dh xfr egklkxjksa osQ xgjs
ry osQ fLFkj ty dks dnkfpr~ gh izHkkfor djrh gSA
tSls gh ,d rjax egklkxjh; rV ij igq¡prh gS bldh
xfr de gks tkrh gSA ,slk xR;kRed ty osQ eè;
vkil esa ?k"kZ.k gksus osQ dkj.k gksrk gS rFkk tc ty dh
xgjkbZ rjax osQ rjaxnSè;Z osQ vkèks ls de gksrh gS rc
rjax VwV tkrs gSaA cM+h rjaxsa [kqys egklkxjksa esa ik;h
tkrh gSaA rjaxsa tSls gh vkxs dh vksj c<+rh gSa cM+h gksrh
tkrh gSa rFkk ok;q ls mQtkZ dks vo'kksf"kr djrh gSaA
vfèkdrj rjaxsa ok;q osQ ty dh foijhr fn'kk esa
xfreku ls mRiUu gksrh gSaA tc nks ukWV ;k mlls de
okyh lehj 'kkar ty ij cgrh gS] rc NksVh&NksVh
mfeZdk,¡ (Ripples) curh gSa rFkk ok;q dh xfr c<+us
osQ lkFk gh budk vkdkj c<+rk tkrk gS] tc rd
buosQ VwVus ls lisQn cqycqys ugha cu tkrsA rV osQ
ikl igq¡pus] VwVus rFkk lisQn cqycyksa esa liZQ dh Hkk¡fr
?kqyus ls igys rjaxsa gtkjksa fdñehñ dh ;k=kk djrh gSaA
,d rjax dk vkdkj ,oa vko`Qfr mldh mRifÙk
dks n'kkZrk gSA ;qok rjaxsa vis{kko`Qr <ky okyh gksrh gSa
rFkk laHkor% LFkkuh; ok;q osQ dkj.k cuh gksrh gSaA de
,oa fu;fer xfr okyh rjaxksa dh mRifÙk nwjLFk LFkkuksa
ij gksrh gS] laHkor% nwljs xksyk¼Z esaA rjax osQ mPpre
fcanq dk irk ok;q osQ rhozrk osQ }kjk yxk;k tkrk gS]
;kfu ;g fdrus le; rd izHkkoh gS rFkk ml {ks=k osQ
e
128
HkkSfrd Hkwxksy osQ ewy fl¼kar
fp=k 14-2 % xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy vkSj TokjHkkVk osQ eè; lacaèk
mQij fdrus le; ls ,d gh fn'kk esa izokgeku gS\
rjaxsa xfr djrh gSa] D;ksafd ok;q ty dks izokfgr
djrh gS tcfd xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy rjaxksa osQ f'k[kjksa dks
uhps dh vksj [khaprk gSA fxjrk gqvk ty igys okys
xrZ dks mQij dh vksj èkosQyrk gS ,oa rjax u;s fLFkfr
esa xfr djrh gSaA rjaxksa osQ uhps ty dh xfr o`Ùkkdkj
gksrh gSA ;g bafxr djrk gS fd vkrh gqbZ rjax ij
oLrqvksa dk ogu vkxs rFkk mQij dh vksj gksrk gS ,oa
ykSVrh gqbZ rjax ij uhps rFkk ihNs dh vksjA
Tokj&HkkVk
panzek ,oa lw;Z osQ vkd"kZ.k osQ dkj.k fnu esa ,d ckj
;k nks ckj leqnz ry dk fu;rdkfyd mBus ;k fxjus
dks TokjHkkVk dgk tkrk gSA tyok;q lacaèkh izHkkoksa
(ok;q ,oa ok;qeaMyh; nkc esa ifjorZu) osQ dkj.k ty
dh xfr dks egksfeZ (Surge) dgk tkrk gSA egksfeZ
TokjHkkVkvksa dh rjg fu;fer ugha gksrsA TokjHkkVkvksa
