एनसीईआरटी पाठ्यपुस्तक: भारत - स्थिति | Must Read Old & New NCERTs for UPSC CSE (Hindi) PDF Download

 Page 1


[kaM
I
izLrkouk
;g bdkbZ lacaf/r gS %
• fLFkfr & fo'o esa Hkkjr dk LFkku ,oa vkarfjd laca/
2020-21
Page 2


[kaM
I
izLrkouk
;g bdkbZ lacaf/r gS %
• fLFkfr & fo'o esa Hkkjr dk LFkku ,oa vkarfjd laca/
2020-21
Nyh d{kkvksa esa vki Hkkjr dk ekufp=k ns[k pqosQ
gSaA vc vki Hkkjr osQ ekufp=k (fp=k 1-1) dks
”kjk xkSj ls nsf[k, vkSj bldk v{kka'kh; ,oa
ns'kkarjh; foLrkj Kkr dhft,A D;k vki blosQ nf{k.kre~ vkSj
mÙkjre~ v{kka'kksa dks rFkk lcls iwohZ vkSj lcls if'peh
ns'kkarjksa dks fpfÉr dj ldrs gSa\
Hkkjr dh eq[; Hkwfe mÙkj esa d'ehj ls ysdj nf{k.k esa
dU;koqQekjh rd vkSj iwoZ esa v#.kkpy izns'k ls if'pe esa
xqtjkr rd iSQyh gqbZ gSA Hkkjr dk lhekarxZr {ks=k vkxs leqnz
dh vksj 12 leqnzh ehy (yxHkx 21-9 fdyksehVj) rd
iSQyk gqvk gS (ifjorZu osQ fy, ckWDl nsf[k,)A
ekud ehy % 63,360 bap
leqnzh ehy % 72,960 bap
1 ekud ehy % yxHkx 1-6 fd-eh- (1-584 fd-eh-)
1 leqnzh ehy % yxHkx 1-8 fd-eh- (1-824 fd-eh-)
gekjs ns'k dh nf{k.kh lhek caxky dh [kkM+h esa 6°45'
mÙkj v{kka'k osQ lkFk fu/kZfjr gksrh gSA
vkb,] ge brus cM+s v{kka'kh; o ns'kkarjh; foLrkj osQ
ifj.kkeksa dk fo'ys"k.k djsaA
;fn vki Hkkjr osQ v{kka'kh; vkSj ns'kkarjh; foLrkj
dh x.kuk djsa rks ;g yxHkx 30° gS] tcfd mÙkj ls
nf{k.k rd bldh okLrfod nwjh 3,214 fdyksehVj vkSj
iwoZ ls if'pe rd bldh nwjh osQoy 2,933 fdyksehVj
gSA bl varj dk D;k dkj.k gS\ bls tkuus osQ fy, iqLrd
^Hkwxksy esa iz;ksxkRed dk;Z] Hkkx&1 (jk-'kS-v-iz-i-]
2006)* osQ v{kka'k] ns'kkarj rFkk le; osQ vè;k; la[;k
3 dks ns[ksaA
;g varj bl rF; ij vk/kfjr gS fd /qzoksa dh vksj tkrs
le; nks ns'kkarj js[kkvksa osQ chp dh nwjh ?kVrh tkrh gS]
tcfd nks v{kka'k js[kkvksa osQ chp nwjh gj txg ,d&lh jgrh
gSA nks v{kka'k js[kkvksa osQ chp dh nwjh Kkr dhft,A
v{kka'k js[kkvksa osQ ekuksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd Hkkjr dk
nf{k.kh fgLlk m".kdfVca/ esa vkSj mÙkjh fgLlk miks".k
dfVca/ vFkok dks".k 'khrks".k dfVca/ esa fLFkr gSA ;gh
fLFkfr ns'k esa Hkwvko`Qfr] tyok;q] feêðh osQ izdkjksa rFkk
izko`Qfrd ouLifr esa ikbZ tkus okyh Hkkjh fHkUurk osQ fy,
mÙkjnk;h gSA
vkb,! vc ge ns'kkarjh; foLrkj vkSj Hkkjr osQ yksxksa
ij mlosQ izHkko dk vè;;u djsaA ns'kkarj js[kkvksa osQ ekuksa
ls Li"V gksrk gS fd buesa yxHkx 30 fMxzh dk varj gS tks