dk LFkkfud ,oa dkfyd :i ls vè;;u cgqr gh
tfVy gS] D;ksafd blosQ vko`fÙk] ifjek.k rFkk mQ¡pkbZ esa
cgqr vfèkd fHkUurk gksrh gSA
panzek osQ xq#Rokd"kZ.k osQ dkj.k rFkk oqQN gn rd
lw;Z osQ xq#Rokd"kZ.k }kjk TokjHkkVkvksa dh mRifÙk gksrh
gSA nwljk dkjd] viosaQnzh; cy gS] tks fd xq#Rokd"kZ.k
dks larqfyr djrk gSA xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy rFkk viosaQnzh;
cy nksuksa feydj i`Foh ij nks egRoiw.kZ TokjHkkVkkvksa
dks mRiUu djus osQ fy, mÙkjnk;h gSA panzek dh rjiQ
okys i`Foh osQ Hkkx ij] ,d TokjHkkVk mRiUu gksrk gS]
tc foijhr Hkkx ij panzek dk xq#Roh; vkd"kZ.k cy
mldh nwjh osQ dkj.k de gksrk gS] rc viosaQnzh; cy
nwljh rjiQ Tokj mRiUu djrk gSA (fp=k 14-2)
Tokj mRiUu djus okys cy] bu nks cyksa osQ chp
osQ varj gS_ ;kfu panzek dk xq#Roh; vkd"kZ.k rFkk
viosaQnz cyA i`Foh osQ èkjkry ij] panzek osQ fudV
rjaxksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡
rjax f'k[kj ,oa xrZ (Wave crest and trough)
,d rjax osQ mPpre ,oa fuEure fcanqvksa dks ozQe'k%
f'k[kj ,oa xrZ dgk tkrk gSA
rjax dh mQapkbZ (Wave height)
;g ,d rjax osQ xrZ osQ vèk%LFky ls f'k[kj osQ
mQijh Hkkx rd dh mQèokZèkj nwjh gSA
rjax vk;ke (Amplitude)
;g rjax dh mQ¡pkbZ dk vkèkk gksrk gSA
rjax dky (Wave period)
rjax dky ,d fuf'pr fcanq ls xqtjus okys nks
yxkrkj rjax f'k[kjksa ;k xrks± osQ chp dk le;kUrjky gSA
rjaxnSè;Z (Wavelength)
;g nks yxkrkj f'k[kjksa ;k xrks± osQ chp dh {kSfrt
nwjh gSA
rjax xfr (Wave speed)
ty osQ ekè;e ls rjax osQ xfr djus dh nj dks rjax
xfr dgrs gSa rFkk bls ukWV esa ekik tkrk gSA
rjax vko`fÙk
;g ,d lsosaQM osQ le;kUrjky esa fn, x, fcanq ls
xqtjus okyh rjaxksa dh la[;k gSA
129
egklkxjh; ty lapyu
okys Hkkxksa esa viosaQnzh;dj.k cy dh vis{kk xq#Rokd"kZ.k
cy vfèkd gksrk gS vkSj blfy, ;g cy panzek dh
vksj Tokjh; mHkkj dk dkj.k gSA panzek dk xq#Rokd"kZ.k
i`Foh osQ nwljh rjiQ de gksrk gS] D;ksafd ;g Hkkx
panzek ls vfèkdre nwjh ij gS rFkk ;gk¡ viosaQnzh; cy
izHkko'kkyh gksrk gSA vr% ;g panzek ls nwj nwljk mHkkj
iSnk djrk gSA i`Foh osQ èkjkry ij] {kSfrt Tokj mRiUu
djus okys cy mQèokZèkj cyksa ls vfèkd egRoiw.kZ gSa
ftuls Tokjh; mHkkj iSnk gksrs gSaA
,d fnu esa ;k 24 ?kaVs esa ;k mudh mQ¡pkbZ osQ vkèkkj