gekjs ns'k osQ lcls iwohZ o lcls if'peh Hkkxksa osQ le;
esa yxHkx 2 ?kaVksa dk varj iSnk djrk gSA vki Hkkjrh;
ekud le; ls igys ls gh ifjfpr gSaA ekud ;kE;ksÙkj dk
D;k mi;ksx gS\ tc mÙkj&iwohZ jkT;ksa esa tSlyesj dh rqyuk
esa lw;Z nks ?kaVs igys mn; gksrk gS rks iwoZ esa fMczwx<+] bEi
+
Qky
rFkk ns'k osQ vU; Hkkxksa esa fLFkr tSlyesj] Hkksiky vFkok
psUubZ esa ?kfM+;k¡ ,d tSlk le; fn[kkrh gSaA ,slk D;ksa gksrk
gS\ Hkkjr osQ oqQN ,sls LFkkuksa osQ uke fyf[k, ftuesa ls
ekud ;kE;ksÙkj xqtjrh gSA
Hkkjr & fLFkfr
vè;k;
fi
fo'o osQ ns'kksa esa vkilh le> osQ rgr ekud ;kE;ksÙkj dks 7°30' ns'kkarj osQ xq.kkd ij pquk tkrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd 82°30' iwoZ
;kE;ksÙkj dks Hkkjr dh ekud ;kE;ksÙkj pquk x;k gSA Hkkjrh; ekud le; xzhufop ekè; le; ls 5 ?kaVs 30 feuV vkxs gSA
oqQN ns'k ,sls gSa ftuesa vf/d iwoZ&if'pe foLrkj osQ dkj.k ,d ls vf/d ekud ns'kkarj js[kk,¡ gSaA mnkgj.kr% la;qDRk jkT;
vesfjdk esa Ng le; dfVca/ gSaA
2020-21
Page 3


[kaM
I
izLrkouk
;g bdkbZ lacaf/r gS %
• fLFkfr & fo'o esa Hkkjr dk LFkku ,oa vkarfjd laca/
2020-21
Nyh d{kkvksa esa vki Hkkjr dk ekufp=k ns[k pqosQ
gSaA vc vki Hkkjr osQ ekufp=k (fp=k 1-1) dks
”kjk xkSj ls nsf[k, vkSj bldk v{kka'kh; ,oa
ns'kkarjh; foLrkj Kkr dhft,A D;k vki blosQ nf{k.kre~ vkSj
mÙkjre~ v{kka'kksa dks rFkk lcls iwohZ vkSj lcls if'peh
ns'kkarjksa dks fpfÉr dj ldrs gSa\
Hkkjr dh eq[; Hkwfe mÙkj esa d'ehj ls ysdj nf{k.k esa
dU;koqQekjh rd vkSj iwoZ esa v#.kkpy izns'k ls if'pe esa
xqtjkr rd iSQyh gqbZ gSA Hkkjr dk lhekarxZr {ks=k vkxs leqnz
dh vksj 12 leqnzh ehy (yxHkx 21-9 fdyksehVj) rd
iSQyk gqvk gS (ifjorZu osQ fy, ckWDl nsf[k,)A
ekud ehy % 63,360 bap
leqnzh ehy % 72,960 bap
1 ekud ehy % yxHkx 1-6 fd-eh- (1-584 fd-eh-)
1 leqnzh ehy % yxHkx 1-8 fd-eh- (1-824 fd-eh-)
gekjs ns'k dh nf{k.kh lhek caxky dh [kkM+h esa 6°45'
mÙkj v{kka'k osQ lkFk fu/kZfjr gksrh gSA
vkb,] ge brus cM+s v{kka'kh; o ns'kkarjh; foLrkj osQ
ifj.kkeksa dk fo'ys"k.k djsaA
;fn vki Hkkjr osQ v{kka'kh; vkSj ns'kkarjh; foLrkj
dh x.kuk djsa rks ;g yxHkx 30° gS] tcfd mÙkj ls
nf{k.k rd bldh okLrfod nwjh 3,214 fdyksehVj vkSj
iwoZ ls if'pe rd bldh nwjh osQoy 2,933 fdyksehVj
gSA bl varj dk D;k dkj.k gS\ bls tkuus osQ fy, iqLrd
^Hkwxksy esa iz;ksxkRed dk;Z] Hkkx&1 (jk-'kS-v-iz-i-]