ij fofHkUu izdkjksa esa oxhZo`Qr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vko`fÙk ij vkèkkfjr Tokj&HkkVk % (Tides based
on frequency)
v¼Z&nSfud Tokj (Semi-diurnal) % ;g lcls lkekU;
Tokjh; izfozQ;k gS] ftlosQ varxZr izR;sd fnu nks mPp
,oa nks fuEu Tokj vkrs gSaA nks yxkrkj mPp ,oa fuEu
Tokj yxHkx leku mQ¡pkbZ dh gksrh gSaA
nSfud Tokj (Diurnal tide) % blesa izfrfnu osQoy
,d mPp ,oa ,d fuEu Tokj gksrk gSA mPp ,oa fuEu
Tokjksa dh mQ¡pkbZ leku gksrh gSA
fefJr Tokj (Mixed tide) % ,sls Tokj&HkkVk  ftudh
mQ¡pkbZ esa fHkUurk gksrh gS] mls fefJr Tokj&HkkVk dgk
tkrk gSA ;s Tokj&HkkVk lkekU;r% mÙkjh vejhdk osQ
if'peh rV ,oa iz'kkar egklkxj osQ cgqr ls }hi lewgksa
ij mRiUu gksrs gSaA
lw;Z] panzek ,oa i`Foh dh fLFkfr ij vkèkkfjr TokjHkkVk
(Spring tides) % mPp Tokj dh mQ¡pkbZ esa fHkUurk
i`Foh osQ lkis{k lw;Z ,oa panzek osQ fLFkfr ij fuHkZj
djrh gSA o`gr~ Tokj ,oa fuEu Tokj blh oxZ osQ
varxZr vkrs gSaA
o`gr~ Tokj (Spring tides) % i`Foh osQ lanHkZ esa lw;Z
,oa panzek dh fLFkfr Tokj dh mQ¡pkbZ dks izR;{k :i
ls izHkkfor djrh gSA tc rhuksa ,d lhèkh js[kk esa gksrs
gSa] rc Tokjh; mHkkj vfèkdre gksxkA budks o`gr~
Tokj&HkkVk dgk tkrk gS rFkk ,slk eghus esa nks ckj gksrk
gS&iwf.kZek osQ le; rFkk nwljk vekoL;k osQ le;A
fuEu Tokj (Neap tides) % lkekU;r% o`gr~ Tokj ,oa
fuEu Tokj osQ chp lkr fnu dk varj gksrk gSA bl
le; panzek ,oa lw;Z ,d nwljs osQ ledks.k ij gksrs gSa
rFkk lw;Z ,oa panzek osQ xq#Ro cy ,d nwljs osQ fo:¼
dk;Z djrs gSaA panzek dk vkd"kZ.k lw;Z osQ nksxqus ls
vfèkd gksrs gq, Hkh] ;g cy lw;Z osQ xq#Rokd"kZ.k osQ
dukMk esa iaQMh [kkM+h osQ TokjHkkVk
fo'o dk lcls mQ¡pk TokjHkkVk dukMk osQ uokLdksf'k;k
esa fLFkr iaQMh osQ [kk¡M+h esa vkrk gSA Tokjh; mHkkj
dh mQ¡pkbZ 15 ls 16 ehVj osQ chp gksrh gS D;ksafd
ogk¡ ij nks mPp Tokj ,oa nks fuEu Tokj izfrfnu vkrs
gSa (yxHkx 24 ?kaVs dk le;)] vr% ,d Tokj 6 ?kaVs
osQ Hkhrj t:j vkrk gSA vuqekur% Tokjh; mHkkj ,d
?kaVs esa yxHkx 2-4 ehVj mQij mBrk gSA bldk
eryc ;g gqvk fd Tokj izfr feuV 4 lsñehñ T;knk
mQij dh vksj mBrk gSA vxj vki leqnzh chp ij
Vgyrs gq, leqnzh Hk`xq osQ fdukjs igq¡ps (tks izk;%
ogk¡ gksrs gSa)] vki Tokj ns[kuk u HkwysaA vxj vki
,d ?kaVs rd ogk¡ gSa] rc vki ik,¡xs tgk¡ ls vkius