2006)* osQ v{kka'k] ns'kkarj rFkk le; osQ vè;k; la[;k
3 dks ns[ksaA
;g varj bl rF; ij vk/kfjr gS fd /qzoksa dh vksj tkrs
le; nks ns'kkarj js[kkvksa osQ chp dh nwjh ?kVrh tkrh gS]
tcfd nks v{kka'k js[kkvksa osQ chp nwjh gj txg ,d&lh jgrh
gSA nks v{kka'k js[kkvksa osQ chp dh nwjh Kkr dhft,A
v{kka'k js[kkvksa osQ ekuksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd Hkkjr dk
nf{k.kh fgLlk m".kdfVca/ esa vkSj mÙkjh fgLlk miks".k
dfVca/ vFkok dks".k 'khrks".k dfVca/ esa fLFkr gSA ;gh
fLFkfr ns'k esa Hkwvko`Qfr] tyok;q] feêðh osQ izdkjksa rFkk
izko`Qfrd ouLifr esa ikbZ tkus okyh Hkkjh fHkUurk osQ fy,
mÙkjnk;h gSA
vkb,! vc ge ns'kkarjh; foLrkj vkSj Hkkjr osQ yksxksa
ij mlosQ izHkko dk vè;;u djsaA ns'kkarj js[kkvksa osQ ekuksa
ls Li"V gksrk gS fd buesa yxHkx 30 fMxzh dk varj gS tks
gekjs ns'k osQ lcls iwohZ o lcls if'peh Hkkxksa osQ le;
esa yxHkx 2 ?kaVksa dk varj iSnk djrk gSA vki Hkkjrh;
ekud le; ls igys ls gh ifjfpr gSaA ekud ;kE;ksÙkj dk
D;k mi;ksx gS\ tc mÙkj&iwohZ jkT;ksa esa tSlyesj dh rqyuk
esa lw;Z nks ?kaVs igys mn; gksrk gS rks iwoZ esa fMczwx<+] bEi
+
Qky
rFkk ns'k osQ vU; Hkkxksa esa fLFkr tSlyesj] Hkksiky vFkok
psUubZ esa ?kfM+;k¡ ,d tSlk le; fn[kkrh gSaA ,slk D;ksa gksrk
gS\ Hkkjr osQ oqQN ,sls LFkkuksa osQ uke fyf[k, ftuesa ls
ekud ;kE;ksÙkj xqtjrh gSA
Hkkjr & fLFkfr
vè;k;
fi
fo'o osQ ns'kksa esa vkilh le> osQ rgr ekud ;kE;ksÙkj dks 7°30' ns'kkarj osQ xq.kkd ij pquk tkrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd 82°30' iwoZ
;kE;ksÙkj dks Hkkjr dh ekud ;kE;ksÙkj pquk x;k gSA Hkkjrh; ekud le; xzhufop ekè; le; ls 5 ?kaVs 30 feuV vkxs gSA
oqQN ns'k ,sls gSa ftuesa vf/d iwoZ&if'pe foLrkj osQ dkj.k ,d ls vf/d ekud ns'kkarj js[kk,¡ gSaA mnkgj.kr% la;qDRk jkT;
vesfjdk esa Ng le; dfVca/ gSaA
2020-21
3 Hkkjr & fLFkfr
fp=k 1-1 % Hkkjr % jktuhfrd
2020-21
Page 4


[kaM
I
izLrkouk
;g bdkbZ lacaf/r gS %
• fLFkfr & fo'o esa Hkkjr dk LFkku ,oa vkarfjd laca/
2020-21
Nyh d{kkvksa esa vki Hkkjr dk ekufp=k ns[k pqosQ
gSaA vc vki Hkkjr osQ ekufp=k (fp=k 1-1) dks
”kjk xkSj ls nsf[k, vkSj bldk v{kka'kh; ,oa
ns'kkarjh; foLrkj Kkr dhft,A D;k vki blosQ nf{k.kre~ vkSj
mÙkjre~ v{kka'kksa dks rFkk lcls iwohZ vkSj lcls if'peh
ns'kkarjksa dks fpfÉr dj ldrs gSa\
Hkkjr dh eq[; Hkwfe mÙkj esa d'ehj ls ysdj nf{k.k esa
dU;koqQekjh rd vkSj iwoZ esa v#.kkpy izns'k ls if'pe esa
xqtjkr rd iSQyh gqbZ gSA Hkkjr dk lhekarxZr {ks=k vkxs leqnz
dh vksj 12 leqnzh ehy (yxHkx 21-9 fdyksehVj) rd
iSQyk gqvk gS (ifjorZu osQ fy, ckWDl nsf[k,)A
ekud ehy % 63,360 bap
leqnzh ehy % 72,960 bap
1 ekud ehy % yxHkx 1-6 fd-eh- (1-584 fd-eh-)
1 leqnzh ehy % yxHkx 1-8 fd-eh- (1-824 fd-eh-)
gekjs ns'k dh nf{k.kh lhek caxky dh [kkM+h esa 6°45'
mÙkj v{kka'k osQ lkFk fu/kZfjr gksrh gSA
vkb,] ge brus cM+s v{kka'kh; o ns'kkarjh; foLrkj osQ
ifj.kkeksa dk fo'ys"k.k djsaA
;fn vki Hkkjr osQ v{kka'kh; vkSj ns'kkarjh; foLrkj
dh x.kuk djsa rks ;g yxHkx 30° gS] tcfd mÙkj ls
nf{k.k rd bldh okLrfod nwjh 3,214 fdyksehVj vkSj
iwoZ ls if'pe rd bldh nwjh osQoy 2,933 fdyksehVj
gSA bl varj dk D;k dkj.k gS\ bls tkuus osQ fy, iqLrd
^Hkwxksy esa iz;ksxkRed dk;Z] Hkkx&1 (jk-'kS-v-iz-i-]
2006)* osQ v{kka'k] ns'kkarj rFkk le; osQ vè;k; la[;k
3 dks ns[ksaA
;g varj bl rF; ij vk/kfjr gS fd /qzoksa dh vksj tkrs
le; nks ns'kkarj js[kkvksa osQ chp dh nwjh ?kVrh tkrh gS]
tcfd nks v{kka'k js[kkvksa osQ chp nwjh gj txg ,d&lh jgrh
gSA nks v{kka'k js[kkvksa osQ chp dh nwjh Kkr dhft,A
v{kka'k js[kkvksa osQ ekuksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd Hkkjr dk
nf{k.kh fgLlk m".kdfVca/ esa vkSj mÙkjh fgLlk miks".k
dfVca/ vFkok dks".k 'khrks".k dfVca/ esa fLFkr gSA ;gh
fLFkfr ns'k esa Hkwvko`Qfr] tyok;q] feêðh osQ izdkjksa rFkk
izko`Qfrd ouLifr esa ikbZ tkus okyh Hkkjh fHkUurk osQ fy,
mÙkjnk;h gSA
vkb,! vc ge ns'kkarjh; foLrkj vkSj Hkkjr osQ yksxksa
ij mlosQ izHkko dk vè;;u djsaA ns'kkarj js[kkvksa osQ ekuksa
ls Li"V gksrk gS fd buesa yxHkx 30 fMxzh dk varj gS tks
gekjs ns'k osQ lcls iwohZ o lcls if'peh Hkkxksa osQ le;
esa yxHkx 2 ?kaVksa dk varj iSnk djrk gSA vki Hkkjrh;
ekud le; ls igys ls gh ifjfpr gSaA ekud ;kE;ksÙkj dk
D;k mi;ksx gS\ tc mÙkj&iwohZ jkT;ksa esa tSlyesj dh rqyuk
esa lw;Z nks ?kaVs igys mn; gksrk gS rks iwoZ esa fMczwx<+] bEi
+
Qky
rFkk ns'k osQ vU; Hkkxksa esa fLFkr tSlyesj] Hkksiky vFkok
psUubZ esa ?kfM+;k¡ ,d tSlk le; fn[kkrh gSaA ,slk D;ksa gksrk
gS\ Hkkjr osQ oqQN ,sls LFkkuksa osQ uke fyf[k, ftuesa ls
ekud ;kE;ksÙkj xqtjrh gSA
Hkkjr & fLFkfr
vè;k;
fi
fo'o osQ ns'kksa esa vkilh le> osQ rgr ekud ;kE;ksÙkj dks 7°30' ns'kkarj osQ xq.kkd ij pquk tkrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd 82°30' iwoZ