'kq: fd;k Fkk] ogk¡ igq¡pus osQ igys gh ikuh
vkiosQ flj osQ mQij gksxkA
tgk¡ egk}hih; eXurV vis{kko`Qr foLr`r gSa] ogk¡
Tokjh; mHkkj vfèkd mQ¡pkbZ okys gksrs gSaA tc ;s
Tokjh; mHkkj eè; egklkxjh; }hiksa ls Vdjkrs gSa] rks
budh mQ¡pkbZ esa vUrj vk tkrk gSA rVksa osQ ikl
Tokjun o [kkfM+;ksa dh vko`Qfr;k¡ Hkh TokjHkkVkvksa osQ
rhozrk dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA 'kaDokdkj [kkM+h Tokj osQ
ifjek.k dks vk'p;Ztud rjhosQ ls cny nsrk gSA tc
TokjHkkVk }hiksa osQ chp ls ;k [kkfM+;ksa rFkk Tokjun
laxeksa esa ls xq”kjrk gS] rks mUgsa Tokjh; èkkjk dgrs gSaA
TokjHkkVk osQ izdkj
Tokj dh vko`fÙk] fn'kk ,oa xfr esa LFkkuh; o lkef;d
fHkUurk ikbZ tkrh gSA TokjHkkVkvksa dks mudh ckjackjrk
130
HkkSfrd Hkwxksy osQ ewy fl¼kar
le{k èkwfey gks tkrk gSA panzek dk vkd"kZ.k vfèkd
blfy, gS] D;ksafd og i`Foh osQ vfèkd fudV gSA
eghus esa ,d ckj tc panzek i`Foh osQ lcls
utnhd gksrk gS] vlkekU; :i ls mPp ,oa fuEu Tokj
mRiUu gksrk gSA bl nkSjku Tokjh; ozQe lkekU; ls
vfèkd gksrk gSA nks lIrkg osQ ckn] tc panzek i`Foh
(HkwE;q) ls vfèkdre nwjh ij gksrk gS] rc panzek dk
xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy lhfer gksrk gS rFkk Tokj&HkkVk osQ
ozQe mudh vkSlr mQ¡pkbZ ls de gksrs gSaA
tc i`Foh lw;Z osQ fudVre gksrh gS] izR;sd lky
3 tuojh osQ vkl&ikl mPp ,oa fuEu Tokjksa osQ ozQe
Hkh vlkekU; :i ls vfèkd U;wu gksrs gSaA tc i`Foh
lw;Z ls lcls nwj gksrh gS] izR;sd o"kZ 4 tqykbZ osQ
vkl&ikl] Tokj osQ ozQe vkSlr dh vis{kk cgqr de
gksrs gSaA mPp Tokj o fuEu Tokj osQ chp dk le;]
tc tyLrj fxjrk gS] ^HkkVk* (Ebb) dgykrk gSA
mPp Tokj ,oa fuEu Tokj osQ chp dk le; tc Tokj
mQij p<+rk gS] mls ^cgko* ;k ^ck<+* dgk tkrk gSA
Tokj&HkkVk dk egRo
pw¡fd] i`Foh] panzek o lw;Z dh fLFkfr Tokj dh mRifÙk
dk dkj.k gS vkSj budh fLFkfr osQ lgh Kku ls Tokjksa
dk iwokZuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gSA ;g ukSlapkydksa o
eNqvkjksa dks muosQ dk;Z lacaèkh ;kstukvksa esa enn djrk
gSA ukSlapkyu esa Tokjh; izokg dk vR;fèkd egRo gSA
Tokj dh mQ¡pkbZ cgqr vfèkd egRoiw.kZ gS] [kkldj
ufn;ksa osQ fdukjs okys canjxkgksa ij ,oa Tokjuneq[k osQ
Hkhrj] tgk¡ izos'k }kj ij fNNys jksfèkdk gksrs gSa] tks fd
ukSdkvksa ,oa tgktksa dks canjxkg esa izos'k djus ls jksdrs gSaA
Tokj&HkkVk ryNVksa osQ MhflYVs'ku (Desiltation) esa
Hkh enn djrh gS rFkk Tokjuneq[k ls iznwf"kr ty dks
ckgj fudkyus esa HkhA Tokjksa dk bLrseky fo|qr 'kfDr
(dukMk] izQkal] :l ,oa phu esa) mRiUu djus esa Hkh
fd;k tkrk gSA ,d 3 eSxkokV 'kfDr dk fo|qr la;=k
if'pe caxky esa lqanjou osQ nqxkZnqokuh esa yxk;k tk
jgk gSA
egklkxjh; èkkjk,¡
egklkxjh; èkkjk,¡ egklkxjksa esa unh izokg osQ leku gSA
;s fuf'pr ekxZ o fn'kk esa ty osQ fu;fer izokg dks
n'kkZrs gSaA egklkxjh; èkkjk,¡ nks izdkj osQ cyksa osQ }kjk
izHkkfor gksrh gSa] os gSa& (i) izkFkfed cy] tks ty dh
xfr dks izkjaHk djrk gS] rFkk (ii) f}rh;d cy] tks
èkkjkvksa osQ izokg dks fu;af=kr djrk gSA
izkFkfed cy] tks èkkjkvksa dks izHkkfor djrs gSa] os
gSa % (i) lkSj mQtkZ ls ty dk xeZ gksuk] (ii) ok;q] (iii)
xq#Rokd"kZ.k rFkk 4- dksfj;ksfyl cy (Coriolis force)A
lkSj mQtkZ ls xeZ gksdj ty iSQyrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS
fd fo"kor~ o`Ùk osQ ikl egklkxjh; ty dk Lrj eè;
v{kka'kksa dh vis{kk 8 lsñehñ vfèkd mQ¡pk gksrk gSA
blosQ dkj.k cgqr de izo.krk mRiUu gksrh gS rFkk
ty dk cgko <ky ls uhps dh rjI
+
kQ gksrk gSA egklkxj
osQ lrg ij cgus okyh ok;q ty dks xfreku djrh
gSA bl ozQe esa ok;q ,oa ikuh dh lrg osQ chp mRiUu
gksus okyk ?k"kZ.k cy ty dh xfr dks izHkkfor djrk
gSA xq#Rokd"kZ.k osQ dkj.k ty uhps cSBrk gS vkSj ;g
,df=kr ty nkc izo.krk esa fHkUurk ykrk gSA dksfj;kfyl
cy osQ dkj.k mÙkjh xksyk¼Z esa ty dh xfr dh fn'kk
osQ nkfguh rjI
+
kQ vkSj nf{k.kh xksyk¼Z esa ck;ha vksj
izokfgr gksrk gS rFkk muosQ pkjksa vksj cgko dks oy;
(Gyres) dgk tkrk gSA buosQ dkj.k lHkh egklkxjh;
csfluksa esa o`gr~ o`Ùkkdkj èkkjk,¡ mRiUu gksrh gSaA
ikuhs osQ ?kuRo esa varj] egklkxjh; tyèkkjkvksa osQ
mQèokZèkj xfr dks izHkkfor djrk gSA vfèkd [kkjk ty
fuEu [kkjs ty dh vis{kk T;knk l?ku gksrk gS rFkk blh
izdkj BaMk ty] xeZ ty dh vis{kk vfèkd l?ku gksrk
gSA l?ku ty uhps cSBrk gS] tcfd gYosQ ty dh
izo`fÙk mij mBus dh gksrh gSA BaMs ty okyh egklkxjh;
èkkjk,¡ rc mRiUu gksrh gSa] tc èkqzoksa osQ ikl okys ty
uhps cSBrs gSa ,oa èkhjs&èkhjs fo"kqor~ o`Ùk dh vksj xfr
djrs gSaA xeZ tyèkkjk,¡ fo"kqor~ o`Ùk ls lrg osQ lkFk