;kE;ksÙkj dks Hkkjr dh ekud ;kE;ksÙkj pquk x;k gSA Hkkjrh; ekud le; xzhufop ekè; le; ls 5 ?kaVs 30 feuV vkxs gSA
oqQN ns'k ,sls gSa ftuesa vf/d iwoZ&if'pe foLrkj osQ dkj.k ,d ls vf/d ekud ns'kkarj js[kk,¡ gSaA mnkgj.kr% la;qDRk jkT;
vesfjdk esa Ng le; dfVca/ gSaA
2020-21
3 Hkkjr & fLFkfr
fp=k 1-1 % Hkkjr % jktuhfrd
2020-21
4 Hkkjr % HkkSfrd i;kZoj.k
fp=k 1-2 % iwohZ txr~ esa Hkkjr dh fLFkfr
2020-21
Page 5


[kaM
I
izLrkouk
;g bdkbZ lacaf/r gS %
• fLFkfr & fo'o esa Hkkjr dk LFkku ,oa vkarfjd laca/
2020-21
Nyh d{kkvksa esa vki Hkkjr dk ekufp=k ns[k pqosQ
gSaA vc vki Hkkjr osQ ekufp=k (fp=k 1-1) dks
”kjk xkSj ls nsf[k, vkSj bldk v{kka'kh; ,oa
ns'kkarjh; foLrkj Kkr dhft,A D;k vki blosQ nf{k.kre~ vkSj
mÙkjre~ v{kka'kksa dks rFkk lcls iwohZ vkSj lcls if'peh
ns'kkarjksa dks fpfÉr dj ldrs gSa\
Hkkjr dh eq[; Hkwfe mÙkj esa d'ehj ls ysdj nf{k.k esa
dU;koqQekjh rd vkSj iwoZ esa v#.kkpy izns'k ls if'pe esa
xqtjkr rd iSQyh gqbZ gSA Hkkjr dk lhekarxZr {ks=k vkxs leqnz
dh vksj 12 leqnzh ehy (yxHkx 21-9 fdyksehVj) rd
iSQyk gqvk gS (ifjorZu osQ fy, ckWDl nsf[k,)A
ekud ehy % 63,360 bap
leqnzh ehy % 72,960 bap
1 ekud ehy % yxHkx 1-6 fd-eh- (1-584 fd-eh-)
1 leqnzh ehy % yxHkx 1-8 fd-eh- (1-824 fd-eh-)
gekjs ns'k dh nf{k.kh lhek caxky dh [kkM+h esa 6°45'
mÙkj v{kka'k osQ lkFk fu/kZfjr gksrh gSA
vkb,] ge brus cM+s v{kka'kh; o ns'kkarjh; foLrkj osQ
ifj.kkeksa dk fo'ys"k.k djsaA
;fn vki Hkkjr osQ v{kka'kh; vkSj ns'kkarjh; foLrkj
dh x.kuk djsa rks ;g yxHkx 30° gS] tcfd mÙkj ls
nf{k.k rd bldh okLrfod nwjh 3,214 fdyksehVj vkSj
iwoZ ls if'pe rd bldh nwjh osQoy 2,933 fdyksehVj
gSA bl varj dk D;k dkj.k gS\ bls tkuus osQ fy, iqLrd
^Hkwxksy esa iz;ksxkRed dk;Z] Hkkx&1 (jk-'kS-v-iz-i-]
2006)* osQ v{kka'k] ns'kkarj rFkk le; osQ vè;k; la[;k
3 dks ns[ksaA
;g varj bl rF; ij vk/kfjr gS fd /qzoksa dh vksj tkrs
le; nks ns'kkarj js[kkvksa osQ chp dh nwjh ?kVrh tkrh gS]
tcfd nks v{kka'k js[kkvksa osQ chp nwjh gj txg ,d&lh jgrh
gSA nks v{kka'k js[kkvksa osQ chp dh nwjh Kkr dhft,A
v{kka'k js[kkvksa osQ ekuksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd Hkkjr dk
nf{k.kh fgLlk m".kdfVca/ esa vkSj mÙkjh fgLlk miks".k
dfVca/ vFkok dks".k 'khrks".k dfVca/ esa fLFkr gSA ;gh
fLFkfr ns'k esa Hkwvko`Qfr] tyok;q] feêðh osQ izdkjksa rFkk
izko`Qfrd ouLifr esa ikbZ tkus okyh Hkkjh fHkUurk osQ fy,
mÙkjnk;h gSA
vkb,! vc ge ns'kkarjh; foLrkj vkSj Hkkjr osQ yksxksa
ij mlosQ izHkko dk vè;;u djsaA ns'kkarj js[kkvksa osQ ekuksa
ls Li"V gksrk gS fd buesa yxHkx 30 fMxzh dk varj gS tks
gekjs ns'k osQ lcls iwohZ o lcls if'peh Hkkxksa osQ le;
esa yxHkx 2 ?kaVksa dk varj iSnk djrk gSA vki Hkkjrh;
ekud le; ls igys ls gh ifjfpr gSaA ekud ;kE;ksÙkj dk
D;k mi;ksx gS\ tc mÙkj&iwohZ jkT;ksa esa tSlyesj dh rqyuk
esa lw;Z nks ?kaVs igys mn; gksrk gS rks iwoZ esa fMczwx<+] bEi
+
Qky
rFkk ns'k osQ vU; Hkkxksa esa fLFkr tSlyesj] Hkksiky vFkok
psUubZ esa ?kfM+;k¡ ,d tSlk le; fn[kkrh gSaA ,slk D;ksa gksrk
gS\ Hkkjr osQ oqQN ,sls LFkkuksa osQ uke fyf[k, ftuesa ls
ekud ;kE;ksÙkj xqtjrh gSA
Hkkjr & fLFkfr
vè;k;
fi
fo'o osQ ns'kksa esa vkilh le> osQ rgr ekud ;kE;ksÙkj dks 7°30' ns'kkarj osQ xq.kkd ij pquk tkrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd 82°30' iwoZ
;kE;ksÙkj dks Hkkjr dh ekud ;kE;ksÙkj pquk x;k gSA Hkkjrh; ekud le; xzhufop ekè; le; ls 5 ?kaVs 30 feuV vkxs gSA
oqQN ns'k ,sls gSa ftuesa vf/d iwoZ&if'pe foLrkj osQ dkj.k ,d ls vf/d ekud ns'kkarj js[kk,¡ gSaA mnkgj.kr% la;qDRk jkT;
vesfjdk esa Ng le; dfVca/ gSaA
2020-21
3 Hkkjr & fLFkfr
fp=k 1-1 % Hkkjr % jktuhfrd
2020-21
4 Hkkjr % HkkSfrd i;kZoj.k
fp=k 1-2 % iwohZ txr~ esa Hkkjr dh fLFkfr
2020-21
5 Hkkjr & fLFkfr
Hkkjr dk {ks=kiQy 32-8 yk[k oxZ fdyksehVj gS tks
fo'o osQ LFkyh; /jkry dk 2-4 izfr'kr Hkkx gSA bl izdkj
Hkkjr fo'o dk lkrok¡ cM+k ns'k gSA D;k vkidks ukSoha d{kk
dh iqLrd esa i<s+ x, Hkkjr ls cM+s ns'kksa osQ uke ;kn gSa\
vkdkj
Hkkjr osQ vkdkj us bls fof'k"V HkkSfrd fofo/rk iznku dh gSA
mÙkj esa Å¡ps ioZr] xaxk] czãiq=k] egkunh] o`Q".kk] xksnkojh vkSj
dkosjh tSlh cM+h ufn;k¡ gSa_ mÙkj&iwohZ vkSj nf{k.kh Hkkjr esa
oukPNkfnr igkfM+;k¡ gSa] tcfd e#LFkyh esa jsr osQ foLr`r
iSQyko gSaA mÙkj esa fgeky; ioZRk] mÙkj&if'pe esa fganwoqQ'k o
lqyseku Jsf.k;ksa] mÙkj&iwoZ esa iwok±py igkfM+;ksa rFkk nf{k.k esa
fo'kky ¯gn egklkxj ls lhekafdr ,d c`gr HkkSxksfyd bdkbZ
gS] ftls Hkkjrh; miegk}hi dgk tkrk gSA blesa ikfdLrku]
usiky] HkwVku] ckaXykns'k vkSj Hkkjr vkrs gSaA Hkwrdky esa fgeky;
viuh vU;  Jsf.k;ksa osQ lkFk ,d etcwr HkkSfrd vojks/d dh
Hkwfedk fuHkkrk jgk gSA [kScj] cksyu] f'kidhyk] ukFkqyk rFkk
ckseMhyk tSls oqQN igkM+h njk±s dks NksM+dj bls ikj djuk