egklkxjh; èkkjkvksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡
èkkjkvksa dh igpku muosQ izokg ls gksrh gSA lkekU;r%
èkkjk,¡ lrg osQ fudV lokZfèkd 'kfDr'kkyh gksrh gSa o
;gk¡ budh xfr 5 ukWV ls vfèkd gksrh gSA xgjkbZ esa
èkkjkvksa dh xfr èkheh gks tkrh gS] tks 0-5 ukWV ls Hkh
de gksrh gSA ge fdlh èkkjk dh xfr dks mlosQ okg
(Drift) osQ :i esa tkurs gSaA okg dks ukWV esa ekik tkrk
gSA èkkjk dh 'kfDr dk lacaèk mldh xfr ls gksrk gSA
131
egklkxjh; ty lapyu
fp=k 14-3 % egklkxjksa esa izeq[k èkkjk,¡
gksrs gq, èkqzoksa dh vksj tkrh gSa vkSj BaMs ty dk LFkku
ysrh gSaA
egklkxjh; èkkjkvksa osQ izdkj
egklkxjh; èkkjkvksa dks mudh xgjkbZ osQ vkèkkj ij
mQijh ;k lrgh tyèkkjk (Surface current) o
xgjh tyèkkjk (Deep water currents) esa oxhZo`Qr
fd;k tk ldrk gS& (i) mQijh tyèkkjk & egklkxjh;
ty dk 10 izfr'kr Hkkx lrgh ;k mQijh tyèkkjk gSA
;g èkkjk,¡ egklkxjksa esa 400 ehñ dh xgjkbZ rd
mifLFkr gSaA (ii) xgjh tyèkkjk & egklkxjh; ty dk
90 izfr'kr Hkkx xgjh tyèkkjk osQ :i esa gSA ;s
tyèkkjk,¡ egklkxjksa esa ?kuRo o xq#Ro dh fHkUurk osQ
dkj.k cgrh gSaA mPp v{kka'kh; {ks=kksa esa] tgk¡ rkieku
de gksus osQ dkj.k ?kuRo vfèkd gksrk gS] ogk¡ xgjh
tyèkkjk,¡ cgrh gSa] D;ksafd ;gk¡ vfèkd ?kuRo osQ
dkj.k ikuh uhps dh rjiQ cSBrk gSA
egklkxjh; èkkjkvksa dks rkieku osQ vkèkkj ij xeZ
o BaMh tyèkkjkvksa esa oxhZo`Qr fd;k tkrk gSA (i)
BaMh tyèkkjk,¡] BaMk ty] xeZ ty {ks=kksa esa ykrh gSaA ;s
egk}hiksa osQ if'peh rV ij cgrh gSaA (,slk nksuksa
xksyk¼ks± esa fuEu o eè; v{kka'kh; {ks=kksa esa gksrk gS) vkSj
mÙkjh xksyk¼Z osQ mPp v{kka'kh; {ks=kksa esa ;s tyèkkjk,¡
egk}hiksa osQ iwohZ rV ij cgrh gSaA (ii) xeZ tyèkkjk,¡
xeZ ty dks BaMs ty {ks=kksa esa igq¡pkrh gSa vkSj izk;%
egk}hiksa osQ iwohZ rVksa ij cgrh gSa (nksuksa xksyk¼ks± osQ
fuEu o eè; v{kka'kh; {ks=kksa esa)A mÙkjh xksyk¼Z esa] ;s
tyèkkjk,¡ mPp v{kka'kh; {ks=kksa esa egk}hiksa osQ if'peh
rV ij cgrh gSaA
izeq[k egklkxjh; èkkjk,¡
izeq[k egklkxjh; èkkjk,¡ izpfyr iouksa vkSj dksfj;kfyl
izHkko ls vR;fèkd izHkkfor gksrh gSaA egklkxjh;
tyèkkjkvksa dk izokg ok;qeaMh; izokg ls feyrk&tqyrk
gSA eè; v{kka'kh; {ks=kksa esa] egklkxjksa ij ok;q izfrpozQokr
osQ :i esa cgrh gSA nf{k.kh xksyk¼Z esa] ;g izokg mÙkjh
doZQ js[kk