eqf'dy FkkA fgeky; ioZr us Hkkjrh; miegk}hi dks ,d
vf}rh; {ks=kh; igpku LFkkfir djus esa lgk;rk dh gSA
Hkkjr osQ HkkSfrd ekufp=k dk gokyk nsrs gq, vc vki
mu HkkSfrd fofo/rkvksa dk o.kZu dj ldrs gSa] tks d'ehj
ls dU;koqQekjh vkSj jktLFkku esa tSlyesj ls ef.kiqj esa
bEi
+
Qky rd ;k=kk djrs le; vkiosQ ekxZ esa vk,¡xsA
Hkkjr dk izk;}hi Hkkx ¯gn egklkxj dh vksj mHkjk gqvk
gSA Hkkjr dh laiw.kZ rV js[kk }hi lewgksa lesr 7,517
fdyksehVj ij foLr`r gSA vr% ,d ns'k osQ :i esa Hkkjr
HkkSfrd n`f"V ls fofo/rkiw.kZ HkwHkkx gS] ftlls ;gk¡ fofHkUu
izdkj osQ lalk/u ik, tkrs gSaA
D;k vkidks ;kn gS\
LowQy Hkqou ,d osc iksVZy gS tks ns'k osQ izkÑfrd
lalkèkuksa] i;kZoj.k vkSj lrr fodkl esa mudh Hkwfedk
osQ ckjs esa Nk=kksa osQ chp tkx:drk ykus osQ fy,
ekufp=k vkèkkfjr f'k{kk iznku djrk gSA ;g ,u-lh-bZ-
vkj-Vh- ikB;Øe osQ vk/kj ij Hkqou&,u-vkj-,l-lh@bljks
dh ,d igy gSA vki Hkkjr osQ fofHkUu ekufp=kksa dks
ns[k ldrs gSa & http://bhuvan-app1.nrsc.gov.in/
mhrd_ncert/
Hkkjr ,oa mlosQ iM+kslh
Hkkjr dh fLFkfr ekufp=k (fp=k 1-2) dh tk¡p djsaA vki
ns[ksaxs fd Hkkjr] ,f'k;k egk}hi osQ nf{k.k&eè; Hkkx esa
fLFkr gS vkSj caxky dh [kkM+h vkSj vjc lkxj osQ :i esa
foLr`r bldh nksuksa Hkqtk,¡ ¯gn egklkxj osQ lkFk lhek cukrh
gSaA izk;}hih; Hkkjr dh bl lkeqfnzd fLFkfr dh otg ls gh
Hkkjr leqnzh o ok;qekxks± }kjk vius iM+kslh {ks=kksa ls tqM+k gSA
ekufp=k dks ns[krs gq, Hkkjr osQ iM+kslh ns'kksa dh ,d
lwph cuk,¡A
Jhyadk vkSj ekynho] ¯gn egklkxj esa fLFkr nks }hih;
ns'k gSa tks Hkkjr osQ iM+kslh gSaA Jhyadk Hkkjr ls eÂkj dh
[kkM+h vkSj ikd tylafèk }kjk vyx gqvk gSA
[kkM+h rFkk tylaf/ esa varj Li"V dhft,A
D;k vki lksprs gSa fd vkt osQ vk/qfud ;qx esa HkkSfrd
nwjh vius iM+kslh ns'kksa ls var%fØ;k djus esa ck/d gS\ geus
fdl izdkj HkkSfrd nwfj;ksa }kjk iSnk fd, x, ;k=kk osQ ?k"kZ.k
dks rVLFk fd;k gS\
1- uhps fn, x, pkj fodYiksa esa ls mi;qDr mÙkj dk p;u dhft,%
(i) fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk v{kka'kh; foLrkj Hkkjr dh laiw.kZ Hkwfe osQ foLrkj osQ lanHkZ eas izklafxd
gS\
(d) 8°41' m- ls 35°7' m- ([k) 8°4' m- ls 35°6' m-
(x) 8°4' m- ls 37°6' m- (?k) 6°45' m- ls 37°6' m-
(ii) fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl ns'k dh Hkkjr osQ lkFk lcls yaCkh LFkyh; lhek gS\
(d) ckaXykns'k ([k) ikfdLrku
(x) phu (?k) E;kaekj
vH;kl
2020-21